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Wu Y, Jiang H, Hu Y, Dai H, Zhao Q, Zheng Y, Liu W, Rui H, Liu B. B cell dysregulation and depletion therapy in primary membranous nephropathy: Prospects and potential challenges. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 140:112769. [PMID: 39098228 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
B cells are crucial to the humoral immune response, originating in the bone marrow and maturing in the spleen and lymph nodes. They primarily function to protect against a wide range of infections through the secretion of antibodies. The role of B cells in primary membranous nephropathy (PMN) has gained significant attention, especially following the discovery of various autoantibodies that target podocyte antigens and the observed positive outcomes from B cell depletion therapy. Increasing evidence points to the presence of abnormal B cell subsets and functions in MN. B cells have varied roles during the different stages of disease onset, progression, and relapse. Initially, B cells facilitate self-antigen presentation, activate effector T cells, and initiate cellular immunity. Subsequently, the disruption of both central and peripheral immune tolerance results in the emergence of autoreactive B cells, with strong germinal center responses as a major source of MN autoantibodies. Additionally, critical B cell subsets, including Bregs, memory B cells, and plasma cells, play roles in the immune dysregulation observed in MN, assisting in predicting disease recurrence and guiding management strategies for MN. This review offers a detailed overview of research advancements on B cells and elucidates their pathological roles in MN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadi Wu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China; Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hanxue Jiang
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Yuehong Hu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China; Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Haoran Dai
- Shunyi Branch, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100310, China
| | - Qihan Zhao
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China; Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hongliang Rui
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China; Beijing Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100010, China.
| | - Baoli Liu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China; Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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Juriol L, Valeff N, Dibo M, Ventimiglia MS, Correale J, Jensen F. Human chorionic gonadotropin regulates cytokine production by lymphocytes from patients with multiple sclerosis. J Reprod Immunol 2024; 164:104280. [PMID: 38908336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2024.104280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that primarily affects young adults, predominantly females. This was partially attributed to sex differences in immunity, which are influenced by changes in sex hormones occurring during women's life, among other factors. Furthermore, MS patients experience significant improvement in their symptoms during pregnancy when levels of female sex-hormones significantly increase. This phenomenon was attributed to immune adaptations occurring during gestation which are regulated by paternal antigens and sex hormones. The human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was shown to have strong immunosuppressive abilities. We aimed to analyze here the capacity of the hCG to regulate pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production by PBMC from MS patients. PBMC isolated from 17 MS patients receiving IFNβ1a treatment were cultured with or without recombinant or urinary hCG. Cytokine production in the supernatants was assessed using a CBA array and cytokine production by lymphocytes and expression of co-stimulatory molecules in B-lymphocytes were evaluated by flow cytometry. hCG reduced the production of TNF by PBMC from MS patients while lowering the percentages of TNF producing T cells and diminishing the production of TNF by B cells. hCG significantly boosted the production of IL-10 by regulatory T cells and CD19high B cells from MS patients. Furthermore, hCG treatment lowered the percentages of CD80+CD86+ expressing B cells within PBMC from MS patients. Overall, our results described a novel and not yet explored mechanisms of action of hCG in the context of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Juriol
- Center for Pharmacological and Botanical Studies (CEFYBO-UBA-CONICET), Graduate School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, 2155 Paraguay St. 16th Floor, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Natalín Valeff
- Center for Pharmacological and Botanical Studies (CEFYBO-UBA-CONICET), Graduate School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, 2155 Paraguay St. 16th Floor, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Marcos Dibo
- Center for Pharmacological and Botanical Studies (CEFYBO-UBA-CONICET), Graduate School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, 2155 Paraguay St. 16th Floor, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - María Silvia Ventimiglia
- Center for Pharmacological and Botanical Studies (CEFYBO-UBA-CONICET), Graduate School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, 2155 Paraguay St. 16th Floor, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Jorge Correale
- Fleni, 2325 Montañeses St., Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1428AQK, Argentina; Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB CONICET-UBA), Graduate School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, 956 Junin St., Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Federico Jensen
- Center for Pharmacological and Botanical Studies (CEFYBO-UBA-CONICET), Graduate School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, 2155 Paraguay St. 16th Floor, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina; Centro Integrativo de Biología Y Química Aplicada, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago 8307993, Chile.
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Martin-Gutierrez L, Waddington KE, Maggio A, Coelewij L, Oppong AE, Yang N, Adriani M, Nytrova P, Farrell R, Pineda-Torra I, Jury EC. Dysregulated lipid metabolism networks modulate T-cell function in people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2024; 217:204-218. [PMID: 38625017 PMCID: PMC11239565 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxae032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Altered cholesterol, oxysterol, sphingolipid, and fatty acid concentrations are reported in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and brain tissue of people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and are linked to disease progression and treatment responses. CD4 + T cells are pathogenic in RRMS, and defective T-cell function could be mediated in part by liver X receptors (LXRs)-nuclear receptors that regulate lipid homeostasis and immunity. RNA-sequencing and pathway analysis identified that genes within the 'lipid metabolism' and 'signalling of nuclear receptors' pathways were dysregulated in CD4 + T cells isolated from RRMS patients compared with healthy donors. While LXRB and genes associated with cholesterol metabolism were upregulated, other T-cell LXR-target genes, including genes involved in cellular lipid uptake (inducible degrader of the LDL receptor, IDOL), and the rate-limiting enzyme for glycosphingolipid biosynthesis (UDP-glucosylceramide synthase, UGCG) were downregulated in T cells from patients with RRMS compared to healthy donors. Correspondingly, plasma membrane glycosphingolipids were reduced, and cholesterol levels increased in RRMS CD4 + T cells, an effect partially recapitulated in healthy T cells by in vitro culture with T-cell receptor stimulation in the presence of serum from RRMS patients. Notably, stimulation with LXR-agonist GW3965 normalized membrane cholesterol levels, and reduced proliferation and IL17 cytokine production in RRMS CD4 + T-cells. Thus, LXR-mediated lipid metabolism pathways were dysregulated in T cells from patients with RRMS and could contribute to RRMS pathogenesis. Therapies that modify lipid metabolism could help restore immune cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirsty E Waddington
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, UK
| | - Annalisa Maggio
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, UK
| | - Leda Coelewij
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, UK
| | - Alexandra E Oppong
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, UK
| | - Nina Yang
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, UK
| | - Marsilio Adriani
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, UK
| | - Petra Nytrova
- Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical, Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, General University Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Rachel Farrell
- Department of Neuroinflammation, University College London and Institute of Neurology and National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UK
| | - Inés Pineda-Torra
- Centre for Experimental & Translational Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, UK
| | - Elizabeth C Jury
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, UK
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Schild H, Bopp T. [Immunological foundations of neurological diseases]. DER NERVENARZT 2024:10.1007/s00115-024-01696-4. [PMID: 38953921 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-024-01696-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegenerative diseases represent an increasing challenge in ageing societies, as only limited treatment options are currently available. OBJECTIVE New research methods and interdisciplinary interaction of different disciplines have changed the way neurological disorders are viewed and paved the way for the comparatively new field of neuroimmunology, which was established in the early 1980s. Starting from neurological autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, knowledge about the involvement of immunological processes in other contexts, such as stroke or traumatic brain injury, has been significantly expanded in recent years. MATERIAL AND METHODS This review article provides an overview of the role of the immune system and the resulting potential for novel treatment approaches. RESULTS The immune system plays a central role in fighting infections but is also able to react to the body's own signals under sterile conditions and cause inflammation and subsequent adaptive immune responses through the release of immune mediators and the recruitment and differentiation of certain immune cell types. This can be beneficial in initiating healing processes; however, chronic inflammatory conditions usually have destructive consequences for the tissue and the organism and must be interrupted. CONCLUSION It is now known that different cells of the immune system play an important role in neurological diseases. Regulatory mechanisms, which are mediated by regulatory T cells or Th2 cells, are usually associated with a good prognosis, whereas inflammatory processes and polarization towards Th1 or Th17 have a destructive character. Novel immunomodulators, which are also increasingly being used in cancer treatment, can now be used in a tissue-specific manner and therefore offer great potential for use in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansjörg Schild
- Institut für Immunologie, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Deutschland
| | - Tobias Bopp
- Institut für Immunologie, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Deutschland.
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Lorenzini T, Faigle W, Ruder J, Docampo MJ, Opitz L, Martin R. Alterations of Thymus-Derived Tregs in Multiple Sclerosis. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2024; 11:e200251. [PMID: 38838284 PMCID: PMC11160584 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered a prototypic autoimmune disease of the CNS. It is the leading cause of chronic neurologic disability in young adults. Proinflammatory B cells and autoreactive T cells both play important roles in its pathogenesis. We aimed to study alterations of regulatory T cells (Tregs), which likely also contribute to the disease, but their involvement is less clear. METHODS By combining multiple experimental approaches, we examined the Treg compartments in 41 patients with relapsing-remitting MS and 17 healthy donors. RESULTS Patients with MS showed a reduced frequency of CD4+ T cells and Foxp3+ Tregs and age-dependent alterations of Treg subsets. Treg suppressive function was compromised in patients, who were treated with natalizumab, while it was unaffected in untreated and anti-CD20-treated patients. The changes in natalizumab-treated patients included increased proinflammatory cytokines and an altered transcriptome in thymus-derived (t)-Tregs, but not in peripheral (p)-Tregs. DISCUSSION Treg dysfunction in patients with MS might be related to an altered transcriptome of t-Tregs and a proinflammatory environment. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of Tregs and their subtypes in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Lorenzini
- From the Neuroimmunology and MS Research (T.L., W.F., J.R., M.J.D., R.M.), Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Zurich; Division of Immunology (T.L.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich; Cellerys AG (W.F., R.M.), Schlieren, Switzerland; Immunity and Cancer (U932) (W.F.), Immune Response to Cancer Laboratory, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, CEDEX 05, Paris, France; Functional Genomics Center Zurich (L.O.), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and University of Zurich; Institute of Experimental Immunology (R.M.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Therapeutic Design Unit (R.M.), Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang Faigle
- From the Neuroimmunology and MS Research (T.L., W.F., J.R., M.J.D., R.M.), Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Zurich; Division of Immunology (T.L.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich; Cellerys AG (W.F., R.M.), Schlieren, Switzerland; Immunity and Cancer (U932) (W.F.), Immune Response to Cancer Laboratory, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, CEDEX 05, Paris, France; Functional Genomics Center Zurich (L.O.), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and University of Zurich; Institute of Experimental Immunology (R.M.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Therapeutic Design Unit (R.M.), Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Josefine Ruder
- From the Neuroimmunology and MS Research (T.L., W.F., J.R., M.J.D., R.M.), Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Zurich; Division of Immunology (T.L.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich; Cellerys AG (W.F., R.M.), Schlieren, Switzerland; Immunity and Cancer (U932) (W.F.), Immune Response to Cancer Laboratory, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, CEDEX 05, Paris, France; Functional Genomics Center Zurich (L.O.), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and University of Zurich; Institute of Experimental Immunology (R.M.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Therapeutic Design Unit (R.M.), Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - María José Docampo
- From the Neuroimmunology and MS Research (T.L., W.F., J.R., M.J.D., R.M.), Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Zurich; Division of Immunology (T.L.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich; Cellerys AG (W.F., R.M.), Schlieren, Switzerland; Immunity and Cancer (U932) (W.F.), Immune Response to Cancer Laboratory, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, CEDEX 05, Paris, France; Functional Genomics Center Zurich (L.O.), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and University of Zurich; Institute of Experimental Immunology (R.M.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Therapeutic Design Unit (R.M.), Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lennart Opitz
- From the Neuroimmunology and MS Research (T.L., W.F., J.R., M.J.D., R.M.), Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Zurich; Division of Immunology (T.L.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich; Cellerys AG (W.F., R.M.), Schlieren, Switzerland; Immunity and Cancer (U932) (W.F.), Immune Response to Cancer Laboratory, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, CEDEX 05, Paris, France; Functional Genomics Center Zurich (L.O.), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and University of Zurich; Institute of Experimental Immunology (R.M.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Therapeutic Design Unit (R.M.), Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roland Martin
- From the Neuroimmunology and MS Research (T.L., W.F., J.R., M.J.D., R.M.), Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Zurich; Division of Immunology (T.L.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich; Cellerys AG (W.F., R.M.), Schlieren, Switzerland; Immunity and Cancer (U932) (W.F.), Immune Response to Cancer Laboratory, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, CEDEX 05, Paris, France; Functional Genomics Center Zurich (L.O.), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and University of Zurich; Institute of Experimental Immunology (R.M.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Therapeutic Design Unit (R.M.), Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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El Mahdaoui S, Hansen MM, Hansen MB, Hvalkof VH, Søndergaard HB, Mahler MR, Romme Christensen J, Sellebjerg F, von Essen MR. Effects of anti-CD20 therapy on circulating and intrathecal follicular helper T cell subsets in multiple sclerosis. Clin Immunol 2024; 264:110262. [PMID: 38788886 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.110262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells and their interplay with B cells likely contribute to the pathogenesis of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Tfh cells are enriched in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in RRMS, but effects of anti-CD20 therapy are unknown. We investigated Tfh cells in controls, untreated and anti-CD20-treated patients with RRMS using flow cytometry. CSF Tfh cells were increased in untreated patients. Compared to paired blood samples, CD25- Tfh cells were enriched in CSF in RRMS, but not in controls. Contrast-enhancing brain MRI lesions and IgG index correlated with CSF CD25- Tfh cell frequency in untreated patients with RRMS. Anti-CD20 therapy reduced the numbers of circulating PD1+ Tfh cells and CD25- Tfh cells, and the frequency of CSF CD25- Tfh cells. The study suggests that CD25- Tfh cells are recruited to the CSF in RRMS, associated with focal inflammation, and are reduced by anti-CD20 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahla El Mahdaoui
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.
