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Fulton KA, Zimmerman D, Samuel A, Vogt K, Datta SR. Common principles for odour coding across vertebrates and invertebrates. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:453-472. [PMID: 38806946 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00822-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The olfactory system is an ideal and tractable system for exploring how the brain transforms sensory inputs into behaviour. The basic tasks of any olfactory system include odour detection, discrimination and categorization. The challenge for the olfactory system is to transform the high-dimensional space of olfactory stimuli into the much smaller space of perceived objects and valence that endows odours with meaning. Our current understanding of how neural circuits address this challenge has come primarily from observations of the mechanisms of the brain for processing other sensory modalities, such as vision and hearing, in which optimized deep hierarchical circuits are used to extract sensory features that vary along continuous physical dimensions. The olfactory system, by contrast, contends with an ill-defined, high-dimensional stimulus space and discrete stimuli using a circuit architecture that is shallow and parallelized. Here, we present recent observations in vertebrate and invertebrate systems that relate the statistical structure and state-dependent modulation of olfactory codes to mechanisms of perception and odour-guided behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara A Fulton
- Department of Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Zimmerman
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Aravi Samuel
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Katrin Vogt
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
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2
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Payant MA, Spencer CD, Ly NKK, Chee MJ. Inhibitory actions of melanin-concentrating hormone in the lateral septum. J Physiol 2024; 602:3545-3574. [PMID: 38874572 DOI: 10.1113/jp284845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons can co-express several neuropeptides or neurotransmitters and send widespread projections throughout the brain. Notably, there is a dense cluster of nerve terminals from MCH neurons in the lateral septum (LS) that innervate LS cells by glutamate release. The LS is also a key region integrating stress- and anxiety-like behaviours, which are also emerging roles of MCH neurons. However, it is not known if or where the MCH peptide acts within the LS. We analysed the projections from MCH neurons in male and female mice anteroposteriorly throughout the LS and found spatial overlap between the distribution pattern of MCH-immunoreactive (MCH-ir) fibres with MCH receptor Mchr1 mRNA hybridization or MCHR1-ir cells. This overlap was most prominent along the ventral and lateral border of the rostral part of the LS (LSr). Most MCHR1-labelled LS neurons lay adjacent to passing MCH-ir fibres, but some MCH-ir varicosities directly contacted the soma or cilium of MCHR1-labelled LS neurons. We thus performed whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from MCHR1-rich LSr regions to determine if and how LS cells respond to MCH. Bath application of MCH to acute brain slices activated a bicuculline-sensitive chloride current that directly hyperpolarized LS cells. This MCH-mediated hyperpolarization was blocked by calphostin C, which suggested that the inhibitory actions of MCH were mediated by protein kinase C-dependent activation of GABAA receptors. Taken together, these findings define potential hotspots within the LS that may elucidate the contributions of MCH to stress- or anxiety-related feeding behaviours. KEY POINTS: Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons have dense nerve terminals within the lateral septum (LS), a key region underlying stress- and anxiety-like behaviours that are emerging roles of the MCH system, but the function of MCH in the LS is not known. We found spatial overlap between MCH-immunoreactive fibres, Mchr1 mRNA, and MCHR1 protein expression along the lateral border of the LS. Within MCHR1-rich regions, MCH directly inhibited LS cells by increasing chloride conductance via GABAA receptor activation in a protein kinase C-dependent manner. Electrophysiological MCH effects in brain slices have been elusive, and few studies have described the mechanisms of MCH action. Our findings demonstrated, to our knowledge, the first description of MCHR1 Gq-coupling in brain slices, which was previously predicted in cell or primary culture models only. Together, these findings defined hotspots and mechanistic underpinnings for MCH effects such as in feeding and anxiety-related behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikayla A Payant
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - C Duncan Spencer
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nikita K Koziel Ly
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa J Chee
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Philbrook A, O'Donnell MP, Grunenkovaite L, Sengupta P. Differential modulation of sensory response dynamics by cilia structure and intraflagellar transport within and across chemosensory neurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.16.594529. [PMID: 38798636 PMCID: PMC11118401 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.16.594529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Sensory neurons contain morphologically diverse primary cilia that are built by intraflagellar transport (IFT) and house sensory signaling molecules. Since both ciliary structural and signaling proteins are trafficked via IFT, it has been challenging to decouple the contributions of IFT and cilia structure to neuronal responses. By acutely inhibiting IFT without altering cilia structure and vice versa , here we describe the differential roles of ciliary trafficking and sensory ending morphology in shaping chemosensory responses in C. elegans. We show that a minimum cilium length but not continuous IFT is necessary for a subset of responses in the ASH nociceptive neurons. In contrast, neither cilia nor continuous IFT are necessary for odorant responses in the AWA olfactory neurons. Instead, continuous IFT differentially modulates response dynamics in AWA. Upon acute inhibition of IFT, cilia-destined odorant receptors are shunted to ectopic branches emanating from the cilia base. Spatial segregation of receptors in these branches from a cilia-restricted regulatory kinase results in odorant desensitization defects, highlighting the importance of precise organization of signaling molecules at sensory endings in regulating response dynamics. We also find that adaptation of AWA responses upon repeated exposure to an odorant is mediated by IFT-driven removal of its cognate receptor, whereas adaptation to a second odorant is regulated via IFT-independent mechanisms. Our results reveal unexpected complexity in the contribution of IFT and cilia organization to the regulation of responses even within a single chemosensory neuron type, and establish a critical role for these processes in the precise modulation of olfactory behaviors.
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Kanata E, Duffié R, Schulz EG. Establishment and maintenance of random monoallelic expression. Development 2024; 151:dev201741. [PMID: 38813842 PMCID: PMC11166465 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
This Review elucidates the regulatory principles of random monoallelic expression by focusing on two well-studied examples: the X-chromosome inactivation regulator Xist and the olfactory receptor gene family. Although the choice of a single X chromosome or olfactory receptor occurs in different developmental contexts, common gene regulatory principles guide monoallelic expression in both systems. In both cases, an event breaks the symmetry between genetically and epigenetically identical copies of the gene, leading to the expression of one single random allele, stabilized through negative feedback control. Although many regulatory steps that govern the establishment and maintenance of monoallelic expression have been identified, key pieces of the puzzle are still missing. We provide an overview of the current knowledge and models for the monoallelic expression of Xist and olfactory receptors. We discuss their similarities and differences, and highlight open questions and approaches that could guide the study of other monoallelically expressed genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Kanata
- Systems Epigenetics, Otto Warburg Laboratories, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rachel Duffié
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind, Brain, and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Edda G. Schulz
- Systems Epigenetics, Otto Warburg Laboratories, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Guo J, Wang C, Xiang Q, Feng Z, Fei L, Guo G, Shang Y, An Y, Ruan Z, Chen Y, Huang X. MS4A6D Promotes carrageenan-induced footpad swelling in mice through enhancing macrophages-derived inflammation. Mol Immunol 2024; 169:28-36. [PMID: 38493579 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Our previous work has demonstrated that the tetraspan MS4A6D interacts with MHC-II to be a complex that promotes macrophage activation (Mol Immunol. 2023; 160: 121-132), however, the exact role of MS4A6D in controlling macrophage-derived inflammation is still poorly understood. Here, we showed that Ms4a6d-deficient (Ms4a6d-/-) mice manifested a lower level of footpad swelling induced by subcutaneous injection of 100 μL of 1% Carrageenan (CGN, w/v) plus CaCl2 (50 mM), a phenomenon that is similar to Nlrp3-/-, Casp-1-/-, and Ilr1-/- mice. Mechanistically, F4/80+ macrophages infiltrated in the footpad tissues of the Ms4A6d-/- mice was significantly lower than that of the WT littermates, leading to dramatically lower levels of proIL-1β in vivo. Moreover, macrophages from Ms4a6d-/- mice also showed a dramatical reduction of Il-1β secretion following NLRP3 inflammsome activation in vitro. Interestingly, both Ms4a6dC237G mutant (Interruption of MS4A6D homodimerization) and Ms4a6dY241G mutant (deletion of heITAM motif) mice also significantly inhibited CGN-induced footpad swelling due to lower levels of Il-1β secretion in vivo. Collectively, MS4A6D aggravates CGN-induced footpad swelling in mice by enhancing NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages and inducing the release of IL-1β, indicating that MS4A6D promotes the progression of acute inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400033, China
| | - Chenhui Wang
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Qun Xiang
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Chongqing International Institute for Immunology, Chongqing 400026, China
| | - Zeqing Feng
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Chongqing International Institute for Immunology, Chongqing 400026, China
| | - Lei Fei
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Guoning Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Kweichow Moutai Hospital, Renhuai, Zunyi City, Guizhou province 564500, China
| | - Yongjun Shang
- Department of Orthopedics, Kweichow Moutai Hospital, Renhuai, Zunyi City, Guizhou province 564500, China
| | - Yunfei An
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhihua Ruan
- Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Yongwen Chen
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Xiaoyong Huang
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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Jiang HC, Park SJ, Wang IH, Bear DM, Nowlan A, Greer PL. CD20/MS4A1 is a mammalian olfactory receptor expressed in a subset of olfactory sensory neurons that mediates innate avoidance of predators. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3360. [PMID: 38637611 PMCID: PMC11026480 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47698-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The mammalian olfactory system detects and discriminates between millions of odorants to elicit appropriate behavioral responses. While much has been learned about how olfactory sensory neurons detect odorants and signal their presence, how specific innate, unlearned behaviors are initiated in response to ethologically relevant odors remains poorly understood. Here, we show that the 4-transmembrane protein CD20, also known as MS4A1, is expressed in a previously uncharacterized subpopulation of olfactory sensory neurons in the main olfactory epithelium of the murine nasal cavity and functions as a mammalian olfactory receptor that recognizes compounds produced by mouse predators. While wildtype mice avoid these predator odorants, mice genetically deleted of CD20 do not appropriately respond. Together, this work reveals a CD20-mediated odor-sensing mechanism in the mammalian olfactory system that triggers innate behaviors critical for organismal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ching Jiang
