1
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Frain KM, Dedic E, Nel L, Bohush A, Olesen E, Thaysen K, Wüstner D, Stokes DL, Pedersen BP. Conformational changes in the Niemann-Pick type C1 protein NCR1 drive sterol translocation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2315575121. [PMID: 38568972 PMCID: PMC11009665 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2315575121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The membrane protein Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1, named NCR1 in yeast) is central to sterol homeostasis in eukaryotes. Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCR1 is localized to the vacuolar membrane, where it is suggested to carry sterols across the protective glycocalyx and deposit them into the vacuolar membrane. However, documentation of a vacuolar glycocalyx in fungi is lacking, and the mechanism for sterol translocation has remained unclear. Here, we provide evidence supporting the presence of a glycocalyx in isolated S. cerevisiae vacuoles and report four cryo-EM structures of NCR1 in two distinct conformations, named tense and relaxed. These two conformations illustrate the movement of sterols through a tunnel formed by the luminal domains, thus bypassing the barrier presented by the glycocalyx. Based on these structures and on comparison with other members of the Resistance-Nodulation-Division (RND) superfamily, we propose a transport model that links changes in the luminal domains with a cycle of protonation and deprotonation within the transmembrane region of the protein. Our model suggests that NPC proteins work by a generalized RND mechanism where the proton motive force drives conformational changes in the transmembrane domains that are allosterically coupled to luminal/extracellular domains to promote sterol transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. Frain
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, AarhusC 8000, Denmark
| | - Emil Dedic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, AarhusC 8000, Denmark
| | - Lynette Nel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, AarhusC 8000, Denmark
| | - Anastasiia Bohush
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, AarhusC 8000, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, AarhusC 8000, Denmark
| | - Esben Olesen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, AarhusC 8000, Denmark
| | - Katja Thaysen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, OdenseM 5230, Denmark
| | - Daniel Wüstner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, OdenseM 5230, Denmark
| | - David L. Stokes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
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2
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Egebjerg JM, Szomek M, Thaysen K, Juhl AD, Kozakijevic S, Werner S, Pratsch C, Schneider G, Kapishnikov S, Ekman A, Röttger R, Wüstner D. Automated quantification of vacuole fusion and lipophagy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae from fluorescence and cryo-soft X-ray microscopy data using deep learning. Autophagy 2024; 20:902-922. [PMID: 37908116 PMCID: PMC11062380 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2270378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
During starvation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae vacuolar vesicles fuse and lipid droplets (LDs) can become internalized into the vacuole in an autophagic process named lipophagy. There is a lack of tools to quantitatively assess starvation-induced vacuole fusion and lipophagy in intact cells with high resolution and throughput. Here, we combine soft X-ray tomography (SXT) with fluorescence microscopy and use a deep-learning computational approach to visualize and quantify these processes in yeast. We focus on yeast homologs of mammalian NPC1 (NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1; Ncr1 in yeast) and NPC2 proteins, whose dysfunction leads to Niemann Pick type C (NPC) disease in humans. We developed a convolutional neural network (CNN) model which classifies fully fused versus partially fused vacuoles based on fluorescence images of stained cells. This CNN, named Deep Yeast Fusion Network (DYFNet), revealed that cells lacking Ncr1 (ncr1∆ cells) or Npc2 (npc2∆ cells) have a reduced capacity for vacuole fusion. Using a second CNN model, we implemented a pipeline named LipoSeg to perform automated instance segmentation of LDs and vacuoles from high-resolution reconstructions of X-ray tomograms. From that, we obtained 3D renderings of LDs inside and outside of the vacuole in a fully automated manner and additionally measured droplet volume, number, and distribution. We find that ncr1∆ and npc2∆ cells could ingest LDs into vacuoles normally but showed compromised degradation of LDs and accumulation of lipid vesicles inside vacuoles. Our new method is versatile and allows for analysis of vacuole fusion, droplet size and lipophagy in intact cells.Abbreviations: BODIPY493/503: 4,4-difluoro-1,3,5,7,8-pentamethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-Indacene; BPS: bathophenanthrolinedisulfonic acid disodium salt hydrate; CNN: convolutional neural network; DHE; dehydroergosterol; npc2∆, yeast deficient in Npc2; DSC, Dice similarity coefficient; EM, electron microscopy; EVs, extracellular vesicles; FIB-SEM, focused ion beam milling-scanning electron microscopy; FM 4-64, N-(3-triethylammoniumpropyl)-4-(6-[4-{diethylamino} phenyl] hexatrienyl)-pyridinium dibromide; LDs, lipid droplets; Ncr1, yeast homolog of human NPC1 protein; ncr1∆, yeast deficient in Ncr1; NPC, Niemann Pick type C; NPC2, Niemann Pick type C homolog; OD600, optical density at 600 nm; ReLU, rectifier linear unit; PPV, positive predictive value; NPV, negative predictive value; MCC, Matthews correlation coefficient; SXT, soft X-ray tomography; UV, ultraviolet; YPD, yeast extract peptone dextrose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Marcus Egebjerg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Maria Szomek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Katja Thaysen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Alice Dupont Juhl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Suzana Kozakijevic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Stephan Werner
- Department of X‑Ray Microscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Germany and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Pratsch
- Department of X‑Ray Microscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Germany and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd Schneider
- Department of X‑Ray Microscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Germany and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergey Kapishnikov
- SiriusXT, 9A Holly Ave. Stillorgan Industrial Park, Blackrock, Co, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Axel Ekman
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Centre, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Richard Röttger
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Daniel Wüstner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
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3
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Fang XX, Wei P, Zhao K, Sheng ZC, Song BL, Yin L, Luo J. Fatty acid-binding proteins 3, 7, and 8 bind cholesterol and facilitate its egress from lysosomes. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202211062. [PMID: 38429999 PMCID: PMC10909654 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202211062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol from low-density lipoprotein (LDL) can be transported to many organelle membranes by non-vesicular mechanisms involving sterol transfer proteins (STPs). Fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) 7 was identified in our previous study searching for new regulators of intracellular cholesterol trafficking. Whether FABP7 is a bona fide STP remains unknown. Here, we found that FABP7 deficiency resulted in the accumulation of LDL-derived cholesterol in lysosomes and reduced cholesterol levels on the plasma membrane. A crystal structure of human FABP7 protein in complex with cholesterol was resolved at 2.7 Å resolution. In vitro, FABP7 efficiently transported the cholesterol analog dehydroergosterol between the liposomes. Further, the silencing of FABP3 and 8, which belong to the same family as FABP7, caused robust cholesterol accumulation in lysosomes. These two FABP proteins could transport dehydroergosterol in vitro as well. Collectively, our results suggest that FABP3, 7, and 8 are a new class of STPs mediating cholesterol egress from lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Xiu Fang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengcheng Wei
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhao-Chen Sheng
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bao-Liang Song
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Yin
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Luo
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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4
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Kim H, Juarez-Contreras I, Budin I. Using the yeast vacuole as a system to test the lipidic drivers of membrane heterogeneity in living cells. Methods Enzymol 2024; 700:77-104. [PMID: 38971613 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2024.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
The biophysical drivers of membrane lateral heterogeneity, often termed lipid rafts, have been largely explored using synthetic liposomes or mammalian plasma membrane-derived giant vesicles. Yeast vacuoles, an organelle comparable to mammalian lysosomes, is the only in vivo system that shows stable micrometer scale phase separation in unperturbed cells. The ease of manipulating lipid metabolism in yeast makes this a powerful system for identifying lipids involved in the onset of vacuole membrane heterogeneity. Vacuole domains are induced by stationary stage growth and nutritional starvation, during which they serve as a docking and internalization site for lipid droplet energy stores. Here we describe methods for characterizing vacuole phase separation, its physiological function, and its lipidic drivers. First, we detail methodologies for robustly inducing vacuole domain formation and quantitatively characterizing during live cell imaging experiments. Second, we detail a new protocol for biochemical isolation of stationary stage vacuoles, which allows for lipidomic dissection of membrane phase separation. Third, we describe biochemical techniques for analyzing lipid droplet internalization in vacuole domains. When combined with genetic or chemical perturbations to lipid metabolism, these methods allow for systematic dissection of lipid composition in the structure and function of ordered membrane domains in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Israel Juarez-Contreras
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Itay Budin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
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5
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Liang H, Zhan X, Wang Y, Maegawa GHB, Zhang H. Development and validation of a new genotype-phenotype correlation for Niemann-Pick disease type C1. J Inherit Metab Dis 2024; 47:317-326. [PMID: 38131230 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Hundreds of NPC1 variants cause highly heterogeneous phenotypes. This study aims to explore the genotype-phenotype correlation of NPC1, especially for missense variants. In a well-characterized cohort, phenotypes are graded into three clinical forms: mild, intermediate, and severe. Missense residue structural location was stratified into three categories: surface, partially, and fully buried. The association of phenotypes with the topography of the amino acid substitution in the protein structure was investigated in our cohort and validated in two reported cohorts. One hundred six unrelated NPC1 patients were enrolled. A significant correlation of genotype-phenotype was found in 81 classified individuals with two or one (the second was null variant) missense variant (p < 0.001): of 25 patients with at least one missense variant of surface (group A), 19 (76%) mild, six (24%) intermediate, and none severe; of 31 cases with at least one missense variant of partially buried without surface variants (group B), 11 (35%) mild, 16 (52%) intermediate, and four (13%) severe; of the remaining 25 patients with two or one buried missense variants (group C), eight (32%) mild, nine (36%) intermediate, and eight (32%) severe. Additionally, 7-ketocholesterol, the biomarker, was lower in group A than in group B (p = 0.024) and group C (p = 0.029). A model was proposed that accurately predicted phenotypes of 72 of 90 (80%), 73 of85 (86%), and 64 of 69 (93%) patients in our cohort, Italian, and UK cohort, respectively. This study proposed a novel genotype-phenotype correlation in NPC1, linking the underlying molecular pathophysiology with clinical phenotype and aiding genetic counseling and evaluation in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liang
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Zhan
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gustavo H B Maegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Metabolism and Genetics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Huiwen Zhang
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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6
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Settembre C, Perera RM. Lysosomes as coordinators of cellular catabolism, metabolic signalling and organ physiology. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:223-245. [PMID: 38001393 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00676-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Every cell must satisfy basic requirements for nutrient sensing, utilization and recycling through macromolecular breakdown to coordinate programmes for growth, repair and stress adaptation. The lysosome orchestrates these key functions through the synchronised interplay between hydrolytic enzymes, nutrient transporters and signalling factors, which together enable metabolic coordination with other organelles and regulation of specific gene expression programmes. In this Review, we discuss recent findings on lysosome-dependent signalling pathways, focusing on how the lysosome senses nutrient availability through its physical and functional association with mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and how, in response, the microphthalmia/transcription factor E (MiT/TFE) transcription factors exert feedback regulation on lysosome biogenesis. We also highlight the emerging interactions of lysosomes with other organelles, which contribute to cellular homeostasis. Lastly, we discuss how lysosome dysfunction contributes to diverse disease pathologies and how inherited mutations that compromise lysosomal hydrolysis, transport or signalling components lead to multi-organ disorders with severe metabolic and neurological impact. A deeper comprehension of lysosomal composition and function, at both the cellular and organismal level, may uncover fundamental insights into human physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Settembre
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy.