| | - Marie Mathilde Hansen
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Malene Bredahl Hansen
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Victoria Hyslop Hvalkof
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Helle Bach Søndergaard
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Mie Reith Mahler
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Romme Christensen
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Finn Sellebjerg
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marina Rode von Essen
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
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7
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Calabrese M, Preziosa P, Scalfari A, Colato E, Marastoni D, Absinta M, Battaglini M, De Stefano N, Di Filippo M, Hametner S, Howell OW, Inglese M, Lassmann H, Martin R, Nicholas R, Reynolds R, Rocca MA, Tamanti A, Vercellino M, Villar LM, Filippi M, Magliozzi R. Determinants and Biomarkers of Progression Independent of Relapses in Multiple Sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2024; 96:1-20. [PMID: 38568026 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Clinical, pathological, and imaging evidence in multiple sclerosis (MS) suggests that a smoldering inflammatory activity is present from the earliest stages of the disease and underlies the progression of disability, which proceeds relentlessly and independently of clinical and radiological relapses (PIRA). The complex system of pathological events driving "chronic" worsening is likely linked with the early accumulation of compartmentalized inflammation within the central nervous system as well as insufficient repair phenomena and mitochondrial failure. These mechanisms are partially lesion-independent and differ from those causing clinical relapses and the formation of new focal demyelinating lesions; they lead to neuroaxonal dysfunction and death, myelin loss, glia alterations, and finally, a neuronal network dysfunction outweighing central nervous system (CNS) compensatory mechanisms. This review aims to provide an overview of the state of the art of neuropathological, immunological, and imaging knowledge about the mechanisms underlying the smoldering disease activity, focusing on possible early biomarkers and their translation into clinical practice. ANN NEUROL 2024;96:1-20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Calabrese
- Department of Neurosciences and Biomedicine and Movement, The Multiple Sclerosis Center of University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Paolo Preziosa
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Scalfari
- Centre of Neuroscience, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Elisa Colato
- Department of Neurosciences and Biomedicine and Movement, The Multiple Sclerosis Center of University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Damiano Marastoni
- Department of Neurosciences and Biomedicine and Movement, The Multiple Sclerosis Center of University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Martina Absinta
- Translational Neuropathology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Battaglini
- Siena Imaging S.r.l., Siena, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Nicola De Stefano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Di Filippo
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Simon Hametner
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Owain W Howell
- Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK
| | - Matilde Inglese
- Dipartimento di neuroscienze, riabilitazione, oftalmologia, genetica e scienze materno-infantili - DINOGMI, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Martin
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Therapeutic Design Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Cellerys AG, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Richard Nicholas
- Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Burlington Danes, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Richard Reynolds
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Maria A Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Agnese Tamanti
- Department of Neurosciences and Biomedicine and Movement, The Multiple Sclerosis Center of University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marco Vercellino
- Multiple Sclerosis Center & Neurologia I U, Department of Neuroscience, University Hospital AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Luisa Maria Villar
- Department of Immunology, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital. IRYCIS. REI, Madrid, Spain
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Magliozzi
- Department of Neurosciences and Biomedicine and Movement, The Multiple Sclerosis Center of University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Liu J, Xu Y, Liu Y, Zhu Y, Li X. Associations between type 1 diabetes and autoimmune skin diseases: Mendelian randomization analysis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32781. [PMID: 38975116 PMCID: PMC11226843 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) may be associated with various autoimmune diseases, but the causal relationship between T1DM and autoimmune skin diseases is not yet clear. Methods The summary statistical data on T1DM and nine autoimmune skin diseases in European populations were extracted for mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Subsequently, the analysis was replicated in East Asian populations. In the MR estimation, inverse variance-weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode methods were utilized. Outliers were excluded using MR-PRESSO, and horizontal pleiotropy was assessed with MR-Egger. Additionally, a multivariable MR analysis was conducted to investigate whether T1DM has an independent effect on autoimmune skin diseases after adjusting for potential confounders. Results In Europe, the MR estimated based on IVW method indicated a causal association between genetically determined T1DM and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (OR = 1.38, 95%CI: 1.26-1.50, p<0.01), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (OR = 1.15, 95%CI: 1.05-1.25, p<0.01), as well as multiple sclerosis (MS) (OR = 1.17, 95%CI: 1.01-1.36, p = 0.04), but there is no association between T1DM and atopic dermatitis (AD), vitiligo, lichen planus (LP), hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), alopecia areata (AA) and systemic sclerosis (SS). After adjusting for time spent watching television, body mass index, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and body fat percentage, we found a causal relationship between T1DM and SLE (OR = 1.29, 95%CI: 1.16-1.44, p < 0.01), RA (OR = 1.28, 95%CI: 1.20-1.38 p < 0.01) and MS (OR = 1.11, 95%CI: 1.04-1.18, p < 0.01). Then, no genetic causal association was found between TIDM and SLE, and AD in East Asia. These results didn't exhibit horizontal pleiotropy, and "leave-one-out" analysis demonstrated result stability. Conclusion Our MR research indicates a causal relationship between T1DM and SLE, RA, and MS in Europe. However, no causal relationship between T1DM and SLE has been observed in East Asia. Therefore, it is important to regularly monitor relevant immunological markers of SLE, RA, and MS in T1DM patients and take preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yinde Xu
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yuanju Liu
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaolan Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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9
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Papazian I, Kourouvani M, Dagkonaki A, Gouzouasis V, Dimitrakopoulou L, Markoglou N, Badounas F, Tselios T, Anagnostouli M, Probert L. Spontaneous human CD8 T cell and autoimmune encephalomyelitis-induced CD4/CD8 T cell lesions in the brain and spinal cord of HLA-DRB1*15-positive multiple sclerosis humanized immune system mice. eLife 2024; 12:RP88826. [PMID: 38900149 PMCID: PMC11189630 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) such as multiple sclerosis (MS) are only partially represented in current experimental models and the development of humanized immune mice is crucial for better understanding of immunopathogenesis and testing of therapeutics. We describe a humanized mouse model with several key features of MS. Severely immunodeficient B2m-NOG mice were transplanted with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from HLA-DRB1-typed MS and healthy (HI) donors and showed rapid engraftment by human T and B lymphocytes. Mice receiving cells from MS patients with recent/ongoing Epstein-Barr virus reactivation showed high B cell engraftment capacity. Both HLA-DRB1*15 (DR15) MS and DR15 HI mice, not HLA-DRB1*13 MS mice, developed human T cell infiltration of CNS borders and parenchyma. DR15 MS mice uniquely developed inflammatory lesions in brain and spinal cord gray matter, with spontaneous, hCD8 T cell lesions, and mixed hCD8/hCD4 T cell lesions in EAE immunized mice, with variation in localization and severity between different patient donors. Main limitations of this model for further development are poor monocyte engraftment and lack of demyelination, lymph node organization, and IgG responses. These results show that PBMC humanized mice represent promising research tools for investigating MS immunopathology in a patient-specific approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irini Papazian
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur InstituteAthensGreece
| | - Maria Kourouvani
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur InstituteAthensGreece
- Athens International Master’s Programme in Neurosciences, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | | | - Vasileios Gouzouasis
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur InstituteAthensGreece
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of ThraceAlexandroupolisGreece
| | - Lila Dimitrakopoulou
- Department of Hematology, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Nikolaos Markoglou
- Research Immunogenetics Laboratory, Multiple Sclerosis and Demyelinating Diseases Unit, First Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, NKUA, Aeginition University HospitalAthensGreece
| | - Fotis Badounas
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur InstituteAthensGreece
- Transgenic Technology Unit, Hellenic Pasteur InstituteAthensGreece
| | | | - Maria Anagnostouli
- Research Immunogenetics Laboratory, Multiple Sclerosis and Demyelinating Diseases Unit, First Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, NKUA, Aeginition University HospitalAthensGreece
| | - Lesley Probert
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur InstituteAthensGreece
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10
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Tayefeh-Gholami S, Akbarzadeh S, Rajabi A, Najari P, Ghasemzadeh T, HosseinpourFeizi M, Safaralizadeh R. Investigating SNHG3 and BCYRN1 lncRnas expression in the peripheral blood cells of multiple sclerosis patients. Neurol Res 2024:1-7. [PMID: 38832630 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2024.2362585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MS (Multiple sclerosis) is a progressive neurologic disorder often appearing in the third decade of life. MS is the most frequent demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. The development of MS is influenced by environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors. The bulk of the human transcriptome comprises lncRNAs, which play crucial regulatory roles. We aimed to assess the SNHG3 and BCYRN1 lncRNA expression in blood samples from MS patients and how these lncRNAs and disease activity are related. METHODS A total of 100 MS patients, including 8 primary progressive (PP), 82 relapsing-remitting (RR), and 10 secondary progressive (SP) MS, as well as 100 healthy controls, had their blood samples taken. Gene expression was assessed using quantitative real-time PCR. Recognizing the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the diagnostic potential of lncRNA levels was evaluated. RESULTS Expressions of SNHG3 and BCYRN1 were found to have significantly increased (p < 0.0001). SNHG3 expression level showed significant differences compared to age groups and MS subtypes (p value = 0.001 and p value = 0.02).Furthermore, patients with a family history showed elevated BCYRN1 expression with a p value of 0.01. Considering the age factor, BCYRN1 exhibits altered expression levels in patient groups compared to healthy controls (p value 0.04). Additionally, the novel biomarkers SNHG3 and BCYRN1 can be used to diagnose MS (AUC = 0.97 and AUC = 0.88, respectively). DISCUSSION Increased levels of SNHG3 and BCYRN1 in the serum may serve as potential molecular biomarkers for the MS diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Tayefeh-Gholami
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sama Akbarzadeh
- Department of Biophysics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Institute of Graduate Studies in Health Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ali Rajabi
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parisa Najari
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tooraj Ghasemzadeh
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Reza Safaralizadeh
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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11
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Thomas OG, Haigh TA, Croom-Carter D, Leese A, Van Wijck Y, Douglas MR, Rickinson A, Brooks JM, Taylor GS. Heightened Epstein-Barr virus immunity and potential cross-reactivities in multiple sclerosis. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012177. [PMID: 38843296 PMCID: PMC11156336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a likely prerequisite for multiple sclerosis (MS) but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. We investigated antibody and T cell responses to EBV in persons with MS (pwMS), healthy EBV-seropositive controls (HC) and post-infectious mononucleosis (POST-IM) individuals up to 6 months after disease resolution. The ability of EBV-specific T cell responses to target antigens from the central nervous system (CNS) was also investigated. METHODS Untreated persons with relapsing-remitting MS, POST-IM individuals and HC were, as far as possible, matched for gender, age and HLA-DRB1*15:01. EBV load was determined by qPCR, and IgG responses to key EBV antigens were determined by ELISA, immunofluorescence and Western blot, and tetanus toxoid antibody responses by multiplex bead array. EBV-specific T cell responses were determined ex vivo by intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) and cross-reactivity of in vitro-expanded responses probed against 9 novel Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) viruses expressing candidate CNS autoantigens. RESULTS EBV load in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was unchanged in pwMS compared to HC. Serologically, while tetanus toxoid responses were unchanged between groups, IgG responses to EBNA1 and virus capsid antigen (VCA) were significantly elevated (EBNA1 p = 0.0079, VCA p = 0.0298) but, importantly, IgG responses to EBNA2 and the EBNA3 family antigens were also more frequently detected in pwMS (EBNA2 p = 0.042 and EBNA3 p = 0.005). In ex vivo assays, T cell responses to autologous EBV-transformed B cells and to EBNA1 were largely unchanged numerically, but significantly increased IL-2 production was observed in response to certain stimuli in pwMS. EBV-specific polyclonal T cell lines from both MS and HC showed high levels of autoantigen recognition by ICS, and several neuronal proteins emerged as common targets including MOG, MBP, PLP and MOBP. DISCUSSION Elevated serum EBV-specific antibody responses in the MS group were found to extend beyond EBNA1, suggesting a larger dysregulation of EBV-specific antibody responses than previously recognised. Differences in T cell responses to EBV were more difficult to discern, however stimulating EBV-expanded polyclonal T cell lines with 9 candidate CNS autoantigens revealed a high level of autoreactivity and indicate a far-reaching ability of the virus-induced T cell compartment to damage the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia G. Thomas
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Tracey A. Haigh
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Croom-Carter
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Leese
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Yolanda Van Wijck
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R. Douglas
- Dudley Group of Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Dudley, United Kingdom
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Rickinson
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Jill M. Brooks
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Graham S. Taylor
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
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12
