1
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Liu W, Ding Y, Shen Z, Xu C, Yi W, Wang D, Zhou Y, Zon LI, Liu JX. BF170 hydrochloride enhances the emergence of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Development 2024; 151:dev202476. [PMID: 38940293 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Generation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) ex vivo and in vivo, especially the generation of safe therapeutic HSPCs, still remains inefficient. In this study, we have identified compound BF170 hydrochloride as a previously unreported pro-hematopoiesis molecule, using the differentiation assays of primary zebrafish blastomere cell culture and mouse embryoid bodies (EBs), and we demonstrate that BF170 hydrochloride promoted definitive hematopoiesis in vivo. During zebrafish definitive hematopoiesis, BF170 hydrochloride increases blood flow, expands hemogenic endothelium (HE) cells and promotes HSPC emergence. Mechanistically, the primary cilia-Ca2+-Notch/NO signaling pathway, which is downstream of the blood flow, mediated the effects of BF170 hydrochloride on HSPC induction in vivo. Our findings, for the first time, reveal that BF170 hydrochloride is a compound that enhances HSPC induction and may be applied to the ex vivo expansion of HSPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- WenYe Liu
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - YuYan Ding
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Zheng Shen
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Cong Xu
- Stem Cell Program and Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - William Yi
- Stem Cell Program and Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ding Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Stem Cell Program and Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Leonard I Zon
- Stem Cell Program and Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Karp 8, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jing-Xia Liu
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
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2
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Maurya D, Rai G, Mandal D, Mondal BC. Transient caspase-mediated activation of caspase-activated DNase causes DNA damage required for phagocytic macrophage differentiation. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114251. [PMID: 38761374 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Phagocytic macrophages are crucial for innate immunity and tissue homeostasis. Most tissue-resident macrophages develop from embryonic precursors that populate every organ before birth to lifelong self-renew. However, the mechanisms for versatile macrophage differentiation remain unknown. Here, we use in vivo genetic and cell biological analysis of the Drosophila larval hematopoietic organ, the lymph gland that produces macrophages. We show that the developmentally regulated transient activation of caspase-activated DNase (CAD)-mediated DNA strand breaks in intermediate progenitors is essential for macrophage differentiation. Insulin receptor-mediated PI3K/Akt signaling regulates the apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (Ask1)/c-Jun kinase (JNK) axis to control sublethal levels of caspase activation, causing DNA strand breaks during macrophage development. Furthermore, caspase activity is also required for embryonic-origin macrophage development and efficient phagocytosis. Our study provides insights into developmental signaling and CAD-mediated DNA strand breaks associated with multifunctional and heterogeneous macrophage differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Maurya
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Gayatri Rai
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Debleena Mandal
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Bama Charan Mondal
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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3
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Monticelli S, Sommer A, AlHajj Hassan Z, Garcia Rodriguez C, Adé K, Cattenoz P, Delaporte C, Gomez Perdiguero E, Giangrande A. Early-wave macrophages control late hematopoiesis. Dev Cell 2024; 59:1284-1301.e8. [PMID: 38569551 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Macrophages constitute the first defense line against the non-self, but their ability to remodel their environment in organ development/homeostasis is starting to be appreciated. Early-wave macrophages (EMs), produced from hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-independent progenitors, seed the mammalian fetal liver niche wherein HSCs expand and differentiate. The involvement of niche defects in myeloid malignancies led us to identify the cues controlling HSCs. In Drosophila, HSC-independent EMs also colonize the larva when late hematopoiesis occurs. The evolutionarily conserved immune system allowed us to investigate whether/how EMs modulate late hematopoiesis in two models. We show that loss of EMs in Drosophila and mice accelerates late hematopoiesis, which does not correlate with inflammation and does not rely on macrophage phagocytic ability. Rather, EM-derived extracellular matrix components underlie late hematopoiesis acceleration. This demonstrates a developmental role for EMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Monticelli
- IGBMC, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, 67400 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR, S 1258, 67400 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, IGBMC UMR 7104- UMR-S 1258, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Alina Sommer
- Macrophages and endothelial cells unit, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, UMR3738 CNRS, 75015 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Collège doctoral, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Zeinab AlHajj Hassan
- IGBMC, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, 67400 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR, S 1258, 67400 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, IGBMC UMR 7104- UMR-S 1258, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Clarisabel Garcia Rodriguez
- Macrophages and endothelial cells unit, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, UMR3738 CNRS, 75015 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Collège doctoral, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Kémy Adé
- Macrophages and endothelial cells unit, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, UMR3738 CNRS, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Cattenoz
- IGBMC, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, 67400 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR, S 1258, 67400 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, IGBMC UMR 7104- UMR-S 1258, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Claude Delaporte
- IGBMC, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, 67400 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR, S 1258, 67400 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, IGBMC UMR 7104- UMR-S 1258, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Elisa Gomez Perdiguero
- Macrophages and endothelial cells unit, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, UMR3738 CNRS, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Angela Giangrande
- IGBMC, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67400 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, 67400 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR, S 1258, 67400 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, IGBMC UMR 7104- UMR-S 1258, 67400 Illkirch, France.
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4
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Cho B, Shin M, Chang E, Son S, Shin I, Shim J. S-nitrosylation-triggered unfolded protein response maintains hematopoietic progenitors in Drosophila. Dev Cell 2024; 59:1075-1090.e6. [PMID: 38521056 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The Drosophila lymph gland houses blood progenitors that give rise to myeloid-like blood cells. Initially, blood progenitors proliferate, but later, they become quiescent to maintain multipotency before differentiation. Despite the identification of various factors involved in multipotency maintenance, the cellular mechanism controlling blood progenitor quiescence remains elusive. Here, we identify the expression of nitric oxide synthase in blood progenitors, generating nitric oxide for post-translational S-nitrosylation of protein cysteine residues. S-nitrosylation activates the Ire1-Xbp1-mediated unfolded protein response, leading to G2 cell-cycle arrest. Specifically, we identify the epidermal growth factor receptor as a target of S-nitrosylation, resulting in its retention within the endoplasmic reticulum and blockade of its receptor function. Overall, our findings highlight developmentally programmed S-nitrosylation as a critical mechanism that induces protein quality control in blood progenitors, maintaining their undifferentiated state by inhibiting cell-cycle progression and rendering them unresponsive to paracrine factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bumsik Cho
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingyu Shin
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Chang
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Seogho Son
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Incheol Shin
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Shim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
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5
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David SB, Ho KYL, Tanentzapf G, Zaritsky A. Formation of recurring transient Ca 2+-based intercellular communities during Drosophila hematopoiesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2318155121. [PMID: 38602917 PMCID: PMC11032476 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2318155121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Tissue development occurs through a complex interplay between many individual cells. Yet, the fundamental question of how collective tissue behavior emerges from heterogeneous and noisy information processing and transfer at the single-cell level remains unknown. Here, we reveal that tissue scale signaling regulation can arise from local gap-junction mediated cell-cell signaling through the spatiotemporal establishment of an intermediate-scale of transient multicellular communication communities over the course of tissue development. We demonstrated this intermediate scale of emergent signaling using Ca2+ signaling in the intact, ex vivo cultured, live developing Drosophila hematopoietic organ, the lymph gland. Recurrent activation of these transient signaling communities defined self-organized signaling "hotspots" that gradually formed over the course of larva development. These hotspots receive and transmit information to facilitate repetitive interactions with nonhotspot neighbors. Overall, this work bridges the scales between single-cell and emergent group behavior providing key mechanistic insight into how cells establish tissue-scale communication networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saar Ben David
- Department of Software and Information Systems Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva84105, Israel
| | - Kevin Y. L. Ho
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, VancouverV6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Guy Tanentzapf
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, VancouverV6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Assaf Zaritsky
- Department of Software and Information Systems Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva84105, Israel
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6
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Zirin J, Jusiak B, Lopes R, Ewen-Campen B, Bosch JA, Risbeck A, Forman C, Villalta C, Hu Y, Perrimon N. Expanding the Drosophila toolkit for dual control of gene expression. eLife 2024; 12:RP94073. [PMID: 38569007 PMCID: PMC10990484 DOI: 10.7554/elife.94073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The ability to independently control gene expression in two different tissues in the same animal is emerging as a major need, especially in the context of inter-organ communication studies. This type of study is made possible by technologies combining the GAL4/UAS and a second binary expression system such as the LexA system or QF system. Here, we describe a resource of reagents that facilitate combined use of the GAL4/UAS and a second binary system in various Drosophila tissues. Focusing on genes with well-characterized GAL4 expression patterns, we generated a set of more than 40 LexA-GAD and QF2 insertions by CRISPR knock-in and verified their tissue specificity in larvae. We also built constructs that encode QF2 and LexA-GAD transcription factors in a single vector. Following successful integration of this construct into the fly genome, FLP/FRT recombination is used to isolate fly lines that express only QF2 or LexA-GAD. Finally, using new compatible shRNA vectors, we evaluated both LexA and QF systems for in vivo gene knockdown and are generating a library of such RNAi fly lines as a community resource. Together, these LexA and QF system vectors and fly lines will provide a new set of tools for researchers who need to activate or repress two different genes in an orthogonal manner in the same animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Zirin
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Barbara Jusiak
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Raphael Lopes
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | | | - Justin A Bosch
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | | | - Corey Forman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | | | - Yanhui Hu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteBostonUnited States
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7
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Zirin J, Jusiak B, Lopes R, Ewen-Campen B, Bosch JA, Risbeck A, Forman C, Villalta C, Hu Y, Perrimon N. Expanding the Drosophila toolkit for dual control of gene expression. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.08.15.553399. [PMID: 37645802 PMCID: PMC10461983 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.15.553399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The ability to independently control gene expression in two different tissues in the same animal is emerging as a major need, especially in the context of inter-organ communication studies. This type of study is made possible by technologies combining the GAL4/UAS and a second binary expression system such as the LexA-system or QF-system. Here, we describe a resource of reagents that facilitate combined use of the GAL4/UAS and a second binary system in various Drosophila tissues. Focusing on genes with well-characterizsed GAL4 expression patterns, we generated a set of more than 40 LexA-GAD and QF2 insertions by CRISPR knock-in and verified their tissue-specificity in larvae. We also built constructs that encode QF2 and LexA-GAD transcription factors in a single vector. Following successful integration of this construct into the fly genome, FLP/FRT recombination is used to isolate fly lines that express only QF2 or LexA-GAD. Finally, using new compatible shRNA vectors, we evaluated both LexA and QF systems for in vivo gene knockdown and are generating a library of such RNAi fly lines as a community resource. Together, these LexA and QF system vectors and fly lines will provide a new set of tools for researchers who need to activate or repress two different genes in an orthogonal manner in the same animal.