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
| | - Rushika M Perera
- Department of Anatomy, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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7
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Maghe C, Trillet K, André-Grégoire G, Kerhervé M, Merlet L, Jacobs KA, Schauer K, Bidère N, Gavard J. The paracaspase MALT1 controls cholesterol homeostasis in glioblastoma stem-like cells through lysosome proteome shaping. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113631. [PMID: 38183651 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs) compose a tumor-initiating and -propagating population remarkably vulnerable to variation in the stability and integrity of the lysosomal compartment. Previous work has shown that the expression and activity of the paracaspase MALT1 control GSC viability via lysosome abundance. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. By combining RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) with proteome-wide label-free quantification, we now report that MALT1 repression in patient-derived GSCs alters the homeostasis of cholesterol, which accumulates in late endosomes (LEs)-lysosomes. This failure in cholesterol supply culminates in cell death and autophagy defects, which can be partially reverted by providing exogenous membrane-permeable cholesterol to GSCs. From a molecular standpoint, a targeted lysosome proteome analysis unraveled that Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) lysosomal cholesterol transporters are diluted when MALT1 is impaired. Accordingly, we found that NPC1/2 inhibition and silencing partially mirror MALT1 loss-of-function phenotypes. This supports the notion that GSC fitness relies on lysosomal cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Maghe
- Team SOAP, CRCI2NA, Nantes Université, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, 44000 Nantes, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Kilian Trillet
- Team SOAP, CRCI2NA, Nantes Université, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, 44000 Nantes, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Gwennan André-Grégoire
- Team SOAP, CRCI2NA, Nantes Université, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, 44000 Nantes, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France; Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest (ICO), 44800 Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Mathilde Kerhervé
- Team SOAP, CRCI2NA, Nantes Université, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, 44000 Nantes, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Laura Merlet
- Team SOAP, CRCI2NA, Nantes Université, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, 44000 Nantes, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Kathryn A Jacobs
- Team SOAP, CRCI2NA, Nantes Université, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, 44000 Nantes, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Kristine Schauer
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CNRS, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Nicolas Bidère
- Team SOAP, CRCI2NA, Nantes Université, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, 44000 Nantes, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Julie Gavard
- Team SOAP, CRCI2NA, Nantes Université, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, 44000 Nantes, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France; Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest (ICO), 44800 Saint-Herblain, France.
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8
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Goul C, Peruzzo R, Zoncu R. The molecular basis of nutrient sensing and signalling by mTORC1 in metabolism regulation and disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:857-875. [PMID: 37612414 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00641-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The Ser/Thr kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central regulator of cellular metabolism. As part of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), mTOR integrates signals such as the levels of nutrients, growth factors, energy sources and oxygen, and triggers responses that either boost anabolism or suppress catabolism. mTORC1 signalling has wide-ranging consequences for the growth and homeostasis of key tissues and organs, and its dysregulated activity promotes cancer, type 2 diabetes, neurodegeneration and other age-related disorders. How mTORC1 integrates numerous upstream cues and translates them into specific downstream responses is an outstanding question with major implications for our understanding of physiology and disease mechanisms. In this Review, we discuss recent structural and functional insights into the molecular architecture of mTORC1 and its lysosomal partners, which have greatly increased our mechanistic understanding of nutrient-dependent mTORC1 regulation. We also discuss the emerging involvement of aberrant nutrient-mTORC1 signalling in multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Goul
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Roberta Peruzzo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Roberto Zoncu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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9
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Lee D, Hong JH. Niemann-Pick Disease Type C (NPDC) by Mutation of NPC1 and NPC2: Aberrant Lysosomal Cholesterol Trafficking and Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2021. [PMID: 38136141 PMCID: PMC10740957 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12122021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol trafficking is initiated by the endocytic pathway and transported from endo/lysosomes to other intracellular organelles. Deficiencies in cholesterol-sensing and binding proteins NPC1 and NPC2 induce accumulation in lysosomes and the malfunction of trafficking to other organelles. Each organelle possesses regulatory factors to induce cholesterol trafficking. The mutation of NPC1 and NPC2 genes induces Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPDC), which is a hereditary disease and causes progressive neurodegeneration, developmental disability, hypotonia, and ataxia. Oxidative stress induces damage in NPDC-related intracellular organelles. Although studies on the relationship between NPDC and oxidation are relatively rare, several studies have reported the therapeutic potential of antioxidants in treating NPDC. Investigating antioxidant drugs to relieve oxidative stress and cholesterol accumulation is suggested to be a powerful tool for developing treatments for NPDC. Understanding NPDC provides challenging issues in understanding the oxidative stress-lysosome metabolism of the lipid axis. Thus, we elucidated the relationship between complexes of intracellular organelles and NPDC to develop our knowledge and suggested potential antioxidant reagents for NPDC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeong Hee Hong
- Department of Health Sciences & Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, 155 Getbeolro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea;
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10
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Wüstner D, Dupont Juhl A, Egebjerg JM, Werner S, McNally J, Schneider G. Kinetic modelling of sterol transport between plasma membrane and endo-lysosomes based on quantitative fluorescence and X-ray imaging data. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1144936. [PMID: 38020900 PMCID: PMC10644255 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1144936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann Pick type C1 and C2 (NPC1 and NPC2) are two sterol-binding proteins which, together, orchestrate cholesterol transport through late endosomes and lysosomes (LE/LYSs). NPC2 can facilitate sterol exchange between model membranes severalfold, but how this is connected to its function in cells is poorly understood. Using fluorescent analogs of cholesterol and quantitative fluorescence microscopy, we have recently measured the transport kinetics of sterol between plasma membrane (PM), recycling endosomes (REs) and LE/LYSs in control and NPC2 deficient fibroblasts. Here, we use kinetic modeling of this data to determine rate constants for sterol transport between intracellular compartments. Our model predicts that sterol is trapped in intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) of LE/LYSs in the absence of NPC2, causing delayed sterol export from LE/LYSs in NPC2 deficient fibroblasts. Using soft X-ray tomography, we confirm, that LE/LYSs of NPC2 deficient cells but not of control cells contain enlarged, carbon-rich intraluminal vesicular structures, supporting our model prediction of lipid accumulation in ILVs. By including sterol export via exocytosis of ILVs as exosomes and by release of vesicles-ectosomes-from the PM, we can reconcile measured sterol efflux kinetics and show that both pathways can be reciprocally regulated by the intraluminal sterol transfer activity of NPC2 inside LE/LYSs. Our results thereby connect the in vitro function of NPC2 as sterol transfer protein between membranes with its in vivo function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wüstner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Alice Dupont Juhl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jacob Marcus Egebjerg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Stephan Werner
- Department of X-Ray Microscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - James McNally
- Department of X-Ray Microscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd Schneider
- Department of X-Ray Microscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Zhang Y, Beachy PA. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of Hedgehog signalling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:668-687. [PMID: 36932157 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00591-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
The Hedgehog signalling pathway has crucial roles in embryonic tissue patterning, postembryonic tissue regeneration, and cancer, yet aspects of Hedgehog signal transmission and reception have until recently remained unclear. Biochemical and structural studies surprisingly reveal a central role for lipids in Hedgehog signalling. The signal - Hedgehog protein - is modified by cholesterol and palmitate during its biogenesis, thereby necessitating specialized proteins such as the transporter Dispatched and several lipid-binding carriers for cellular export and receptor engagement. Additional lipid transactions mediate response to the Hedgehog signal, including sterol activation of the transducer Smoothened. Access of sterols to Smoothened is regulated by the apparent sterol transporter and Hedgehog receptor Patched, whose activity is blocked by Hedgehog binding. Alongside these lipid-centric mechanisms and their relevance to pharmacological pathway modulation, we discuss emerging roles of Hedgehog pathway activity in stem cells or their cellular niches, with translational implications for regeneration and restoration of injured or diseased tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiao Zhang
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Philip A Beachy
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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12
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Hammond N, Snider J, Stagljar I, Mitchell K, Lagutin K, Jessulat M, Babu M, Teesdale-Spittle PH, Sheridan JP, Sturley SL, Munkacsi AB. Identification and characterization of protein interactions with the major Niemann-Pick type C disease protein in yeast reveals pathways of therapeutic potential. Genetics 2023; 225:iyad129. [PMID: 37440478 PMCID: PMC10471228 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C (NP-C) disease is a rare lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in NPC1 (95% cases) or NPC2 (5% cases). These proteins function together in cholesterol egress from the lysosome, whereby upon mutation, cholesterol and other lipids accumulate causing major pathologies. However, it is not fully understood how cholesterol is transported from NPC1 residing at the lysosomal membrane to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and plasma membrane. The yeast ortholog of NPC1, Niemann-Pick type C-related protein-1 (Ncr1), functions similarly to NPC1; when transfected into a mammalian cell lacking NPC1, Ncr1 rescues the diagnostic hallmarks of cholesterol and sphingolipid accumulation. Here, we aimed to identify and characterize protein-protein interactions (PPIs) with the yeast Ncr1 protein. A genome-wide split-ubiquitin membrane yeast two-hybrid (MYTH) protein interaction screen identified 11 ER membrane-localized, full-length proteins interacting with Ncr1 at the lysosomal/vacuolar membrane. These highlight the importance of ER-vacuole membrane interface and include PPIs with the Cyb5/Cbr1 electron transfer system, the ceramide synthase complex, and the Sec61/Sbh1 protein translocation complex. These PPIs were not detected in a sterol auxotrophy condition and thus depend on normal sterol metabolism. To provide biological context for the Ncr1-Cyb5 PPI, a yeast strain lacking this PPI (via gene deletions) exhibited altered levels of sterols and sphingolipids including increased levels of glucosylceramide that mimic NP-C disease. Overall, the results herein provide new physical and genetic interaction models to further use the yeast model of NP-C disease to better understand human NP-C disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Hammond