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Meng D, Sacco R, Disanto G, Widmer F, Jacober SLS, Gobbi C, Zecca C. Memory B cell-guided extended interval dosing of ocrelizumab in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2024; 30:857-867. [PMID: 38767224 DOI: 10.1177/13524585241250199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ocrelizumab (OCR) is an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody approved for the treatment of relapsing-remitting and primary-progressive multiple sclerosis (MS). We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an individualized OCR extended interval dosing (EID), after switching from standard interval dosing (SID). METHODS This was a retrospective, observational, single-centre study including MS patients regularly followed at the Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland. After a cumulative OCR dose ⩾1200 mg, stable patients were switched to EID (OCR infusions following CD19+ 27+ memory B cell repopulation). RESULTS A total of 128 patients were included in the study, and 113 (88.3%) were switched to EID with a median interval of 9.9 (8.8-11.8) months between infusions. No clinical relapses occurred; 2 (1.8%) patients experienced disability worsening. Three (2.7%) and 2 (1.8%) patients experienced new T2 brain and spinal lesions, respectively. There was a mild decrease in IgG and IgM concentrations during both SID and EID OCR regimens (β = -0.23, p = 0.001 and β = -0.07, p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION Switch to personalized dosing of OCR based on CD19+ 27+ memory B cell repopulation led to a great extension of the interval between infusions, with maintained clinical and radiological efficacy. Given the potential advantages in terms of safety and health costs, EID OCR regimens should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delania Meng
- Multiple Sclerosis Center (MSC), Department of Neurology, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland (NSI), Lugano, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Rosaria Sacco
- Multiple Sclerosis Center (MSC), Department of Neurology, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland (NSI), Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Giulio Disanto
- Multiple Sclerosis Center (MSC), Department of Neurology, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland (NSI), Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Fausto Widmer
- Multiple Sclerosis Center (MSC), Department of Neurology, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland (NSI), Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Lena Susanna Jacober
- Multiple Sclerosis Center (MSC), Department of Neurology, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland (NSI), Lugano, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Gobbi
- Multiple Sclerosis Center (MSC), Department of Neurology, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland (NSI), Lugano, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Zecca
- Multiple Sclerosis Center (MSC), Department of Neurology, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland (NSI), Lugano, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
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13
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Aliyu M, Zohora FT, Ceylan A, Hossain F, Yazdani R, Azizi G. Immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: molecular and cellular mechanisms and new immunotherapeutic approaches. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2024; 46:355-377. [PMID: 38634438 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2024.2330642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating autoimmune disease with increasing global prevalence. It predominantly affects females, especially those of European descent. The interplay between environmental factors and genetic predisposition plays a crucial role in MS etiopathogenesis. METHODS We searched recent relevant literature on reputable databases, which include, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and ScienceDirect using the following keywords: multiple sclerosis, pathogenesis, autoimmunity, demyelination, therapy, and immunotherapy. RESULTS Various animal models have been employed to investigate the MS etiopathogenesis and therapeutics. Autoreactive T cells within the CNS recruit myeloid cells through chemokine expression, leading to the secretion of inflammatory cytokines driving the MS pathogenesis, resulting in demyelination, gliosis, and axonal loss. Key players include T cell lymphocytes (CD4+ and CD8+), B cells, and neutrophils. Signaling dysregulation in inflammatory pathways and the immunogenetic basis of MS are essential considerations for any successful therapy to MS. Data indicates that B cells and neutrophils also have significant roles in MS, despite the common belief that T cells are essential. High neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios correlate with MS severity, indicating their contribution to disease progression. Dysregulated signaling pathways further exacerbate MS progression. CONCLUSION MS remains incurable, but disease-modifying therapies, monoclonal antibodies, and immunomodulatory drugs offer hope for patients. Research on the immunogenetics and immunoregulatory functions of gut microbiota is continuing to provide light on possible treatment avenues. Understanding the complex interplay between genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and immune dysregulation is critical for developing effective treatments for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansur Aliyu
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, TUMS-IC, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Clinical Science, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Fatema Tuz Zohora
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Ayca Ceylan
- Medical Faculty, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Fariha Hossain
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Reza Yazdani
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
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14
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Roe K. Immunoregulatory natural killer cells. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 558:117896. [PMID: 38583553 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.117896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
This review discusses a broader scope of functional roles for NK cells. Despite the well-known cytolytic and inflammatory roles of NK cells against tumors and pathogenic diseases, extensive evidence demonstrates certain subsets of NK cells have defacto immunoregulatory effects and have a role in inducing anergy or lysis of antigen-activated T cells and regulating several autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests certain subsets of immunoregulatory NK cells can cause anergy or lysis of antigen-activated T cells to regulate hyperinflammatory diseases, including multisystem inflammatory syndrome. Several pathogens induce T cell and NK cell exhaustion and/or suppression, which impair the immune system's control of the replication speed of virulent pathogens and tumors and result in extensive antigens and antigen-antibody immune complexes, potentially inducing to some extent a Type III hypersensitivity immune reaction. The Type III hypersensitivity immune reaction induces immune cell secretion of proteinases, which can cleave specific proteins to create autoantigens which activate T cells to initiate autoimmune and/or hyperinflammatory diseases. Furthermore, pathogen induced NK cell exhaustion and/or suppression will inhibit NK cells which would have induced the anergy or lysis of activated T cells to regulate autoimmune and hyperinflammatory diseases. Autoimmune and hyperinflammatory diseases can be consequences of the dual lymphocyte exhaustion and/or suppression effects during infections, by creating autoimmune and/or hyperinflammatory diseases, while also impairing immunoregulatory lymphocytes which otherwise would have regulated these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Roe
- Retired USPTO, San Jose, CA, United States of America.
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15
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Li V, Binder MD, Purcell AW, Kilpatrick TJ. Antigen-specific immunotherapy via delivery of tolerogenic dendritic cells for multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2024; 390:578347. [PMID: 38663308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system resulting from loss of immune tolerance. Many disease-modifying therapies for MS have broad immunosuppressive effects on peripheral immune cells, but this can increase risks of infection and attenuate vaccine-elicited immunity. A more targeted approach is to re-establish immune tolerance in an autoantigen-specific manner. This review discusses methods to achieve this, focusing on tolerogenic dendritic cells. Clinical trials in other autoimmune diseases also provide learnings with regards to clinical translation of this approach, including identification of autoantigen(s), selection of appropriate patients and administration route and frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Li
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia; Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Michele D Binder
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Anthony W Purcell
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Trevor J Kilpatrick
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia; Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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16
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Li R, Lei Y, Rezk A, Diego A Espinoza, Wang J, Feng H, Zhang B, Barcelos IP, Zhang H, Yu J, Huo X, Zhu F, Yang C, Tang H, Goldstein AC, Banwell BL, Hakonarson H, Xu H, Mingueneau M, Sun B, Li H, Bar-Or A. Oxidative phosphorylation regulates B cell effector cytokines and promotes inflammation in multiple sclerosis. Sci Immunol 2024; 9:eadk0865. [PMID: 38701189 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adk0865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Dysregulated B cell cytokine production contributes to pathogenesis of immune-mediated diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS); however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study we investigated how cytokine secretion by pro-inflammatory (GM-CSF-expressing) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10-expressing) B cells is regulated. Pro-inflammatory human B cells required increased oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) compared with anti-inflammatory B cells. OXPHOS reciprocally modulated pro- and anti-inflammatory B cell cytokines through regulation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) signaling. Partial inhibition of OXPHOS or ATP-signaling including with BTK inhibition resulted in an anti-inflammatory B cell cytokine shift, reversed the B cell cytokine imbalance in patients with MS, and ameliorated neuroinflammation in a myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalitis mouse model. Our study identifies how pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines are metabolically regulated in B cells and identifies ATP and its metabolites as a "fourth signal" that shapes B cell responses and is a potential target for restoring the B cell cytokine balance in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics and the Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute of Immunotherapy and Department of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China
| | - Yanting Lei
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Ayman Rezk
- Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics and the Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Diego A Espinoza
- Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics and the Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Huiru Feng
- Institute of Immunotherapy and Department of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Institute of Immunotherapy and Department of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China
| | - Isabella P Barcelos
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hang Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Xinrui Huo
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Fangyi Zhu
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Changxin Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Hao Tang
- MS Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Amy C Goldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Brenda L Banwell
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hongwei Xu
- Department of Immunology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | | | - Bo Sun
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Hulun Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics and the Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- MS Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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17
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Varghese JF, Kaskow BJ, von Glehn F, Case J, Li Z, Julé AM, Berdan E, Ho Sui SJ, Hu Y, Krishnan R, Chitnis T, Kuchroo VK, Weiner HL, Baecher-Allan CM. Human regulatory memory B cells defined by expression of TIM-1 and TIGIT are dysfunctional in multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1360219. [PMID: 38745667 PMCID: PMC11091236 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1360219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Regulatory B cells (Bregs) play a pivotal role in suppressing immune responses, yet there is still a lack of cell surface markers that can rigorously identify them. In mouse models for multiple sclerosis (MS), TIM-1 or TIGIT expression on B cells is required for maintaining self-tolerance and regulating autoimmunity to the central nervous system. Here we investigated the activities of human memory B cells that differentially express TIM-1 and TIGIT to determine their potential regulatory function in healthy donors and patients with relapsing-remitting (RR) MS. Methods FACS-sorted TIM-1+/-TIGIT+/- memory B (memB) cells co-cultured with allogenic CD4+ T cells were analyzed for proliferation and induction of inflammatory markers using flow cytometry and cytokine quantification, to determine Th1/Th17 cell differentiation. Transcriptional differences were assessed by SMARTSeq2 RNA sequencing analysis. Results TIM-1-TIGIT- double negative (DN) memB cells strongly induce T cell proliferation and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. The TIM-1+ memB cells enabled low levels of CD4+ T cell activation and gave rise to T cells that co-express IL-10 with IFNγ and IL-17A or FoxP3. T cells cultured with the TIM-1+TIGIT+ double positive (DP) memB cells exhibited reduced proliferation and IFNγ, IL-17A, TNFα, and GM-CSF expression, and exhibited strong regulation in Breg suppression assays. The functional activity suggests the DP memB cells are a bonafide Breg population. However, MS DP memB cells were less inhibitory than HC DP memB cells. A retrospective longitudinal study of anti-CD20 treated patients found that post-treatment DP memB cell frequency and absolute number were associated with response to therapy. Transcriptomic analyses indicated that the dysfunctional MS-derived DP memB/Breg population exhibited increased expression of genes associated with T cell activation and survival (CD80, ZNF10, PIK3CA), and had distinct gene expression compared to the TIGIT+ or TIM-1+ memB cells. Conclusion These findings demonstrate that TIM-1/TIGIT expressing memory B cell subsets have distinct functionalities. Co-expression of TIM-1 and TIGIT defines a regulatory memory B cell subset that is functionally impaired in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnna F. Varghese
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Belinda J. Kaskow
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Felipe von Glehn
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Junning Case
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Zhenhua Li
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Amélie M. Julé
- Bioinformatics Core, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Emma Berdan
- Bioinformatics Core, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shannan Janelle Ho Sui
- Bioinformatics Core, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yong Hu
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rajesh Krishnan
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- The Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tanuja Chitnis
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Vijay K. Kuchroo
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- The Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Howard L. Weiner
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Clare Mary Baecher-Allan
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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Cencioni MT, Magliozzi R, Palmisano I, Suwan K, Mensi A, Fuentes-Font L, Villar LM, Fernández-Velasco JI, Migallón NV, Costa-Frossard L, Monreal E, Ali R, Romozzi M, Mazarakis N, Reynolds R, Nicholas R, Muraro PA. Soluble CD27 is an intrathecal biomarker of T-cell-mediated lesion activity in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:91. [PMID: 38609999 PMCID: PMC11015621 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03077-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Soluble CD27 is a promising cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory biomarker in multiple sclerosis. In this study, we investigate relevant immune and neuro-pathological features of soluble CD27 in multiple sclerosis. METHODS Protein levels of soluble CD27 were correlated to inflammatory cell subpopulations and inflammatory cytokines and chemokines detected in cerebrospinal fluid of 137 patients with multiple sclerosis and 47 patients with inflammatory and non-inflammatory neurological disease from three independent cohorts. Production of soluble CD27 was investigated in cell cultures of activated T and B cells and CD27-knockout T cells. In a study including matched cerebrospinal fluid and post-mortem brain tissues of patients with multiple sclerosis and control cases, levels of soluble CD27 were correlated with perivascular and meningeal infiltrates and with neuropathological features. RESULTS We demonstrate that soluble CD27 favours the differentiation of interferon-γ-producing T cells and is released through a secretory mechanism activated by TCR engagement and regulated by neutral sphingomyelinase. We also show that the levels of soluble CD27 correlate with the representation of inflammatory T cell subsets in the CSF of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and with the magnitude of perivascular and meningeal CD27 + CD4 + and CD8 + T cell infiltrates in post-mortem central nervous system tissue, defining a subgroup of patients with extensive active inflammatory lesions. INTERPRETATION Our results demonstrate that soluble CD27 is a biomarker of disease activity, potentially informative for personalized treatment and monitoring of treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T Cencioni