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Sung Jin Park
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - I-Hao Wang
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Daniel M Bear
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra Nowlan
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Paul L Greer
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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Yusuf N, Monahan K. Epigenetic programming of stochastic olfactory receptor choice. Genesis 2024; 62:e23593. [PMID: 38562011 PMCID: PMC11003729 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The mammalian sense of smell relies upon a vast array of receptor proteins to detect odorant compounds present in the environment. The proper deployment of these receptor proteins in olfactory sensory neurons is orchestrated by a suite of epigenetic processes that remodel the olfactory genes in differentiating neuronal progenitors. The goal of this review is to elucidate the central role of gene regulatory processes acting in neuronal progenitors of olfactory sensory neurons that lead to a singular expression of an odorant receptor in mature olfactory sensory neurons. We begin by describing the principal features of odorant receptor gene expression in mature olfactory sensory neurons. Next, we delineate our current understanding of how these features emerge from multiple gene regulatory mechanisms acting in neuronal progenitors. Finally, we close by discussing the key gaps in our understanding of how these regulatory mechanisms work and how they interact with each other over the course of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrath Yusuf
- Division of Life Sciences-Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kevin Monahan
- Division of Life Sciences-Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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Severi I, Perugini J, Ruocco C, Coppi L, Pedretti S, Di Mercurio E, Senzacqua M, Ragni M, Imperato G, Valerio A, Mitro N, Crestani M, Nisoli E, Giordano A. Activation of a non-neuronal cholinergic system in visceral white adipose tissue of obese mice and humans. Mol Metab 2024; 79:101862. [PMID: 38141849 PMCID: PMC10792749 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Since white adipose tissue (WAT) lacks parasympathetic cholinergic innervation, the source of the acetylcholine (ACh) acting on white adipocyte cholinergic receptors is unknown. This study was designed to identify ACh-producing cells in mouse and human visceral WAT and to determine whether a non-neuronal cholinergic system becomes activated in obese inflamed WAT. METHODS Mouse epididymal WAT (eWAT) and human omental fat were studied in normal and obese subjects. The expression of the key molecules involved in cholinergic signaling was evaluated by qRT-PCR and western blotting whereas their tissue distribution and cellular localization were investigated by immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy and in situ hybridization. ACh levels were measured by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. The cellular effects of ACh were assessed in cultured human multipotent adipose-derived stem cell (hMADS) adipocytes. RESULTS In mouse eWAT, diet-induced obesity modulated the expression of key cholinergic molecular components and, especially, raised the expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the ACh-synthesizing enzyme, which was chiefly detected in interstitial macrophages, in macrophages forming crown-like structures (CLSs), and in multinucleated giant cells (MGCs). The stromal vascular fraction of obese mouse eWAT contained significantly higher ACh and choline levels than that of control mice. ChAT was undetectable in omental fat from healthy subjects, whereas it was expressed in a number of interstitial macrophages, CLSs, and MGCs from some obese individuals. In hMADS adipocytes stressed with tumor necrosis factor α, ACh, alone or combined with rivastigmine, significantly blunted monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and interleukin 6 expression, it partially but significantly, restored adiponectin and GLUT4 expression, and promoted glucose uptake. CONCLUSIONS In mouse and human visceral WAT, obesity induces activation of a macrophage-dependent non-neuronal cholinergic system that is capable of exerting anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing effects on white adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Severi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Jessica Perugini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Chiara Ruocco
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Lara Coppi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Pedretti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Eleonora Di Mercurio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Martina Senzacqua
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ragni
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Gabriele Imperato
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Valerio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Nico Mitro
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milano, Italy; Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Crestani
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Enzo Nisoli
- Center for Study and Research on Obesity, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy; Center of Obesity, Marche Polytechnic University-United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy.
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Park SJ, Greer PL, Lee N. From odor to oncology: non-canonical odorant receptors in cancer. Oncogene 2024; 43:304-318. [PMID: 38087050 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02908-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Odorant receptors, traditionally associated with olfaction as chemoreceptors, have been increasingly recognized for their presence and diverse functions in various non-nasal tissues throughout the body. Beyond their roles in sensory perception, emerging evidence suggests a compelling interplay between odorant receptors and cancer progression as well. Alongside the canonical GPCR odorant receptors, dysregulation of non-canonical odorant receptors such as trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs), formyl peptide receptors (FPRs), and membrane-spanning 4A family (MS4As) has been observed in various cancer types, suggesting their contributions to cancer progression. The roles of these non-canonical chemoreceptors in cancer are complex, with some receptors promoting tumorigenesis and others acting as tumor-suppressing factors upon activation, depending on the cancer type. These findings shed light on the potential of non-canonical odorant receptors as therapeutic targets and prognostic markers in cancer, inviting further exploration to unravel their precise mechanisms of action and implications in cancer biology. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the intricate relationships between these chemoreceptors and various types of cancer, potentially paving the way for innovative odor-based therapeutics. Ultimately, this review discusses the potential development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting these non-canonical chemoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Jin Park
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Paul L Greer
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Namgyu Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.
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Jiang HC, Park SJ, Wang IH, Bear DM, Nowlan A, Greer PL. CD20 is a mammalian odorant receptor expressed in a subset of olfactory sensory neurons that mediates innate avoidance of predators. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3290152. [PMID: 37790559 PMCID: PMC10543371 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3290152/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian olfactory system detects and discriminates between millions of odorants to elicit appropriate behavioral responses. While much has been learned about how olfactory sensory neurons detect odorants and signal their presence, how specific innate, unlearned behaviors are initiated in response to ethologically relevant odors remains poorly understood. Here, we show that the 4-transmembrane protein CD20, also known as MS4A1, is expressed in a previously uncharacterized subpopulation of olfactory sensory neurons in the main olfactory epithelium of the murine nasal cavity and functions as a mammalian odorant receptor that recognizes compounds produced by mouse predators. While wild-type mice avoid these predator odorants, mice genetically deleted of CD20 do not appropriately respond. Together, this work reveals a novel CD20-mediated odor-sensing mechanism in the mammalian olfactory system that triggers innate behaviors critical for organismal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ching Jiang
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Sung Jin Park
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - I-Hao Wang
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Daniel M Bear
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Current Affiliation: Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra Nowlan
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Current affiliation: Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Paul L Greer
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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Lutz MW, Chiba-Falek O. Bioinformatics pipeline to guide post-GWAS studies in Alzheimer's: A new catalogue of disease candidate short structural variants. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:4094-4109. [PMID: 37253165 PMCID: PMC10524333 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short structural variants (SSVs), including insertions/deletions (indels), are common in the human genome and impact disease risk. The role of SSVs in late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) has been understudied. In this study, we developed a bioinformatics pipeline of SSVs within LOAD-genome-wide association study (GWAS) regions to prioritize regulatory SSVs based on the strength of their predicted effect on transcription factor (TF) binding sites. METHODS The pipeline utilized publicly available functional genomics data sources including candidate cis-regulatory elements (cCREs) from ENCODE and single-nucleus (sn)RNA-seq data from LOAD patient samples. RESULTS We catalogued 1581 SSVs in candidate cCREs in LOAD GWAS regions that disrupted 737 TF sites. That included SSVs that disrupted the binding of RUNX3, SPI1, and SMAD3, within the APOE-TOMM40, SPI1, and MS4A6A LOAD regions. CONCLUSIONS The pipeline developed here prioritized non-coding SSVs in cCREs and characterized their putative effects on TF binding. The approach integrates multiomics datasets for validation experiments using disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Lutz
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ornit Chiba-Falek
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Jiang HC, Park SJ, Wang IH, Bear DM, Nowlan A, Greer PL. CD20 is a mammalian odorant receptor expressed in a subset of olfactory sensory neurons that mediates innate avoidance of predators. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.08.552498. [PMID: 37609248 PMCID: PMC10441374 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.08.552498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian olfactory system detects and discriminates between millions of odorants to elicit appropriate behavioral responses. While much has been learned about how olfactory sensory neurons detect odorants and signal their presence, how specific innate, unlearned behaviors are initiated in response to ethologically relevant odors remains poorly understood. Here, we show that the 4-transmembrane protein CD20, also known as MS4A1, is expressed in a previously uncharacterized subpopulation of olfactory sensory neurons in the main olfactory epithelium of the murine nasal cavity and functions as a mammalian odorant receptor that recognizes compounds produced by mouse predators. While wild-type mice avoid these predator odorants, mice genetically deleted of CD20 do not appropriately respond. Together, this work reveals a novel CD20-mediated odor-sensing mechanism in the mammalian olfactory system that triggers innate behaviors critical for organismal survival.