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Jamie Snider
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Igor Stagljar
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
- Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences, Meštrovićevo Šetalište 45, HR-21000 Split, Croatia
| | | | | | - Matthew Jessulat
- Department of Biochemistry, Research and Innovation Centre, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Mohan Babu
- Department of Biochemistry, Research and Innovation Centre, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Paul H Teesdale-Spittle
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Jeffrey P Sheridan
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Stephen L Sturley
- Department of Biology, Barnard College-Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Andrew B Munkacsi
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
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13
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Ansell TB, Corey RA, Viti LV, Kinnebrew M, Rohatgi R, Siebold C, Sansom MS. The energetics and ion coupling of cholesterol transport through Patched1. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh1609. [PMID: 37611095 PMCID: PMC10446486 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh1609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Patched1 (PTCH1) is a tumor suppressor protein of the mammalian Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway, implicated in embryogenesis and tissue homeostasis. PTCH1 inhibits the G protein-coupled receptor Smoothened (SMO) via a debated mechanism involving modulating ciliary cholesterol accessibility. Using extensive molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations to evaluate cholesterol transport through PTCH1, we find an energetic barrier of ~15 to 20 kilojoule per mole for cholesterol export. In silico data are coupled to in vivo biochemical assays of PTCH1 mutants to probe coupling between cation binding sites, transmembrane motions, and PTCH1 activity. Using complementary simulations of Dispatched1, we find that transition between "inward-open" and solvent "occluded" states is accompanied by Na+-induced pinching of intracellular helical segments. Thus, our findings illuminate the energetics and ion coupling stoichiometries of PTCH1 transport mechanisms, whereby one to three Na+ or two to three K+ couple to cholesterol export, and provide the first molecular description of transitions between distinct transport states.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Bertie Ansell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Robin A. Corey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Bristol University, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Lucrezia Vittoria Viti
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Maia Kinnebrew
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Mark S. P. Sansom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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14
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Las Heras M, Szenfeld B, Ballout RA, Buratti E, Zanlungo S, Dardis A, Klein AD. Understanding the phenotypic variability in Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC): a need for precision medicine. NPJ Genom Med 2023; 8:21. [PMID: 37567876 PMCID: PMC10421955 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-023-00365-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease is a lysosomal storage disease (LSD) characterized by the buildup of endo-lysosomal cholesterol and glycosphingolipids due to loss of function mutations in the NPC1 and NPC2 genes. NPC patients can present with a broad phenotypic spectrum, with differences at the age of onset, rate of progression, severity, organs involved, effects on the central nervous system, and even response to pharmacological treatments. This article reviews the phenotypic variation of NPC and discusses its possible causes, such as the remaining function of the defective protein, modifier genes, sex, environmental cues, and splicing factors, among others. We propose that these factors should be considered when designing or repurposing treatments for this disease. Despite its seeming complexity, this proposition is not far-fetched, considering the expanding interest in precision medicine and easier access to multi-omics technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Las Heras
- Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, 7780272, Chile
| | - Benjamín Szenfeld
- Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, 7780272, Chile
| | - Rami A Ballout
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern (UTSW) Medical Center and Children's Health, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA
| | - Emanuele Buratti
- Molecular Pathology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Silvana Zanlungo
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 8330033, Chile
| | - Andrea Dardis
- Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases, University Hospital of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Andrés D Klein
- Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, 7780272, Chile.
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15
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Yamada Y, Fukaura‐Nishizawa M, Nishiyama A, Ishii A, Kawata T, Shirakawa A, Tanaka M, Kondo Y, Takeo T, Nakagata N, Miwa T, Takeda H, Orita Y, Motoyama K, Higashi T, Arima H, Seki T, Kurauchi Y, Katsuki H, Higaki K, Minami K, Yoshikawa N, Ikeda R, Matsuo M, Irie T, Ishitsuka Y. Different solubilizing ability of cyclodextrin derivatives for cholesterol in Niemann-Pick disease type C treatment. Clin Transl Med 2023; 13:e1350. [PMID: 37620691 PMCID: PMC10449817 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by abnormal intracellular cholesterol trafficking. Cyclodextrins (CDs), the most promising therapeutic candidates for NPC, but with concerns about ototoxicity, are cyclic oligosaccharides with dual functions of unesterified cholesterol (UC) shuttle and sink that catalytically enhance the bidirectional flux and net efflux of UC, respectively, between the cell membrane and the extracellular acceptors. However, the properties of CDs that regulate these functions and how they could be used to improve treatments for NPC are unclear. METHODS We estimated CD-UC complexation for nine CD derivatives derived from native α-, β-, and γ-CD with different cavity sizes, using solubility and molecular docking analyses. The stoichiometry and complexation ability of the resulting complexes were investigated in relation to the therapeutic effectiveness and toxicity of each CD derivative in NPC experimental models. FINDINGS We found that shuttle and sink activities of CDs are dependent on cavity size-dependent stoichiometry and substituent-associated stability of CD-UC complexation. The ability of CD derivatives to form 1:1 and 2:1 complexes with UC were correlated with their ability to normalize intracellular cholesterol trafficking serving as shuttle and with their cytotoxicity associated with cellular UC efflux acting as sink, respectively, in NPC model cells. Notably, the ability of CD derivatives to form an inclusion complex with UC was responsible for not only efficacy but ototoxicity, while a representative derivative without this ability negligibly affected auditory function, underscoring its preventability. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the importance of strategies for optimizing the molecular structure of CDs to overcome this functional dilemma in the treatment of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusei Yamada
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of Miyazaki HospitalMiyazakiJapan
| | - Madoka Fukaura‐Nishizawa
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Asami Nishiyama
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Akira Ishii
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Tatsuya Kawata
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Aina Shirakawa
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Mayuko Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Yuki Kondo
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Toru Takeo
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD)Kumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Naomi Nakagata
- Division of Reproductive Biotechnology and Innovation, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD)Kumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Toru Miwa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of MedicineOsaka Metropolitan UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Hiroki Takeda
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryGraduate School of MedicineKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Yorihisa Orita
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryGraduate School of MedicineKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Keiichi Motoyama
- Department of Physical Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Taishi Higashi
- Priority Organization for Innovation and ExcellenceKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Hidetoshi Arima
- Laboratory of Evidence‐Based PharmacotherapyDaiichi University of PharmacyFukuokaJapan
| | - Takahiro Seki
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesHimeji Dokkyo UniversityHyogoJapan
| | - Yuki Kurauchi
- Department of Chemico‐Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Hiroshi Katsuki
- Department of Chemico‐Pharmacological Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Katsumi Higaki
- Research Initiative Center, Organization for Research Initiative and PromotionTottori UniversityYonagoJapan
| | - Kentaro Minami
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of Miyazaki HospitalMiyazakiJapan
| | - Naoki Yoshikawa
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of Miyazaki HospitalMiyazakiJapan
| | - Ryuji Ikeda
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of Miyazaki HospitalMiyazakiJapan
| | - Muneaki Matsuo
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of MedicineSaga UniversitySagaJapan
| | - Tetsumi Irie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Packaging Technology, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Yoichi Ishitsuka
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Informatics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
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16
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Hughes MP, Nelvagal HR, Coombe-Tennant O, Smith D, Smith C, Massaro G, Poupon-Bejuit L, Platt FM, Rahim AA. A Novel Small NPC1 Promoter Enhances AAV-Mediated Gene Therapy in Mouse Models of Niemann-Pick Type C1 Disease. Cells 2023; 12:1619. [PMID: 37371089 PMCID: PMC10296851 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease type C1 (NP-C) is a prematurely lethal genetic lysosomal storage disorder with neurological and visceral pathology resulting from mutations in the NPC1 gene encoding the lysosomal transmembrane protein NPC1. There is currently no cure for NP-C, and the only disease modifying treatment, miglustat, slows disease progression but does not significantly attenuate neurological symptoms. AAV-mediated gene therapy is an attractive option for NP-C, but due to the large size of the human NPC1 gene, there may be packaging and truncation issues during vector manufacturing. One option is to reduce the size of DNA regulatory elements that are essential for gene expression, such as the promoter sequence. Here, we describe a novel small truncated endogenous NPC1 promoter that leads to high gene expression both in vitro and in vivo and compare its efficacy to other commonly used promoters. Following neonatal intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection into the CNS, this novel promoter provided optimal therapeutic efficacy compared to all other promoters including increased survival, improved behavioural phenotypes, and attenuated neuropathology in mouse models of NP-C. Taken together, we propose that this novel promoter can be extremely efficient in designing an optimised AAV9 vector for gene therapy for NP-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Paul Hughes
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK (H.R.N.); (O.C.-T.); (G.M.)
| | - Hemanth Ramesh Nelvagal
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK (H.R.N.); (O.C.-T.); (G.M.)
| | - Oliver Coombe-Tennant
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK (H.R.N.); (O.C.-T.); (G.M.)
| | - Dave Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK; (D.S.); (C.S.); (F.M.P.)
| | - Claire Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK; (D.S.); (C.S.); (F.M.P.)
| | - Giulia Massaro
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK (H.R.N.); (O.C.-T.); (G.M.)
| | - Laura Poupon-Bejuit
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK (H.R.N.); (O.C.-T.); (G.M.)
| | - Frances Mary Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK; (D.S.); (C.S.); (F.M.P.)
| | - Ahad Abdul Rahim
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK (H.R.N.); (O.C.-T.); (G.M.)