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8
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Rankin AE, Fox E, Chisholm T, Lantz N, Rajan A, Phillips W, Griffin E, Harper J, Suhr C, Tan M, Wang J, Yang A, Kim ES, Ankrah NKA, Chakraborty P, Lam ACK, Laws ME, Lee J, Park KK, Wesel E, Covert PH, Kockel L, Park S, Kim SK. Simplified homology-assisted CRISPR for gene editing in Drosophila. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2024; 14:jkad277. [PMID: 38058125 PMCID: PMC10849607 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
In vivo genome editing with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 generates powerful tools to study gene regulation and function. We revised the homology-assisted CRISPR knock-in method to convert Drosophila GAL4 lines to LexA lines using a new universal knock-in donor strain. A balancer chromosome-linked donor strain with both body color (yellow) and eye red fluorescent protein (RFP) expression markers simplified the identification of LexA knock-in using light or fluorescence microscopy. A second balancer chromosome-linked donor strain readily converted the second chromosome-linked GAL4 lines regardless of target location in the cis-chromosome but showed limited success for the third chromosome-linked GAL4 lines. We observed a consistent and robust expression of the yellow transgene in progeny harboring a LexA knock-in at diverse genomic locations. Unexpectedly, the expression of the 3xP3-RFP transgene in the "dual transgene" cassette was significantly increased compared with that of the original single 3xP3-RFP transgene cassette in all tested genomic locations. Using this improved screening approach, we generated 16 novel LexA lines; tissue expression by the derived LexA and originating GAL4 lines was similar or indistinguishable. In collaboration with 2 secondary school classes, we also established a systematic workflow to generate a collection of LexA lines from frequently used GAL4 lines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth Fox
- The Lawrenceville School, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | | | - Nicole Lantz
- The Lawrenceville School, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Arjun Rajan
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Max Tan
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Jason Wang
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Alana Yang
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Ella S Kim
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jackson Lee
- The Lawrenceville School, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Kyle K Park
- The Lawrenceville School, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Emily Wesel
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Lutz Kockel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sangbin Park
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Seung K Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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9
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Ho KYL, An K, Carr RL, Dvoskin AD, Ou AYJ, Vogl W, Tanentzapf G. Maintenance of hematopoietic stem cell niche homeostasis requires gap junction-mediated calcium signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303018120. [PMID: 37903259 PMCID: PMC10636368 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303018120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of stem cells requires coordination of the cells that make up the stem cell niche. Here, we describe a mechanism that allows communication between niche cells to coordinate their activity and shape the signaling environment surrounding resident stem cells. Using the Drosophila hematopoietic organ, the lymph gland, we show that cells of the hematopoietic niche, the posterior signaling center (PSC), communicate using gap junctions (GJs) and form a signaling network. This network allows PSC cells to exchange Ca2+ signals repetitively which regulate the hematopoietic niche. Disruption of Ca2+ signaling in the PSC or the GJ-mediated network connecting niche cells causes dysregulation of the PSC and blood progenitor differentiation. Analysis of PSC-derived cell signaling shows that the Hedgehog pathway acts downstream of GJ-mediated Ca2+ signaling to modulate the niche microenvironment. These data show that GJ-mediated communication between hematopoietic niche cells maintains their homeostasis and consequently controls blood progenitor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Y. L. Ho
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BCV6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Kevin An
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BCV6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Rosalyn L. Carr
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BCV6T 1Z3, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BCV6T 1Z3, Canada
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BCV5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Alexandra D. Dvoskin
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BCV6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Annie Y. J. Ou
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BCV6T 1Z3, Canada
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BCV6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Wayne Vogl
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BCV6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Guy Tanentzapf
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BCV6T 1Z3, Canada
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10
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Gupta K, Chakrabarti S, Janardan V, Gogia N, Banerjee S, Srinivas S, Mahishi D, Visweswariah SS. Neuronal expression in Drosophila of an evolutionarily conserved metallophosphodiesterase reveals pleiotropic roles in longevity and odorant response. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010962. [PMID: 37733787 PMCID: PMC10547211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolutionarily conserved genes often play critical roles in organismal physiology. Here, we describe multiple roles of a previously uncharacterized Class III metallophosphodiesterase in Drosophila, an ortholog of the MPPED1 and MPPED2 proteins expressed in the mammalian brain. dMpped, the product of CG16717, hydrolyzed phosphodiester substrates including cAMP and cGMP in a metal-dependent manner. dMpped is expressed during development and in the adult fly. RNA-seq analysis of dMppedKO flies revealed misregulation of innate immune pathways. dMppedKO flies showed a reduced lifespan, which could be restored in Dredd hypomorphs, indicating that excessive production of antimicrobial peptides contributed to reduced longevity. Elevated levels of cAMP and cGMP in the brain of dMppedKO flies was restored on neuronal expression of dMpped, with a concomitant reduction in levels of antimicrobial peptides and restoration of normal life span. We observed that dMpped is expressed in the antennal lobe in the fly brain. dMppedKO flies showed defective specific attractant perception and desiccation sensitivity, correlated with the overexpression of Obp28 and Obp59 in knock-out flies. Importantly, neuronal expression of mammalian MPPED2 restored lifespan in dMppedKO flies. This is the first description of the pleiotropic roles of an evolutionarily conserved metallophosphodiesterase that may moonlight in diverse signaling pathways in an organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriti Gupta
- Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sveta Chakrabarti
- Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Vishnu Janardan
- Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Nishita Gogia
- Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sanghita Banerjee
- Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Swarna Srinivas
- Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Deepthi Mahishi
- Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sandhya S. Visweswariah
- Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
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Kim ES, Rajan A, Chang K, Govindarajan S, Gulick C, English E, Rodriguez B, Bloomfield O, Nakada S, Beard C, O’Connor S, Mastroianni S, Downey E, Feigenbaum M, Tolentino C, Pace A, Khan M, Moon S, DiPrima J, Syed A, Lin F, Abukhadra Y, Bacon I, Beckerle J, Cho S, Donkor NE, Garberg L, Harrington A, Hoang M, Lawani N, Noori A, Park E, Parsons E, Oravitan P, Chen M, Molina C, Richmond C, Reddi A, Huang J, Shugrue C, Coviello R, Unver S, Indelicarto M, Islamovic E, McIlroy R, Yang A, Hamad M, Griffin E, Ahmed Z, Alla A, Fitzgerald P, Choi A, Das T, Cheng Y, Yu J, Roderiques T, Lee E, Liu L, Harper J, Wang J, Suhr C, Tan M, Luque J, Tam AR, Chen E, Triff M, Zimmermann L, Zhang E, Wood J, Clark K, Kpodonu N, Dey A, Ecker A, Chuang M, López RKS, Sun H, Wei Z, Stone H, Chi CYJ, Silvestri A, Orloff P, Nedumaran N, Zou A, Ünver L, Page O, Kim M, Chan TYT, Tulloch A, Hernandez A, Pillai A, Chen C, Chowdhury N, Huang L, Mudide A, Paik G, Wingate A, Quinn L, Conybere C, Baumgardt LL, Buckley R, Kolberg Z, Pattison R, Shazli AA, Ganske P, Sfragara L, Strub A, Collier B, Tamana H, Ravindran D, Howden J, Stewart M, Shimizu S, Braniff J, Fong M, Gutman L, Irvine D, Malholtra S, Medina J, Park J, Yin A, Abromavage H, Barrett B, Chen J, Cho R, Dilatush M, Gaw G, Gu C, Huang J, Kilby H, Markel E, McClure K, Phillips W, Polaski B, Roselli A, Saint-Cyr S, Shin E, Tatum K, Tumpunyawat T, Wetherill L, Ptaszynska S, Zeleznik M, Pesendorfer A, Nolan A, Tao J, Sammeta D, Nicholson L, Dinh GV, Foltz M, Vo A, Ross M, Tokarski A, Hariharan S, Wang E, Baziuk M, Tay A, Wong YHM, Floyd J, Cui A, Pierre K, Coppisetti N, Kutam M, Khurjekar D, Gadzi A, Gubbay B, Pedretti S, Belovich S, Yeung T, Fey M, Shaffer L, Li A, Beritela G, Huyghue K, Foster G, Durso-Finley G, Thierfelder Q, Kiernan H, Lenkowsky A, Thomas T, Cheng N, Chao O, L’Etoile-Goga P, King A, McKinley P, Read N, Milberg D, Lin L, Wong M, Gilman I, Brown S, Chen L, Kosai J, Verbinsky M, Belshaw-Hood A, Lee H, Zhou C, Lobo M, Tse A, Tran K, Lewis K, Sonawane P, Ngo J, Zuzga S, Chow L, Huynh V, Yang W, Lim S, Stites B, Chang S, Cruz-Balleza R, Pelta M, Kujawski S, Yuan C, Standen-Bloom E, Witt O, Anders K, Duane A, Huynh N, Lester B, Fung-Lee S, Fung M, Situ M, Canigiula P, Dijkgraaf M, Romero W, Baula SK, Wong K, Xu I, Martinez B, Nuygen R, Norris L, Nijensohn N, Altman N, Maajid E, Burkhardt O, Chanda J, Doscher C, Gopal A, Good A, Good J, Herrera N, Lanting L, Liem S, Marks A, McLaughlin E, Lee A, Mohr C, Patton E, Pyarali N, Oczon C, Richards D, Good N, Goss S, Khan A, Madonia R, Mitchell V, Sun N, Vranka T, Garcia D, Arroyo F, Morales E, Camey S, Cano G, Bernabe A, Arroyo J, Lopez Y, Gonzalez E, Zumba B, Garcia J, Vargas E, Trinidad A, Candelaria N, Valdez V, Campuzano F, Pereznegron E, Medrano J, Gutierrez J, Gutierrez E, Abrego ET, Gutierrez D, Ortiz C, Barnes A, Arms E, Mitchell L, Balanzá C, Bradford J, Detroy H, Ferguson D, Guillermo E, Manapragada A, Nanula D, Serna B, Singh K, Sramaty E, Wells B, Wiggins M, Dowling M, Schmadeke G, Cafferky S, Good S, Reese M, Fleig M, Gannett A, Cain C, Lee M, Oberto P, Rinehart J, Pan E, Mathis SA, Joiner J, Barr L, Evans CJ, Baena-Lopez A, Beatty A, Collette J, Smullen R, Suttie J, Chisholm T, Rotondo C, Lewis G, Turner V, Stark L, Fox E, Amirapu A, Park S, Lantz N, Rankin AE, Kim SK, Kockel L. Generation of LexA enhancer-trap lines in Drosophila by an international scholastic network. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad124. [PMID: 37279923 PMCID: PMC10468311 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Conditional gene regulation in Drosophila through binary expression systems like the LexA-LexAop system provides a superb tool for investigating gene and tissue function. To increase the availability of defined LexA enhancer trap insertions, we present molecular, genetic, and tissue expression studies of 301 novel Stan-X LexA enhancer traps derived from mobilization of the index SX4 line. This includes insertions into distinct loci on the X, II, and III chromosomes that were not previously associated with enhancer traps or targeted LexA constructs, an insertion into ptc, and seventeen insertions into natural transposons. A subset of enhancer traps was expressed in CNS neurons known to produce and secrete insulin, an essential regulator of growth, development, and metabolism. Fly lines described here were generated and characterized through studies by students and teachers in an international network of genetics classes at public, independent high schools, and universities serving a diversity of students, including those underrepresented in science. Thus, a unique partnership between secondary schools and university-based programs has produced and characterized novel resources in Drosophila, establishing instructional paradigms devoted to unscripted experimental science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella S Kim
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Arjun Rajan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kathleen Chang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | - Eva English
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Sarah O’Connor
- Commack High School, 1 Scholar Ln, Commack, NY 11725, USA
| | | | - Emma Downey
- Commack High School, 1 Scholar Ln, Commack, NY 11725, USA
| | | | | | - Abigail Pace
- Commack High School, 1 Scholar Ln, Commack, NY 11725, USA
| | - Marina Khan
- Commack High School, 1 Scholar Ln, Commack, NY 11725, USA
| | - Soyoun Moon
- Commack High School, 1 Scholar Ln, Commack, NY 11725, USA
| | - Jordan DiPrima
- Commack High School, 1 Scholar Ln, Commack, NY 11725, USA
| | - Amber Syed
- Commack High School, 1 Scholar Ln, Commack, NY 11725, USA
| | - Flora Lin
- Commack High School, 1 Scholar Ln, Commack, NY 11725, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sophia Cho
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mai Hoang
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Nosa Lawani
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Ayush Noori
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Euwie Park
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Adith Reddi
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Jason Huang
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | | | - Selma Unver
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | | | | | - Alana Yang
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Mahdi Hamad
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | - Zara Ahmed