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Chen Y, Li S, Huang X, Wang C, Pan Y, Xiang Q, Feng Z, Fei L, Wu Y, Ruan Z, An Y, Chen Y. Tetraspan MS4A6D is a coreceptor of MHC class II antigen (MHC-II) that promotes macrophages-derived inflammation. Mol Immunol 2023; 160:121-132. [PMID: 37429063 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Our previous research demonstrated that the tetraspan MS4A6D is an adapter of VSIG4 that controls NLRP3 inflammasome activation (Sci Adv. 2019: eaau7426); however, the expression, distribution and biofunction of MS4A6D are still poorly understood. Here, we showed that MS4A6D is restricted to mononuclear phagocytes and that its gene transcript is controlled by the transcription factor NK2 homeobox-1 (NKX2-1). Ms4a6d-deficient (Ms4a6d-/-) mice showed normal macrophage development but manifested a greater survival advantage against endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) challenge. Mechanistically, MS4A6D homodimers crosslinked with MHC class II antigen (MHC-II) to form a surface signaling complex under acute inflammatory conditions. MHC-II occupancy triggered Tyr241 phosphorylation in MS4A6D, leading to activation of SYK-CREB signaling cascades, further resulting in augmenting the transcription of proinflammatory genes (Il1b, Il6 and Tnfa) and amplifying the secretion of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS). Deletion of Tyr241 or interruption of Cys237-mediated MS4A6D homodimerization in macrophages alleviated inflammation. Importantly, both Ms4a6dC237G and Ms4a6dY241G mutation mice phenocopied Ms4a6d-/- animals to prevent endotoxin lethality, highlighting MS4A6D as a novel target for treating macrophage-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Institute of Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400033, China
| | - Sirui Li
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiaoyong Huang
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Chenhui Wang
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yue Pan
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qun Xiang
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Chongqing International Institute for Immunology, Chongqing 400026, China
| | - Zeqing Feng
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; Chongqing International Institute for Immunology, Chongqing 400026, China
| | - Lei Fei
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yuzhang Wu
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhihua Ruan
- Department of Oncology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Yunfei An
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Yongwen Chen
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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14
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Nakamuta S, Mori M, Ito M, Kurita M, Miyazaki M, Yamamoto Y, Nakamuta N. In situ hybridization analysis of olfactory receptor expression in the sea turtle olfactory organ. Cell Tissue Res 2023:10.1007/s00441-023-03782-6. [PMID: 37266727 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03782-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The olfactory organ of turtles consists of an upper chamber epithelium (UCE) with associated glands, and a lower chamber epithelium (LCE) devoid of glands. The UCE and LCE are referred to as the air-nose and the water-nose, respectively, because the UCE is thought to detect airborne odorants, while the LCE detects waterborne odorants. However, it is not clear how the two are used in the olfactory organ. Odorant receptors (ORs) are the major olfactory receptors in turtles; they are classified as class I and II ORs, distinguished by their primary structure. Class I ORs are suggested to be receptive to water-soluble ligands and class II ORs to volatile ligands. This study analyzed the expression of class I and II ORs in hatchlings of the green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas, through in situ hybridization, to determine the localization of OR-expressing cells in the olfactory organ. Class I OR-expressing cells were distributed mainly in the LCE, implying that the LCE is receptive to waterborne odorants. Class II OR-expressing cells were distributed in both the UCE and LCE, implying that the entire olfactory organ is receptive to airborne odorants. The widespread expression of class II ORs may increase opportunities for sea turtles to sense airborne odorants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Nakamuta
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Masanori Mori
- Port of Nagoya Public Aquarium, 1-3 Minato-machi, Minato-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 455-0033, Japan
| | - Miho Ito
- Port of Nagoya Public Aquarium, 1-3 Minato-machi, Minato-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 455-0033, Japan
| | - Masanori Kurita
- Port of Nagoya Public Aquarium, 1-3 Minato-machi, Minato-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 455-0033, Japan
| | - Masao Miyazaki
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshio Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Nakamuta
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan.
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15
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Guo L, Cheng J, Lian S, Liu Q, Lu Y, Zheng Y, Zhu K, Zhang M, Kong Y, Zhang C, Rong N, Zhuang Y, Fang G, Jiang J, Zhang T, Han X, Liu Z, Xia M, Liu S, Zhang L, Liberles SD, Yu X, Xu Y, Yang F, Li Q, Sun JP. Structural basis of amine odorant perception by a mammal olfactory receptor. Nature 2023; 618:193-200. [PMID: 37225986 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06106-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Odorants are detected as smell in the nasal epithelium of mammals by two G-protein-coupled receptor families, the odorant receptors and the trace amine-associated receptors1,2 (TAARs). TAARs emerged following the divergence of jawed and jawless fish, and comprise a large monophyletic family of receptors that recognize volatile amine odorants to elicit both intraspecific and interspecific innate behaviours such as attraction and aversion3-5. Here we report cryo-electron microscopy structures of mouse TAAR9 (mTAAR9) and mTAAR9-Gs or mTAAR9-Golf trimers in complex with β-phenylethylamine, N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine or spermidine. The mTAAR9 structures contain a deep and tight ligand-binding pocket decorated with a conserved D3.32W6.48Y7.43 motif, which is essential for amine odorant recognition. In the mTAAR9 structure, a unique disulfide bond connecting the N terminus to ECL2 is required for agonist-induced receptor activation. We identify key structural motifs of TAAR family members for detecting monoamines and polyamines and the shared sequence of different TAAR members that are responsible for recognition of the same odour chemical. We elucidate the molecular basis of mTAAR9 coupling to Gs and Golf by structural characterization and mutational analysis. Collectively, our results provide a structural basis for odorant detection, receptor activation and Golf coupling of an amine olfactory receptor.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Mice
- Biogenic Amines/analysis
- Biogenic Amines/chemistry
- Biogenic Amines/metabolism
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs/chemistry
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs/metabolism
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs/ultrastructure
- Odorants/analysis
- Olfactory Perception/physiology
- Polyamines/analysis
- Polyamines/chemistry
- Polyamines/metabolism
- Receptors, Biogenic Amine/chemistry
- Receptors, Biogenic Amine/genetics
- Receptors, Biogenic Amine/metabolism
- Receptors, Biogenic Amine/ultrastructure
- Receptors, Odorant/chemistry
- Receptors, Odorant/genetics
- Receptors, Odorant/metabolism
- Receptors, Odorant/ultrastructure
- Smell/physiology
- Spermidine/analysis
- Spermidine/chemistry
- Spermidine/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Guo
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Lian
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yuan Zheng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Kongkai Zhu
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Minghui Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yalei Kong
- Songjiang Institute and Songjiang Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health in Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Naikang Rong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yuming Zhuang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Guoxing Fang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Tianyao Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiang Han
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Zili Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Ming Xia
- Department of Otolaryngology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong, China
| | - Shangming Liu
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Stephen D Liberles
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiao Yu
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yunfei Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Fan Yang
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China.
| | - Qian Li
- Songjiang Institute and Songjiang Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health in Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jin-Peng Sun
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China.
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
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16
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Abaffy T, Lu HY, Matsunami H. Sex steroid hormone synthesis, metabolism, and the effects on the mammalian olfactory system. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 391:19-42. [PMID: 36401093 PMCID: PMC9676892 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03707-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sex steroid hormones influence olfactory-mediated social behaviors, and it is generally hypothesized that these effects result from circulating hormones and/or neurosteroids synthesized in the brain. However, it is unclear whether sex steroid hormones are synthesized in the olfactory epithelium or the olfactory bulb, and if they can modulate the activity of the olfactory sensory neurons. Here, we review important discoveries related to the metabolism of sex steroids in the mouse olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb, along with potential areas of future research. We summarize current knowledge regarding the expression, neuroanatomical distribution, and biological activity of the steroidogenic enzymes, sex steroid receptors, and proteins that are important to the metabolism of these hormones and reflect on their potential to influence early olfactory processing. We also review evidence related to the effects of sex steroid hormones on the development and activity of olfactory sensory neurons. By better understanding how these hormones are metabolized and how they act both at the periphery and olfactory bulb level, we can better appreciate the complexity of the olfactory system and discover potential similarities and differences in early olfactory processing between sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Abaffy
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Department, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Hsiu-Yi Lu
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Department, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Hiroaki Matsunami
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Department, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
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17
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Tsuzuki S. A point of view on human fat olfaction - do fatty derivatives serve as cues for awareness of dietary fats? Biomed Res 2023; 44:127-146. [PMID: 37544735 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.44.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Fat (triglycerides) consumption is critical for the survival of animals, including humans. Being able to smell fat can be advantageous in judging food value. However, fat has poor volatility; thus, olfaction of fat seems impossible. What about fatty acids that comprise fat? Humans smell and discriminate medium-chain fatty acids. However, no conclusive evidence has been provided for the olfactory sense of long-chain fatty acids, including essential acids such as linoleic acid (LA). Instead, humans likely perceive the presence of essential fatty acids through the olfaction of volatile compounds generated by their oxidative breakdown (e.g., hexanal and γ-decalactone). For some people, such scents are pleasing, especially when they come from fruit. Nonetheless, it remains unclear whether the olfaction of these volatiles leads to the recognition of fat per se. Nowadays, people often smell LA-borne aldehydes such as E,E-2,4-decadienal that occur appreciably, for example, from edible oils during deep frying, and are pronely captivated by their characteristic "fatty" note, which can be considered a "pseudo-perception" of fat. However, our preference for such LA-borne aldehyde odors may be a potential cause behind the modern overdose of n-6 fatty acids. This review aims to provide a view of whether and, if any, how we olfactorily perceive dietary fats and raises future purposes related to human fat olfaction, such as investigating sub-olfactory systems for detecting long-chain fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Tsuzuki
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
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18
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de Vallière A, Lopes AC, Addorisio A, Gilliand N, Nenniger Tosato M, Wood D, Brechbühl J, Broillet MC. Food preference acquired by social transmission is altered by the absence of the olfactory marker protein in mice. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1026373. [PMID: 36438763 PMCID: PMC9682023 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1026373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Food preference is conserved from the most primitive organisms to social animals including humans. A continuous integration of olfactory cues present both in food and in the different environmental and physiological contexts favors the intake of a given source of food or its avoidance. Remarkably, in mice, food preference can also be acquired by olfactory communication in-between conspecifics, a behavior known as the social transmission of food preference (STFP). STFP occurs when a mouse sniffs the breath of a conspecific who has previously eaten a novel food emitting specific odorants and will then develop a preference for this never encountered food. The efficient discrimination of odorants is performed by olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). It is essential and supports many of the decision-making processes. Here, we found that the olfactory marker protein (OMP), an enigmatic protein ubiquitously expressed in all mature olfactory neurons, is involved in the fine regulation of OSNs basal activity that directly impacts the odorant discrimination ability. Using a previously described Omp null mouse model, we noticed that although odorants and their hedonic-associated values were still perceived by these mice, compensatory behaviors such as a higher number of sniffing events were displayed both in the discrimination of complex odorant signatures and in social-related contexts. As a consequence, we found that the ability to differentiate the olfactory messages carried by individuals such as those implicated in the social transmission of food preference were significantly compromised in Omp null mice. Thus, our results not only give new insights into the role of OMP in the fine discrimination of odorants but also reinforce the fundamental implication of a functional olfactory system for food decision-making.