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17
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Rakib TM, Islam MS, Uddin MM, Rahman MM, Yabuki A, Yamagami T, Morozumi M, Uchida K, Maki S, Faruq AA, Yamato O. Novel Mutation in the Feline NPC2 Gene in Cats with Niemann-Pick Disease. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1744. [PMID: 37458497 PMCID: PMC10252137 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease (NP) type C is an autosomal, recessive, and inherited neurovisceral genetic disorder characterized by the accumulation of unesterified cholesterol and glycolipids in cellular lysosomes and late endosomes, with a wide spectrum of clinical phenotypes. This study aimed to determine the molecular genetic alterations in two cases of felines with NP in Japan, a Siamese cat in 1989 and a Japanese domestic (JD) cat in 1998. Sanger sequencing was performed on 25 exons of the feline NPC1 gene and 4 exons of the feline NPC2 gene, using genomic DNA extracted from paraffin-embedded tissue specimens. The sequenced exons were compared with reference sequences retrieved from the GenBank database. The identified mutations and alterations were then analyzed using different prediction algorithms. No pathogenic mutations were found in feline NPC1; however, c.376G>A (p.V126M) was identified as a pathogenic mutation in the NPC2 gene. The Siamese cat was found to be homozygous for this mutation. The JD cat was heterozygous for the same mutation, but no other exonic NPC2 mutation was found. Furthermore, the JD cat had a homozygous splice variant (c.364-4C>T) in the NPC2 gene, which is not known to be associated with this disease. The NPC2:c.376G>A (p.V126M) mutation is the second reported pathogenic mutation in the feline NPC2 gene that may be present in the Japanese cat population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tofazzal Md Rakib
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (T.M.R.); (M.S.I.); (M.M.U.); (M.M.R.); (A.Y.); (S.M.); (A.A.F.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shafiqul Islam
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (T.M.R.); (M.S.I.); (M.M.U.); (M.M.R.); (A.Y.); (S.M.); (A.A.F.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mejbah Uddin
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (T.M.R.); (M.S.I.); (M.M.U.); (M.M.R.); (A.Y.); (S.M.); (A.A.F.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mahbubur Rahman
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (T.M.R.); (M.S.I.); (M.M.U.); (M.M.R.); (A.Y.); (S.M.); (A.A.F.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Akira Yabuki
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (T.M.R.); (M.S.I.); (M.M.U.); (M.M.R.); (A.Y.); (S.M.); (A.A.F.)
| | - Tetsushi Yamagami
- Japan Small Animal Medical Center, Saitama, Tokorozawa 359-0023, Japan;
| | | | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyō, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan;
| | - Shinichiro Maki
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (T.M.R.); (M.S.I.); (M.M.U.); (M.M.R.); (A.Y.); (S.M.); (A.A.F.)
| | - Abdullah Al Faruq
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (T.M.R.); (M.S.I.); (M.M.U.); (M.M.R.); (A.Y.); (S.M.); (A.A.F.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Osamu Yamato
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (T.M.R.); (M.S.I.); (M.M.U.); (M.M.R.); (A.Y.); (S.M.); (A.A.F.)
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18
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Liu M, Nair A, Linderman SW, Anderson DJ. Periodic hypothalamic attractor-like dynamics during the estrus cycle. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.22.541741. [PMID: 37292695 PMCID: PMC10245896 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.22.541741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic changes in hormonal state are well-known to regulate mating behavior during the female reproductive cycle, but whether and how these changes affect the dynamics of neural activity in the female brain is largely unknown. The ventromedial hypothalamus, ventro-lateral subdivision (VMHvl) contains a subpopulation of VMHvl Esr1+,Npy2r- neurons that controls female sexual receptivity. Longitudinal single cell calcium imaging of these neurons across the estrus cycle revealed that overlapping but distinct subpopulations were active during proestrus (mating-accepting) vs. non-proestrus (rejecting) phases. Dynamical systems analysis of imaging data from proestrus females uncovered a dimension with slow ramping activity, which generated approximate line attractor-like dynamics in neural state space. During mating, the neural population vector progressed along this attractor as male mounting and intromission proceeded. Attractor-like dynamics disappeared in non-proestrus states and reappeared following re-entry into proestrus. They were also absent in ovariectomized females but were restored by hormone priming. These observations reveal that hypothalamic line attractor-like dynamics are associated with female sexual receptivity and can be reversibly regulated by sex hormones, demonstrating that attractor dynamics can be flexibly modulated by physiological state. They also suggest a potential mechanism for the neural encoding of female sexual arousal.
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19
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Martins TS, Costa RS, Vilaça R, Lemos C, Teixeira V, Pereira C, Costa V. Iron Limitation Restores Autophagy and Increases Lifespan in the Yeast Model of Niemann–Pick Type C1. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076221. [PMID: 37047194 PMCID: PMC10094029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann–Pick type C1 (NPC1) is an endolysosomal transmembrane protein involved in the export of cholesterol and sphingolipids to other cellular compartments such as the endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane. NPC1 loss of function is the major cause of NPC disease, a rare lysosomal storage disorder characterized by an abnormal accumulation of lipids in the late endosomal/lysosomal network, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired autophagy. NPC phenotypes are conserved in yeast lacking Ncr1, an orthologue of human NPC1, leading to premature aging. Herein, we performed a phosphoproteomic analysis to investigate the effect of Ncr1 loss on cellular functions mediated by the yeast lysosome-like vacuoles. Our results revealed changes in vacuolar membrane proteins that are associated mostly with vesicle biology (fusion, transport, organization), autophagy, and ion homeostasis, including iron, manganese, and calcium. Consistently, the cytoplasm to vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway was increased in ncr1∆ cells and autophagy was compromised despite TORC1 inhibition. Moreover, ncr1∆ cells exhibited iron overload mediated by the low-iron sensing transcription factor Aft1. Iron deprivation restored the autophagic flux of ncr1∆ cells and increased its chronological lifespan and oxidative stress resistance. These results implicate iron overload on autophagy impairment, oxidative stress sensitivity, and cell death in the yeast model of NPC1.
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20
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Cai W, Li P, Gu M, Xu H. Lysosomal Ion Channels and Lysosome-Organelle Interactions. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2023; 278:93-108. [PMID: 36882602 DOI: 10.1007/164_2023_640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular organelles exchange their luminal contents with each other via both vesicular and non-vesicular mechanisms. By forming membrane contact sites (MCSs) with ER and mitochondria, lysosomes mediate bidirectional transport of metabolites and ions between lysosomes and organelles that regulate lysosomal physiology, movement, membrane remodeling, and membrane repair. In this chapter, we will first summarize the current knowledge of lysosomal ion channels and then discuss the molecular and physiological mechanisms that regulate lysosome-organelle MCS formation and dynamics. We will also discuss the roles of lysosome-ER and lysosome-mitochondria MCSs in signal transduction, lipid transport, Ca 2+ transfer, membrane trafficking, and membrane repair, as well as their roles in lysosome-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Cai
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Li
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingxue Gu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dun Neurological Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Haoxing Xu
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China. .,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dun Neurological Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. .,Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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21
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Pfrieger FW. The Niemann-Pick type diseases – A synopsis of inborn errors in sphingolipid and cholesterol metabolism. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 90:101225. [PMID: 37003582 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Disturbances of lipid homeostasis in cells provoke human diseases. The elucidation of the underlying mechanisms and the development of efficient therapies represent formidable challenges for biomedical research. Exemplary cases are two rare, autosomal recessive, and ultimately fatal lysosomal diseases historically named "Niemann-Pick" honoring the physicians, whose pioneering observations led to their discovery. Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency (ASMD) and Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPCD) are caused by specific variants of the sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1 (SMPD1) and NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 (NPC1) or NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 2 (NPC2) genes that perturb homeostasis of two key membrane components, sphingomyelin and cholesterol, respectively. Patients with severe forms of these diseases present visceral and neurologic symptoms and succumb to premature death. This synopsis traces the tortuous discovery of the Niemann-Pick diseases, highlights important advances with respect to genetic culprits and cellular mechanisms, and exposes efforts to improve diagnosis and to explore new therapeutic approaches.
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22
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Ansell TB, Corey RA, Viti LV, Kinnebrew M, Rohatgi R, Siebold C, Sansom MSP. The Energetics and Ion Coupling of Cholesterol Transport Through Patched1. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.14.528445. [PMID: 36824746 PMCID: PMC9949057 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.14.528445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Patched1 (PTCH1) is the principal tumour suppressor protein of the mammalian Hedgehog (HH) signalling pathway, implicated in embryogenesis and tissue homeostasis. PTCH1 inhibits the Class F G protein-coupled receptor Smoothened (SMO) via a debated mechanism involving modulating accessible cholesterol levels within ciliary membranes. Using extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and free energy calculations to evaluate cholesterol transport through PTCH1, we find an energetic barrier of ~15-20 kJ mol -1 for cholesterol export. In simulations we identify cation binding sites within the PTCH1 transmembrane domain (TMD) which may provide the energetic impetus for cholesterol transport. In silico data are coupled to in vivo biochemical assays of PTCH1 mutants to probe coupling between transmembrane motions and PTCH1 activity. Using complementary simulations of Dispatched1 (DISP1) we find that transition between 'inward-open' and solvent 'occluded' states is accompanied by Na + induced pinching of intracellular helical segments. Thus, our findings illuminate the energetics and ion-coupling stoichiometries of PTCH1 transport mechanisms, whereby 1-3 Na + or 2-3 K + couple to cholesterol export, and provide the first molecular description of transitions between distinct transport states.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Bertie Ansell
- Department of Biochemistry, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Robin A. Corey
- Department of Biochemistry, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Lucrezia Vittoria Viti
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Maia Kinnebrew
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
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23
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Kennelly JP, Tontonoz P. Cholesterol Transport to the Endoplasmic Reticulum. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2023; 15:cshperspect.a041263. [PMID: 35940908 PMCID: PMC9899650 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Most cholesterol in mammalian cells is stored in the plasma membrane (PM). Cholesterol transport from the PM to low-sterol regulatory regions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) controls cholesterol synthesis and uptake, and thereby influences the rates of cholesterol flux between tissues of complex organisms. Cholesterol transfer to the ER is also required for steroidogenesis, oxysterol and bile acid synthesis, and cholesterol esterification. The ER-resident Aster proteins (Aster-A, -B, and -C) form contacts with the PM to move cholesterol to the ER in mammals. Mice lacking Aster-B have low adrenal cholesteryl ester stores and impaired steroidogenesis because of a defect in cholesterol transport from high-density lipoprotein (HDL) to the ER. This work reviews the molecular characteristics of Asters, their role in HDL- and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol movement, and how cholesterol transferred to the ER is utilized by cells. The roles of other lipid transporters and of membrane lipid organization in maintaining aspects of cholesterol homeostasis are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Kennelly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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24
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The Cerebellum in Niemann-Pick C1 Disease: Mouse Versus Man. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 22:102-119. [PMID: 35040097 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-021-01347-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Selective neuronal vulnerability is common to most degenerative disorders, including Niemann-Pick C (NPC), a rare genetic disease with altered intracellular trafficking of cholesterol. Purkinje cell dysfunction and loss are responsible for cerebellar ataxia, which is among the prevailing neurological signs of the NPC disease. In this review, we focus on some questions that are still unresolved. First, we frame the cerebellar vulnerability in the context of the extended postnatal time length by which the development of this structure is completed in mammals. In line with this thought, the much later development of cerebellar symptoms in humans is due to the later development and/or maturation of the cerebellum. Hence, the occurrence of developmental events under a protracted condition of defective intracellular cholesterol mobilization hits the functional maturation of the various cell types generating the ground of increased vulnerability. This is particularly consistent with the high cholesterol demand required for cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and synapse formation/remodeling. Other major questions we address are why the progression of Purkinje cells loss is always from the anterior to the posterior lobes and why cerebellar defects persist in the mouse model even when genetic manipulations can lead to nearly normal survival.