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Asha Alla
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | - Audrey Choi
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Tanya Das
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | - Joshua Yu
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | - Ethan Lee
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | | | - Jason Wang
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Chris Suhr
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Max Tan
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | | | - Emma Chen
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Max Triff
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | - Eric Zhang
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Jackie Wood
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | - Nat Kpodonu
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Antar Dey
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | | | | | - Harry Sun
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Zijing Wei
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Henry Stone
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Leyla Ünver
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Oscair Page
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | - Minseo Kim
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lina Huang
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833, USA
| | | | | | | | - Lily Quinn
- Haileybury School, Hertford SG13 7NU, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pia Ganske
- Haileybury School, Hertford SG13 7NU, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Julia Braniff
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Melanie Fong
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Lucy Gutman
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Danny Irvine
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Sahil Malholtra
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Jillian Medina
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - John Park
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Alicia Yin
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | | | - Breanna Barrett
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Jacqueline Chen
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Rachelle Cho
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Mac Dilatush
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Gabriel Gaw
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Caitlin Gu
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Jupiter Huang
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Houston Kilby
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Ethan Markel
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Katie McClure
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - William Phillips
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Benjamin Polaski
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Amelia Roselli
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Soleil Saint-Cyr
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Ellie Shin
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Kylan Tatum
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Tai Tumpunyawat
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Lucia Wetherill
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Sara Ptaszynska
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Maddie Zeleznik
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | | | - Anna Nolan
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Jeffrey Tao
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Divya Sammeta
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Laney Nicholson
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Giao Vu Dinh
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Merrin Foltz
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - An Vo
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Maggie Ross
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Andrew Tokarski
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Samika Hariharan
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Elaine Wang
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Martha Baziuk
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Ashley Tay
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | | | - Jax Floyd
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Aileen Cui
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Kieran Pierre
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Nikita Coppisetti
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Matthew Kutam
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Dhruv Khurjekar
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Anthony Gadzi
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Ben Gubbay
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Sophia Pedretti
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Sofiya Belovich
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Tiffany Yeung
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Mercy Fey
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Layla Shaffer
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Arthur Li
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | | | - Kyle Huyghue
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Greg Foster
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | | | - Quinn Thierfelder
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Holly Kiernan
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Andrew Lenkowsky
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Tesia Thomas
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Nicole Cheng
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Olivia Chao
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Pia L’Etoile-Goga
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Alexa King
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Paris McKinley
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Nicole Read
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - David Milberg
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Leila Lin
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Melinda Wong
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Io Gilman
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Samantha Brown
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Lila Chen
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Jordyn Kosai
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Mark Verbinsky
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | | | - Honon Lee
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Cathy Zhou
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Maya Lobo
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Asia Tse
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Kyle Tran
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Kira Lewis
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Pratmesh Sonawane
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Jonathan Ngo
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Sophia Zuzga
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Lillian Chow
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Vianne Huynh
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Wenyi Yang
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Samantha Lim
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Brandon Stites
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Shannon Chang
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | | | - Michaela Pelta
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Stella Kujawski
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Christopher Yuan
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | | | - Oliver Witt
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Karina Anders
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Audrey Duane
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Nancy Huynh
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Benjamin Lester
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Samantha Fung-Lee
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Melanie Fung
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Mandy Situ
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Paolo Canigiula
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Matijs Dijkgraaf
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Wilbert Romero
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | | | - Kimberly Wong
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Ivana Xu
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | | | - Reena Nuygen
- Latin School of Chicago, 59 W North Blvd, Chicago, IL 60610, USA
| | - Lucy Norris
- Latin School of Chicago, 59 W North Blvd, Chicago, IL 60610, USA
| | - Noah Nijensohn
- Latin School of Chicago, 59 W North Blvd, Chicago, IL 60610, USA
| | - Naomi Altman
- Latin School of Chicago, 59 W North Blvd, Chicago, IL 60610, USA
| | - Elise Maajid
- Latin School of Chicago, 59 W North Blvd, Chicago, IL 60610, USA
| | | | | | | | - Alex Gopal
- Albuquerque Academy, Albuquerque, NM 87109, USA
| | - Aaron Good
- Albuquerque Academy, Albuquerque, NM 87109, USA
| | - Jonah Good
- Albuquerque Academy, Albuquerque, NM 87109, USA
| | | | | | - Sophia Liem
- Albuquerque Academy, Albuquerque, NM 87109, USA
| | - Anila Marks
- Albuquerque Academy, Albuquerque, NM 87109, USA
| | | | - Audrey Lee
- Albuquerque Academy, Albuquerque, NM 87109, USA
| | - Collin Mohr
- Albuquerque Academy, Albuquerque, NM 87109, USA
| | - Emma Patton
- Albuquerque Academy, Albuquerque, NM 87109, USA
| | | | | | | | - Nathan Good
- Albuquerque Academy, Albuquerque, NM 87109, USA
| | | | - Adeeb Khan
- Albuquerque Academy, Albuquerque, NM 87109, USA
| | | | | | - Natasha Sun
- Albuquerque Academy, Albuquerque, NM 87109, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bryan Zumba
- Pritzker College Prep, Chicago, IL 60639, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jake Bradford
- Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA 90045, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Khushi Singh
- Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA 90045, USA
| | - Emily Sramaty
- Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA 90045, USA
| | - Brian Wells
- Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA 90045, USA
| | | | - Melissa Dowling
- Latin School of Chicago, 59 W North Blvd, Chicago, IL 60610, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cory Cain
- Pritzker College Prep, Chicago, IL 60639, USA
| | - Melody Lee
- Harvard-Westlake School, Los Angeles, CA 90077, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Leslie Barr
- Westtown School, West Chester, PA 19382, USA
| | - Cory J Evans
- Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA 90045, USA
| | | | - Andrea Beatty
- Commack High School, 1 Scholar Ln, Commack, NY 11725, USA
| | | | - Robert Smullen
- Commack High School, 1 Scholar Ln, Commack, NY 11725, USA
| | - Jeanne Suttie
- Commack High School, 1 Scholar Ln, Commack, NY 11725, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Elizabeth Fox
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Anjana Amirapu
- Lowell High School, 1101 Eucalyptus Dr, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Sangbin Park
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nicole Lantz
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | | | - Seung K Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lutz Kockel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Lu H, Zhang S, Jiang Z, Zeng P. Leveraging trans-ethnic genetic risk scores to improve association power for complex traits in underrepresented populations. Brief Bioinform 2023:bbad232. [PMID: 37332016 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbad232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Trans-ethnic genome-wide association studies have revealed that many loci identified in European populations can be reproducible in non-European populations, indicating widespread trans-ethnic genetic similarity. However, how to leverage such shared information more efficiently in association analysis is less investigated for traits in underrepresented populations. We here propose a statistical framework, trans-ethnic genetic risk score informed gene-based association mixed model (GAMM), by hierarchically modeling single-nucleotide polymorphism effects in the target population as a function of effects of the same trait in well-studied populations. GAMM powerfully integrates genetic similarity across distinct ancestral groups to enhance power in understudied populations, as confirmed by extensive simulations. We illustrate the usefulness of GAMM via the application to 13 blood cell traits (i.e. basophil count, eosinophil count, hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, lymphocyte count, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, monocyte count, neutrophil count, platelet count, red blood cell count and total white blood cell count) in Africans of the UK Biobank (n = 3204) while utilizing genetic overlap shared in Europeans (n = 746 667) and East Asians (n = 162 255). We discovered multiple new associated genes, which had otherwise been missed by existing methods, and revealed that the trans-ethnic information indirectly contributed much to the phenotypic variance. Overall, GAMM represents a flexible and powerful statistical framework of association analysis for complex traits in underrepresented populations by integrating trans-ethnic genetic similarity across well-studied populations, and helps attenuate health inequities in current genetics research for people of minority populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Lu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Zhou Jiang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Ping Zeng
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
- Center for Medical Statistics and Data Analysis, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Genetics and Environmental Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
- Engineering Research Innovation Center of Biological Data Mining and Healthcare Transformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
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13
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Kapoor A, Kumar A, Mukherjee T. Pumping up the blood progenitors by Piezo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2306004120. [PMID: 37228115 PMCID: PMC10265945 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2306004120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Kapoor