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road 160, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Roberta Magliozzi
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road 160, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Ilaria Palmisano
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road 160, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Neuroscience, Department of plastic and reconstructive surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, US
| | - Keittisak Suwan
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road 160, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Antonella Mensi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Laura Fuentes-Font
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road 160, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Luisa M Villar
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, REEM, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Enric Monreal
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rehiana Ali
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road 160, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Marina Romozzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Universita'Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Organi di Senso e Torace, Fondazione Policlinico Universtario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicholas Mazarakis
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road 160, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Richard Reynolds
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road 160, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Richard Nicholas
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road 160, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Paolo A Muraro
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road 160, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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19
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Kellermann G, Leulliot N, Cherfils-Vicini J, Blaud M, Brest P. Activated B-Cells enhance epitope spreading to support successful cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1382236. [PMID: 38571942 PMCID: PMC10989059 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1382236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint therapies (ICT) have transformed the treatment of cancer over the past decade. However, many patients do not respond or suffer relapses. Successful immunotherapy requires epitope spreading, but the slow or inefficient induction of functional antitumoral immunity delays the benefit to patients or causes resistances. Therefore, understanding the key mechanisms that support epitope spreading is essential to improve immunotherapy. In this review, we highlight the major role played by B-cells in breaking immune tolerance by epitope spreading. Activated B-cells are key Antigen-Presenting Cells (APC) that diversify the T-cell response against self-antigens, such as ribonucleoproteins, in autoimmunity but also during successful cancer immunotherapy. This has important implications for the design of future cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Leulliot
- Université Paris Cité, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Cibles Thérapeutiques et Conception de Médicaments (CiTCoM), Paris, France
| | - Julien Cherfils-Vicini
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU), RESPIRera, Fédérations Hospitalo-Universitaires (FHU)OncoAge, Nice, France
| | - Magali Blaud
- Université Paris Cité, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Cibles Thérapeutiques et Conception de Médicaments (CiTCoM), Paris, France
| | - Patrick Brest
- Université Côte d’Azur, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU), RESPIRera, Fédérations Hospitalo-Universitaires (FHU)OncoAge, Nice, France
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20
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Binder MD, Nwoke EC, Morwitch E, Dwyer C, Li V, Xavier A, Lea RA, Lechner-Scott J, Taylor BV, Ponsonby AL, Kilpatrick TJ. HLA-DRB1*15:01 and the MERTK Gene Interact to Selectively Influence the Profile of MERTK-Expressing Monocytes in Both Health and MS. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2024; 11:e200190. [PMID: 38150649 PMCID: PMC10752576 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES HLA-DRB1*15:01 (DR15) and MERTK are 2 risk genes for multiple sclerosis (MS). The variant rs7422195 is an expression quantitative trait locus for MERTK in CD14+ monocytes; cells with phagocytic and immunomodulatory potential. We aimed to understand how drivers of disease risk and pathogenesis vary with HLA and MERTK genotype and disease activity. METHODS We investigated how proportions of monocytes vary with HLA and MERTK genotype and disease activity in MS. CD14+ monocytes were isolated from patients with MS at relapse (n = 40) and 3 months later (n = 23). Healthy controls (HCs) underwent 2 blood collections 3 months apart. Immunophenotypic profiling of monocytes was performed by flow cytometry. Methylation of 35 CpG sites within and near the MERTK gene was assessed in whole blood samples of individuals experiencing their first episode of clinical CNS demyelination (n = 204) and matched HCs (n = 345) using an Illumina EPIC array. RESULTS DR15-positive patients had lower proportions of CD14+ MERTK+ monocytes than DR15-negative patients, independent of genotype at the MERTK SNP rs7422195. Proportions of CD14+ MERTK+ monocytes were further reduced during relapse in DR15-positive but not DR15-negative patients. Patients homozygous for the major G allele at rs7422195 exhibited higher proportions of CD14+ MERTK+ monocytes at both relapse and remission compared with controls. We observed that increased methylation of the MERTK gene was significantly associated with the presence of DR15. DISCUSSION DR15 and MERTK genotype independently influence proportions of CD14+ MERTK+ monocytes in MS. We confirmed previous observations that the MERTK risk SNP rs7422195 is associated with altered MERTK expression in monocytes. We identified that expression of MERTK is stratified by disease in people homozygous for the major G allele of rs7422195. The finding that the proportion of CD14+ MERTK+ monocytes is reduced in DR15-positive individuals supports prior data identifying genetic links between these 2 loci in influencing MS risk. DR15 genotype-dependent alterations in methylation of the MERTK gene provides a molecular link between these loci and identifies a potential mechanism by which MERTK expression is influenced by DR15. This links DR15 haplotype to MS susceptibility beyond direct influence on antigen presentation and suggests the need for HLA-based stratification of approaches to MERTK as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele D Binder
- From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (M.D.B., E.C.N., E.M., C.D., V.L., A.-L.P., T.J.K.); Department of Anatomy and Physiology (M.D.B.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; Crux Biolabs (E.C.N.), Bayswater; Department of Neurology (C.D.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville; Department of Neurology (A.X., J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle; Hunter Medical Research Institute (A.X., J.L.-S.), University of Newcastle, New South Wales Genomics Research Centre (R.A.L.), Centre of Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology; and Menzies Institute for Medical Research (B.V.T.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Eze C Nwoke
- From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (M.D.B., E.C.N., E.M., C.D., V.L., A.-L.P., T.J.K.); Department of Anatomy and Physiology (M.D.B.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; Crux Biolabs (E.C.N.), Bayswater; Department of Neurology (C.D.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville; Department of Neurology (A.X., J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle; Hunter Medical Research Institute (A.X., J.L.-S.), University of Newcastle, New South Wales Genomics Research Centre (R.A.L.), Centre of Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology; and Menzies Institute for Medical Research (B.V.T.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Ellen Morwitch
- From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (M.D.B., E.C.N., E.M., C.D., V.L., A.-L.P., T.J.K.); Department of Anatomy and Physiology (M.D.B.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; Crux Biolabs (E.C.N.), Bayswater; Department of Neurology (C.D.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville; Department of Neurology (A.X., J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle; Hunter Medical Research Institute (A.X., J.L.-S.), University of Newcastle, New South Wales Genomics Research Centre (R.A.L.), Centre of Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology; and Menzies Institute for Medical Research (B.V.T.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Chris Dwyer
- From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (M.D.B., E.C.N., E.M., C.D., V.L., A.-L.P., T.J.K.); Department of Anatomy and Physiology (M.D.B.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; Crux Biolabs (E.C.N.), Bayswater; Department of Neurology (C.D.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville; Department of Neurology (A.X., J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle; Hunter Medical Research Institute (A.X., J.L.-S.), University of Newcastle, New South Wales Genomics Research Centre (R.A.L.), Centre of Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology; and Menzies Institute for Medical Research (B.V.T.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Vivien Li
- From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (M.D.B., E.C.N., E.M., C.D., V.L., A.-L.P., T.J.K.); Department of Anatomy and Physiology (M.D.B.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; Crux Biolabs (E.C.N.), Bayswater; Department of Neurology (C.D.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville; Department of Neurology (A.X., J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle; Hunter Medical Research Institute (A.X., J.L.-S.), University of Newcastle, New South Wales Genomics Research Centre (R.A.L.), Centre of Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology; and Menzies Institute for Medical Research (B.V.T.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Alexandre Xavier
- From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (M.D.B., E.C.N., E.M., C.D., V.L., A.-L.P., T.J.K.); Department of Anatomy and Physiology (M.D.B.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; Crux Biolabs (E.C.N.), Bayswater; Department of Neurology (C.D.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville; Department of Neurology (A.X., J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle; Hunter Medical Research Institute (A.X., J.L.-S.), University of Newcastle, New South Wales Genomics Research Centre (R.A.L.), Centre of Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology; and Menzies Institute for Medical Research (B.V.T.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Rodney A Lea
- From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (M.D.B., E.C.N., E.M., C.D., V.L., A.-L.P., T.J.K.); Department of Anatomy and Physiology (M.D.B.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; Crux Biolabs (E.C.N.), Bayswater; Department of Neurology (C.D.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville; Department of Neurology (A.X., J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle; Hunter Medical Research Institute (A.X., J.L.-S.), University of Newcastle, New South Wales Genomics Research Centre (R.A.L.), Centre of Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology; and Menzies Institute for Medical Research (B.V.T.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Jeannette Lechner-Scott
- From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (M.D.B., E.C.N., E.M., C.D., V.L., A.-L.P., T.J.K.); Department of Anatomy and Physiology (M.D.B.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; Crux Biolabs (E.C.N.), Bayswater; Department of Neurology (C.D.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville; Department of Neurology (A.X., J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle; Hunter Medical Research Institute (A.X., J.L.-S.), University of Newcastle, New South Wales Genomics Research Centre (R.A.L.), Centre of Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology; and Menzies Institute for Medical Research (B.V.T.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Bruce V Taylor
- From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (M.D.B., E.C.N., E.M., C.D., V.L., A.-L.P., T.J.K.); Department of Anatomy and Physiology (M.D.B.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; Crux Biolabs (E.C.N.), Bayswater; Department of Neurology (C.D.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville; Department of Neurology (A.X., J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle; Hunter Medical Research Institute (A.X., J.L.-S.), University of Newcastle, New South Wales Genomics Research Centre (R.A.L.), Centre of Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology; and Menzies Institute for Medical Research (B.V.T.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Anne-Louise Ponsonby
- From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (M.D.B., E.C.N., E.M., C.D., V.L., A.-L.P., T.J.K.); Department of Anatomy and Physiology (M.D.B.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; Crux Biolabs (E.C.N.), Bayswater; Department of Neurology (C.D.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville; Department of Neurology (A.X., J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle; Hunter Medical Research Institute (A.X., J.L.-S.), University of Newcastle, New South Wales Genomics Research Centre (R.A.L.), Centre of Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology; and Menzies Institute for Medical Research (B.V.T.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Trevor J Kilpatrick
- From the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health (M.D.B., E.C.N., E.M., C.D., V.L., A.-L.P., T.J.K.); Department of Anatomy and Physiology (M.D.B.), University of Melbourne, Parkville; Crux Biolabs (E.C.N.), Bayswater; Department of Neurology (C.D.), Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville; Department of Neurology (A.X., J.L.-S.), John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle; Hunter Medical Research Institute (A.X., J.L.-S.), University of Newcastle, New South Wales Genomics Research Centre (R.A.L.), Centre of Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology; and Menzies Institute for Medical Research (B.V.T.), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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21
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Xu X, Han Y, Zhang B, Ren Q, Ma J, Liu S. Understanding immune microenvironment alterations in the brain to improve the diagnosis and treatment of diverse brain diseases. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:132. [PMID: 38368403 PMCID: PMC10874090 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01509-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Abnormal inflammatory states in the brain are associated with a variety of brain diseases. The dynamic changes in the number and function of immune cells in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are advantageous for the early prediction and diagnosis of immune diseases affecting the brain. The aggregated factors and cells in inflamed CSF may represent candidate targets for therapy. The physiological barriers in the brain, such as the blood‒brain barrier (BBB), establish a stable environment for the distribution of resident immune cells. However, the underlying mechanism by which peripheral immune cells migrate into the brain and their role in maintaining immune homeostasis in CSF are still unclear. To advance our understanding of the causal link between brain diseases and immune cell status, we investigated the characteristics of immune cell changes in CSF and the molecular mechanisms involved in common brain diseases. Furthermore, we summarized the diagnostic and treatment methods for brain diseases in which immune cells and related cytokines in CSF are used as targets. Further investigations of the new immune cell subtypes and their contributions to the development of brain diseases are needed to improve diagnostic specificity and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Han
- Guang'an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China.