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25
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Cologna SM, Pathmasiri KC, Pergande MR, Rosenhouse-Dantsker A. Alterations in Cholesterol and Phosphoinositides Levels in the Intracellular Cholesterol Trafficking Disorder NPC. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1422:143-165. [PMID: 36988880 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21547-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Lipid mistrafficking is a biochemical hallmark of Niemann-Pick Type C (NPC) disease and is classically characterized with endo/lysosomal accumulation of unesterified cholesterol due to genetic mutations in the cholesterol transporter proteins NPC1 and NPC2. Storage of this essential signaling lipid leads to a sequence of downstream events, including oxidative stress, calcium imbalance, neuroinflammation, and progressive neurodegeneration, another hallmark of NPC disease. These observations have been validated in a growing number of studies ranging from NPC cell cultures and animal models to patient specimens. In recent reports, alterations in the levels of another class of critical signaling lipids, namely phosphoinositides, have been described in NPC disease. Focusing on cholesterol and phosphoinositides, the chapter begins by reviewing the interactions of NPC proteins with cholesterol and their role in cholesterol transport. It then continues to describe the modulation of cholesterol efflux in NPC disease. The chapter concludes with a summary of findings related to the functional consequences of perturbations in phosphoinositides in this fatal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Melissa R Pergande
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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26
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Rosenhouse-Dantsker A, Gazgalis D, Logothetis DE. PI(4,5)P 2 and Cholesterol: Synthesis, Regulation, and Functions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1422:3-59. [PMID: 36988876 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21547-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) is the most abundant membrane phosphoinositide and cholesterol is an essential component of the plasma membrane (PM). Both lipids play key roles in a variety of cellular functions including as signaling molecules and major regulators of protein function. This chapter provides an overview of these two important lipids. Starting from a brief description of their structure, synthesis, and regulation, the chapter continues to describe the primary functions and signaling processes in which PI(4,5)P2 and cholesterol are involved. While PI(4,5)P2 and cholesterol can act independently, they often act in concert or affect each other's impact. The chapters in this volume on "Cholesterol and PI(4,5)P2 in Vital Biological Functions: From Coexistence to Crosstalk" focus on the emerging relationship between cholesterol and PI(4,5)P2 in a variety of biological systems and processes. In this chapter, the next section provides examples from the ion channel field demonstrating that PI(4,5)P2 and cholesterol can act via common mechanisms. The chapter ends with a discussion of future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimitris Gazgalis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diomedes E Logothetis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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27
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Jiao F, Zhou B, Meng L. The regulatory mechanism and therapeutic potential of transcription factor EB in neurodegenerative diseases. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 29:37-59. [PMID: 36184826 PMCID: PMC9804079 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP) is involved in the degradation of protein aggregates and damaged organelles. Transcription factor EB (TFEB), a major regulator of ALP, has emerged as a leading factor in addressing neurodegenerative disease pathology, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), PolyQ diseases, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In this review, we delineate the regulation of TFEB expression and its functions in ALP. Dysfunctions of TFEB and its role in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases are reviewed. We summarize the protective effects and molecular mechanisms of some TFEB-targeted agonists in neurodegenerative diseases. We also offer our perspective on analyzing the pros and cons of these agonists in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases from the perspective of drug development. More studies on the regulatory mechanisms of TFEB in other biological processes will aid our understanding of the application of TFEB-targeted therapy in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjuan Jiao
- School of Mental HealthJining Medical UniversityJiningChina,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental HealthJining Medical UniversityJiningChina
| | - Bojie Zhou
- School of Mental HealthJining Medical UniversityJiningChina,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental HealthJining Medical UniversityJiningChina
| | - Lingyan Meng
- School of Mental HealthJining Medical UniversityJiningChina,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental HealthJining Medical UniversityJiningChina
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28
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Perez-Salas U, Porcar L, Garg S, Ayee MAA, Levitan I. Effective Parameters Controlling Sterol Transfer: A Time-Resolved Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Study. J Membr Biol 2022; 255:423-435. [PMID: 35467109 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-022-00231-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Though cholesterol is the most prevalent and essential sterol in mammalian cellular membranes, its precursors, post-synthesis cholesterol products, as well as its oxidized derivatives play many other important physiological roles. Using a non-invasive in situ technique, time-resolved small angle neutron scattering, we report on the rate of membrane desorption and corresponding activation energy for this process for a series of sterol precursors and post-synthesis cholesterol products that vary from cholesterol by the number and position of double bonds in B ring of cholesterol's steroid core. In addition, we report on sterols that have oxidation modifications in ring A and ring B of the steroid core. We find that sterols that differ in position or the number of double bonds in ring B have similar time and energy characteristics, while oxysterols have faster transfer rates and lower activation energies than cholesterol in a manner generally consistent with known sterol characteristics, like Log P, the n-octanol/water partitioning coefficient. We find, however, that membrane/water partitioning which is dependent on lipid-sterol interactions is a better predictor, shown by the correlation of the sterols' tilt modulus with both the desorption rates and activation energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Perez-Salas
- Physics Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
| | - Lionel Porcar
- Institut Laue Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Sumit Garg
- Physics Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Manuela A A Ayee
- Department of Engineering, Dordt University, Sioux Center, IA, USA
| | - Irena Levitan
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
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29
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Sphingosine kinases regulate ER contacts with late endocytic organelles and cholesterol trafficking. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2204396119. [PMID: 36122218 PMCID: PMC9522378 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2204396119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane contact sites (MCS), close membrane apposition between organelles, are platforms for interorganellar transfer of lipids including cholesterol, regulation of lipid homeostasis, and co-ordination of endocytic trafficking. Sphingosine kinases (SphKs), two isoenzymes that phosphorylate sphingosine to the bioactive sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), have been implicated in endocytic trafficking. However, the physiological functions of SphKs in regulation of membrane dynamics, lipid trafficking and MCS are not known. Here, we report that deletion of SphKs decreased S1P with concomitant increases in its precursors sphingosine and ceramide, and markedly reduced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contacts with late endocytic organelles. Expression of enzymatically active SphK1, but not catalytically inactive, rescued the deficit of these MCS. Although free cholesterol accumulated in late endocytic organelles in SphK null cells, surprisingly however, cholesterol transport to the ER was not reduced. Importantly, deletion of SphKs promoted recruitment of the ER-resident cholesterol transfer protein Aster-B (also called GRAMD1B) to the plasma membrane (PM), consistent with higher accessible cholesterol and ceramide at the PM, to facilitate cholesterol transfer from the PM to the ER. In addition, ceramide enhanced in vitro binding of the Aster-B GRAM domain to phosphatidylserine and cholesterol liposomes. Our study revealed a previously unknown role for SphKs and sphingolipid metabolites in governing diverse MCS between the ER network and late endocytic organelles versus the PM to control the movement of cholesterol between distinct cell membranes.
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30
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Niemann-Pick Type C Proteins Are Required for Sterol Transport and Appressorium-Mediated Plant Penetration of Colletotrichum orbiculare. mBio 2022; 13:e0223622. [PMID: 36154185 PMCID: PMC9600679 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02236-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many biotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungal pathogens use appressoria to directly penetrate the host plant surface. In the cucumber anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum orbiculare, differentiation of appressoria requires a proper G1/S cell cycle progression, regulated by the GTPase-activating protein complex CoBub2-CoBfa1 and its downstream GTPase CoTem1. To explore the mechanisms by which the CoTem1 cascade regulates plant infection, we screened for CoTem1 interaction factors and identified a Niemann-Pick type C2 homolog (CoNpc2). Niemann-Pick type C proteins NPC1 and NPC2 are sterol-binding proteins required for sterol export from lysosomes (vacuoles) in humans and yeasts. We showed that CoNpc2 colocalized with CoNpc1 in late endosomes and vacuoles and that disruption of its gene resulted in aberrant sterol accumulation in vacuoles and loss of sterol membrane localization, indicating that NPC proteins are engaged in sterol transport in C. orbiculare. For appressorium infection, sterol transport and proper distribution mediated by CoNpc1 and CoNpc2 are critical for membrane integrity and membrane curvature with actin assembly, leading to penetration peg emergence and appressorial cone formation. Our results revealed a novel mechanism by which NPC proteins regulate appressorium-mediated plant infection.