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Gandhi Krishi Vigyana Kendra (GKVK) campus, Bengaluru, KA560065, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Gandhi Krishi Vigyana Kendra (GKVK) campus, Bengaluru, KA560065, India
- The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences & Technology, Bengaluru, KA560064, India
| | - Tina Mukherjee
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Gandhi Krishi Vigyana Kendra (GKVK) campus, Bengaluru, KA560065, India
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14
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Tian Y, Morin-Poulard I, Liu X, Vanzo N, Crozatier M. A mechanosensitive vascular niche for Drosophila hematopoiesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2217862120. [PMID: 37094122 PMCID: PMC10160988 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2217862120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells maintain blood cell homeostasis by integrating various cues provided by specialized microenvironments or niches. Biomechanical forces are emerging as key regulators of hematopoiesis. Here, we report that mechanical stimuli provided by blood flow in the vascular niche control Drosophila hematopoiesis. In vascular niche cells, the mechanosensitive channel Piezo transduces mechanical forces through intracellular calcium upregulation, leading to Notch activation and repression of FGF ligand transcription, known to regulate hematopoietic progenitor maintenance. Our results provide insight into how the vascular niche integrates mechanical stimuli to regulate hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushun Tian
- Molecular, Cellular, and Development/UMR5077, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Toulouse Cedex 931062, France
| | - Ismaël Morin-Poulard
- Molecular, Cellular, and Development/UMR5077, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Toulouse Cedex 931062, France
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Molecular, Cellular, and Development/UMR5077, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Toulouse Cedex 931062, France
| | - Nathalie Vanzo
- Molecular, Cellular, and Development/UMR5077, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Toulouse Cedex 931062, France
| | - Michèle Crozatier
- Molecular, Cellular, and Development/UMR5077, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Toulouse Cedex 931062, France
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15
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Saghatelyan A. Calcium signaling as an integrator and decoder of niche factors to control somatic stem cell quiescence and activation. FEBS J 2023; 290:677-683. [PMID: 34797958 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Somatic stem cells (SSCs) play a major role in tissue homeostasis and respond to a panoply of micro-environmental cues by adjusting their quiescence and activation profiles. How these cells integrate and decode multiple niche signals remains elusive. In recent years, Ca2+ signaling has emerged as one of the key intracellular pathways that allow stem cells to dynamically adjust their fate and either to remain quiescent for future needs or to become activated to generate new progeny. Interestingly, not only distinct Ca2+ signatures are associated with the quiescence and activation states of stem cells, but also various extracellular cues impinge on Ca2+ pathways to dynamically regulate the responses of stem cells to different niche signals. This Viewpoint article deals with how Ca2+ signaling may be used to decode and integrate different niche factors and how Ca2+ fluctuations of distinct amplitudes, frequencies, and overall intracellular levels may trigger the differential gene transcription program. Knowledge about mechanisms that allow SSCs to translate the complexity of extracellular niche signaling into intrinsic states of cell quiescence and activation is crucial for understanding life-long tissue homeostasis and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armen Saghatelyan
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.,Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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16
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Abstract
Among the many wonders of nature, the sense of smell of the fly Drosophila melanogaster might seem, at first glance, of esoteric interest. Nevertheless, for over a century, the 'nose' of this insect has been an extraordinary system to explore questions in animal behaviour, ecology and evolution, neuroscience, physiology and molecular genetics. The insights gained are relevant for our understanding of the sensory biology of vertebrates, including humans, and other insect species, encompassing those detrimental to human health. Here, I present an overview of our current knowledge of D. melanogaster olfaction, from molecules to behaviours, with an emphasis on the historical motivations of studies and illustration of how technical innovations have enabled advances. I also highlight some of the pressing and long-term questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Benton
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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17
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Yoon S, Shin M, Shim J. Inter-organ regulation by the brain in Drosophila development and physiology. J Neurogenet 2022:1-13. [DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2022.2137162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunggyu Yoon
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingyu Shin
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Shim
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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18
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Zhang W, Xie M, Eleftherianos I, Mohamed A, Cao Y, Song B, Zang LS, Jia C, Bian J, Keyhani NO, Xia Y. An odorant binding protein is involved in counteracting detection-avoidance and Toll-pathway innate immunity. J Adv Res 2022:S2090-1232(22)00194-1. [PMID: 36064181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) are a class of small molecular weight soluble proteins that exist as expanded gene families in all insects, acting as ligand carriers mediating olfaction and other physiological processes. During fungal infection, a subset of insect OBPs were shown to be differentially expressed. OBJECTIVES We tested whether the altered expression of insect OBPs during pathogenic infection plays a role in behavioral or immune interactions between insect hosts and their pathogens. METHODS A wide range of techniques including RNAi-directed knockdown, heterologous protein expression, electrophysiological/behavioral analyses, transcriptomics, gut microbiome analyses, coupled with tandem mass spectrometry ion monitoring, were used to characterize the function of a locust OBP in host behavioral and immune responses. RESULTS The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae produces the volatile compound phenylethyl alcohol (PEA) that causes behavioral avoidance in locusts. This is mediated by the locust odorant binding protein 11 (LmOBP11). Expression of LmOBP11 is induced by M. anisopliae infection and PEA treatment. LmOBP11 participates in insect detection of the fungal-produced PEA and avoidance of PEA-contaminated food, but the upregulation of LmOBP11 upon M. anisopliae infection negatively affects the insect immune responses to ultimately benefit successful mycosis by the pathogen. RNAi knockdown of LmOBP11 increases the production of antimicrobial peptides and enhances locust resistance to M. anisopliae infection, while reducing host antennal electrophysiological responses to PEA and locust avoidance of PEA treated food. Also, transcriptomic and gut microbiome analyses reveal microbiome dysbiosis and changes in host genes involved in behavior and immunity. These results are consistent with the elevated expression of LmOBP11 leading to enhanced volatile detection and suppression of immune responses. CONCLUSION These findings suggest a crosstalk between olfaction and immunity, indicating manipulation of host OBPs as a novel target exploited by fungal pathogens to alter immune activation and thus promote the successful infection of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Mushan Xie
- School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Amr Mohamed
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Yueqing Cao
- School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Baoan Song
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Lian-Sheng Zang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Chen Jia
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jing Bian
- School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Nemat O Keyhani
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Yuxian Xia
- School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
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19
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Carbon composite thermoplastic electrodes integrated with mini-printed circuit board for wireless detection of calcium ions. ANAL SCI 2022; 38:1233-1243. [PMID: 35861910 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-022-00164-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Here, a smartphone-based portable sensing system is developed for real-time detection of Ca2+ ions in a variety of biofluids. A solid-contact calcium-selective electrode (Ca2+-ISE) consisting of an ion-selective membrane (ISM), carbon black nanomaterial and polystyrene-graphite nanoplatelets as a solid contact was fabricated. The polyvinylchloride (PVC)-based ISM was optimized using different plasticizers and ion-exchangers. Under optimized conditions, the solid contacts were electrochemically characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), chronopotentiometric and potentiometric measurements. The Ca2+-ISE showed a Nernst response with a slope of 31.2 ± 0.6 mV/decade in the concentration range from 0.1 M to 10-4 M Ca2+ with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.0 × 10-5 M. In addition, the ISEs exhibited good selectivity to Ca2+ ions over various interfering electrolytes and metabolites. The Ca2+-ISEs were applied in human urine and, artificial serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples. The ISEs showed good recoveries between 90 and 105%, indicating potential applicability of these electrodes in biological fluids. The portable lab-made potentiometer provides wireless data signaling and transmission to a smartphone and final Ca2+ concentration display due to its customized software. Therefore, the developed smartphone-based sensing platform offers low cost (< $25), rapid, user-friendly detection of Ca2+ especially in resource-limited areas.
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20
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Peeling Back the Layers of Lymph Gland Structure and Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147767. [PMID: 35887113 PMCID: PMC9319083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past 60 years, the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has proven to be an excellent model to study the regulation of hematopoiesis. This is not only due to the evolutionarily conserved signalling pathways and transcription factors contributing to blood cell fate, but also to convergent evolution that led to functional similarities in distinct species. An example of convergence is the compartmentalization of blood cells, which ensures the quiescence of hematopoietic stem cells and allows for the rapid reaction of the immune system upon challenges. The lymph gland, a widely studied hematopoietic organ of the Drosophila larva, represents a microenvironment with similar features and functions to classical hematopoietic stem cell niches of vertebrates. Lymph gland studies were effectively supported by the unparalleled toolkit developed in Drosophila, which enabled the high-resolution investigation of the cellular composition and regulatory interaction networks of the lymph gland. In this review, we summarize how our understanding of lymph gland structure and hematopoietic cell-to-cell communication evolved during the past decades and compare their analogous features to those of the vertebrate hematopoietic stem cell niche.
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21
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Yu S, Luo F, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Jin LH. Drosophila Innate Immunity Involves Multiple Signaling Pathways and Coordinated Communication Between Different Tissues. Front Immunol 2022; 13:905370. [PMID: 35911716 PMCID: PMC9336466 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.905370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response provides the first line of defense against invading pathogens, and immune disorders cause a variety of diseases. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster employs multiple innate immune reactions to resist infection. First, epithelial tissues function as physical barriers to prevent pathogen invasion. In addition, macrophage-like plasmatocytes eliminate intruders through phagocytosis, and lamellocytes encapsulate large particles, such as wasp eggs, that cannot be phagocytosed. Regarding humoral immune responses, the fat body, equivalent to the mammalian liver, secretes antimicrobial peptides into hemolymph, killing bacteria and fungi. Drosophila has been shown to be a powerful in vivo model for studying the mechanism of innate immunity and host-pathogen interactions because Drosophila and higher organisms share conserved signaling pathways and factors. Moreover, the ease with which Drosophila genetic and physiological characteristics can be manipulated prevents interference by adaptive immunity. In this review, we discuss the signaling pathways activated in Drosophila innate immunity, namely, the Toll, Imd, JNK, JAK/STAT pathways, and other factors, as well as relevant regulatory networks. We also review the mechanisms by which different tissues, including hemocytes, the fat body, the lymph gland, muscles, the gut and the brain coordinate innate immune responses. Furthermore, the latest studies in this field are outlined in this review. In summary, understanding the mechanism underlying innate immunity orchestration in Drosophila will help us better study human innate immunity-related diseases.