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19
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Romero-Molina C, Garretti F, Andrews SJ, Marcora E, Goate AM. Microglial efferocytosis: Diving into the Alzheimer's disease gene pool. Neuron 2022; 110:3513-3533. [PMID: 36327897 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies and functional genomics studies have linked specific cell types, genes, and pathways to Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. In particular, AD risk alleles primarily affect the abundance or structure, and thus the activity, of genes expressed in macrophages, strongly implicating microglia (the brain-resident macrophages) in the etiology of AD. These genes converge on pathways (endocytosis/phagocytosis, cholesterol metabolism, and immune response) with critical roles in core macrophage functions such as efferocytosis. Here, we review these pathways, highlighting relevant genes identified in the latest AD genetics and genomics studies, and describe how they may contribute to AD pathogenesis. Investigating the functional impact of AD-associated variants and genes in microglia is essential for elucidating disease risk mechanisms and developing effective therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Romero-Molina
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA; Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Francesca Garretti
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA; Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shea J Andrews
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA; Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Edoardo Marcora
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA; Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Alison M Goate
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA; Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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20
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Kyani-Rogers T, Philbrook A, McLachlan IG, Flavell SW, O’Donnell MP, Sengupta P. Developmental history modulates adult olfactory behavioral preferences via regulation of chemoreceptor expression in Caenorhabditiselegans. Genetics 2022; 222:iyac143. [PMID: 36094348 PMCID: PMC9630977 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental experiences play critical roles in shaping adult physiology and behavior. We and others previously showed that adult Caenorhabditiselegans which transiently experienced dauer arrest during development (postdauer) exhibit distinct gene expression profiles as compared to control adults which bypassed the dauer stage. In particular, the expression patterns of subsets of chemoreceptor genes are markedly altered in postdauer adults. Whether altered chemoreceptor levels drive behavioral plasticity in postdauer adults is unknown. Here, we show that postdauer adults exhibit enhanced attraction to a panel of food-related attractive volatile odorants including the bacterially produced chemical diacetyl. Diacetyl-evoked responses in the AWA olfactory neuron pair are increased in both dauer larvae and postdauer adults, and we find that these increased responses are correlated with upregulation of the diacetyl receptor ODR-10 in AWA likely via both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. We show that transcriptional upregulation of odr-10 expression in dauer larvae is in part mediated by the DAF-16 FOXO transcription factor. Via transcriptional profiling of sorted populations of AWA neurons from control and postdauer animals, we further show that the expression of a subset of additional chemoreceptor genes in AWA is regulated similarly to odr-10 in postdauer animals. Our results suggest that developmental experiences may be encoded at the level of olfactory receptor regulation, and provide a simple mechanism by which C. elegans is able to precisely modulate its behavioral preferences as a function of its current and past experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alison Philbrook
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Ian G McLachlan
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Steven W Flavell
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Piali Sengupta
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
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21
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Herre M, Goldman OV, Lu TC, Caballero-Vidal G, Qi Y, Gilbert ZN, Gong Z, Morita T, Rahiel S, Ghaninia M, Ignell R, Matthews BJ, Li H, Vosshall LB, Younger MA. Non-canonical odor coding in the mosquito. Cell 2022; 185:3104-3123.e28. [PMID: 35985288 PMCID: PMC9480278 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are a persistent human foe, transmitting arboviruses including dengue when they feed on human blood. Mosquitoes are intensely attracted to body odor and carbon dioxide, which they detect using ionotropic chemosensory receptors encoded by three large multi-gene families. Genetic mutations that disrupt the olfactory system have modest effects on human attraction, suggesting redundancy in odor coding. The canonical view is that olfactory sensory neurons each express a single chemosensory receptor that defines its ligand selectivity. We discovered that Ae. aegypti uses a different organizational principle, with many neurons co-expressing multiple chemosensory receptor genes. In vivo electrophysiology demonstrates that the broad ligand-sensitivity of mosquito olfactory neurons depends on this non-canonical co-expression. The redundancy afforded by an olfactory system in which neurons co-express multiple chemosensory receptors may increase the robustness of the mosquito olfactory system and explain our long-standing inability to disrupt the detection of humans by mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Herre
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Kavli Neural Systems Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Olivia V Goldman
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Kavli Neural Systems Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tzu-Chiao Lu
- Huffington Center on Aging and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gabriela Caballero-Vidal
- Disease Vector Group, Unit of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp 234 22, Sweden
| | - Yanyan Qi
- Huffington Center on Aging and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zachary N Gilbert
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Zhongyan Gong
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Takeshi Morita
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Saher Rahiel
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Majid Ghaninia
- Disease Vector Group, Unit of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp 234 22, Sweden
| | - Rickard Ignell
- Disease Vector Group, Unit of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp 234 22, Sweden
| | - Benjamin J Matthews
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hongjie Li
- Huffington Center on Aging and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Leslie B Vosshall
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Kavli Neural Systems Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Meg A Younger
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Kavli Neural Systems Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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22
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Kempmann A, Gensch T, Offenhäusser A, Tihaa I, Maybeck V, Balfanz S, Baumann A. The Functional Characterization of GCaMP3.0 Variants Specifically Targeted to Subcellular Domains. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126593. [PMID: 35743038 PMCID: PMC9223625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) ions play a pivotal role in physiology and cellular signaling. The intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) is about three orders of magnitude lower than the extracellular concentration, resulting in a steep transmembrane concentration gradient. Thus, the spatial and the temporal dynamics of [Ca2+]i are ideally suited to modulate Ca2+-mediated cellular responses to external signals. A variety of highly sophisticated methods have been developed to gain insight into cellular Ca2+ dynamics. In addition to electrophysiological measurements and the application of synthetic dyes that change their fluorescent properties upon interaction with Ca2+, the introduction and the ongoing development of genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators (GECI) opened a new era to study Ca2+-driven processes in living cells and organisms. Here, we have focused on one well-established GECI, i.e., GCaMP3.0. We have systematically modified the protein with sequence motifs, allowing localization of the sensor in the nucleus, in the mitochondrial matrix, at the mitochondrial outer membrane, and at the plasma membrane. The individual variants and a cytosolic version of GCaMP3.0 were overexpressed and purified from E. coli cells to study their biophysical properties in solution. All versions were examined to monitor Ca2+ signaling in stably transfected cell lines and in primary cortical neurons transduced with recombinant Adeno-associated viruses (rAAV). In this comparative study, we provide evidence for a robust approach to reliably trace Ca2+ signals at the (sub)-cellular level with pronounced temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Kempmann
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, IBI-1, Research Center Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (A.K.); (T.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Thomas Gensch
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, IBI-1, Research Center Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (A.K.); (T.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Andreas Offenhäusser
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, IBI-3, Research Center Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (A.O.); (I.T.); (V.M.)
| | - Irina Tihaa
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, IBI-3, Research Center Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (A.O.); (I.T.); (V.M.)
| | - Vanessa Maybeck
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, IBI-3, Research Center Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (A.O.); (I.T.); (V.M.)
| | - Sabine Balfanz
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, IBI-1, Research Center Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (A.K.); (T.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Arnd Baumann
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, IBI-1, Research Center Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (A.K.); (T.G.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-2461-614014
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23
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Ruiz Tejada Segura ML, Abou Moussa E, Garabello E, Nakahara TS, Makhlouf M, Mathew LS, Wang L, Valle F, Huang SSY, Mainland JD, Caselle M, Osella M, Lorenz S, Reisert J, Logan DW, Malnic B, Scialdone A, Saraiva LR. A 3D transcriptomics atlas of the mouse nose sheds light on the anatomical logic of smell. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110547. [PMID: 35320714 PMCID: PMC8995392 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The sense of smell helps us navigate the environment, but its molecular architecture and underlying logic remain understudied. The spatial location of odorant receptor genes (Olfrs) in the nose is thought to be independent of the structural diversity of the odorants they detect. Using spatial transcriptomics, we create a genome-wide 3D atlas of the mouse olfactory mucosa (OM). Topographic maps of genes differentially expressed in space reveal that both Olfrs and non-Olfrs are distributed in a continuous and overlapping fashion over at least five broad zones in the OM. The spatial locations of Olfrs correlate with the mucus solubility of the odorants they recognize, providing direct evidence for the chromatographic theory of olfaction. This resource resolves the molecular architecture of the mouse OM and will inform future studies on mechanisms underlying Olfr gene choice, axonal pathfinding, patterning of the nervous system, and basic logic for the peripheral representation of smell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra L Ruiz Tejada Segura
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 21, 81377 München, Germany; Institute of Functional Epigenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Elisa Garabello
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 21, 81377 München, Germany; Physics Department, University of Turin and INFN, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Turin, Italy; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Thiago S Nakahara
- Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Li Wang
- Sidra Medicine, P.O. Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Filippo Valle
- Physics Department, University of Turin and INFN, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | | | - Joel D Mainland
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michele Caselle
- Physics Department, University of Turin and INFN, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Osella
- Physics Department, University of Turin and INFN, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Stephan Lorenz
- Sidra Medicine, P.O. Box 26999, Doha, Qatar; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Johannes Reisert
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Darren W Logan
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Bettina Malnic
- Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Scialdone
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 21, 81377 München, Germany; Institute of Functional Epigenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Luis R Saraiva
- Sidra Medicine, P.O. Box 26999, Doha, Qatar; Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, P.O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar.