| | - Binlong Zhang
- Guang'an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanzhong Ren
- JST Sarcopenia Research Centre, National Center for Orthopaedics, Beijing Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100035, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, People's Republic of China
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22
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Akama-Garren EH, Yin X, Prestwood TR, Ma M, Utz PJ, Carroll MC. T cell help shapes B cell tolerance. Sci Immunol 2024; 9:eadj7029. [PMID: 38363829 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adj7029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
T cell help is a crucial component of the normal humoral immune response, yet whether it promotes or restrains autoreactive B cell responses remains unclear. Here, we observe that autoreactive germinal centers require T cell help for their formation and persistence. Using retrogenic chimeras transduced with candidate TCRs, we demonstrate that a follicular T cell repertoire restricted to a single autoreactive TCR, but not a foreign antigen-specific TCR, is sufficient to initiate autoreactive germinal centers. Follicular T cell specificity influences the breadth of epitope spreading by regulating wild-type B cell entry into autoreactive germinal centers. These results demonstrate that TCR-dependent T cell help can promote loss of B cell tolerance and that epitope spreading is determined by TCR specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot H Akama-Garren
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xihui Yin
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tyler R Prestwood
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Minghe Ma
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Paul J Utz
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael C Carroll
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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23
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Holm Hansen R, von Essen MR, Reith Mahler M, Cobanovic S, Sellebjerg F. Sustained effects on immune cell subsets and autoreactivity in multiple sclerosis patients treated with oral cladribine. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1327672. [PMID: 38433828 PMCID: PMC10904620 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1327672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cladribine tablet therapy is an efficacious treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS). Recently, we showed that one year after the initiation of cladribine treatment, T and B cell crosstalk was impaired, reducing potentially pathogenic effector functions along with a specific reduction of autoreactivity to RAS guanyl releasing protein 2 (RASGRP2). In the present study we conducted a longitudinal analysis of the effect of cladribine treatment in patients with RRMS, focusing on the extent to which the effects observed on T and B cell subsets and autoreactivity after one year of treatment are maintained, modulated, or amplified during the second year of treatment. Methods In this case-control exploratory study, frequencies and absolute counts of peripheral T and B cell subsets and B cell cytokine production from untreated patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and patients treated with cladribine for 52 (W52), 60 (W60), 72 (W72) and 96 (W96) weeks, were measured using flow cytometry. Autoreactivity was assessed using a FluoroSpot assay. Results We found a substantial reduction in circulating memory B cells and proinflammatory B cell responses. Furthermore, we observed reduced T cell responses to autoantigens possibly presented by B cells (RASGRP2 and a-B crystallin (CRYAB)) at W52 and W96 and a further reduction in responses to the myelin antigens myelin basic protein (MBP) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) after 96 weeks. Conclusion We conclude that the effects of cladribine observed after year one are maintained and, for some effects, even increased two years after the initiation of a full course of treatment with cladribine tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Holm Hansen
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Marina Rode von Essen
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Mie Reith Mahler
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Stefan Cobanovic
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Finn Sellebjerg
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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24
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He Z, Chen Q, Wang K, Lin J, Peng Y, Zhang J, Yan X, Jie Y. Single-cell transcriptomics analysis of cellular heterogeneity and immune mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:333-357. [PMID: 38221677 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Single-cell transcriptomics analysis is an advanced technology that can describe the intracellular transcriptome in complex tissues. It profiles and analyses datasets by single-cell RNA sequencing. Neurodegenerative diseases are identified by the abnormal apoptosis of neurons in the brain with few or no effective therapy strategies at present, which has been a growing healthcare concern and brought a great burden to society. The transcriptome of individual cells provides deep insights into previously unforeseen cellular heterogeneity and gene expression differences in neurodegenerative disorders. It detects multiple cell subsets and functional changes during pathological progression, which deepens the understanding of the molecular underpinnings and cellular basis of neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, the transcriptome analysis of immune cells shows the regulation of immune response. Different subtypes of immune cells and their interaction are found to contribute to disease progression. This finding enables the discovery of novel targets and biomarkers for early diagnosis. In this review, we emphasize the principles of the technology, and its recent progress in the study of cellular heterogeneity and immune mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases. The application of single-cell transcriptomics analysis in neurodegenerative disorders would help explore the pathogenesis of these diseases and develop novel therapeutic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziping He
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Medicine Eight-Year Program, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qianqian Chen
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kaiyue Wang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Medicine Eight-Year Program, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiang Lin
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yilin Peng
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xisheng Yan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wuhan Third Hospital & Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Jie
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
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25
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Shirani A, Stuve O, Cross AH. Role of B Cells in Relapsing-Remitting and Progressive Multiple Sclerosis and Long-Term Effects of B Cell Depletion. Neurol Clin 2024; 42:137-153. [PMID: 37980111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Depletion of circulating B lymphocytes using anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) greatly reduces inflammatory activity in relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS); it reduces progression to a lesser extent in nonrelapsing progressive MS. Mechanisms whereby anti-CD20 mAbs reduce MRI and clinical relapse activity in people with RMS are still being elucidated. Anti-CD20 agents do not fully protect from nonrelapsing disease progression, possibly due to their inability to cross the blood-brain barrier and inability to ameliorate the full extent of biology of MS progression. Anti-CD20 mAbs have a relatively favorable safety profile, at least in the short-term. Long-term safety studies are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Shirani
- Division of Multiple Sclerosis, Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 988440 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-8440, USA
| | - Olaf Stuve
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8813, USA
| | - Anne H Cross
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, CB 8111, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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26
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Hoeks C, Puijfelik FV, Koetzier SC, Rip J, Corsten CEA, Wierenga-Wolf AF, Melief MJ, Stinissen P, Smolders J, Hellings N, Broux B, van Luijn MM. Differential Runx3, Eomes, and T-bet expression subdivides MS-associated CD4 + T cells with brain-homing capacity. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2350544. [PMID: 38009648 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common and devastating chronic inflammatory disease of the CNS. CD4+ T cells are assumed to be the first to cross the blood-central nervous system (CNS) barrier and trigger local inflammation. Here, we explored how pathogenicity-associated effector programs define CD4+ T cell subsets with brain-homing ability in MS. Runx3- and Eomes-, but not T-bet-expressing CD4+ memory cells were diminished in the blood of MS patients. This decline reversed following natalizumab treatment and was supported by a Runx3+ Eomes+ T-bet- enrichment in cerebrospinal fluid samples of treatment-naïve MS patients. This transcription factor profile was associated with high granzyme K (GZMK) and CCR5 levels and was most prominent in Th17.1 cells (CCR6+ CXCR3+ CCR4-/dim ). Previously published CD28- CD4 T cells were characterized by a Runx3+ Eomes- T-bet+ phenotype that coincided with intermediate CCR5 and a higher granzyme B (GZMB) and perforin expression, indicating the presence of two separate subsets. Under steady-state conditions, granzyme Khigh Th17.1 cells spontaneously passed the blood-brain barrier in vitro. This was only found for other subsets including CD28- cells when using inflamed barriers. Altogether, CD4+ T cells contain small fractions with separate pathogenic features, of which Th17.1 seems to breach the blood-brain barrier as a possible early event in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Hoeks
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- University MS Center (UMSC), Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Fabiënne van Puijfelik
- Department of Immunology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Steven C Koetzier
- Department of Immunology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jasper Rip
- Department of Immunology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cato E A Corsten
- Department of Neurology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annet F Wierenga-Wolf
- Department of Immunology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marie-José Melief
- Department of Immunology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Piet Stinissen
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- University MS Center (UMSC), Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Joost Smolders
- Department of Immunology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Niels Hellings
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- University MS Center (UMSC), Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Bieke Broux
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- University MS Center (UMSC), Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Marvin M van Luijn
- Department of Immunology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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27
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Gakis G, Angelopoulos I, Panagoulias I, Mouzaki A. Current knowledge on multiple sclerosis pathophysiology, disability progression assessment and treatment options, and the role of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Autoimmun Rev 2024; 23:103480. [PMID: 38008300 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects nearly 2.8 million people each year. MS distinguishes three main types: relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), secondary progressive MS (SPMS) and primary progressive MS (PPMS). RRMS is the most common type, with the majority of patients eventually progressing to SPMS, in which neurological development is constant, whereas PPMS is characterized by a progressive course from disease onset. New or additional insights into the role of effector and regulatory cells of the immune and CNS systems, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, and the microbiome in the pathophysiology of MS have emerged, which may lead to the development of more targeted therapies that can halt or reverse neurodegeneration. Depending on the type and severity of the disease, various disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) are currently used for RRMS/SPMS and PPMS. As a last resort, and especially in highly active RRMS that does not respond to DMTs, autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) is performed and has shown good results in reducing neuroinflammation. Nevertheless, the question of its potential role in preventing disability progression remains open. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive update on MS pathophysiology, assessment of MS disability progression and current treatments, and to examine the potential role of AHSCT in preventing disability progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Gakis
- Laboratory of Immunohematology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Ioannis Angelopoulos
- Laboratory of Immunohematology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Ioannis Panagoulias
- Laboratory of Immunohematology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Athanasia Mouzaki
- Laboratory of Immunohematology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
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28
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De Francesco MA. Herpesviridae, Neurodegenerative Disorders and Autoimmune Diseases: What Is the Relationship between Them? Viruses 2024; 16:133. [PMID: 38257833 PMCID: PMC10818483 DOI: 10.3390/v16010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease represent the most common forms of cognitive impairment. Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system responsible for severe disability. An aberrant immune response is the cause of myelin destruction that covers axons in the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease characterized by alteration of B cell activation, while Sjögren's syndrome is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease characterized by altered immune responses. The etiology of all these diseases is very complex, including an interrelationship between genetic factors, principally immune associated genes, and environmental factors such as infectious agents. However, neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases share proinflammatory signatures and a perturbation of adaptive immunity that might be influenced by herpesviruses. Therefore, they might play a critical role in the disease pathogenesis. The aim of this review was to summarize the principal findings that link herpesviruses to both neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases; moreover, briefly underlining the potential therapeutic approach of virus vaccination and antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonia De Francesco
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute of Microbiology, University of Brescia-ASST Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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29
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Lee CY, Chan KH. Personalized Use of Disease-Modifying Therapies in Multiple Sclerosis. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:120. [PMID: 38258130 PMCID: PMC10820407 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an important neurological disease affecting millions of young patients globally. It is encouraging that more than ten disease-modifying drugs became available for use in the past two decades. These disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) have different levels of efficacy, routes of administration, adverse effect profiles and concerns for pregnancy. Much knowledge and caution are needed for their appropriate use in MS patients who are heterogeneous in clinical features and severity, lesion load on magnetic resonance imaging and response to DMT. We aim for an updated review of the concept of personalization in the use of DMT for relapsing MS patients. Shared decision making with consideration for the preference and expectation of patients who understand the potential efficacy/benefits and risks of DMT is advocated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yan Lee
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, 405B, 4/F, Professorial Block, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
- Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Research Laboratory, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Koon-Ho Chan
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, 405B, 4/F, Professorial Block, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
- Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Research Laboratory, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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30