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22
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Kapoor A, Padmavathi A, Madhwal S, Mukherjee T. Dual control of dopamine in Drosophila myeloid-like progenitor cell proliferation and regulation of lymph gland growth. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e52951. [PMID: 35476897 PMCID: PMC9171693 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202152951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila, definitive haematopoiesis takes place in a specialized organ termed "lymph gland". It harbours multi-potent stem-like blood progenitor cells whose development controls overall growth of this haematopoietic tissue and formation of mature blood cells. With respect to its development, neurotransmitters have emerged as potent regulators of blood-progenitor cell development and function. In this study, we extend our understanding of neurotransmitters and show that progenitors are self-sufficient with regard to synthesizing dopamine, a well-established neurotransmitter. These cells also have modules for dopamine sensing through the receptor and transporter. We found that modulating expression of these components in progenitor cells affected lymph gland growth, which suggested growth-promoting function of dopamine in blood-progenitor cells. Cell-cycle analysis of developing lymph glands revealed an unexpected requirement for intracellular dopamine in moderating the progression of early progenitor cells from S to G2 phase of the cell cycle, while activation of dopamine receptor signalling later in development regulated their progression from G2 and entry into mitosis. The dual capacity in which dopamine operated, first intracellularly to coordinate S/G2 transition and later extracellularly in G2/M transition, was critical for the growth of the lymph gland. Overall, the data presented highlight a novel non-canonical use of dopamine in the myeloid system that reveals an uncharacterized function of intracellular dopamine in cell-cycle phasing with outcomes on haematopoietic growth and immunity as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Kapoor
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Achalla Padmavathi
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, India
| | - Sukanya Madhwal
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Tina Mukherjee
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, India
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23
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Goyal M, Tomar A, Madhwal S, Mukherjee T. Blood progenitor redox homeostasis through olfaction-derived systemic GABA in hematopoietic growth control in Drosophila. Development 2022; 149:273541. [PMID: 34850846 PMCID: PMC8733872 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in myeloid development is well established. However, its aberrant generation alters hematopoiesis. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of events controlling ROS homeostasis forms the central focus of this study. We show that, in homeostasis, myeloid-like blood progenitor cells of the Drosophila larvae, which reside in a specialized hematopoietic organ termed the lymph gland, use TCA to generate ROS. However, excessive ROS production leads to lymph gland growth retardation. Therefore, to moderate blood progenitor ROS, Drosophila larvae rely on olfaction and its downstream systemic GABA. GABA internalization and its breakdown into succinate by progenitor cells activates pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK), which controls inhibitory phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH). PDH is the rate-limiting enzyme that connects pyruvate to the TCA cycle and to oxidative phosphorylation. Thus, GABA metabolism via PDK activation maintains TCA activity and blood progenitor ROS homeostasis, and supports normal lymph gland growth. Consequently, animals that fail to smell also fail to sustain TCA activity and ROS homeostasis, which leads to lymph gland growth retardation. Overall, this study describes the requirement of animal odor-sensing and GABA in myeloid ROS regulation and hematopoietic growth control. Summary: Ablation of olfactory receptor neurons reveals that odor-sensing and GABA are involved in myeloid reactive oxygen species regulation and hematopoietic growth control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Goyal
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India.,The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064, India
| | - Ajay Tomar
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India.,The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064, India
| | - Sukanya Madhwal
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Tina Mukherjee
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
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24
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Koranteng F, Cho B, Shim J. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Regulation of Hematopoiesis in Drosophila. Mol Cells 2022; 45:101-108. [PMID: 35253654 PMCID: PMC8926866 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2022.2039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster lymph gland, the primary site of hematopoiesis, contains myeloid-like progenitor cells that differentiate into functional hemocytes in the circulation of pupae and adults. Fly hemocytes are dynamic and plastic, and they play diverse roles in the innate immune response and wound healing. Various hematopoietic regulators in the lymph gland ensure the developmental and functional balance between progenitors and mature blood cells. In addition, systemic factors, such as nutrient availability and sensory inputs, integrate environmental variabilities to synchronize the blood development in the lymph gland with larval growth, physiology, and immunity. This review examines the intrinsic and extrinsic factors determining the progenitor states during hemocyte development in the lymph gland and provides new insights for further studies that may extend the frontier of our collective knowledge on hematopoiesis and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bumsik Cho
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Jiwon Shim
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Research Institute for Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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25
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Mineo A, Miguel-Aliaga I. Defend or reproduce? Muscle-derived glutamate determines an immune-reproductive energetic tradeoff. Cell Metab 2021; 33:2307-2309. [PMID: 34879236 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
There are dramatic disparities in infection susceptibility within populations. In this issue of Cell Metabolism, Zhao and Karpac uncover a muscle-adipose-gut axis in Drosophila that explains variability in pathogen susceptibility. They show that the degree of intramuscular NF-κB activation accounts for differences in circulating glutamate, which enhances infection resistance at the expense of reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Mineo
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Irene Miguel-Aliaga
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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26
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Ho KYL, Khadilkar RJ, Carr RL, Tanentzapf G. A gap-junction-mediated, calcium-signaling network controls blood progenitor fate decisions in hematopoiesis. Curr Biol 2021; 31:4697-4712.e6. [PMID: 34480855 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell homeostasis requires coordinated fate decisions among stem cells that are often widely distributed within a tissue at varying distances from their stem cell niche. This requires a mechanism to ensure robust fate decisions within a population of stem cells. Here, we show that, in the Drosophila hematopoietic organ, the lymph gland (LG), gap junctions form a network that coordinates fate decisions between blood progenitors. Using live imaging of calcium signaling in intact LGs, we find that blood progenitors are connected through a signaling network. Blocking gap junction function disrupts this network, alters the pattern of encoded calcium signals, and leads to loss of progenitors and precocious blood cell differentiation. Ectopic and uniform activation of the calcium-signaling mediator CaMKII restores progenitor homeostasis when gap junctions are disrupted. Overall, these data show that gap junctions equilibrate cell signals between blood progenitors to coordinate fate decisions and maintain hematopoietic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Y L Ho
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Rohan J Khadilkar
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer-Tata Memorial Centre (ACTREC-TMC), Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 410210, India
| | - Rosalyn L Carr
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Guy Tanentzapf
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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27
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Girard JR, Goins LM, Vuu DM, Sharpley MS, Spratford CM, Mantri SR, Banerjee U. Paths and pathways that generate cell-type heterogeneity and developmental progression in hematopoiesis. eLife 2021; 10:e67516. [PMID: 34713801 PMCID: PMC8610493 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic studies of Drosophila lymph gland hematopoiesis are limited by the availability of cell-type-specific markers. Using a combination of bulk RNA-Seq of FACS-sorted cells, single-cell RNA-Seq, and genetic dissection, we identify new blood cell subpopulations along a developmental trajectory with multiple paths to mature cell types. This provides functional insights into key developmental processes and signaling pathways. We highlight metabolism as a driver of development, show that graded Pointed expression allows distinct roles in successive developmental steps, and that mature crystal cells specifically express an alternate isoform of Hypoxia-inducible factor (Hif/Sima). Mechanistically, the Musashi-regulated protein Numb facilitates Sima-dependent non-canonical, and inhibits canonical, Notch signaling. Broadly, we find that prior to making a fate choice, a progenitor selects between alternative, biologically relevant, transitory states allowing smooth transitions reflective of combinatorial expressions rather than stepwise binary decisions. Increasingly, this view is gaining support in mammalian hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet R Girard
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Lauren M Goins
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Dung M Vuu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Mark S Sharpley
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Carrie M Spratford
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Shreya R Mantri
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Utpal Banerjee
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
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28
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Impact of Microorganisms and Parasites on Neuronally Controlled Drosophila Behaviours. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092350. [PMID: 34571999 PMCID: PMC8472771 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Like all invertebrates, flies such as Drosophila lack an adaptive immune system and depend on their innate immune system to protect them against pathogenic microorganisms and parasites. In recent years, it appears that the nervous systems of eucaryotes not only control animal behavior but also cooperate and synergize very strongly with the animals’ immune systems to detect and fight potential pathogenic threats, and allow them to adapt their behavior to the presence of microorganisms and parasites that coexist with them. This review puts into perspective the latest progress made using the Drosophila model system, in this field of research, which remains in its infancy.