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24
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Guo L, Dai W, Xu Z, Liang Q, Miller ET, Li S, Gao X, Baldwin MW, Chai R, Li Q. Evolution of brain-expressed biogenic amine receptors into olfactory trace amine-associated receptors. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6503506. [PMID: 35021231 PMCID: PMC8890504 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The family of trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) is distantly related to G protein-coupled biogenic aminergic receptors. TAARs are found in the brain as well as in the olfactory epithelium where they detect biogenic amines. However, the functional relationship of receptors from distinct TAAR subfamilies and in different species is still uncertain. Here, we perform a thorough phylogenetic analysis of 702 TAAR-like (TARL) and TAAR sequences from 48 species. We show that a clade of Tarl genes has greatly expanded in lampreys, whereas the other Tarl clade consists of only one or two orthologs in jawed vertebrates and is lost in amniotes. We also identify two small clades of Taar genes in sharks related to the remaining Taar genes in bony vertebrates, which are divided into four major clades. We further identify ligands for 61 orphan TARLs and TAARs from sea lamprey, shark, ray-finned fishes, and mammals, as well as novel ligands for two 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 orthologs, a serotonin receptor subtype closely related to TAARs. Our results reveal a pattern of functional convergence and segregation: TARLs from sea lamprey and bony vertebrate olfactory TAARs underwent independent expansions to function as chemosensory receptors, whereas TARLs from jawed vertebrates retain ancestral response profiles and may have similar functions to TAAR1 in the brain. Overall, our data provide a comprehensive understanding of the evolution and ligand recognition profiles of TAARs and TARLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingna Guo
- Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Wenxuan Dai
- Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zhengrong Xu
- Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing, 210008, China.,Research Institute of Otolaryngology, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Qiaoyi Liang
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Evolution of Sensory Systems Research Group, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Eliot T Miller
- Macaulay Library, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Shengju Li
- Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xia Gao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing, 210008, China.,Research Institute of Otolaryngology, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Maude W Baldwin
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Evolution of Sensory Systems Research Group, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Renjie Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.,Research Institute of Otolaryngology, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Qian Li
- Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai, 201210, China
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25
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Ma S, Bi W, Liu X, Li S, Qiu Y, Huang C, Lv R, Yin Q. Single-Cell Sequencing Analysis of the db/db Mouse Hippocampus Reveals Cell-Type-Specific Insights Into the Pathobiology of Diabetes-Associated Cognitive Dysfunction. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:891039. [PMID: 35721719 PMCID: PMC9200615 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.891039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes-associated cognitive decline (DCD), is one of the complications of diabetes, which is characterized by a series of neurophysiological and pathological abnormalities. However, the exact pathogenesis of DCD is still unknown. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) could discover unusual subpopulations, explore functional heterogeneity and identify signaling pathways and potential markers. The aim of this research was to provide deeper opinion into molecular and cellular changes underlying DCD, identify different cellular types of the diabetic mice hippocampus at single-cell level, and elucidate the factors mediating the pathogenesis of DCD. To elucidate cell specific gene expression changes in the hippocampus of diabetic encephalopathy. Single-cell RNA sequencing of hippocampus from db/m and db/db mice was carried out. Subclustering analysis was performed to further describe microglial cell subpopulations. Interestingly using immunohistochemistry, these findings were confirmed at the protein level. Single cell analysis yielded transcriptome data for 14621 hippocampal cells and defined 11 different cell types. Analysis of differentially expressed genes in the microglia compartments indicated that infection- and immune system process- associated terms, oxidative stress and inflammation play vital roles in the progression of DCD. Compared with db/m mouse, experiments at the protein level supported the activation of microglia, increased expression of inflammatory factors and oxidative stress damage in the hippocampus of db/db mouse. In addition, a major finding of our research was the subpopulation of microglia that express genes related to pro-inflammatory disease-associated microglia (DAM). Our research reveals pathological alterations of inflammation and oxidative stress mediated hippocampal damage in the db/db mice, and may provide potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic interventions for DCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhan Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenkai Bi
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Xueying Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Shangbin Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yaxin Qiu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Chengcheng Huang
- Clinical Education Administration, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Renjun Lv
- Department of Geriatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Renjun Lv, ; Qingqing Yin,
| | - Qingqing Yin
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Renjun Lv, ; Qingqing Yin,
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26
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Oteiza P, Baldwin MW. Evolution of sensory systems. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 71:52-59. [PMID: 34600187 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Sensory systems evolve and enable organisms to perceive their sensory Umwelt, the unique set of cues relevant for their survival. The multiple components that comprise sensory systems - the receptors, cells, organs, and dedicated high-order circuits - can vary greatly across species. Sensory receptor gene families can expand and contract across lineages, resulting in enormous sensory diversity. Comparative studies of sensory receptor function have uncovered the molecular basis of receptor properties and identified novel sensory receptor classes and noncanonical sensory strategies. Phylogenetically informed comparisons of sensory systems across multiple species can pinpoint when sensory changes evolve and highlight the role of contingency in sensory system evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Oteiza
- Flow Sensing Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany.
| | - Maude W Baldwin
- Evolution of Sensory Systems Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany.
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27
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Pardasani M, Marathe SD, Purnapatre MM, Dalvi U, Abraham NM. Multimodal learning of pheromone locations. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21836. [PMID: 34407246 PMCID: PMC7611819 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100167r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Memorizing pheromonal locations is critical for many mammalian species as it involves finding mates and avoiding competitors. In rodents, pheromonal information is perceived by the main and accessory olfactory systems. However, the role of somatosensation in context-dependent learning and memorizing of pheromone locations remains unexplored. We addressed this problem by training female mice on a multimodal task to locate pheromones by sampling volatiles emanating from male urine through the orifices of varying dimensions or shapes that are sensed by their vibrissae. In this novel pheromone location assay, female mice’ preference toward male urine scent decayed over time when they were permitted to explore pheromones vs neutral stimuli, water. On training them for the associations involving olfactory and whisker systems, it was established that they were able to memorize the location of opposite sex pheromones, when tested 15 days later. This memory was not formed either when the somatosensory inputs through whisker pad were blocked or when the pheromonal cues were replaced with that of same sex. The association between olfactory and somatosensory systems was further confirmed by the enhanced expression of the activity-regulated cytoskeleton protein. Furthermore, the activation of main olfactory bulb circuitry by pheromone volatiles did not cause any modulation in learning and memorizing non-pheromonal volatiles. Our study thus provides the evidence for associations formed between different sensory modalities facilitating the long-term memory formation relevant to social and reproductive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Pardasani
- Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behaviour (LNCB), Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, India
| | - Shruti D Marathe
- Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behaviour (LNCB), Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, India
| | - Maitreyee Mandar Purnapatre
- Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behaviour (LNCB), Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, India.,Institute of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Urvashi Dalvi
- Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behaviour (LNCB), Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, India.,Institute of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Nixon M Abraham
- Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behaviour (LNCB), Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, India
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28
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Mattiola I, Mantovani A, Locati M. The tetraspan MS4A family in homeostasis, immunity, and disease. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:764-781. [PMID: 34384709 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The membrane-spanning 4A (MS4A) family includes 18 members with a tetraspan structure in humans. They are differentially and selectively expressed in immunocompetent cells, such as B cells (CD20/MS4A1) and macrophages (MS4A4A), and associate with, and modulate the signaling activity of, different classes of immunoreceptor, including pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and Ig receptors. Evidence from preclinical models and genetic evidence from humans suggest that members of the MS4A family have key roles in different pathological settings, including cancer, infectious diseases, and neurodegeneration. Therefore, MS4A family members might serve as candidate biomarkers and therapeutic targets for various conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Mattiola
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy; Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charitè - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy; The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Massimo Locati
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translation Medicine, University of Milan, Italy.
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29
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Silva-Gomes R, Mapelli SN, Boutet MA, Mattiola I, Sironi M, Grizzi F, Colombo F, Supino D, Carnevale S, Pasqualini F, Stravalaci M, Porte R, Gianatti A, Pitzalis C, Locati M, Oliveira MJ, Bottazzi B, Mantovani A. Differential expression and regulation of MS4A family members in myeloid cells in physiological and pathological conditions. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:817-836. [PMID: 34346525 PMCID: PMC9290968 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2a0421-200r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The MS4A gene family encodes 18 tetraspanin-like proteins, most of which with unknown function. MS4A1 (CD20), MS4A2 (FcεRIβ), MS4A3 (HTm4), and MS4A4A play important roles in immunity, whereas expression and function of other members of the family are unknown. The present investigation was designed to obtain an expression fingerprint of MS4A family members, using bioinformatics analysis of public databases, RT-PCR, and protein analysis when possible. MS4A3, MS4A4A, MS4A4E, MS4A6A, MS4A7, and MS4A14 were expressed by myeloid cells. MS4A6A and MS4A14 were expressed in circulating monocytes and decreased during monocyte-to-Mϕ differentiation in parallel with an increase in MS4A4A expression. Analysis of gene expression regulation revealed a strong induction of MS4A4A, MS4A6A, MS4A7, and MS4A4E by glucocorticoid hormones. Consistently with in vitro findings, MS4A4A and MS4A7 were expressed in tissue Mϕs from COVID-19 and rheumatoid arthritis patients. Interestingly, MS4A3, selectively expressed in myeloid precursors, was found to be a marker of immature circulating neutrophils, a cellular population associated to COVID-19 severe disease. The results reported here show that members of the MS4A family are differentially expressed and regulated during myelomonocytic differentiation, and call for assessment of their functional role and value as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Silva-Gomes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Marie-Astrid Boutet
- Centre for Experimental Medicine & Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute and Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, RMeS, Inserm UMR 1229, Oniris, CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Irene Mattiola
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina Sironi
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Grizzi
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Domenico Supino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Carnevale
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Pasqualini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Rémi Porte
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Infinity, Université Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Andrea Gianatti
- Unit of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliera Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Constantino Pitzalis
- Centre for Experimental Medicine & Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute and Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Massimo Locati
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria José Oliveira
- ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Alberto Mantovani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Centre for Experimental Medicine & Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute and Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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30
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Gucy2d selectively marks inhibitory dynorphin neurons in the spinal dorsal horn but is dispensable for pain and itch sensitivity. Pain Rep 2021; 6:e947. [PMID: 34296052 PMCID: PMC8291471 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000000947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Inhibitory neurons in the spinal dorsal horn can be classified based on expression of neurochemical marker genes. However, these marker genes are often expressed throughout the central nervous system, which poses challenges for manipulating genetically identified spinal neurons without undesired off-target effects. Objectives We investigated whether Gucy2d, previously identified as a highly selective marker of dynorphin-lineage neurons in the dorsal horn, is expressed in other locations within the adult mouse spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia (DRG), or brain. In addition, we sought to molecularly characterize Gucy2d-expressing dorsal horn neurons and investigate whether the disruption of Gucy2d gene expression affects sensitivity to itch or pain. Methods In situ hybridization experiments assessed Gucy2d mRNA expression in the adult mouse spinal cord, DRG, and brain, and its colocalization with Pax2, Bhlhb5, and Pde2a in dorsal horn neurons. Knockout mice lacking Gucy2d expression were compared with littermate controls to assess sensitivity to chloroquine-induced itch and dry skin-mediated chronic itch, as well as heat, cold, or mechanical stimuli. Results Gucy2d is selectively expressed in dynorphin-lineage neurons in lamina I-III of the adult mouse spinal cord but not in the brain or DRG. Spinal Gucy2d-expressing neurons are inhibitory neurons that also express the transcription factor Bhlhb5 and the cGMP-dependent phosphodiesterase Pde2a. Gucy2d knockout mice did not exhibit altered responses to itch or pain. Conclusions The selective expression of Gucy2d within a subpopulation of inhibitory dorsal horn neurons may yield a means to selectively manipulate inhibitory signaling at the level of the spinal cord without effects on the brain.