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Gottlieb A, Pham HPT, Saltarrelli JG, Lindsey JW. Expanded T lymphocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients are specific for Epstein-Barr-virus-infected B cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2315857121. [PMID: 38190525 PMCID: PMC10801919 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2315857121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection has long been associated with multiple sclerosis (MS), but the role of EBV in the pathogenesis of MS is not clear. Our hypothesis is that a major fraction of the expanded clones of T lymphocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are specific for autologous EBV-infected B cells. We obtained blood and CSF samples from eight relapsing-remitting patients in the process of diagnosis. We stimulated cells from the blood with autologous EBV-infected lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL), EBV, varicella zoster virus, influenza, and candida and sorted the responding cells with flow cytometry after 6 d. We sequenced the RNA for T cell receptors (TCR) from CSF, unselected blood cells, and the antigen-specific cells. We used the TCR Vβ CDR3 sequences from the antigen-specific cells to assign antigen specificity to the sequences from the CSF and blood. LCL-specific cells comprised 13.0 ± 4.3% (mean ± SD) of the total reads present in CSF and 13.3 ± 7.5% of the reads present in blood. The next most abundant antigen specificity was flu, which was 4.7 ± 1.7% of the reads in the CSF and 9.3 ± 6.6% in the blood. The prominence of LCL-specific reads was even more marked in the top 1% most abundant CSF clones with statistically significant 47% mean overlap with LCL. We conclude that LCL-specific sequences form a major portion of the TCR repertoire in both CSF and blood and that expanded clones specific for LCL are present in MS CSF. This has important implications for the pathogenesis of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Gottlieb
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX77030
| | - H. Phuong T. Pham
- Division of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX77030
| | - Jerome G. Saltarrelli
- Department of Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX77030
| | - J. William Lindsey
- Division of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX77030
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31
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Keehn CC, Yazdian A, Hunt PJ, Davila-Siliezar P, Laylani NA, Lee AG. Monoclonal antibodies in neuro-ophthalmology. Saudi J Ophthalmol 2024; 38:13-24. [PMID: 38628411 PMCID: PMC11017005 DOI: 10.4103/sjopt.sjopt_256_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuro-ophthalmologic diseases include a broad range of disorders affecting the afferent and efferent visual pathways. Recently, monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapies have emerged as a promising targeted approach in the management of several of these complex conditions. Here, we describe the mechanism-specific applications and advancements in neuro-ophthalmologic mAb therapies. The application of mAbs in neuro-ophthalmologic diseases highlights our increasing understanding of disease-specific mechanisms in autoimmune conditions such as neuromyelitis optica, thyroid eye disease, and myasthenia gravis. Due to the specificity of mAb therapies, applications in neuro-ophthalmologic diseases have yielded exceptional clinical outcomes, including both reduced rate of relapse and progression to disability, visual function preservation, and quality of life improvement. These advancements have not only expanded the range of treatable neuro-ophthalmologic diseases but also reduced adverse events and increased the response rate to treatment. Further research into neuro-ophthalmologic disease mechanisms will provide accurate and specific targeting of important disease mediators through applications of future mAbs. As our understanding of these diseases and the relevant therapeutic targets evolve, we will continue to build on our understanding of how mAbs interfere with disease pathogenesis, and how these changes improve clinical outcomes and quality of life for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C. Keehn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Arman Yazdian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Patrick J. Hunt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Pamela Davila-Siliezar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, USA
| | - Noor A. Laylani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, USA
| | - Andrew G. Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Texas A and M College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
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32
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Liblau RS, Latorre D, Kornum BR, Dauvilliers Y, Mignot EJ. The immunopathogenesis of narcolepsy type 1. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:33-48. [PMID: 37400646 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00902-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is a chronic sleep disorder resulting from the loss of a small population of hypothalamic neurons that produce wake-promoting hypocretin (HCRT; also known as orexin) peptides. An immune-mediated pathology for NT1 has long been suspected given its exceptionally tight association with the MHC class II allele HLA-DQB1*06:02, as well as recent genetic evidence showing associations with polymorphisms of T cell receptor genes and other immune-relevant loci and the increased incidence of NT1 that has been observed after vaccination with the influenza vaccine Pandemrix. The search for both self-antigens and foreign antigens recognized by the pathogenic T cell response in NT1 is ongoing. Increased T cell reactivity against HCRT has been consistently reported in patients with NT1, but data demonstrating a primary role for T cells in neuronal destruction are currently lacking. Animal models are providing clues regarding the roles of autoreactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the disease. Elucidation of the pathogenesis of NT1 will allow for the development of targeted immunotherapies at disease onset and could serve as a model for other immune-mediated neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland S Liblau
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, CNRS, INSERM, Toulouse, France.
- Department of Immunology, Toulouse University Hospitals, Toulouse, France.
| | | | - Birgitte R Kornum
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- National Reference Center for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia and Kleine-Levin Syndrome, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INSERM Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuel J Mignot
- Stanford University, Center for Narcolepsy, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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33
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Nicolàs LSDS, Czarnowicki T, Akdis M, Pujol RM, Lozano-Ojalvo D, Leung DYM, Guttman-Yassky E, Santamaria-Babí LF. CLA+ memory T cells in atopic dermatitis. Allergy 2024; 79:15-25. [PMID: 37439317 DOI: 10.1111/all.15816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Circulating skin-homing cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen (CLA)+ T cells constitute a small subset of human memory T cells involved in several aspects of atopic dermatitis: Staphylococcus aureus related mechanisms, the abnormal Th2 immune response, biomarkers, clinical aspects of the patients, pruritus, and the mechanism of action of targeted therapies. Superantigens, IL-13, IL-31, pruritus, CCL17 and early effects on dupilumab-treated patients have in common that they are associated with the CLA+ T cell mechanisms in atopic dermatitis patients. The function of CLA+ T cells corresponds with the role of T cells belonging to the skin-associated lymphoid tissue and could be a reason why they reflect different mechanisms of atopic dermatitis and many other T cell mediated skin diseases. The goal of this review is to gather all this translational information of atopic dermatitis pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lídia Sans-de San Nicolàs
- Immunologia Translacional, Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Parc Científic de Barcelona (PCB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tali Czarnowicki
- Shaare Zedek Medical Center, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos-Wolfgang, Switzerland
| | - Ramon M Pujol
- Departament de Dermatologia, Hospital del Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Lozano-Ojalvo
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Donald Y M Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Emma Guttman-Yassky
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Luis F Santamaria-Babí
- Immunologia Translacional, Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Parc Científic de Barcelona (PCB), Barcelona, Spain
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34
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Asplund Högelin K, Isac B, Khademi M, Al Nimer F. B cell activating factor levels are linked to distinct B cell markers in multiple sclerosis and following B cell depletion and repopulation. Clin Immunol 2024; 258:109870. [PMID: 38101497 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the important role of B cells in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). B cell activating factor (BAFF) and A proliferation inducing ligand (APRIL) play a major role in B cell survival and homeostasis. Here, we studied the association of BAFF and APRIL with B cell immune markers in MS and following B cell depletion and repopulation. We found that BAFF but not APRIL was significantly higher in plasma in untreated MS compared to controls. BAFF increased after rituximab treatment and decreased again during repopulation displaying an inverse correlation with B cell numbers, and more specifically switched memory B cell numbers. Cerebrospinal fluid BAFF inversely correlated with IgG index. BAFF displayed an inverse association to anti-EBV-CA antibodies. In summary, our study identified immune cells and factors that might regulate or be regulated by BAFF and APRIL levels in MS, and during B cell depletion and repopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Asplund Högelin
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Beshoy Isac
- Biomedical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mohsen Khademi
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Faiez Al Nimer
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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35
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Arisi I, Malimpensa L, Manzini V, Brandi R, Gosetti di Sturmeck T, D’Amelio C, Crisafulli S, Ferrazzano G, Belvisi D, Malerba F, Florio R, Pascale E, Soreq H, Salvetti M, Cattaneo A, D’Onofrio M, Conte A. Cladribine and ocrelizumab induce differential miRNA profiles in peripheral blood mononucleated cells from relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1234869. [PMID: 38152407 PMCID: PMC10751352 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1234869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, progressive neurological disease characterized by early-stage neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and demyelination that involves a spectrum of heterogeneous clinical manifestations in terms of disease course and response to therapy. Even though several disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) are available to prevent MS-related brain damage-acting on the peripheral immune system with an indirect effect on MS lesions-individualizing therapy according to disease characteristics and prognostic factors is still an unmet need. Given that deregulated miRNAs have been proposed as diagnostic tools in neurodegenerative/neuroinflammatory diseases such as MS, we aimed to explore miRNA profiles as potential classifiers of the relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients' prospects to gain a more effective DMT choice and achieve a preferential drug response. Methods A total of 25 adult patients with RRMS were enrolled in a cohort study, according to the latest McDonald criteria before (pre-cladribine, pre-CLA; pre-ocrelizumab, pre-OCRE, time T0) and after high-efficacy DMTs, time T1, 6 months post-CLA (n = 10, 7 F and 3 M, age 39.0 ± 7.5) or post-OCRE (n = 15, 10 F and 5 M, age 40.5 ± 10.4) treatment. A total of 15 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects (9 F and 6 M, age 36.3 ± 3.0) were also selected. By using Agilent microarrays, we analyzed miRNA profiles from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). miRNA-target networks were obtained by miRTargetLink, and Pearson's correlation served to estimate the association between miRNAs and outcome clinical features. Results First, the miRNA profiles of pre-CLA or pre-OCRE RRMS patients compared to healthy controls identified modulated miRNA patterns (40 and seven miRNAs, respectively). A direct comparison of the two pre-treatment groups at T0 and T1 revealed more pro-inflammatory patterns in the pre-CLA miRNA profiles. Moreover, both DMTs emerged as being capable of reverting some dysregulated miRNAs toward a protective phenotype. Both drug-dependent miRNA profiles and specific miRNAs, such as miR-199a-3p, miR-29b-3p, and miR-151a-3p, emerged as potentially involved in these drug-induced mechanisms. This enabled the selection of miRNAs correlated to clinical features and the related miRNA-mRNA network. Discussion These data support the hypothesis of specific deregulated miRNAs as putative biomarkers in RRMS patients' stratification and DMT drug response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Arisi
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) Rita Levi-Montalcini, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Leonardo Malimpensa
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Valeria Manzini
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) Rita Levi-Montalcini, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Brandi
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) Rita Levi-Montalcini, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Chiara D’Amelio
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) Rita Levi-Montalcini, Rome, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Crisafulli
- Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Gina Ferrazzano
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Belvisi
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Malerba
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) Rita Levi-Montalcini, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Florio
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) Rita Levi-Montalcini, Rome, Italy
| | - Esterina Pascale
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and of Biotechnologies, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Hermona Soreq
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center of Brain Science and The Life Sciences Institute, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Marco Salvetti
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino Cattaneo
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) Rita Levi-Montalcini, Rome, Italy
- Bio@SNS Laboratory of Biology, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mara D’Onofrio
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI) Rita Levi-Montalcini, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Conte
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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36
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Thomas OG, Olsson T. Mimicking the brain: Epstein-Barr virus and foreign agents as drivers of neuroimmune attack in multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1304281. [PMID: 38022632 PMCID: PMC10655090 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1304281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells have an essential role in adaptive immunity against pathogens and cancer, but failure of thymic tolerance mechanisms can instead lead to escape of T cells with the ability to attack host tissues. Multiple sclerosis (MS) occurs when structures such as myelin and neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) are the target of autoreactive immune responses, resulting in lesions in the brain and spinal cord which cause varied and episodic neurological deficits. A role for autoreactive T cell and antibody responses in MS is likely, and mounting evidence implicates Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in disease mechanisms. In this review we discuss antigen specificity of T cells involved in development and progression of MS. We examine the current evidence that these T cells can target multiple antigens such as those from pathogens including EBV and briefly describe other mechanisms through which viruses could affect disease. Unravelling the complexity of the autoantigen T cell repertoire is essential for understanding key events in the development and progression of MS, with wider implications for development of future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia G. Thomas
- Therapeutic Immune Design, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Therapeutic Immune Design, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Neziraj T, Siewert L, Pössnecker E, Pröbstel AK. Therapeutic targeting of gut-originating regulatory B cells in neuroinflammatory diseases. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250033. [PMID: 37624875 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Bregs) are immunosuppressive cells that support immunological tolerance by the production of IL-10, IL-35, and TGF-β. Bregs arise from different developmental stages in response to inflammatory stimuli. In that regard, mounting evidence points towards a direct influence of gut microbiota on mucosal B cell development, activation, and regulation in health and disease. While an increasing number of diseases are associated with alterations in gut microbiome (dysbiosis), little is known about the role of microbiota on Breg development and induction in neuroinflammatory disorders. Notably, gut-originating, IL-10- and IgA-producing regulatory plasma cells have recently been demonstrated to egress from the gut to suppress inflammation in the CNS raising fundamental questions about the triggers and functions of mucosal-originating Bregs in systemic inflammation. Advancing our understanding of Bregs in neuroinflammatory diseases could lead to novel therapeutic approaches. Here, we summarize the main aspects of Breg differentiation and functions and evidence about their involvement in neuroinflammatory diseases. Further, we highlight current data of gut-originating Bregs and their microbial interactions and discuss future microbiota-regulatory B cell-targeted therapies in immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tradite Neziraj
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital of Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital of Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lena Siewert
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital of Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital of Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Pössnecker
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital of Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital of Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Katrin Pröbstel