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31
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Lu A. Endolysosomal cholesterol export: More than just NPC1. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2200111. [PMID: 35934896 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
NPC1 plays a central role in cholesterol egress from endolysosomes, a critical step for maintaining intracellular cholesterol homeostasis. Despite recent advances in the field, the full repertoire of molecules and pathways involved in this process remains unknown. Emerging evidence suggests the existence of NPC1-independent, alternative routes. These may involve vesicular and non-vesicular mechanisms, as well as release of extracellular vesicles. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms that bypass NPC1 function could have important implications for the development of therapies for lysosomal storage disorders. Here we discuss how cholesterol may be exported from lysosomes in which NPC1 function is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Lu
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cellular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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32
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Yoon HJ, Jeong J, Kim G, Lee HH, Jang S. The point mutation of the cholesterol trafficking membrane protein NPC1 may affect its proper function in more than a single step: Molecular dynamics simulation study. Comput Biol Chem 2022; 99:107725. [PMID: 35850050 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2022.107725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) protein is one of the key players of cholesterol trafficking from the lysosome and its function is closely coupled with the Niemann-Pick type C2 (NPC2) protein. The dysfunction of one of these proteins can cause problems in the overall cholesterol homeostasis and leads to a disease, which is called the Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease. The parts of the cholesterol transport mechanism by NPC1 have begun to recently emerge, especially after the full-length NPC1 structure was determined from a cryo-EM study. However, many details about the overall cholesterol trafficking process by NPC1 still remain to be elucidated. Notably, the NPC1 could act as one of the target proteins for the control of infectious diseases due to its role as the virus entry point into the cells as well as for cancer treatment due to the inhibitory effect of tumor growth. A mutation of NPC1 can leads to dysfunctions and understanding this process can provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of the corresponding protein and the therapeutic strategies against the disease that are caused by the mutation. It has been found that patients with the point mutation R518W (or R518Q) on the NPC1 show the accumulation of lipids within the lysosomal lumen. In this paper, we report how the corresponding mutation can affect the cholesterol transport process by NPC1 in the different stages by the molecular dynamics simulations. The simulation results show that the point mutation intervenes at least at two different steps during the cholesterol transport by NPC1 and NPC2 in combination, which includes the association step of NPC2 with the NPC1, the cholesterol transfer step from NPC2 to NPC1-NTD while the cholesterol passage within the NPC1 via a channel is relatively unaffected by R518W mutation. The detailed analysis of the resulting simulation trajectories reveals the important structural features that are essential for the proper functioning of the NPC1 for the cholesterol transport, and it shows how the overall structure, which thereby includes the function, can be affected by a single mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jin Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, the Republic of Korea
| | - Jian Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, Seoul, the Republic of Korea
| | - Guun Kim
- Department of Physics, Sejong University, Seoul, the Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, the Republic of Korea.
| | - Soonmin Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, Seoul, the Republic of Korea.
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33
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Application of data augmentation techniques towards metabolomics. Comput Biol Med 2022; 148:105916. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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34
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Revie NM, Iyer KR, Maxson ME, Zhang J, Yan S, Fernandes CM, Meyer KJ, Chen X, Skulska I, Fogal M, Sanchez H, Hossain S, Li S, Yashiroda Y, Hirano H, Yoshida M, Osada H, Boone C, Shapiro RS, Andes DR, Wright GD, Nodwell JR, Del Poeta M, Burke MD, Whitesell L, Robbins N, Cowen LE. Targeting fungal membrane homeostasis with imidazopyrazoindoles impairs azole resistance and biofilm formation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3634. [PMID: 35752611 PMCID: PMC9233667 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31308-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections cause more than 1.5 million deaths annually. With an increase in immune-deficient susceptible populations and the emergence of antifungal drug resistance, there is an urgent need for novel strategies to combat these life-threatening infections. Here, we use a combinatorial screening approach to identify an imidazopyrazoindole, NPD827, that synergizes with fluconazole against azole-sensitive and -resistant isolates of Candida albicans. NPD827 interacts with sterols, resulting in profound effects on fungal membrane homeostasis and induction of membrane-associated stress responses. The compound impairs virulence in a Caenorhabditis elegans model of candidiasis, blocks C. albicans filamentation in vitro, and prevents biofilm formation in a rat model of catheter infection by C. albicans. Collectively, this work identifies an imidazopyrazoindole scaffold with a non-protein-targeted mode of action that re-sensitizes the leading human fungal pathogen, C. albicans, to azole antifungals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Revie
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kali R Iyer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michelle E Maxson
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jiabao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Su Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Caroline M Fernandes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Kirsten J Meyer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xuefei Chen
- David Braley Centre for Antibiotics Discovery, M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Iwona Skulska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Meea Fogal
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Hiram Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Saif Hossain
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sheena Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yoko Yashiroda
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hirano
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Minoru Yoshida
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Charles Boone
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Rebecca S Shapiro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - David R Andes
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gerard D Wright
- David Braley Centre for Antibiotics Discovery, M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Justin R Nodwell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Veteran Administration Medical Center, Northport, NY, USA
| | - Martin D Burke
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Roger Adams Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Luke Whitesell
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicole Robbins
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Leah E Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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35
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Fairman G, Ouimet M. Lipophagy pathways in yeast are controlled by their distinct modes of induction. Yeast 2022; 39:429-439. [PMID: 35652813 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplet (LD) autophagy (lipophagy) is a recently discovered selective form of autophagy and is a pathway for LD catabolism. This ubiquitous process has been an ongoing area of research within the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast lipophagy phenotypically resembles microautophagy, although it has a distinct set of genetic requirements depending on the mode of induction. This review highlights the similarities and differences between different forms of yeast lipophagy and offers perspectives on how our knowledge of lipophagy in yeast may guide our understanding of this process within mammalian cells to ultimately inform future applications of lipophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Fairman
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mireille Ouimet
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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36
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Kaushal JB, Batra SK, Rachagani S. Hedgehog signaling and its molecular perspective with cholesterol: a comprehensive review. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:266. [PMID: 35486193 PMCID: PMC9990174 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04233-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is evolutionarily conserved and plays an instructional role in embryonic morphogenesis, organogenesis in various animals, and the central nervous system organization. Multiple feedback mechanisms dynamically regulate this pathway in a spatiotemporal and context-dependent manner to confer differential patterns in cell fate determination. Hh signaling is complex due to canonical and non-canonical mechanisms coordinating cell-cell communication. In addition, studies have demonstrated a regulatory framework of Hh signaling and shown that cholesterol is vital for Hh ligand biogenesis, signal generation, and transduction from the cell surface to intracellular space. Studies have shown the importance of a specific cholesterol pool, termed accessible cholesterol, which serves as a second messenger, conveying signals between smoothened (Smo) and patched 1 (Ptch1) across the plasma and ciliary membranes. Remarkably, recent high-resolution structural and molecular studies shed new light on the interplay between Hh signaling and cholesterol in membrane biology. These studies elucidated novel mechanistic insight into the release and dispersal of cholesterol-anchored Hh and the basis of Hh recognition by Ptch1. Additionally, the putative model of Smo activation by cholesterol binding and/or modification and Ptch1 antagonization of Smo has been explicated. However, the coupling mechanism of Hh signaling and cholesterol offered a new regulatory principle in cell biology: how effector molecules of the Hh signal network react to and remodel cholesterol accessibility in the membrane and selectively activate Hh signaling proteins thereof. Recognizing the biological importance of cholesterol in Hh signaling activation and transduction opens the door for translational research to develop novel therapeutic strategies. This review looks in-depth at canonical and non-canonical Hh signaling and the distinct proposed model of cholesterol-mediated regulation of Hh signaling components, facilitating a more sophisticated understanding of the Hh signal network and cholesterol biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti B Kaushal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
- Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - Satyanarayana Rachagani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
- Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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37
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Juhl AD, Wüstner D. Pathways and Mechanisms of Cellular Cholesterol Efflux-Insight From Imaging. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:834408. [PMID: 35300409 PMCID: PMC8920967 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.834408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential molecule in cellular membranes, but too much cholesterol can be toxic. Therefore, mammalian cells have developed complex mechanisms to remove excess cholesterol. In this review article, we discuss what is known about such efflux pathways including a discussion of reverse cholesterol transport and formation of high-density lipoprotein, the function of ABC transporters and other sterol efflux proteins, and we highlight their role in human diseases. Attention is paid to the biophysical principles governing efflux of sterols from cells. We also discuss recent evidence for cholesterol efflux by the release of exosomes, microvesicles, and migrasomes. The role of the endo-lysosomal network, lipophagy, and selected lysosomal transporters, such as Niemann Pick type C proteins in cholesterol export from cells is elucidated. Since oxysterols are important regulators of cellular cholesterol efflux, their formation, trafficking, and secretion are described briefly. In addition to discussing results obtained with traditional biochemical methods, focus is on studies that use established and novel bioimaging approaches to obtain insight into cholesterol efflux pathways, including fluorescence and electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray tomography as well as mass spectrometry imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Dupont Juhl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, PhyLife, Physical Life Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Daniel Wüstner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, PhyLife, Physical Life Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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38