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29
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Morin-Poulard I, Tian Y, Vanzo N, Crozatier M. Drosophila as a Model to Study Cellular Communication Between the Hematopoietic Niche and Blood Progenitors Under Homeostatic Conditions and in Response to an Immune Stress. Front Immunol 2021; 12:719349. [PMID: 34484226 PMCID: PMC8415499 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.719349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In adult mammals, blood cells are formed from hematopoietic stem progenitor cells, which are controlled by a complex cellular microenvironment called "niche". Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful model organism to decipher the mechanisms controlling hematopoiesis, due both to its limited number of blood cell lineages and to the conservation of genes and signaling pathways throughout bilaterian evolution. Insect blood cells or hemocytes are similar to the mammalian myeloid lineage that ensures innate immunity functions. Like in vertebrates, two waves of hematopoiesis occur in Drosophila. The first wave takes place during embryogenesis. The second wave occurs at larval stages, where two distinct hematopoietic sites are identified: subcuticular hematopoietic pockets and a specialized hematopoietic organ called the lymph gland. In both sites, hematopoiesis is regulated by distinct niches. In hematopoietic pockets, sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system provide a microenvironment that promotes embryonic hemocyte expansion and differentiation. In the lymph gland blood cells are produced from hematopoietic progenitors. A small cluster of cells called Posterior Signaling Centre (PSC) and the vascular system, along which the lymph gland develops, act collectively as a niche, under homeostatic conditions, to control the balance between maintenance and differentiation of lymph gland progenitors. In response to an immune stress such as wasp parasitism, lymph gland hematopoiesis is drastically modified and shifts towards emergency hematopoiesis, leading to increased progenitor proliferation and their differentiation into lamellocyte, a specific blood cell type which will neutralize the parasite. The PSC is essential to control this emergency response. In this review, we summarize Drosophila cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the communication between the niche and hematopoietic progenitors, both under homeostatic and stress conditions. Finally, we discuss similarities between mechanisms by which niches regulate hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in Drosophila and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yushun Tian
- MCD/UMR5077, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Vanzo
- MCD/UMR5077, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Toulouse, France
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30
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Mase A, Augsburger J, Brückner K. Macrophages and Their Organ Locations Shape Each Other in Development and Homeostasis - A Drosophila Perspective. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:630272. [PMID: 33777939 PMCID: PMC7991785 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.630272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Across the animal kingdom, macrophages are known for their functions in innate immunity, but they also play key roles in development and homeostasis. Recent insights from single cell profiling and other approaches in the invertebrate model organism Drosophila melanogaster reveal substantial diversity among Drosophila macrophages (plasmatocytes). Together with vertebrate studies that show genuine expression signatures of macrophages based on their organ microenvironments, it is expected that Drosophila macrophage functional diversity is shaped by their anatomical locations and systemic conditions. In vivo evidence for diverse macrophage functions has already been well established by Drosophila genetics: Drosophila macrophages play key roles in various aspects of development and organogenesis, including embryogenesis and development of the nervous, digestive, and reproductive systems. Macrophages further maintain homeostasis in various organ systems and promote regeneration following organ damage and injury. The interdependence and interplay of tissues and their local macrophage populations in Drosophila have implications for understanding principles of organ development and homeostasis in a wide range of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjeli Mase
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jordan Augsburger
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Katja Brückner
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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31
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Rodrigues D, Renaud Y, VijayRaghavan K, Waltzer L, Inamdar MS. Differential activation of JAK-STAT signaling reveals functional compartmentalization in Drosophila blood progenitors. eLife 2021; 10:61409. [PMID: 33594977 PMCID: PMC7920551 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood cells arise from diverse pools of stem and progenitor cells. Understanding progenitor heterogeneity is a major challenge. The Drosophila larval lymph gland is a well-studied model to understand blood progenitor maintenance and recapitulates several aspects of vertebrate hematopoiesis. However in-depth analysis has focused on the anterior lobe progenitors (AP), ignoring the posterior progenitors (PP) from the posterior lobes. Using in situ expression mapping and developmental and transcriptome analysis, we reveal PP heterogeneity and identify molecular-genetic tools to study this abundant progenitor population. Functional analysis shows that PP resist differentiation upon immune challenge, in a JAK-STAT-dependent manner. Upon wasp parasitism, AP downregulate JAK-STAT signaling and form lamellocytes. In contrast, we show that PP activate STAT92E and remain undifferentiated, promoting survival. Stat92E knockdown or genetically reducing JAK-STAT signaling permits PP lamellocyte differentiation. We discuss how heterogeneity and compartmentalization allow functional segregation in response to systemic cues and could be widely applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rodrigues
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India.,National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India.,Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Yoan Renaud
- University of Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, GReD, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - K VijayRaghavan
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India.,Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lucas Waltzer
- University of Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, GReD, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Maneesha S Inamdar
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
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32
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Shao L, Elujoba-Bridenstine A, Zink KE, Sanchez LM, Cox BJ, Pollok KE, Sinn AL, Bailey BJ, Sims EC, Cooper SH, Broxmeyer HE, Pajcini KV, Tamplin OJ. The neurotransmitter receptor Gabbr1 regulates proliferation and function of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Blood 2021; 137:775-787. [PMID: 32881992 PMCID: PMC7885825 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019004415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic and nervous systems are linked via innervation of bone marrow (BM) niche cells. Hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) express neurotransmitter receptors, such as the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type B receptor subunit 1 (GABBR1), suggesting that HSPCs could be directly regulated by neurotransmitters like GABA that directly bind to GABBR1. We performed imaging mass spectrometry and found that the endogenous GABA molecule is regionally localized and concentrated near the endosteum of the BM niche. To better understand the role of GABBR1 in regulating HSPCs, we generated a constitutive Gabbr1-knockout mouse model. Analysis revealed that HSPC numbers were significantly reduced in the BM compared with wild-type littermates. Moreover, Gabbr1-null hematopoietic stem cells had diminished capacity to reconstitute irradiated recipients in a competitive transplantation model. Gabbr1-null HSPCs were less proliferative under steady-state conditions and upon stress. Colony-forming unit assays demonstrated that almost all Gabbr1-null HSPCs were in a slow or noncycling state. In vitro differentiation of Gabbr1-null HSPCs in cocultures produced fewer overall cell numbers with significant defects in differentiation and expansion of the B-cell lineage. To determine whether a GABBR1 agonist could stimulate human umbilical cord blood (UCB) HSPCs, we performed brief ex vivo treatment prior to transplant into immunodeficient mice, with significant increases in long-term engraftment of HSPCs compared with GABBR1 antagonist or vehicle treatments. Our results indicate a direct role for GABBR1 in HSPC proliferation, and identify a potential target to improve HSPC engraftment in clinical transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijian Shao
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Department of Occupational Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Adedamola Elujoba-Bridenstine
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Katherine E Zink
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Laura M Sanchez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Brian J Cox
- Department of Physiology and
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; and
| | - Karen E Pollok
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Department of Pediatrics
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, and
| | | | | | | | - Scott H Cooper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Hal E Broxmeyer
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, and
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | - Owen J Tamplin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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33
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Destalminil-Letourneau M, Morin-Poulard I, Tian Y, Vanzo N, Crozatier M. The vascular niche controls Drosophila hematopoiesis via fibroblast growth factor signaling. eLife 2021; 10:64672. [PMID: 33395389 PMCID: PMC7781598 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In adult mammals, hematopoiesis, the production of blood cells from hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), is tightly regulated by extrinsic signals from the microenvironment called 'niche'. Bone marrow HSPCs are heterogeneous and controlled by both endosteal and vascular niches. The Drosophila hematopoietic lymph gland is located along the cardiac tube which corresponds to the vascular system. In the lymph gland, the niche called Posterior Signaling Center controls only a subset of the heterogeneous hematopoietic progenitor population indicating that additional signals are necessary. Here we report that the vascular system acts as a second niche to control lymph gland homeostasis. The FGF ligand Branchless produced by vascular cells activates the FGF pathway in hematopoietic progenitors. By regulating intracellular calcium levels, FGF signaling maintains progenitor pools and prevents blood cell differentiation. This study reveals that two niches contribute to the control ofDrosophila blood cell homeostasis through their differential regulation of progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Destalminil-Letourneau
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Ismaël Morin-Poulard
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Yushun Tian
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Vanzo
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Michele Crozatier
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
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34
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Madhwal S, Shin M, Kapoor A, Goyal M, Joshi MK, Ur Rehman PM, Gor K, Shim J, Mukherjee T. Metabolic control of cellular immune-competency by odors in Drosophila. eLife 2020; 9:60376. [PMID: 33372660 PMCID: PMC7808736 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in different animal model systems have revealed the impact of odors on immune cells; however, any understanding on why and how odors control cellular immunity remained unclear. We find that Drosophila employ an olfactory-immune cross-talk to tune a specific cell type, the lamellocytes, from hematopoietic-progenitor cells. We show that neuronally released GABA derived upon olfactory stimulation is utilized by blood-progenitor cells as a metabolite and through its catabolism, these cells stabilize Sima/HIFα protein. Sima capacitates blood-progenitor cells with the ability to initiate lamellocyte differentiation. This systemic axis becomes relevant for larvae dwelling in wasp-infested environments where chances of infection are high. By co-opting the olfactory route, the preconditioned animals elevate their systemic GABA levels leading to the upregulation of blood-progenitor cell Sima expression. This elevates their immune-potential and primes them to respond rapidly when infected with parasitic wasps. The present work highlights the importance of the olfaction in immunity and shows how odor detection during animal development is utilized to establish a long-range axis in the control of blood-progenitor competency and immune-priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Madhwal
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Mingyu Shin
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ankita Kapoor
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Manisha Goyal
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, India.,The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences & Technology (TDU), Bengaluru, India
| | - Manish K Joshi
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, India
| | | | - Kavan Gor
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, India
| | - Jiwon Shim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute for Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tina Mukherjee
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, India
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35
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Ectopic activation of GABA B receptors inhibits neurogenesis and metamorphosis in the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 5:111-121. [PMID: 33168995 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-01338-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The metabotropic gamma-aminobutyric acid B receptor (GABABR) is a G protein-coupled receptor that mediates neuronal inhibition by the neurotransmitter GABA. While GABABR-mediated signalling has been suggested to play central roles in neuronal differentiation and proliferation across evolution, it has mostly been studied in the mammalian brain. Here, we demonstrate that ectopic activation of GABABR signalling affects neurogenic functions in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. We identified four putative Nematostella GABABR homologues presenting conserved three-dimensional extracellular domains and residues needed for binding GABA and the GABABR agonist baclofen. Moreover, sustained activation of GABABR signalling reversibly arrests the critical metamorphosis transition from planktonic larva to sessile polyp life stage. To understand the processes that underlie the developmental arrest, we combined transcriptomic and spatial analyses of control and baclofen-treated larvae. Our findings reveal that the cnidarian neurogenic programme is arrested following the addition of baclofen to developing larvae. Specifically, neuron development and neurite extension were inhibited, resulting in an underdeveloped and less organized nervous system and downregulation of proneural factors including NvSoxB(2), NvNeuroD1 and NvElav1. Our results thus point to an evolutionarily conserved function of GABABR in neurogenesis regulation and shed light on early cnidarian development.
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36
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How Bacteria Impact Host Nervous System and Behaviors: Lessons from Flies and Worms. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:998-1010. [PMID: 33051027 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Behavior is the neuronally controlled, voluntary or involuntary response of an organism to its environment. An increasing body of evidence indicates that microbes, which live closely associated with animals or in their immediate surroundings, significantly influence animals' behavior. The extreme complexity of the nervous system of animals, combined with the extraordinary microbial diversity, are two major obstacles to understand, at the molecular level, how microbes modulate animal behavior. In this review, we discuss recent advances in dissecting the impact that bacteria have on the nervous system of two genetically tractable invertebrate models, Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans.