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Departments of Biomedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital of Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital of Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Fahlquist-Hagert C, Wittenborn TR, Terczyńska-Dyla E, Kastberg KS, Yang E, Rallistan AN, Markett QR, Winther G, Fonager S, Voss LF, Pedersen MK, van Campen N, Ferapontov A, Jensen L, Huang J, Nieland JD, van der Poel CE, Palmfeldt J, Carroll MC, Utz PJ, Luo Y, Lin L, Degn SE. Antigen presentation by B cells enables epitope spreading across an MHC barrier. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6941. [PMID: 37907556 PMCID: PMC10618542 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42541-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Circumstantial evidence suggests that B cells may instruct T cells to break tolerance. Here, to test this hypothesis, we used a murine model in which a single B cell clone precipitates an autoreactive response resembling systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The initiating clone did not need to enter germinal centers to precipitate epitope spreading. Rather, it localized to extrafollicular splenic bridging channels early in the response. Autoantibody produced by the initiating clone was not sufficient to drive the autoreactive response. Subsequent epitope spreading depended on antigen presentation and was compartmentalized by major histocompatibility complex (MHC). B cells carrying two MHC haplotypes could bridge the MHC barrier between B cells that did not share MHC. Thus, B cells directly relay autoreactivity between two separate compartments of MHC-restricted T cells, leading to inclusion of distinct B cell populations in germinal centers. Our findings demonstrate that B cells initiate and propagate the autoimmune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Fahlquist-Hagert
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Biology, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Thomas R Wittenborn
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Biology, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ewa Terczyńska-Dyla
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Biology, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Emily Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alysa Nicole Rallistan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Quinton Raymond Markett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gudrun Winther
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Biology, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Sofie Fonager
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Biology, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lasse F Voss
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Biology, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mathias K Pedersen
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Biology, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Nina van Campen
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Biology, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexey Ferapontov
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Biology, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- CellPAT Center for Cellular Signal Patterns, iNANO, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Jensen
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Biology, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jinrong Huang
- DREAM Laboratory for Applied Genome Technologies, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - John D Nieland
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Gistrup, Denmark
| | - Cees E van der Poel
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Dragonfly Therapeutics, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Johan Palmfeldt
- Research Unit for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Michael C Carroll
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul J Utz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yonglun Luo
- DREAM Laboratory for Applied Genome Technologies, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Lin Lin
- DREAM Laboratory for Applied Genome Technologies, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Søren E Degn
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Biology, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
- CellPAT Center for Cellular Signal Patterns, iNANO, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Falker-Gieske C. Transcriptome driven discovery of novel candidate genes for human neurological disorders in the telomer-to-telomer genome assembly era. Hum Genomics 2023; 17:94. [PMID: 37872607 PMCID: PMC10594789 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-023-00543-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the first complete draft of a human genome, the Telomere-to-Telomere Consortium unlocked previously concealed genomic regions for genetic analyses. These regions harbour nearly 2000 potential novel genes with unknown function. In order to uncover candidate genes associated with human neurological pathologies, a comparative transcriptome study using the T2T-CHM13 and the GRCh38 genome assemblies was conducted on previously published datasets for eight distinct human neurological disorders. RESULTS The analysis of differential expression in RNA sequencing data led to the identification of 336 novel candidate genes linked to human neurological disorders. Additionally, it was revealed that, on average, 3.6% of the differentially expressed genes detected with the GRCh38 assembly may represent potential false positives. Among the noteworthy findings, two novel genes were discovered, one encoding a pore-structured protein and the other a highly ordered β-strand-rich protein. These genes exhibited upregulation in multiple epilepsy datasets and hold promise as candidate genes potentially modulating the progression of the disease. Furthermore, an analysis of RNA derived from white matter lesions in multiple sclerosis patients indicated significant upregulation of 26 rRNA encoding genes. Additionally, putative pathology related genes were identified for Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, glioblastoma, glioma, and conditions resulting from the m.3242 A > G mtDNA mutation. CONCLUSION The results presented here underline the potential of the T2T-CHM13 assembly in facilitating the discovery of candidate genes from transcriptome data in the context of human disorders. Moreover, the results demonstrate the value of remapping sequencing data to a superior genome assembly. Numerous potential pathology related genes, either as causative factors or related elements, have been unveiled, warranting further experimental validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Falker-Gieske
- Division of Functional Breeding, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Burckhardtweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
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Puthenparampil M, Gaggiola M, Miscioscia A, Mauceri VA, De Napoli F, Zanotelli G, Anglani M, Nosadini M, Sartori S, Perini P, Rinaldi F, Gallo P. Alemtuzumab following natalizumab is more effective in adult-onset than paediatric-onset multiple sclerosis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2023; 16:17562864231177196. [PMID: 37808246 PMCID: PMC10559704 DOI: 10.1177/17562864231177196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Paediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (POMS) therapeutic approach derives from of adult-onset multiple sclerosis (AOMS) tailored algorithms. Objectives To evaluate in a common clinical scenario the efficacy and safety of alemtuzumab (ALZ) in POMS and AOMS. Methods All patients switching from natalizumab (NTZ) to ALZ for safety concerns (high anti-John Cunningham Virus Antibody Index value, anti-JCV Index) were enrolled in this single-centre, retrospective, case-control open-label study. Results Ten POMS and 27 AOMS were followed up for 51.3 months. After month 12, we found a lower risk of clinical or radiological relapses among AOMS patients and among patients with older age at ALZ (both p < 0.05). Survival analysis revealed an increased risk of relapse in POMS compared with AOMS (logrank p = 0.00498) and patients starting ALZ before age 22.75 years than the elder ones (logrank p = 0.0018). Survival analysis did not disclose any difference between AOMS and POMS (logrank p = 0.27) in terms of progression independent of any relapse activity (PIRA). In addition, no evidence of relapse-associated worsening was observed. Autoimmune events were reported by 5 AOMS and no POMS (29.4% versus 0.0%, p = 0.057), and survival analysis was not significant (logrank p = 0.0786). Conclusion ALZ seems more effective in AOMS than in POMS following NTZ. These findings underrate ALZ effectiveness when shifting from NTZ in POMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Puthenparampil
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Giustiniani 5, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marta Gaggiola
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Miscioscia
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
- Padua Neuroscience Centre, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Valentina Annamaria Mauceri
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Federica De Napoli
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Zanotelli
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Margherita Nosadini
- Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Neuroimmunology Group, Paediatric Research Institute ‘Città della Speranza’, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Sartori
- Paediatric Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Neuroimmunology Group, Paediatric Research Institute ‘Città della Speranza’, Padova, Italy
| | - Paola Perini
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Rinaldi
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Gallo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Padova, Italy
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Zong B, Yu F, Zhang X, Zhao W, Li S, Li L. Mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of physical exercise on multiple sclerosis: focus on immune cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1260663. [PMID: 37841264 PMCID: PMC10570846 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1260663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a prevalent neuroimmunological illness that leads to neurological disability in young adults. Although the etiology of MS is heterogeneous, it is well established that aberrant activity of adaptive and innate immune cells plays a crucial role in its pathogenesis. Several immune cell abnormalities have been described in MS and its animal models, including T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, neutrophils, microglia/macrophages, and astrocytes, among others. Physical exercise offers a valuable alternative or adjunctive disease-modifying therapy for MS. A growing body of evidence indicates that exercise may reduce the autoimmune responses triggered by immune cells in MS. This is partially accomplished by restricting the infiltration of peripheral immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma, curbing hyperactivation of immune cells, and facilitating a transition in the balance of immune cells from a pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory state. This review provides a succinct overview of the correlation between physical exercise, immune cells, and MS pathology, and highlights the potential benefits of exercise as a strategy for the prevention and treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyi Zong
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengzhi Yu
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyou Zhang
- School of Physical Education, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenrui Zhao
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Shichang Li
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Li
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Zhao X, Sun L, Wang J, Xu X, Ni S, Liu M, Hu K. Nose to brain delivery of Astragaloside IV by β-Asarone modified chitosan nanoparticles for multiple sclerosis therapy. Int J Pharm 2023; 644:123351. [PMID: 37640088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disease, has been considered an inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) with demyelination and axonal damage. Although there are certain first-line therapies to treat MS, their unsatisfactory efficacy is partly due to the limited CNS access after systemic administration. Besides, there is an urgent need to treat MS by enhancing remyelination or neuroprotection, or dampen the activity of microglia. Astragaloside IV (ASI) bears anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, remyelination and neuroprotective activity. While its poor permeability, relatively high molecular weight and low lipophilicity restrict it to reach the brain. Therefore, β-asarone modified ASI loaded chitosan nanoparticles (ASI-βCS-NP) were prepared to enhance the nose-to-brain delivery and therapeutic effects of ASI on EAE mice. The prepared ASI-βCS-NP showed mean size of about 120 nm, and zeta potential from +19 to +25 mV. DiR-βCS-NP was confirmed with good nose-to-brain targeting ability. After intranasal administration, the ASI-βCS-NP significantly reduced behavioral scores, decreased weight loss, suppressed inflammatory infiltration and astrocyte/microglial activation, reduced demyelination and increased remyelination on a mice EAE model. Our findings indicate that ASI-βCS-NP may be a potent treatment for MS after nose-to-brain drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhao
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Lixue Sun
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Xiaolu Xu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Shuting Ni
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Mei Liu
- Industrial Development Center of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Kaili Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
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Holm Hansen R, von Essen MR, Mahler MR, Cobanovic S, Binko TS, Sellebjerg F. Cladribine Effects on T and B Cells and T Cell Reactivity in Multiple Sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2023; 94:518-530. [PMID: 37191113 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cladribine tablet therapy is an efficacious treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS), however, its mechanism of action on T and B cell subsets remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the treatment effects of cladribine on the peripheral pool of T and B cells subsets and reactivity toward central nervous system (CNS) antigens. METHODS In this cross-sectional exploratory study, frequencies and absolute counts of peripheral T and B cell subsets and B cell cytokine production from untreated patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and patients treated with cladribine for 1 year were measured using flow cytometry. Autoreactivity was assessed using a FluoroSpot assay. RESULTS We found that 1 year after initiation of cladribine treatment, a lower number of CD4+ T cells was persisting whereas CD19+ B cell counts were normalized compared to untreated patients with RRMS. Follicular helper T cells and their effecter subsets producing cytokines exerting distinct B cell helper activity were lower and, additionally, the peripheral B cell pool was skewed toward a naïve and anti-inflammatory phenotype. Finally, reactivity to the recently identified CNS-enriched autoantigen RAS guanyl-releasing protein 2 (RASGRP2), but not to myelin basic protein and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, was lower in cladribine-treated patients. INTERPRETATION Together, these investigations on T and B cell subsets suggest that cladribine treatment impairs the B-T cell crosstalk and reduces their ability to mediate pathogenic effector functions. This may result in specific reduction of autoreactivity to RASGRP2 which is expressed in B cells and brain tissue. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:518-530.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Holm Hansen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Marina Rode von Essen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Mie Reith Mahler
- Department of Neurology, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Stefan Cobanovic
- Department of Neurology, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Tomas Sorm Binko
- Department of Neurology, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Finn Sellebjerg
- Department of Neurology, Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Yang H, Qin Q, Wang M, Yin Y, Li R, Tang Y. Crosstalk between peripheral immunity and central nervous system in Alzheimer's disease. Cell Immunol 2023; 391-392:104743. [PMID: 37451918 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2023.104743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The significance of peripheral immunity in the pathogenesis and progression of Alzheimer's diseases (AD) has been recognized. Brain-infiltrated peripheral immune components transporting across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) may reshape the central immune environment. However, mechanisms of how these components open the BBB for AD occurrence and development and correlations between peripheral and central immunity have not been fully explored. Herein, we formulate a hypothesis whereby peripheral immunity as a critical factor allows AD to progress. Peripheral central immune cell crosstalk is associated with early AD pathology and related risk factors. The damaged BBB permits peripheral immune cells to enter the central immune system to deprive its immune privilege promoting the progression toward developing AD. This review summarizes the influences of risk factors on peripheral immunity, alongside their functions, highlighting the concept of peripheral and central immunity as an integrated system in AD pathogenesis, which has received scant attention before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanchen Yang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Qin
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yunsi Yin
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiyang Li
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Tang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China; Neurodegenerative Laboratory of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China.