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31
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Manzini I, Schild D, Di Natale C. Principles of odor coding in vertebrates and artificial chemosensory systems. Physiol Rev 2021; 102:61-154. [PMID: 34254835 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00036.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological olfactory system is the sensory system responsible for the detection of the chemical composition of the environment. Several attempts to mimic biological olfactory systems have led to various artificial olfactory systems using different technical approaches. Here we provide a parallel description of biological olfactory systems and their technical counterparts. We start with a presentation of the input to the systems, the stimuli, and treat the interface between the external world and the environment where receptor neurons or artificial chemosensors reside. We then delineate the functions of receptor neurons and chemosensors as well as their overall I-O relationships. Up to this point, our account of the systems goes along similar lines. The next processing steps differ considerably: while in biology the processing step following the receptor neurons is the "integration" and "processing" of receptor neuron outputs in the olfactory bulb, this step has various realizations in electronic noses. For a long period of time, the signal processing stages beyond the olfactory bulb, i.e., the higher olfactory centers were little studied. Only recently there has been a marked growth of studies tackling the information processing in these centers. In electronic noses, a third stage of processing has virtually never been considered. In this review, we provide an up-to-date overview of the current knowledge of both fields and, for the first time, attempt to tie them together. We hope it will be a breeding ground for better information, communication, and data exchange between very related but so far little connected fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Manzini
- Animal Physiology and Molecular Biomedicine, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Detlev Schild
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Cellular Biophysics, University Medical Center, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Corrado Di Natale
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Danger perception and stress response through an olfactory sensor for the bacterial metabolite hydrogen sulfide. Neuron 2021; 109:2469-2484.e7. [PMID: 34186026 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory system serves a critical function as a danger detection system to trigger defense responses essential for survival. The cellular and molecular mechanisms that drive such defenses in mammals are incompletely understood. Here, we have discovered an ultrasensitive olfactory sensor for the highly poisonous bacterial metabolite hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in mice. An atypical class of sensory neurons in the main olfactory epithelium, the type B cells, is activated by both H2S and low O2. These two stimuli trigger, respectively, Cnga2- and Trpc2-signaling pathways, which operate in separate subcellular compartments, the cilia and the dendritic knob. This activation drives essential defensive responses: elevation of the stress hormone ACTH, stress-related self-grooming behavior, and conditioned place avoidance. Our findings identify a previously unknown signaling paradigm in mammalian olfaction and define type B cells as chemosensory neurons that integrate distinct danger inputs from the external environment with appropriate defense outputs.
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Fei A, Wu W, Tan L, Tang C, Xu Z, Huo X, Bao H, Kong Y, Johnson M, Hartmann G, Talay M, Yang C, Riegler C, Herrera KJ, Engert F, Xie XS, Barnea G, Liberles SD, Yang H, Li Q. Coordination of two enhancers drives expression of olfactory trace amine-associated receptors. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3798. [PMID: 34145235 PMCID: PMC8213717 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23823-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are functionally defined by their expression of a unique odorant receptor (OR). Mechanisms underlying singular OR expression are well studied, and involve a massive cross-chromosomal enhancer interaction network. Trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) form a distinct family of olfactory receptors, and here we find that mechanisms regulating Taar gene choice display many unique features. The epigenetic signature of Taar genes in TAAR OSNs is different from that in OR OSNs. We further identify that two TAAR enhancers conserved across placental mammals are absolutely required for expression of the entire Taar gene repertoire. Deletion of either enhancer dramatically decreases the expression probabilities of different Taar genes, while deletion of both enhancers completely eliminates the TAAR OSN populations. In addition, both of the enhancers are sufficient to drive transgene expression in the partially overlapped TAAR OSNs. We also show that the TAAR enhancers operate in cis to regulate Taar gene expression. Our findings reveal a coordinated control of Taar gene choice in OSNs by two remote enhancers, and provide an excellent model to study molecular mechanisms underlying formation of an olfactory subsystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimei Fei
- Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanqing Wu
- Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Longzhi Tan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Cheng Tang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brian-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengrong Xu
- Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaona Huo
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brian-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongqiang Bao
- Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yalei Kong
- Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mark Johnson
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Griffin Hartmann
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Mustafa Talay
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Cheng Yang
- Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Clemens Riegler
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kristian J Herrera
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Florian Engert
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - X Sunney Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gilad Barnea
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Stephen D Liberles
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hui Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brian-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Li
- Center for Brain Science of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai, China.
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Bloom ML, Johnston LB, Datta SR. Renewal and Differentiation of GCD Necklace Olfactory Sensory Neurons. Chem Senses 2021; 45:333-346. [PMID: 32333759 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjaa027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Both canonical olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and sensory neurons belonging to the guanylate cyclase D (GCD) "necklace" subsystem are housed in the main olfactory epithelium, which is continuously bombarded by toxins, pathogens, and debris from the outside world. Canonical OSNs address this challenge, in part, by undergoing renewal through neurogenesis; however, it is not clear whether GCD OSNs also continuously regenerate and, if so, whether newborn GCD precursors follow a similar developmental trajectory to that taken by canonical OSNs. Here, we demonstrate that GCD OSNs are born throughout adulthood and can persist in the epithelium for several months. Phosphodiesterase 2A is upregulated early in the differentiation process, followed by the sequential downregulation of β-tubulin and the upregulation of CART protein. The GCD and MS4A receptors that confer sensory responses upon GCD neurons are initially expressed midway through this process but become most highly expressed once CART levels are maximal late in GCD OSN development. GCD OSN maturation is accompanied by a horizontal migration of neurons toward the central, curved portions of the cul-de-sac regions where necklace cells are concentrated. These findings demonstrate that-like their canonical counterparts-GCD OSNs undergo continuous renewal and define a GCD-specific developmental trajectory linking neurogenesis, maturation, and migration.
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Enomoto T, Wakui K, Hirota J. Bcl11b is required for proper odorant receptor expression in the mouse septal organ. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 384:643-653. [PMID: 33783611 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03444-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Individual olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in the mouse main olfactory epithelium express a single odorant receptor (OR) gene from the repertoire of either class I or class II ORs. The transcription factor Bcl11b determines the OR class to be expressed in OSNs. The septal organ (SO), a small neuroepithelium located at the ventral base of the nasal septum, is considered as an olfactory subsystem because it expresses a specific subset of ORs. However, the mechanisms underlying the generation and differentiation of SO-OSN remain unknown. In the present study, we show that the generation and differentiation of SO-OSN employ the same genetic pathway as in the OSN lineage, which is initiated by the neuronal fate determinant factor Ascl1. Additionally, the key role of Bcl11b in the SO is demonstrated by the abnormal phenotypes of Bcl11b-deficient mice: significant reduction in the expression of OR genes and in the number of mature SO-OSNs. Although SO-OSNs are specified to express a subset of class II OR genes in wild-type mice, the Bcl11b deletion led to the expression of class I OR genes, while the expression of class II OR genes was significantly decreased, with one exception of Olfr15. These results indicate that Bcl11b is necessary for proper OR expression in SO-OSNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Enomoto
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Graduate School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.,Center for Biological Resources and Informatics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Koji Wakui
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Graduate School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Junji Hirota
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Graduate School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan. .,Center for Biological Resources and Informatics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.