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37
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Cho B, Yoon SH, Lee D, Koranteng F, Tattikota SG, Cha N, Shin M, Do H, Hu Y, Oh SY, Lee D, Vipin Menon A, Moon SJ, Perrimon N, Nam JW, Shim J. Single-cell transcriptome maps of myeloid blood cell lineages in Drosophila. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4483. [PMID: 32900993 PMCID: PMC7479620 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila lymph gland, the larval hematopoietic organ comprised of prohemocytes and mature hemocytes, has been a valuable model for understanding mechanisms underlying hematopoiesis and immunity. Three types of mature hemocytes have been characterized in the lymph gland: plasmatocytes, lamellocytes, and crystal cells, which are analogous to vertebrate myeloid cells, yet molecular underpinnings of the lymph gland hemocytes have been less investigated. Here, we use single-cell RNA sequencing to comprehensively analyze heterogeneity of developing hemocytes in the lymph gland, and discover previously undescribed hemocyte types including adipohemocytes, stem-like prohemocytes, and intermediate prohemocytes. Additionally, we identify the developmental trajectory of hemocytes during normal development as well as the emergence of the lamellocyte lineage following active cellular immunity caused by wasp infestation. Finally, we establish similarities and differences between embryonically derived- and larval lymph gland hemocytes. Altogether, our study provides detailed insights into the hemocyte development and cellular immune responses at single-cell resolution. How the Drosophila lymph gland hemocytes develop and are regulated at a single-cell level is unclear. Here, the authors use single-cell RNA sequencing to show heterogeneity of developing hemocytes in the lymph gland and how they react to wasp infestation, and compare hemocytes from two independent origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bumsik Cho
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04736, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Yoon
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04736, Republic of Korea
| | - Daewon Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04736, Republic of Korea
| | - Ferdinand Koranteng
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04736, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Nuri Cha
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04736, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingyu Shin
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04736, Republic of Korea
| | - Hobin Do
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04736, Republic of Korea
| | - Yanhui Hu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sue Young Oh
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University, College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehan Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04736, Republic of Korea
| | - A Vipin Menon
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04736, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Jun Moon
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University, College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jin-Wu Nam
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04736, Republic of Korea. .,Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04736, Republic of Korea. .,Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04736, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jiwon Shim
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04736, Republic of Korea. .,Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04736, Republic of Korea. .,Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04736, Republic of Korea.
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38
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P P, Tomar A, Madhwal S, Mukherjee T. Immune Control of Animal Growth in Homeostasis and Nutritional Stress in Drosophila. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1528. [PMID: 32849518 PMCID: PMC7416612 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A large body of research implicates the brain and fat body (liver equivalent) as central players in coordinating growth and nutritional homeostasis in multicellular animals. In this regard, an underlying connection between immune cells and growth is also evident, although mechanistic understanding of this cross-talk is scarce. Here, we explore the importance of innate immune cells in animal growth during homeostasis and in conditions of nutrient stress. We report that Drosophila larvae lacking blood cells eclose as small adults and show signs of insulin insensitivity. Moreover, when exposed to dietary stress of a high-sucrose diet (HSD), these animals are further growth retarded than normally seen in regular animals raised on HSD. In contrast, larvae carrying increased number of activated macrophage-like plasmatocytes show no defects in adult growth when raised on HSD and grow to sizes almost comparable with that seen with regular diet. These observations imply a central role for immune cell activity in growth control. Mechanistically, our findings reveal a surprising influence of immune cells on balancing fat body inflammation and insulin signaling under conditions of homeostasis and nutrient overload as a means to coordinate systemic metabolism and adult growth. This work integrates both the cellular and humoral arm of the innate immune system in organismal growth homeostasis, the implications of which may be broadly conserved across mammalian systems as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethi P
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, India
| | - Ajay Tomar
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, India.,The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology, Bangalore, India
| | - Sukanya Madhwal
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Tina Mukherjee
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, India
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39
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Sarkar A, Mukundan N, Sowndarya S, Dubey VK, Babu R, Lakshmanan V, Rangiah K, Panicker MM, Palakodeti D, Subramanian SP, Subramanian R. Serotonin is essential for eye regeneration in planaria Schmidtea mediterranea. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:3198-3209. [PMID: 31529697 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Planaria is an ideal system to study factors involved in regeneration and tissue homeostasis. Little is known about the role of metabolites and small molecules in stem cell maintenance and lineage specification in planarians. Using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based quantitative metabolomics, we determined the relative levels of metabolites in stem cells, progenitors, and differentiated cells of the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. Tryptophan and its metabolic product serotonin are significantly enriched in stem cells and progenitor population. Serotonin biosynthesis in these cells is brought about by a noncanonical enzyme, phenylalanine hydroxylase. Knockdown of Smed-pah leads to complete disappearance of eyes in regenerating planaria, while exogenous supply of serotonin and its precursor rescues the eyeless phenotype. Our results demonstrate a key role for serotonin in eye regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunabha Sarkar
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Namita Mukundan
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (InStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sai Sowndarya
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (InStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Dubey
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (InStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Rosana Babu
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (InStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Vairavan Lakshmanan
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (InStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Kannan Rangiah
- Central Food Technology Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (InStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Ramaswamy Subramanian
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (InStem), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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40
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Zhu F, Feng M, Sinha R, Murphy MP, Luo F, Kao KS, Szade K, Seita J, Weissman IL. The GABA receptor GABRR1 is expressed on and functional in hematopoietic stem cells and megakaryocyte progenitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:18416-18422. [PMID: 31451629 PMCID: PMC6744911 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1906251116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
GABRR1 is a rho subunit receptor of GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain. While most investigations of its function focused on the nervous system, its regulatory role in hematopoiesis has not been reported. In this study, we found GABRR1 is mainly expressed on subsets of human and mouse hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and megakaryocyte progenitors (MkPs). GABRR1-negative (GR-) HSCs led to higher donor-derived hematopoietic chimerism than GABRR1-positive (GR+) HSCs. GR+ but not GR- HSCs and MkPs respond to GABA in patch clamp studies. Inhibition of GABRR1 via genetic knockout or antagonists inhibited MkP differentiation and reduced platelet numbers in blood. Overexpression of GABRR1 or treatment with agonists significantly promoted MkP generation and megakaryocyte colonies. Thus, this study identifies a link between the neural and hematopoietic systems and opens up the possibility of manipulating GABA signaling for platelet-required clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Zhu
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305;
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Mingye Feng
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Rahul Sinha
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Matthew Philip Murphy
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Division, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Fujun Luo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Kevin S Kao
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Krzysztof Szade
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jun Seita
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305;
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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41
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Ghosh E, Venkatesan R. Plant Volatiles Modulate Immune Responses of Spodoptera litura. J Chem Ecol 2019; 45:715-724. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-019-01091-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kockel L, Griffin C, Ahmed Y, Fidelak L, Rajan A, Gould EP, Haigney M, Ralston B, Tercek RJ, Galligani L, Rao S, Huq L, Bhargava HK, Dooner AC, Lemmerman EG, Malusa RF, Nguyen TH, Chung JS, Gregory SM, Kuwana KM, Regenold JT, Wei A, Ashton J, Dickinson P, Martel K, Cai C, Chen C, Price S, Qiao J, Shepley D, Zhang J, Chalasani M, Nguyen K, Aalto A, Kim B, Tazawa-Goodchild E, Sherwood A, Rahman A, Wu SYC, Lotzkar J, Michaels S, Aristotle H, Clark A, Gasper G, Xiang E, Schlör FL, Lu M, Haering K, Friberg J, Kuwana A, Lee J, Liu A, Norton E, Hamad L, Lee C, Okeremi D, diTullio H, Dumoulin K, Chi SYG, Derossi GS, Horowitch RE, Issa EC, Le DT, Morales BC, Noori A, Shao J, Cho S, Hoang MN, Johnson IM, Lee KC, Lee M, Madamidola EA, Schmitt KE, Byan G, Park T, Chen J, Monovoukas A, Kang MJ, McGowan T, Walewski JJ, Simon B, Zu SJ, Miller GP, Fitzpatrick KB, Lantz N, Fox E, Collette J, Kurtz R, Duncan C, Palmer R, Rotondo C, Janicki E, Chisholm T, Rankin A, Park S, Kim SK. An Interscholastic Network To Generate LexA Enhancer Trap Lines in Drosophila. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2019; 9:2097-2106. [PMID: 31040111 PMCID: PMC6643891 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Binary expression systems like the LexA-LexAop system provide a powerful experimental tool kit to study gene and tissue function in developmental biology, neurobiology, and physiology. However, the number of well-defined LexA enhancer trap insertions remains limited. In this study, we present the molecular characterization and initial tissue expression analysis of nearly 100 novel StanEx LexA enhancer traps, derived from the StanEx1 index line. This includes 76 insertions into novel, distinct gene loci not previously associated with enhancer traps or targeted LexA constructs. Additionally, our studies revealed evidence for selective transposase-dependent replacement of a previously-undetected KP element on chromosome III within the StanEx1 genetic background during hybrid dysgenesis, suggesting a molecular basis for the over-representation of LexA insertions at the NK7.1 locus in our screen. Production and characterization of novel fly lines were performed by students and teachers in experiment-based genetics classes within a geographically diverse network of public and independent high schools. Thus, unique partnerships between secondary schools and university-based programs have produced and characterized novel genetic and molecular resources in Drosophila for open-source distribution, and provide paradigms for development of science education through experience-based pedagogy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Kockel
- Dept. of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sagar Rao
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833
| | - Lutfi Huq
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Connie Cai
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Evan Xiang
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833
| | | | - Melissa Lu
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833
| | | | | | | | | | - Alan Liu
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833
| | | | | | - Clara Lee
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dan T Le
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833
| | | | | | | | - Sophia Cho
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833
| | | | | | | | - Maria Lee
- Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicole Lantz
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, NJ 08648
| | | | | | - Richard Kurtz
- Commack High School, 1 Scholar Ln, Commack, NY 11725
| | - Chris Duncan
- Pritzker College Prep, 4131 W Cortland St, Chicago, IL 60639
| | - Ryan Palmer
- Pritzker College Prep, 4131 W Cortland St, Chicago, IL 60639
| | - Cheryl Rotondo
- Science Department, Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833
| | - Eric Janicki
- Science Department, Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833
| | | | - Anne Rankin
- Science Department, Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH 03833
| | - Sangbin Park
- Dept. of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305
| | - Seung K Kim
- Dept. of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford, CA 94305
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Cell Adhesion-Mediated Actomyosin Assembly Regulates the Activity of Cubitus Interruptus for Hematopoietic Progenitor Maintenance in Drosophila. Genetics 2019; 212:1279-1300. [PMID: 31138608 PMCID: PMC6707476 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The actomyosin network is involved in crucial cellular processes including morphogenesis, cell adhesion, apoptosis, proliferation, differentiation, and collective cell migration in Drosophila, Caenorhabditiselegans, and mammals. Here, we demonstrate that Drosophila larval blood stem-like progenitors require actomyosin activity for their maintenance. Genetic loss of the actomyosin network from progenitors caused a decline in their number. Likewise, the progenitor population increased upon sustained actomyosin activation via phosphorylation by Rho-associated kinase. We show that actomyosin positively regulates larval blood progenitors by controlling the maintenance factor Cubitus interruptus (Ci). Overexpression of the maintenance signal via a constitutively activated construct (ci.HA) failed to sustain Ci-155 in the absence of actomyosin components like Zipper (zip) and Squash (sqh), thus favoring protein kinase A (PKA)-independent regulation of Ci activity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a change in cortical actomyosin assembly mediated by DE-cadherin modulates Ci activity, thereby determining progenitor status. Thus, loss of cell adhesion and downstream actomyosin activity results in desensitization of the progenitors to Hh signaling, leading to their differentiation. Our data reveal how cell adhesion and the actomyosin network cooperate to influence patterning, morphogenesis, and maintenance of the hematopoietic stem-like progenitor pool in the developing Drosophila hematopoietic organ.