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Olkkonen VM, Ikonen E. Cholesterol transport in the late endocytic pathway: Roles of ORP family proteins. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 216:106040. [PMID: 34864207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.106040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) homologues, designated ORP or OSBPL proteins, constitute one of the largest families of intracellular lipid-binding/transfer proteins (LTP). This review summarizes the mounting evidence that several members of this family participate in the machinery facilitating cholesterol trafficking in the late endocytic pathway. There are indications that OSBP, besides acting as a cholesterol/phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) exchanger at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-trans-Golgi network (TGN) membrane contact sites (MCS), also exchanges these lipids at ER-lysosome (Lys) contacts, increasing Lys cholesterol content. The long isoform of ORP1 (ORP1L), which also targets ER-late endosome (LE)/Lys MCS, has the capacity to mediate cholesterol transport either from ER to LE or in the opposite direction. Moreover, it regulates the motility, positioning and fusion of LE as well as autophagic flux. ORP2, the closest relative of ORP1, is mainly cytosolic, but also targets PI(4,5)P2-rich endosomal compartments. Our latest data suggest that ORP2 transfers cholesterol from LE to recycling endosomes (RE) in exchange for PI(4,5)P2, thus stimulating the recruitment of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) on the RE and cell adhesion. FAK activates phosphoinositide kinase on the RE to enhance PI(4,5)P2 synthesis. ORP2 in turn transfers PI(4,5)P2 from RE to LE, thus regulating LE tubule formation and transport activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesa M Olkkonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Elina Ikonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland; Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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39
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Daggubati V, Raleigh DR, Sever N. Sterol regulation of developmental and oncogenic Hedgehog signaling. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 196:114647. [PMID: 34111427 PMCID: PMC8648856 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) family of lipid-modified signaling proteins directs embryonic tissue patterning and postembryonic tissue homeostasis, and dysregulated Hh signaling drives familial and sporadic cancers. Hh ligands bind to and inhibit the tumor suppressor Patched and allow the oncoprotein Smoothened (SMO) to accumulate in cilia, which in turn activates the GLI family of transcription factors. Recent work has demonstrated that endogenous cholesterol and oxidized cholesterol derivatives (oxysterols) bind and modulate SMO activity. Here we discuss the myriad sterols that activate or inhibit the Hh pathway, with emphasis on endogenous 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol and 3β,5α-dihydroxycholest-7-en-6-one, and propose models of sterol regulation of SMO. Synthetic inhibitors of SMO have long been the focus of drug development efforts. Here, we discuss the possible utility of steroidal SMO ligands or inhibitors of enzymes involved in sterol metabolism as cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Daggubati
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Neurological Surgery, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David R. Raleigh
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Neurological Surgery, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Navdar Sever
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Corresponding author: Navdar Sever, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, LHRRB 405, Boston, MA 02115, USA, , Telephone: (617) 432-1612
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40
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Wu X, Yan R, Cao P, Qian H, Yan N. Structural advances in sterol-sensing domain-containing proteins. Trends Biochem Sci 2022; 47:289-300. [PMID: 35012873 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The sterol-sensing domain (SSD) is present in several membrane proteins that function in cholesterol metabolism, transport, and signaling. Recent progress in structural studies of SSD-containing proteins, such as sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-cleavage activating protein (Scap), Patched, Niemann-Pick disease type C1 (NPC1), and related proteins, reveals a conserved core that is essential for their sterol-dependent functions. This domain, by its name, 'senses' the presence of sterol substrates through interactions and may modulate protein behaviors with changing sterol levels. We summarize recent advances in structural and mechanistic investigations of these proteins and propose to divide them to two classes: M for 'moderator' proteins that regulate sterol metabolism in response to membrane sterol levels, and T for 'transporter' proteins that harbor inner tunnels for cargo trafficking across cellular membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Renhong Yan
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Pingping Cao
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Hongwu Qian
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Nieng Yan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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Lu A. Sorting (Nexin-13) out Novel Insights into Endolysosomal Cholesterol Export. CONTACT (THOUSAND OAKS (VENTURA COUNTY, CALIF.)) 2022; 5:25152564221114513. [PMID: 37366510 PMCID: PMC10243570 DOI: 10.1177/25152564221114513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Transport in and out of the endolysosomal compartment represents a key step in the regulation of cellular cholesterol homeostasis. Despite important recent advances, how LDL-derived, free cholesterol is exported from the lumen of endolysosomes to other organelles is still a matter of debate. We recently devised a CRISPR/Cas9 genome-scale strategy to uncover genes involved in the regulation of endolysosomal cholesterol homeostasis and the functionally linked phospholipid, bis(monoacylglycerol)-phosphate. This approach confirmed known genes and pathways involved in this process, and more importantly revealed previously unrecognized roles for new players, such as Sorting Nexin-13 (SNX13). Here we discuss the unexpected regulatory role of SNX13 in endolysosomal cholesterol export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Lu
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular,
Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut
d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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42
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Winkler MBL, Nel L, Frain KM, Dedic E, Olesen E, Pedersen BP. Sterol uptake by the NPC system in eukaryotes: a Saccharomyces cerevisiae perspective. FEBS Lett 2021; 596:160-179. [PMID: 34897668 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sterols are an essential component of membranes in all eukaryotic cells and the precursor of multiple indispensable cellular metabolites. After endocytotic uptake, sterols are integrated into the lysosomal membrane by the Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) system before redistribution to other membranes. The process is driven by two proteins that, together, compose the NPC system: the lysosomal sterol shuttle protein NPC2 and the membrane protein NPC1 (named NCR1 in fungi), which integrates sterols into the lysosomal membrane. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae NPC system provides a compelling model to study the molecular mechanism of sterol integration into membranes and sterol homeostasis. This review summarizes recent advances in the field, and by interpreting available structural data, we propose a unifying conceptual model for sterol loading, transfer and transport by NPC proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael B L Winkler
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Lynette Nel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Kelly M Frain
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Emil Dedic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Esben Olesen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
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43
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Wang W, Ma Y, Yang RR, Cheng X, Huang HJ, Zhang CX, Bao YY. An MD-2-related lipid-recognition protein is required for insect reproduction and integument development. Open Biol 2021; 11:210170. [PMID: 34905699 PMCID: PMC8670961 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD-2)-related lipid-recognition protein is involved in immune responses through recognizing bacteria lipopolysaccharide in mammals, arthropods and plants. However, the physiological roles of MD-2 in other biological processes are largely unknown. Here, we identified three homologue MD-2 genes (NlML1, NlML2 and NlML3) by searching the genome and transcriptome databases of the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens, a hemipteran insect species. Temporospatial analysis showed that the NlML1 gene was highly expressed in the fat body but much less so in the other tissues, while the NlML2 and NlML3 genes were highly expressed in the testis or digestive tract. RNA interference-mediated depletion of the NlML1 gene significantly downregulated the transcription of numerous integument protein genes. The NlML1 knockdown led to moulting failure and mortality at the nymph-adult transition phase, impaired egg laying and hatching, and reduced 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) production in the nymphs. 20E could rescue the deficient moulting phenotypes derived from dsNlML1 RNAi. These novel findings indicate that NlML1 is required for nymphal moulting and female reproductive success as it plays an important role in regulating 20E synthesis, lipid and chitin metabolisms in N. lugens, thus contributing to our understanding of developmental and reproductive mechanisms in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Rui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Jian Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Yuan Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
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44
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Pluvinage JV, Sun J, Claes C, Flynn RA, Haney MS, Iram T, Meng X, Lindemann R, Riley NM, Danhash E, Chadarevian JP, Tapp E, Gate D, Kondapavulur S, Cobos I, Chetty S, Pașca AM, Pașca SP, Berry-Kravis E, Bertozzi CR, Blurton-Jones M, Wyss-Coray T. The CD22-IGF2R interaction is a therapeutic target for microglial lysosome dysfunction in Niemann-Pick type C. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabg2919. [PMID: 34851695 PMCID: PMC9067636 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abg2919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Lysosome dysfunction is a shared feature of rare lysosomal storage diseases and common age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia, the brain-resident macrophages, are particularly vulnerable to lysosome dysfunction because of the phagocytic stress of clearing dying neurons, myelin, and debris. CD22 is a negative regulator of microglial homeostasis in the aging mouse brain, and soluble CD22 (sCD22) is increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPC). However, the role of CD22 in the human brain remains unknown. In contrast to previous findings in mice, here, we show that CD22 is expressed by oligodendrocytes in the human brain and binds to sialic acid–dependent ligands on microglia. Using unbiased genetic and proteomic screens, we identify insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (IGF2R) as the binding partner of sCD22 on human myeloid cells. Targeted truncation of IGF2R revealed that sCD22 docks near critical mannose 6-phosphate–binding domains, where it disrupts lysosomal protein trafficking. Interfering with the sCD22-IGF2R interaction using CD22 blocking antibodies ameliorated lysosome dysfunction in human NPC1 mutant induced pluripotent stem cell–derived microglia-like cells without harming oligodendrocytes in vitro. These findings reinforce the differences between mouse and human microglia and provide a candidate microglia-directed immunotherapeutic to treat NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V. Pluvinage
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Jerry Sun
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Christel Claes
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ryan A. Flynn
- Stem Cell Program, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Michael S. Haney
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Tal Iram
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Xiangling Meng
- Stanford Brain Organogenesis, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Rachel Lindemann
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Nicholas M. Riley
- Department of Chemistry and ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Emma Danhash
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jean Paul Chadarevian
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Emma Tapp
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - David Gate
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Sravani Kondapavulur
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Inma Cobos
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Sundari Chetty
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anca M. Pașca
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Sergiu P. Pașca
- Stanford Brain Organogenesis, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | | | - Carolyn R. Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry and ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Mathew Blurton-Jones
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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45
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Li W, Wang L, Wierbowski BM, Lu M, Dong F, Liu W, Li S, Wang P, Salic A, Gong X. Structural insights into proteolytic activation of the human Dispatched1 transporter for Hedgehog morphogen release. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6966. [PMID: 34845226 PMCID: PMC8630017 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27257-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane protein Dispatched (Disp), which belongs to the RND family of small molecule transporters, is essential for Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, by catalyzing the extracellular release of palmitate- and cholesterol-modified Hh ligands from producing cells. Disp function requires Furin-mediated proteolytic cleavage of its extracellular domain, but how this activates Disp remains obscure. Here, we employ cryo-electron microscopy to determine atomic structures of human Disp1 (hDisp1), before and after cleavage, and in complex with lipid-modified Sonic hedgehog (Shh) ligand. These structures, together with biochemical data, reveal that proteolytic cleavage opens the extracellular domain of hDisp1, removing steric hindrance to Shh binding. Structure-guided functional experiments demonstrate the role of hDisp1-Shh interactions in ligand release. Our results clarify the mechanisms of hDisp1 activation and Shh morphogen release, and highlight how a unique proteolytic cleavage event enabled acquisition of a protein substrate by a member of a family of small molecule transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqiu Li