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Nuesslein-Hildesheim B, Ferrero E, Schmid C, Huck C, Smith P, Tisserand S, Rubert J, Bornancin F, Eichlisberger D, Cenni B. Remibrutinib (LOU064) inhibits neuroinflammation driven by B cells and myeloid cells in preclinical models of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:194. [PMID: 37633912 PMCID: PMC10463946 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02877-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a key signaling node in B cell receptor (BCR) and Fc receptor (FcR) signaling. BTK inhibitors (BTKi) are an emerging oral treatment option for patients suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS). Remibrutinib (LOU064) is a potent, highly selective covalent BTKi with a promising preclinical and clinical profile for MS and other autoimmune or autoallergic indications. METHODS The efficacy and mechanism of action of remibrutinib was assessed in two different experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse models for MS. The impact of remibrutinib on B cell-driven EAE pathology was determined after immunization with human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (HuMOG). The efficacy on myeloid cell and microglia driven neuroinflammation was determined in the RatMOG EAE. In addition, we assessed the relationship of efficacy to BTK occupancy in tissue, ex vivo T cell response, as well as single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) in brain and spinal cord tissue. RESULTS Remibrutinib inhibited B cell-dependent HuMOG EAE in dose-dependent manner and strongly reduced neurological symptoms. At the efficacious oral dose of 30 mg/kg, remibrutinib showed strong BTK occupancy in the peripheral immune organs and in the brain of EAE mice. Ex vivo MOG-specific T cell recall response was reduced, but not polyclonal T cell response, indicating absence of non-specific T cell inhibition. Remibrutinib also inhibited RatMOG EAE, suggesting that myeloid cell and microglia inhibition contribute to its efficacy in EAE. Remibrutinib did not reduce B cells, total Ig levels nor MOG-specific antibody response. In brain and spinal cord tissue a clear anti-inflammatory effect in microglia was detected by scRNA-seq. Finally, remibrutinib showed potent inhibition of in vitro immune complex-driven inflammatory response in human microglia. CONCLUSION Remibrutinib inhibited EAE models by a two-pronged mechanism based on inhibition of pathogenic B cell autoreactivity, as well as direct anti-inflammatory effects in microglia. Remibrutinib showed efficacy in both models in absence of direct B cell depletion, broad T cell inhibition or reduction of total Ig levels. These findings support the view that remibrutinib may represent a novel treatment option for patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrico Ferrero
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cindy Schmid
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Huck
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Sarah Tisserand
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joelle Rubert
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Bruno Cenni
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
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Aran A, Lázaro G, Marco V, Molina E, Abancó F, Peg V, Gión M, Garrigós L, Pérez-García J, Cortés J, Martí M. Analysis of tumor infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ CDR3 sequences reveals shared features putatively associated to the anti-tumor immune response. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1227766. [PMID: 37600765 PMCID: PMC10436466 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1227766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have predictive and prognostic value in breast cancer (BC) and exert a protective function against tumor growth, indicating that it is susceptible to treatment using adoptive cell transfer of TILs or T cell receptor (TCR)-based therapies. TCR can be used to identify naturally tumor-reactive T cells, but little is known about the differences in the TCR repertoires of CD4+ and CD8+ TILs. Methods TCR high-throughput sequencing was performed using TILs derived from the initial cultures of 11 BC biopsies and expanded and sorted CD4+ and CD8+ TILs as well as using PBMCs from healthy donors expanded and sorted using the same methodology. Results Physicochemical TCR differences between T cell subsets were observed, as CD4+ TILs presented larger N(D)Nnt TRB sequences and with a higher usage of positively charged residues, although only the latest was also observed in peripheral T cells from healthy individuals. Moreover, in CD4+ TILs, a more restricted TCR repertoire with a higher abundance of similar sequences containing certain amino acid motifs was observed. Discussion Some differences between CD4+ and CD8+ TCRs were intrinsic to T cell subsets as can also be observed in peripheral T cells from healthy individuals, while other were only found in TILs samples and therefore may be tumor-driven. Notably, the higher similarity among CD4+ TCRs suggests a higher TCR promiscuity in this subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Aran
- Immunology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Lázaro
- Immunology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Vicente Marco
- Pathology, Hospital Quironsalud Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisa Molina
- Immunology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ferran Abancó
- Immunology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Vicente Peg
- Pathology Department, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Gión
- Medical Oncology Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laia Garrigós
- International Breast Cancer Center (IBCC), Pangaea Oncology, Quironsalud Group, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Pérez-García
- International Breast Cancer Center (IBCC), Pangaea Oncology, Quironsalud Group, Barcelona, Spain
- Medical Scientia Innovation Research (MedSIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Cortés
- International Breast Cancer Center (IBCC), Pangaea Oncology, Quironsalud Group, Barcelona, Spain
- Medical Scientia Innovation Research (MedSIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercè Martí
- Immunology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
- Biosensing and Bioanalysis Group, Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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Hecker M, Fitzner B, Boxberger N, Putscher E, Engelmann R, Bergmann W, Müller M, Ludwig-Portugall I, Schwartz M, Meister S, Dudesek A, Winkelmann A, Koczan D, Zettl UK. Transcriptome alterations in peripheral blood B cells of patients with multiple sclerosis receiving immune reconstitution therapy. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:181. [PMID: 37533036 PMCID: PMC10394872 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02859-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease that leads to irreversible damage to the brain and spinal cord. The goal of so-called "immune reconstitution therapies" (IRTs) is to achieve long-term disease remission by eliminating a pathogenic immune repertoire through intense short-term immune cell depletion. B cells are major targets for effective immunotherapy in MS. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to analyze the gene expression pattern of B cells before and during IRT (i.e., before B-cell depletion and after B-cell repopulation) to better understand the therapeutic effects and to identify biomarker candidates of the clinical response to therapy. METHODS B cells were obtained from blood samples of patients with relapsing-remitting MS (n = 50), patients with primary progressive MS (n = 13) as well as healthy controls (n = 28). The patients with relapsing MS received either monthly infusions of natalizumab (n = 29) or a pulsed IRT with alemtuzumab (n = 15) or cladribine (n = 6). B-cell subpopulation frequencies were determined by flow cytometry, and transcriptome profiling was performed using Clariom D arrays. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the patient groups and controls were examined with regard to their functions and interactions. We also tested for differences in gene expression between patients with and without relapse following alemtuzumab administration. RESULTS Patients treated with alemtuzumab or cladribine showed on average a > 20% lower proportion of memory B cells as compared to before IRT. This was paralleled by profound transcriptome shifts, with > 6000 significant DEGs after adjustment for multiple comparisons. The top DEGs were found to regulate apoptosis, cell adhesion and RNA processing, and the most highly connected nodes in the network of encoded proteins were ESR2, PHB and RC3H1. Higher mRNA levels of BCL2, IL13RA1 and SLC38A11 were seen in patients with relapse despite IRT, though these differences did not pass the false discovery rate correction. CONCLUSIONS We show that B cells circulating in the blood of patients with MS undergoing IRT present a distinct gene expression signature, and we delineated the associated biological processes and gene interactions. Moreover, we identified genes whose expression may be an indicator of relapse risk, but further studies are needed to verify their potential value as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hecker
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Brit Fitzner
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany
| | - Nina Boxberger
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany
| | - Elena Putscher
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany
| | - Robby Engelmann
- Clinic III (Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine), Special Hematology Laboratory, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Wendy Bergmann
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 70, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael Müller
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 70, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Margit Schwartz
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefanie Meister
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ales Dudesek
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Winkelmann
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany
| | - Dirk Koczan
- Institute of Immunology, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 70, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Uwe Klaus Zettl
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany
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Londoño AC, Mora CA. Continued dysregulation of the B cell lineage promotes multiple sclerosis activity despite disease modifying therapies. F1000Res 2023; 10:1305. [PMID: 37655229 PMCID: PMC10467621 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.74506.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A clear understanding of the origin and role of the different subtypes of the B cell lineage involved in the activity or remission of multiple sclerosis (MS) is important for the treatment and follow-up of patients living with this disease. B cells, however, are dynamic and can play an anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory role, depending on their milieu. Depletion of B cells has been effective in controlling the progression of MS, but it can have adverse side effects. A better understanding of the role of the B cell subtypes, through the use of surface biomarkers of cellular activity with special attention to the function of memory and other regulatory B cells (Bregs), will be necessary in order to offer specific treatments without inducing undesirable effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Londoño
- Neurologia y Neuroimagen, Instituto Neurologico de Colombia (INDEC), Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Carlos A. Mora
- Spine & Brain Institute, Ascension St. Vincent's Riverside Hospital, Jacksonville, FL, 32204, USA
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Hedström AK. Risk factors for multiple sclerosis in the context of Epstein-Barr virus infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1212676. [PMID: 37554326 PMCID: PMC10406387 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1212676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Compelling evidence indicates that Epstein Barr virus (EBV) infection is a prerequisite for multiple sclerosis (MS). The disease may arise from a complex interplay between latent EBV infection, genetic predisposition, and various environmental and lifestyle factors that negatively affect immune control of the infection. Evidence of gene-environment interactions and epigenetic modifications triggered by environmental factors in genetically susceptible individuals supports this view. This review gives a short introduction to EBV and host immunity and discusses evidence indicating EBV as a prerequisite for MS. The role of genetic and environmental risk factors, and their interactions, in MS pathogenesis is reviewed and put in the context of EBV infection. Finally, possible preventive measures are discussed based on the findings presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Karin Hedström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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50
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Chunder R, Schropp V, Marzin M, Amor S, Kuerten S. A Dual Role of Osteopontin in Modifying B Cell Responses. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1969. [PMID: 37509608 PMCID: PMC10377065 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of B cell aggregates within the central nervous system (CNS) has prompted the investigation of the potential sources of pathogenic B cell and T cell responses in a subgroup of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Nevertheless, the expression profile of molecules associated with these aggregates and their role in aggregate development and persistence is poorly described. Here, we focused on the expression pattern of osteopontin (OPN), which is a well-described cytokine, in MS brain tissue. Autopsied brain sections from MS cases with and without B cell pathology were screened for the presence of CD20+ B cell aggregates and co-expression of OPN. To demonstrate the effect of OPN on B cells, flow cytometry, ELISA and in vitro aggregation assays were conducted using the peripheral blood of healthy volunteers. Although OPN was expressed in MS brain tissue independent of B cell pathology, it was also highly expressed within B cell aggregates. In vitro studies demonstrated that OPN downregulated the co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 on B cells. OPN-treated B cells produced significantly lower amounts of IL-6. However, OPN-treated B cells also exhibited a higher tendency to form homotypic cell aggregates in vitro. Taken together, our data indicate a conflicting role of OPN in modulating B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rittika Chunder
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neuroanatomy, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
- University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Verena Schropp
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neuroanatomy, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
- University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manuel Marzin
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Amor
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kuerten
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neuroanatomy, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
- University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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