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36
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Qiu Q, Wu Y, Ma L, Xu W, Hills M, Ramalingam V, Yu CR. Acquisition of innate odor preference depends on spontaneous and experiential activities during critical period. eLife 2021; 10:e60546. [PMID: 33769278 PMCID: PMC8032394 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals possess an inborn ability to recognize certain odors to avoid predators, seek food, and find mates. Innate odor preference is thought to be genetically hardwired. Here we report that acquisition of innate odor recognition requires spontaneous neural activity and is influenced by sensory experience during early postnatal development. Genetic silencing of mouse olfactory sensory neurons during the critical period has little impact on odor sensitivity, discrimination, and recognition later in life. However, it abolishes innate odor preference and alters the patterns of activation in brain centers. Exposure to innately recognized odors during the critical period abolishes the associated valence in adulthood in an odor-specific manner. The changes are associated with broadened projection of olfactory sensory neurons and expression of axon guidance molecules. Thus, a delicate balance of neural activity is needed during the critical period in establishing innate odor preference and convergent axon input is required to encode innate odor valence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Qiu
- Stowers Institute for Medical ResearchKansas CityUnited States
| | - Yunming Wu
- Stowers Institute for Medical ResearchKansas CityUnited States
| | - Limei Ma
- Stowers Institute for Medical ResearchKansas CityUnited States
| | - Wenjing Xu
- Stowers Institute for Medical ResearchKansas CityUnited States
| | - Max Hills
- Stowers Institute for Medical ResearchKansas CityUnited States
| | - Vivekanandan Ramalingam
- Stowers Institute for Medical ResearchKansas CityUnited States
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityUnited States
| | - C Ron Yu
- Stowers Institute for Medical ResearchKansas CityUnited States
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityUnited States
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityUnited States
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37
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Zimmerman AD, Munger SD. Olfactory subsystems associated with the necklace glomeruli in rodents. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 383:549-557. [PMID: 33404845 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03388-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The necklace glomeruli are a loosely defined group of glomeruli encircling the caudal main olfactory bulb in rodents. Initially defined by the expression of various immunohistochemical markers, they are now better understood in the context of the specialized chemosensory neurons of the main olfactory epithelium and Grueneberg ganglion that innervate them. It has become clear that the necklace region of the rodent main olfactory bulb is composed of multiple distinct groups of glomeruli, defined at least in part by their afferent inputs. In this review, we will explore the necklace glomeruli and the chemosensory neurons that innervate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur D Zimmerman
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, PO Box 100127, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Training Program in Chemosensory Science, University of Florida, PO Box 100127, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Steven D Munger
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, PO Box 100267, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, PO Box 100127, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Training Program in Chemosensory Science, University of Florida, PO Box 100127, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida College of Medicine, PO Box 100266, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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38
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Kurian SM, Naressi RG, Manoel D, Barwich AS, Malnic B, Saraiva LR. Odor coding in the mammalian olfactory epithelium. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 383:445-456. [PMID: 33409650 PMCID: PMC7873010 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03327-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Noses are extremely sophisticated chemical detectors allowing animals to use scents to interpret and navigate their environments. Odor detection starts with the activation of odorant receptors (ORs), expressed in mature olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) populating the olfactory mucosa. Different odorants, or different concentrations of the same odorant, activate unique ensembles of ORs. This mechanism of combinatorial receptor coding provided a possible explanation as to why different odorants are perceived as having distinct odors. Aided by new technologies, several recent studies have found that antagonist interactions also play an important role in the formation of the combinatorial receptor code. These findings mark the start of a new era in the study of odorant-receptor interactions and add a new level of complexity to odor coding in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bettina Malnic
- Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Luis R Saraiva
- Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, USA.
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.
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39
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Weiss L, Manzini I, Hassenklöver T. Olfaction across the water-air interface in anuran amphibians. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 383:301-325. [PMID: 33496878 PMCID: PMC7873119 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03377-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extant anuran amphibians originate from an evolutionary intersection eventually leading to fully terrestrial tetrapods. In many ways, they have to deal with exposure to both terrestrial and aquatic environments: (i) phylogenetically, as derivatives of the first tetrapod group that conquered the terrestrial environment in evolution; (ii) ontogenetically, with a development that includes aquatic and terrestrial stages connected via metamorphic remodeling; and (iii) individually, with common changes in habitat during the life cycle. Our knowledge about the structural organization and function of the amphibian olfactory system and its relevance still lags behind findings on mammals. It is a formidable challenge to reveal underlying general principles of circuity-related, cellular, and molecular properties that are beneficial for an optimized sense of smell in water and air. Recent findings in structural organization coupled with behavioral observations could help to understand the importance of the sense of smell in this evolutionarily important animal group. We describe the structure of the peripheral olfactory organ, the olfactory bulb, and higher olfactory centers on a tissue, cellular, and molecular levels. Differences and similarities between the olfactory systems of anurans and other vertebrates are reviewed. Special emphasis lies on adaptations that are connected to the distinct demands of olfaction in water and air environment. These particular adaptations are discussed in light of evolutionary trends, ontogenetic development, and ecological demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Weiss
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Physiology and Molecular Biomedicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 38, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ivan Manzini
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Physiology and Molecular Biomedicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 38, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Hassenklöver
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Physiology and Molecular Biomedicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 38, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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40
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Abstract
Vertebrates develop an olfactory system that detects odorants and pheromones through their interaction with specialized cell surface receptors on olfactory sensory neurons. During development, the olfactory system forms from the olfactory placodes, specialized areas of the anterior ectoderm that share cellular and molecular properties with placodes involved in the development of other cranial senses. The early-diverging chordate lineages amphioxus, tunicates, lampreys and hagfishes give insight into how this system evolved. Here, we review olfactory system development and cell types in these lineages alongside chemosensory receptor gene evolution, integrating these data into a description of how the vertebrate olfactory system evolved. Some olfactory system cell types predate the vertebrates, as do some of the mechanisms specifying placodes, and it is likely these two were already connected in the common ancestor of vertebrates and tunicates. In stem vertebrates, this evolved into an organ system integrating additional tissues and morphogenetic processes defining distinct olfactory and adenohypophyseal components, followed by splitting of the ancestral placode to produce the characteristic paired olfactory organs of most modern vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Poncelet
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Sebastian M Shimeld
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
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41
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Olfactory subsystems in the peripheral olfactory organ of anuran amphibians. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 383:289-299. [PMID: 33247771 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03330-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Anuran amphibians (frogs and toads) typically have a complex life cycle, involving aquatic larvae that metamorphose to semi-terrestrial juveniles and adults. However, the anuran olfactory system is best known in Xenopus laevis, an animal with secondarily aquatic adults. The larval olfactory organ contains two distinct sensory epithelia: the olfactory epithelium (OE) and vomeronasal organ (VNO). The adult organ contains three: the OE, the VNO, and a "middle cavity" epithelium (MCE), each in its own chamber. The sensory epithelia of Xenopus larvae have overlapping sensory neuron morphology (ciliated or microvillus) and olfactory receptor gene expression. The MCE of adults closely resembles the OE of larvae, and senses waterborne odorants; the adult OE is distinct and senses airborne odorants. Olfactory subsystems in other (non-pipid) anurans are diverse. Many anuran larvae show a patch of olfactory epithelium exposed in the buccal cavity (bOE), associated with a grazing feeding mode. And other anuran adults do not have a sensory MCE, but many have a distinct patch of epithelium adjacent to the OE, the recessus olfactorius (RO), which senses waterborne odorants. Olfaction plays a wide variety of roles in the life of larval and adult anurans, and some progress has been made in identifying relevant odorants, including pheromones and feeding cues. Increased knowledge of the diversity of olfactory structure, of odorant receptor expression patterns, and of factors that affect the access of odorants to sensory epithelia will enable us to better understand the adaptation of the anuran olfactory system to aquatic and terrestrial environments.
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42
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Dewan A. Olfactory signaling via trace amine-associated receptors. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 383:395-407. [PMID: 33237477 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03331-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) are a family of G protein-coupled receptors that function as odorant receptors in the main olfactory system of vertebrates. TAARs are monoallelically expressed in primary sensory neurons where they couple to the same transduction cascade as canonical olfactory receptors and are mapped onto glomeruli within a specific region of the olfactory bulb. TAARs have a high affinity for volatile amines, a class of chemicals that are generated during the decomposition of proteins and are ubiquitous physiological metabolites that are found in body fluids. Thus, amines are proposed to play an important role in intra- and interspecific communication such as signaling the sex of the conspecific, the quality of the food source, or even the proximity of a predator. TAARs have a crucial role in the perception of these behaviorally relevant compounds as the genetic deletion of all or even individual olfactory TAARs can alter the behavioral response and reduce the sensitivity to amines. The small size of this receptor family combined with the ethological relevance of their ligands makes the TAARs an attractive model system for probing olfactory perception. This review will summarize the current knowledge on the olfactory TAARs and discuss whether they represent a unique subsystem within the main olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Dewan
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, 1107 W. Call St, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
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43
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Taroc EZM, Katreddi RR, Forni PE. Identifying Isl1 Genetic Lineage in the Developing Olfactory System and in GnRH-1 Neurons. Front Physiol 2020; 11:601923. [PMID: 33192618 PMCID: PMC7609815 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.601923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, symmetric ectodermal thickenings [olfactory placodes (OP)] give rise to several cell types that comprise the olfactory system, such as those that form the terminal nerve ganglion (TN), gonadotropin releasing hormone-1 neurons (GnRH-1ns), and other migratory neurons in rodents. Even though the genetic heterogeneity among these cell types is documented, unidentified cell populations arising from the OP remain. One candidate to identify placodal derived neurons in the developing nasal area is the transcription factor Isl1, which was recently identified in GnRH-3 neurons of the terminal nerve in fish, as well as expression in neurons of the nasal migratory mass (MM). Here, we analyzed the Isl1 genetic lineage in chemosensory neuronal populations in the nasal area and migratory GnRH-1ns in mice using in situ hybridization, immunolabeling a Tamoxifen inducible Isl1CreERT and a constitutive Isl1Cre knock-in mouse lines. In addition, we also performed conditional Isl1 ablation in developing GnRH neurons. We found Isl1 lineage across non-sensory cells of the respiratory epithelium and sustentacular cells of OE and VNO. We identified a population of transient embryonic Isl1 + neurons in the olfactory epithelium and sparse Isl1 + neurons in postnatal VNO. Isl1 is expressed in almost all GnRH neurons and in approximately half of the other neuron populations in the MM. However, Isl1 conditional ablation alone does not significantly compromise GnRH-1 neuronal migration or GnRH-1 expression, suggesting compensatory mechanisms. Further studies will elucidate the functional and mechanistic role of Isl1 in development of migratory endocrine neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed Zandro M Taroc
- Department of Biological Sciences, The RNA Institute, and the Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Raghu Ram Katreddi
- Department of Biological Sciences, The RNA Institute, and the Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Paolo E Forni
- Department of Biological Sciences, The RNA Institute, and the Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States
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44
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The Grueneberg ganglion controls odor-driven food choices in mice under threat. Commun Biol 2020; 3:533. [PMID: 32973323 PMCID: PMC7518244 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01257-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to efficiently search for food is fundamental for animal survival. Olfactory messages are used to find food while being aware of the impending risk of predation. How these different olfactory clues are combined to optimize decision-making concerning food selection remains elusive. Here, we find that chemical danger cues drive the food selection in mice via the activation of a specific olfactory subsystem, the Grueneberg ganglion (GG). We show that a functional GG is required to decipher the threatening quality of an unfamiliar food. We also find that the increase in corticosterone, which is GG-dependent, enhances safe food preference acquired during social transmission. Moreover, we demonstrate that memory retrieval for food preference can be extinguished by activation of the GG circuitry. Our findings reveal a key function played by the GG in controlling contextual food responses and illustrate how mammalian organisms integrate environmental chemical stress to optimize decision-making. Julien Brechbühl et al. show that the Grueneberg ganglion olfactory subsystem is necessary for deciphering the threatening or safe qualities of unfamiliar food based on olfactory or social signals, respectively, in mice. These results highlight the role of this subsystem in optimizing decision-making strategies related to food preference by integrating environmental cues.