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Banerjee U, Girard JR, Goins LM, Spratford CM. Drosophila as a Genetic Model for Hematopoiesis. Genetics 2019; 211:367-417. [PMID: 30733377 PMCID: PMC6366919 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.300223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this FlyBook chapter, we present a survey of the current literature on the development of the hematopoietic system in Drosophila The Drosophila blood system consists entirely of cells that function in innate immunity, tissue integrity, wound healing, and various forms of stress response, and are therefore functionally similar to myeloid cells in mammals. The primary cell types are specialized for phagocytic, melanization, and encapsulation functions. As in mammalian systems, multiple sites of hematopoiesis are evident in Drosophila and the mechanisms involved in this process employ many of the same molecular strategies that exemplify blood development in humans. Drosophila blood progenitors respond to internal and external stress by coopting developmental pathways that involve both local and systemic signals. An important goal of these Drosophila studies is to develop the tools and mechanisms critical to further our understanding of human hematopoiesis during homeostasis and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utpal Banerjee
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Juliet R Girard
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Lauren M Goins
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Carrie M Spratford
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
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45
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Domenech C, Maillard L, Rousseau A, Guidez F, Petit L, Pla M, Clay D, Guimiot F, Sanfilippo S, Jacques S, de la Grange P, Robil N, Soulier J, Souyri M. Studies in an Early Development Window Unveils a Severe HSC Defect in both Murine and Human Fanconi Anemia. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:1075-1091. [PMID: 30449320 PMCID: PMC6234961 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) causes bone marrow failure early during childhood, and recent studies indicate that a hematopoietic defect could begin in utero. We performed a unique kinetics study of hematopoiesis in Fancg-/- mouse embryos, between the early embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5) to E12.5 developmental window (when the highest level of hematopoietic stem cells [HSC] amplification takes place) and E14.5. This study reveals a deep HSC defect with exhaustion of proliferative and self-renewal capacities very early during development, together with severe FA clinical and biological manifestations, which are mitigated at E14.5 due to compensatory mechanisms that help to ensure survival of Fancg-/- embryos. It also reports that a deep HSC defect is also observed during human FA development, and that human FA fetal liver (FL) HSCs present a transcriptome profile similar to that of mouse E12.5 Fancg-/- FL HSCs. Altogether, our results highlight that early mouse FL could represent a good alternative model for studying Fanconi pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Domenech
- CNRS UMR7622/IBPS, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France; INSERM UMR_S1131, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France; IUH, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Loïc Maillard
- CNRS UMR7622/IBPS, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France; INSERM UMR_S1131, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France; IUH, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Alix Rousseau
- IUH, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; INSERM U944/CNRS UMR7212, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Fabien Guidez
- INSERM UMR_S1131, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France; IUH, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Petit
- CNRS UMR7622/IBPS, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Marika Pla
- INSERM UMR_S1131, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France; IUH, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Denis Clay
- INSERM U972, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France; Plateforme de cytométrie, UMS33, Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Fabien Guimiot
- Service de Foetopathologie, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Sandra Sanfilippo
- CNRS UMR7622/IBPS, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Jean Soulier
- IUH, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; INSERM U944/CNRS UMR7212, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Michèle Souyri
- CNRS UMR7622/IBPS, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France; INSERM UMR_S1131, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France; IUH, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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46
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Abstract
Sexual size dimorphism (SSD), a sex difference in body size, is widespread throughout the animal kingdom, raising the question of how sex influences existing growth regulatory pathways to bring about SSD. In insects, somatic sexual differentiation has long been considered to be controlled strictly cell-autonomously. Here, we discuss our surprising finding that in Drosophila larvae, the sex determination gene Sex-lethal (Sxl) functions in neurons to non-autonomously specify SSD. We found that Sxl is required in specific neuronal subsets to upregulate female body growth, including in the neurosecretory insulin producing cells, even though insulin-like peptides themselves appear not to be involved. SSD regulation by neuronal Sxl is also independent of its known splicing targets, transformer and msl-2, suggesting that it involves a new molecular mechanism. Interestingly, SSD control by neuronal Sxl is selective for larval, not imaginal tissue types, and operates in addition to cell-autonomous effects of Sxl and Tra, which are present in both larval and imaginal tissues. Overall, our findings add to a small but growing number of studies reporting non-autonomous, likely hormonal, control of sex differences in Drosophila, and suggest that the principles of sexual differentiation in insects and mammals may be more similar than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick Sawala
- a Physiology & Metabolism Laboratory , The Francis Crick Institute , London , UK
| | - Alex P Gould
- a Physiology & Metabolism Laboratory , The Francis Crick Institute , London , UK
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47
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Enomoto Y, Nt An P, Yamaguchi M, Fukusaki E, Shimma S. Mass Spectrometric Imaging of GABA in the Drosophila melanogaster Adult Head. ANAL SCI 2018; 34:1055-1059. [PMID: 30058603 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18scn01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster is a model organism in neurodegenerative disease research. In neurodegenerative study, the direct spatial information of neurotransmitters such as γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain of Drosophila melanogaster is important to understand the role of GABA. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) is an attractive method for direct visualization of neurotransmitters. In this paper, we describe methods to visualize GABA in the brain and head of Drosophila melanogaster using MALDI-IMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Enomoto
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
| | - Phan Nt An
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University
| | | | - Eiichiro Fukusaki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
| | - Shuichi Shimma
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
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48
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Cho B, Spratford CM, Yoon S, Cha N, Banerjee U, Shim J. Systemic control of immune cell development by integrated carbon dioxide and hypoxia chemosensation in Drosophila. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2679. [PMID: 29992947 PMCID: PMC6041325 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04990-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila hemocytes are akin to mammalian myeloid blood cells that function in stress and innate immune-related responses. A multi-potent progenitor population responds to local signals and to systemic stress by expanding the number of functional blood cells. Here we show mechanisms that demonstrate an integration of environmental carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) inputs that initiate a cascade of signaling events, involving multiple organs, as a stress response when the levels of these two important respiratory gases fall below a threshold. The CO2 and hypoxia-sensing neurons interact at the synaptic level in the brain sending a systemic signal via the fat body to modulate differentiation of a specific class of immune cells. Our findings establish a link between environmental gas sensation and myeloid cell development in Drosophila. A similar relationship exists in humans, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bumsik Cho
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Carrie M Spratford
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Sunggyu Yoon
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Nuri Cha
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Utpal Banerjee
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Jiwon Shim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute for Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
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49
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Yu S, Luo F, Jin LH. The Drosophila lymph gland is an ideal model for studying hematopoiesis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:60-69. [PMID: 29191551 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoiesis in Drosophila melanogaster occurs throughout the entire life cycle, from the embryo to adulthood. The healthy lymph gland, as a hematopoietic organ during the larval stage, can give rise to two mature types of hemocytes, plasmatocytes and crystal cells, which persist into the pupal and adult stages. Homeostasis of the lymph gland is tightly controlled by a series of conserved factors and signaling pathways, which also play key roles in mammalian hematopoiesis. Thus, revealing the hematopoietic mechanisms in Drosophila will advance our understanding of hematopoietic stem cells and their niche as well as leukemia in mammals. In addition, the lymph gland employs a battery of strategies to produce lamellocytes, another type of mature hemocyte, to fight against parasitic wasp eggs, making the lymph gland an important immunological organ. In this review, the developmental process of the lymph gland and the regulatory networks of hematopoiesis are summarized. Moreover, we outline the current knowledge and novel insight into homeostasis of the lymph gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichao Yu
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Fangzhou Luo
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Li Hua Jin
- Department of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.
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50
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Decker M, Leslie J, Liu Q, Ding L. Hepatic thrombopoietin is required for bone marrow hematopoietic stem cell maintenance. Science 2018; 360:106-110. [PMID: 29622652 DOI: 10.1126/science.aap8861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) maintenance depends on extrinsic cues. Currently, only local signals arising from the bone marrow niche have been shown to maintain HSCs. However, it is not known whether systemic factors also sustain HSCs. We assessed the physiological source of thrombopoietin (TPO), a key cytokine required for maintaining HSCs. Using TpoDsRed-CreER knock-in mice, we showed that TPO is expressed by hepatocytes but not by bone marrow cells. Deletion of Tpo from hematopoietic cells, osteoblasts, or bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells does not affect HSC number or function. However, when Tpo is deleted from hepatocytes, bone marrow HSCs are depleted. Thus, a cross-organ factor, circulating TPO made in the liver by hepatocytes, is required for bone marrow HSC maintenance. Our results demonstrate that systemic factors, in addition to the local niche, are a critical extrinsic component for HSC maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Decker
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Juliana Leslie
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Qingxue Liu
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lei Ding
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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