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, Guangdong China ,grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Present Address: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, Guangdong China
| | - Linlin Wang
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, Guangdong China
| | - Bradley M. Wierbowski
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Mo Lu
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, Guangdong China
| | - Feitong Dong
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, Guangdong China
| | - Wenchen Liu
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, Guangdong China
| | - Sisi Li
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, Guangdong China ,grid.508211.f0000 0004 6004 3854Present Address: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, 518060 Shenzhen, Guangdong China
| | - Peiyi Wang
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790SUSTech Cryo-EM Facility Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, Guangdong China
| | - Adrian Salic
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Xin Gong
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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Rituper B, Guček A, Lisjak M, Gorska U, Šakanović A, Bobnar ST, Lasič E, Božić M, Abbineni PS, Jorgačevski J, Kreft M, Verkhratsky A, Platt FM, Anderluh G, Stenovec M, Božič B, Coorssen JR, Zorec R. Vesicle cholesterol controls exocytotic fusion pore. Cell Calcium 2021; 101:102503. [PMID: 34844123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2021.102503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In some lysosomal storage diseases (LSD) cholesterol accumulates in vesicles. Whether increased vesicle cholesterol affects vesicle fusion with the plasmalemma, where the fusion pore, a channel between the vesicle lumen and the extracellular space, is formed, is unknown. Super-resolution microscopy revealed that after stimulation of exocytosis, pituitary lactotroph vesicles discharge cholesterol which transfers to the plasmalemma. Cholesterol depletion in lactotrophs and astrocytes, both exhibiting Ca2+-dependent exocytosis regulated by distinct Ca2+sources, evokes vesicle secretion. Although this treatment enhanced cytosolic levels of Ca2+ in lactotrophs but decreased it in astrocytes, this indicates that cholesterol may well directly define the fusion pore. In an attempt to explain this mechanism, a new model of cholesterol-dependent fusion pore regulation is proposed. High-resolution membrane capacitance measurements, used to monitor fusion pore conductance, a parameter related to fusion pore diameter, confirm that at resting conditions reducing cholesterol increases, while enrichment with cholesterol decreases the conductance of the fusion pore. In resting fibroblasts, lacking the Npc1 protein, a cellular model of LSD in which cholesterol accumulates in vesicles, the fusion pore conductance is smaller than in controls, showing that vesicle cholesterol controls fusion pore and is relevant for pathophysiology of LSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boštjan Rituper
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alenka Guček
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marjeta Lisjak
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urszula Gorska
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleksandra Šakanović
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Saša Trkov Bobnar
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Celica Biomedical, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eva Lasič
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mićo Božić
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Prabhodh S Abbineni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5632, United States of America
| | - Jernej Jorgačevski
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Celica Biomedical, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Kreft
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Celica Biomedical, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Celica Biomedical, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom; Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Frances M Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Gregor Anderluh
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Stenovec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Celica Biomedical, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojan Božič
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jens R Coorssen
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences and Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Mathematics & Science, Brock University, St Catherine's, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Celica Biomedical, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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47
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Malwal SR, Oldfield E. Mycobacterial membrane protein Large 3-like-family proteins in bacteria, protozoa, fungi, plants, and animals: A bioinformatics and structural investigation. Proteins 2021; 90:776-790. [PMID: 34739144 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Lipid transporters play an important role in most if not all organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. For example, in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the trehalose monomycolate transporter MmpL3 is involved in cell wall biosynthesis, while in humans, cholesterol transporters are involved in normal cell function as well as in disease. Here, using structural and bioinformatics information, we propose that there are proteins that also contain "MmpL3-like" (MMPL) transmembrane (TM) domains in many protozoa, including Trypanosoma cruzi, as well as in the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, where the fatty acid transporter FarE has the same set of "active-site" residues as those found in the mycobacterial MmpL3s, and in T. cruzi. We also show that there are strong sequence and predicted structural similarities between the TM proton-translocation domain seen in the X-ray structures of mycobacterial MmpL3s and several human as well as fungal lipid transporters, leading to the proposal that there are similar proteins in apicomplexan parasites, and in plants. The animal, fungal, apicomplexan, and plant proteins have larger extra-membrane domains than are found in the bacterial MmpL3, but they have a similar TM domain architecture, with the introduction of a (catalytically essential) Phe > His residue change, and a Ser/Thr H-bond network, involved in H+ -transport. Overall, the results are of interest since they show that MMPL-family proteins are present in essentially all life forms: archaea, bacteria, protozoa, fungi, plants and animals and, where known, they are involved in "lipid" (glycolipid, phospholipid, sphingolipid, fatty acid, cholesterol, ergosterol) transport, powered by transmembrane molecular pumps having similar structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish R Malwal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Eric Oldfield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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48
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Mengel E, Patterson MC, Da Riol RM, Del Toro M, Deodato F, Gautschi M, Grunewald S, Grønborg S, Harmatz P, Héron B, Maier EM, Roubertie A, Santra S, Tylki‐Szymanska A, Day S, Andreasen AK, Geist MA, Havnsøe Torp Petersen N, Ingemann L, Hansen T, Blaettler T, Kirkegaard T, í Dali C. Efficacy and safety of arimoclomol in Niemann-Pick disease type C: Results from a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, multinational phase 2/3 trial of a novel treatment. J Inherit Metab Dis 2021; 44:1463-1480. [PMID: 34418116 PMCID: PMC9293014 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is a rare, genetic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder with high unmet medical need. We investigated the safety and efficacy of arimoclomol, which amplifies the heat shock response to target NPC protein misfolding and improve lysosomal function, in patients with NPC. In a 12-month, prospective, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2/3 trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02612129), patients (2-18 years) were randomised 2:1 to arimoclomol:placebo, stratified by miglustat use. Routine clinical care was maintained. Arimoclomol was administered orally three times daily. The primary endpoint was change in 5-domain NPC Clinical Severity Scale (NPCCSS) score from baseline to 12 months. Fifty patients enrolled; 42 completed. At month 12, the mean progression from baseline in the 5-domain NPCCSS was 0.76 with arimoclomol vs 2.15 with placebo. A statistically significant treatment difference in favour of arimoclomol of -1.40 (95% confidence interval: -2.76, -0.03; P = .046) was observed, corresponding to a 65% reduction in annual disease progression. In the prespecified subgroup of patients receiving miglustat as routine care, arimoclomol resulted in stabilisation of disease severity over 12 months with a treatment difference of -2.06 in favour of arimoclomol (P = .006). Adverse events occurred in 30/34 patients (88.2%) receiving arimoclomol and 12/16 (75.0%) receiving placebo. Fewer patients had serious adverse events with arimoclomol (5/34, 14.7%) vs placebo (5/16, 31.3%). Treatment-related serious adverse events (n = 2) included urticaria and angioedema. Arimoclomol provided a significant and clinically meaningful treatment effect in NPC and was well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugen Mengel
- SphinCS GmbHInstitute of Clinical Science for LSDHochheimGermany
| | - Marc C. Patterson
- Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics and Medical GeneticsMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Rosalia M. Da Riol
- Regional Coordination Center for Rare DiseasesAcademic Hospital ‘Santa Maria della Misericordia’UdineItaly
| | - Mireia Del Toro
- Pediatric Neurology DepartmentVall d'Hebron University HospitalBarcelonaSpain
| | - Federica Deodato
- Division of MetabolismOspedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCSRomeItaly
| | - Matthias Gautschi
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, and Institute of Clinical Chemistry, InselspitalUniversity Hospital Bern, University of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Stephanie Grunewald
- Department of Metabolic MedicineGreat Ormond Street Hospital, Institute of Child Health, UCL, NIHR Biomedical Research CenterLondonUK
| | - Sabine Grønborg
- Centre for Inherited Metabolic DiseasesCopenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet)CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Paul Harmatz
- Gastroenterology and HepatologyUCSF Benioff Children's Hospital OaklandOaklandCaliforniaUSA
| | - Bénédicte Héron
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Reference Centre for Lysosomal DiseasesUniversity Hospital Armand TrousseauParisFrance
| | - Esther M. Maier
- Department of Inborn Errors of MetabolismUniversity of Munich Children's HospitalMunichGermany
| | - Agathe Roubertie
- Department of NeuropediatricsCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Saikat Santra
- Department of Inherited Metabolic DisordersBirmingham Children's HospitalBirminghamUK
| | - Anna Tylki‐Szymanska
- Department of Paediatrics, Nutrition and Metabolic DiseasesThe Children's Memorial InstituteWarsawPoland
| | - Simon Day
- BiostatisticsClinical Trials Consulting & Training LimitedBuckinghamUK
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49
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Reinisch KM, Prinz WA. Mechanisms of nonvesicular lipid transport. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211813. [PMID: 33605998 PMCID: PMC7901144 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202012058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have long known that lipids traffic between cellular membranes via vesicles but have only recently appreciated the role of nonvesicular lipid transport. Nonvesicular transport can be high volume, supporting biogenesis of rapidly expanding membranes, or more targeted and precise, allowing cells to rapidly alter levels of specific lipids in membranes. Most such transport probably occurs at membrane contact sites, where organelles are closely apposed, and requires lipid transport proteins (LTPs), which solubilize lipids to shield them from the aqueous phase during their transport between membranes. Some LTPs are cup like and shuttle lipid monomers between membranes. Others form conduits allowing lipid flow between membranes. This review describes what we know about nonvesicular lipid transfer mechanisms while also identifying many remaining unknowns: How do LTPs facilitate lipid movement from and into membranes, do LTPs require accessory proteins for efficient transfer in vivo, and how is directionality of transport determined?
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin M Reinisch
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - William A Prinz
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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50
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Glial contribution to cyclodextrin-mediated reversal of cholesterol accumulation in murine NPC1-deficient neurons in vivo. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 158:105469. [PMID: 34364974 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C disease is a rare and fatal lysosomal storage disorder presenting severe neurovisceral symptoms. Disease-causing mutations in genes encoding either NPC1 or NPC2 protein provoke accumulation of cholesterol and other lipids in specific structures of the endosomal-lysosomal system and degeneration of specific cells, notably neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (CD) emerged as potential therapeutic approach based on animal studies and clinical data, but the mechanism of action in neurons has remained unclear. To address this topic in vivo, we took advantage of the retina as highly accessible part of the CNS and intravitreal injections as mode of drug administration. Coupling CD to gold nanoparticles allowed us to trace its intracellular location. We report that CD enters the endosomal-lysosomal system of neurons in vivo and enables the release of lipid-laden lamellar inclusions, which are then removed from the extracellular space by specific types of glial cells. Our data suggest that CD induces a concerted action of neurons and glial cells to restore lipid homeostasis in the central nervous system.
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