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Abstract
Genetic studies of autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease (AD) revealed that β-amyloid is central to disease pathogenesis. However, amyloid-targeted therapies have generally failed to slow progression in patients with symptomatic disease. This result suggests a transition from an early amyloid-dependent phase to a later amyloid-independent one, during which neurodegeneration occurs and symptoms arise. Microglia, the brain's resident myeloid cells, envelop amyloid and express the majority of genes linked to risk for sporadic late-onset AD. Their activation is associated spatially and temporally with the accumulation of pathological tau. Microglial facilitation of tau pathology may involve apolipoprotein E, the most important genetic risk factor for AD. Once formed, pathological tau spreads between connected neurons, eventually accumulating in the somatic compartment where catastrophic nuclear damage ensues. This emerging understanding of the postamyloid processes leading to neurodegeneration affords the opportunity to develop therapeutics that interrupt this pathological cascade and prevent or delay dementia, even after amyloid deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Ray
- The Neurodegeneration Consortium, Therapeutics Discovery Division, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77154, USA; ,
| | - Virginie Buggia-Prevot
- The Neurodegeneration Consortium, Therapeutics Discovery Division, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77154, USA; ,
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46
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Baldwin MW, Ko MC. Functional evolution of vertebrate sensory receptors. Horm Behav 2020; 124:104771. [PMID: 32437717 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sensory receptors enable animals to perceive their external world, and functional properties of receptors evolve to detect the specific cues relevant for an organism's survival. Changes in sensory receptor function or tuning can directly impact an organism's behavior. Functional tests of receptors from multiple species and the generation of chimeric receptors between orthologs with different properties allow for the dissection of the molecular basis of receptor function and identification of the key residues that impart functional changes in different species. Knowledge of these functionally important sites facilitates investigation into questions regarding the role of epistasis and the extent of convergence, as well as the timing of sensory shifts relative to other phenotypic changes. However, as receptors can also play roles in non-sensory tissues, and receptor responses can be modulated by numerous other factors including varying expression levels, alternative splicing, and morphological features of the sensory cell, behavioral validation can be instrumental in confirming that responses observed in heterologous systems play a sensory role. Expression profiling of sensory cells and comparative genomics approaches can shed light on cell-type specific modifications and identify other proteins that may affect receptor function and can provide insight into the correlated evolution of complex suites of traits. Here we review the evolutionary history and diversity of functional responses of the major classes of sensory receptors in vertebrates, including opsins, chemosensory receptors, and ion channels involved in temperature-sensing, mechanosensation and electroreception.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meng-Ching Ko
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
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47
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Weiss L, Jungblut LD, Pozzi AG, O’Connell LA, Hassenklöver T, Manzini I. Conservation of Glomerular Organization in the Main Olfactory Bulb of Anuran Larvae. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:44. [PMID: 32792916 PMCID: PMC7393516 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The glomerular array in the olfactory bulb of many vertebrates is segregated into molecularly and anatomically distinct clusters linked to different olfactory functions. In anurans, glomerular clustering is so far only described in Xenopus laevis. We traced olfactory projections to the bulb in tadpoles belonging to six distantly related anuran species in four families (Pipidae, Hylidae, Bufonidae, Dendrobatidae) and found that glomerular clustering is remarkably conserved. The general bauplan consists of four unequally sized glomerular clusters with minor inter-species variation. During metamorphosis, the olfactory system undergoes extensive remodeling. Tracings in metamorphotic and juvenile Dendrobates tinctorius and Xenopus tropicalis suggest a higher degree of variation in the glomerular organization after metamorphosis is complete. Our study highlights, that the anatomical organization of glomeruli in the main olfactory bulb (MOB) is highly conserved, despite an extensive ecomorphological diversification among anuran tadpoles, which suggests underlying developmental constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Weiss
- Department of Animal Physiology and Molecular Biomedicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Lucas D. Jungblut
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, IBBEA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea G. Pozzi
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, IBBEA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Thomas Hassenklöver
- Department of Animal Physiology and Molecular Biomedicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ivan Manzini
- Department of Animal Physiology and Molecular Biomedicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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48
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Schwabe T, Srinivasan K, Rhinn H. Shifting paradigms: The central role of microglia in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 143:104962. [PMID: 32535152 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent human genetic studies have challenged long standing hypotheses about the chain of events in Alzheimer's disease (AD), as the identification of genetic risk factors in microglial genes supports a causative role for microglia in the disease. Parallel transcriptome and histology studies at the single-cell level revealed a rich palette of microglial states affected by disease status and genetic risk factors. Taken together, those findings support microglia dysfunction as a central mechanism in AD etiology and thus the therapeutic potential of modulating microglial activity for AD treatment. Here we review how human genetic studies discovered microglial AD risk genes, such as TREM2, CD33, MS4A and APOE, and how experimental studies are beginning to decipher the cellular functions of some of these genes. Our review also focuses on recent transcriptomic studies of human microglia from postmortem tissue to critically assess areas of similarity and dissimilarity between human and mouse models currently in use in order to better understand the biology of innate immunity in AD.
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49
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Arthur GK, Ehrhardt-Humbert LC, Snider DB, Jania C, Tilley SL, Metcalfe DD, Cruse G. The FcεRIβ homologue, MS4A4A, promotes FcεRI signal transduction and store-operated Ca 2+ entry in human mast cells. Cell Signal 2020; 71:109617. [PMID: 32240745 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Members of the membrane spanning 4A (MS4A) gene family are clustered around 11q12-13, a region linked to allergy and asthma susceptibility. Other than the known functions of FcεRIβ (MS4A2) and CD20 (MS4A1) in mast cell and B cell signaling, respectively, functional studies for the remaining MS4A proteins are lacking. We thus explored whether MS4A4A, a mast cell expressed homologue of FcεRIβ, has related functions to FcεRIβ in FcεRI signaling. We establish in this study that MS4A4A promotes phosphorylation of PLCγ1, calcium flux and degranulation in response to IgE-mediated crosslinking of FcεRI. We previously demonstrated that MS4A4A promotes recruitment of KIT into caveolin-1-enriched microdomains and signaling through PLCγ1. Caveolin-1 itself is an important regulator of IgE-dependent store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) and promotes expression of the store-operated Ca2+ channel pore-forming unit, Orai1. We thus further report that MS4A4A functions through interaction with caveolin-1 and recruitment of FcεRI and KIT into lipid rafts. In addition to proximal FcεRI signaling, we similarly show that MS4A4A regulates Orai1-mediated calcium entry downstream of calcium release from stores. Both MS4A4A and Orai1 had limited effects with compound 48/80 stimulation, demonstrating some degree of selectivity of both proteins to FcεRI receptor signaling over Mas-related G Protein coupled receptor X2 signaling. Overall, our data are consistent with the conclusion that MS4A4A performs a related function to the homologous FcεRIβ to promote PLCγ1 signaling, SOCE, and degranulation through FcεRI in human mast cells and thus represents a new target in the regulation of IgE-mediated mast cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greer K Arthur
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University. Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Lauren C Ehrhardt-Humbert
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University. Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Douglas B Snider
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University. Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University. Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Corey Jania
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Stephen L Tilley
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Dean D Metcalfe
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Glenn Cruse
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University. Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University. Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
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50
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Kozma MT, Ngo-Vu H, Wong YY, Shukla NS, Pawar SD, Senatore A, Schmidt M, Derby CD. Comparison of transcriptomes from two chemosensory organs in four decapod crustaceans reveals hundreds of candidate chemoreceptor proteins. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230266. [PMID: 32163507 PMCID: PMC7067487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Crustaceans express genes for at least three classes of putative chemosensory proteins. These are: Ionotropic Receptors (IRs), derived from the heterotetrameric ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs); Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels, a diverse set of sensor-channels that include several families of chemoreceptor channels; and Gustatory Receptor Like receptors (GRLs), ionotropic receptors that are homologues of Gustatory Receptors (GRs) of insects and are expressed sparingly in most crustaceans so far studied. IRs are typically numerically the most dominant of these receptor proteins in crustaceans and include two classes: co-receptor IRs, which are necessary for making a functional receptor-channel; and tuning IRs, whose specific combination in the IR subunits in the heterotetramer confers chemical specificity. Previous work showed that the transcriptomes from two major chemosensory organs-the lateral flagellum of the antennule (LF) and the tips of the legs (dactyls)-of the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus express four co-receptor IRs and over 100 tuning IRs. In this paper, we examined and compared the transcriptomes from the LF and dactyls of P. argus and three other decapod crustaceans-the clawed lobster Homarus americanus, red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii, and the blue crab Callinectes sapidus. Each species has at least ca. 100 to 250 IRs, 1 to 4 GRLs, and ca. 15 TRP channels including those shown to be involved in chemoreception in other species. The IRs show different degrees of phylogenetic conservation: some are arthropod-conserved, others are pancrustacean-conserved, others appear to be crustacean-conserved, and some appear to be species-specific. Many IRs appear to be more highly expressed in the LF than dactyl. Our results show that decapod crustaceans express an abundance of genes for chemoreceptor proteins of different types, phylogenetic conservation, and expression patterns. An understanding of their functional roles awaits determining their expression patterns in individual chemosensory neurons and the central projections of those neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihika T. Kozma
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hanh Ngo-Vu
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yuen Yan Wong
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neal S. Shukla
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shrikant D. Pawar
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Adriano Senatore
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manfred Schmidt
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Charles D. Derby
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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