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Ipata AE, Fascianelli V, De Zeeuw CI, Sendhilnathan N, Fusi S, Goldberg ME. Purkinje cells in Crus I and II encode the visual stimulus and the impending choice as monkeys learn a reinforcement based visuomotor association task. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.09.13.612926. [PMID: 39314292 PMCID: PMC11419136 DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.13.612926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Visuomotor association involves linking an arbitrary visual cue to a well-learned movement. Transient inactivation of Crus I/II impairs primates' ability to learn new associations and delays motor responses without affecting the kinematics of the movement. The simple spikes of Purkinje cells in the Crus regions signal cognitive errors as monkeys learn to associate specific fractal stimuli with movements of the left or right hand. Here we show that as learning progresses, the simple spike activity of individual neurons becomes more selective for stimulus-response associations, with selectivity developing closer to the appearance of visual stimuli. Initially, most neurons respond to both associations, irrespective of the identity of the stimulus and the associated movement, but as learning advances, more neurons distinguish between specific stimulus-hand associations. Using a linear decoder, it was found that in early learning stages, the visual stimulus can be decoded only when the choice can also be decoded. As learning improves, the visual stimulus is decoded earlier than the choice. A simple model can replicate the observed simple spike signals and the monkeys' behavior in both the early and late learning stages.
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Onimus O, Arrivet F, Souza INDO, Bertrand B, Castel J, Luquet S, Mothet JP, Heck N, Gangarossa G. The gut-brain vagal axis scales hippocampal memory processes and plasticity. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 199:106569. [PMID: 38885849 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The vagus nerve serves as an interoceptive relay between the body and the brain. Despite its well-established role in feeding behaviors, energy metabolism, and cognitive functions, the intricate functional processes linking the vagus nerve to the hippocampus and its contribution to learning and memory dynamics remain still elusive. Here, we investigated whether and how the gut-brain vagal axis contributes to hippocampal learning and memory processes at behavioral, functional, cellular, and molecular levels. Our results indicate that the integrity of the vagal axis is essential for long-term recognition memories, while sparing other forms of memory. In addition, by combing multi-scale approaches, our findings show that the gut-brain vagal tone exerts a permissive role in scaling intracellular signaling events, gene expressions, hippocampal dendritic spines density as well as functional long-term plasticities (LTD and LTP). These results highlight the critical role of the gut-brain vagal axis in maintaining the spontaneous and homeostatic functions of hippocampal ensembles and in regulating their learning and memory functions. In conclusion, our study provides comprehensive insights into the multifaceted involvement of the gut-brain vagal axis in shaping time-dependent hippocampal learning and memory dynamics. Understanding the mechanisms underlying this interoceptive body-brain neuronal communication may pave the way for novel therapeutic approaches in conditions associated with cognitive decline, including neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriane Onimus
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Faustine Arrivet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Isis Nem de Oliveira Souza
- Biophotonics and Synapse Physiopathology Team, Laboratoire LuMIn UMR9024 Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CentraleSupelec, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Benoit Bertrand
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Julien Castel
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Serge Luquet
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Mothet
- Biophotonics and Synapse Physiopathology Team, Laboratoire LuMIn UMR9024 Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CentraleSupelec, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nicolas Heck
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Giuseppe Gangarossa
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, F-75013 Paris, France; Institut Universitaire de France, France.
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Arnskötter F, da Silva PBG, Schouw ME, Lukasch C, Bianchini L, Sieber L, Garcia-Lopez J, Ahmad ST, Li Y, Lin H, Joshi P, Spänig L, Radoš M, Roiuk M, Sepp M, Zuckermann M, Northcott PA, Patrizi A, Kutscher LM. Loss of Elp1 in cerebellar granule cell progenitors models ataxia phenotype of Familial Dysautonomia. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 199:106600. [PMID: 38996985 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Familial Dysautonomia (FD) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a splice site mutation in the gene ELP1, which disproportionally affects neurons. While classically characterized by deficits in sensory and autonomic neurons, neuronal defects in the central nervous system have also been described. Although ELP1 expression remains high in the normal developing and adult cerebellum, its role in cerebellar development is unknown. To explore the role of Elp1 in the cerebellum, we knocked out Elp1 in cerebellar granule cell progenitors (GCPs) and examined the outcome on animal behavior and cellular composition. We found that GCP-specific conditional knockout of Elp1 (Elp1cKO) resulted in ataxia by 8 weeks of age. Cellular characterization showed that the animals had smaller cerebella with fewer granule cells. This defect was already apparent as early as 7 days after birth, when Elp1cKO animals also had fewer mitotic GCPs and shorter Purkinje dendrites. Through molecular characterization, we found that loss of Elp1 was associated with an increase in apoptotic cell death and cell stress pathways in GCPs. Our study demonstrates the importance of ELP1 in the developing cerebellum, and suggests that loss of Elp1 in the GC lineage may also play a role in the progressive ataxia phenotypes of FD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Arnskötter
- Developmental Origins of Pediatric Cancer Junior Research Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, A partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patricia Benites Goncalves da Silva
- Developmental Origins of Pediatric Cancer Junior Research Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, A partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany
| | - Mackenna E Schouw
- Developmental Origins of Pediatric Cancer Junior Research Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, A partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany
| | - Chiara Lukasch
- Developmental Origins of Pediatric Cancer Junior Research Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, A partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany
| | - Luca Bianchini
- Developmental Origins of Pediatric Cancer Junior Research Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, A partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura Sieber
- Developmental Origins of Pediatric Cancer Junior Research Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, A partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany
| | - Jesus Garcia-Lopez
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Center of Excellence in Neuro-Oncology Sciences (CENOS), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of In vivo Pharmacology-Immunology, Tempest Therapeutics, Brisbane, CA, USA
| | - Shiekh Tanveer Ahmad
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Center of Excellence in Neuro-Oncology Sciences (CENOS), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yiran Li
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Center of Excellence in Neuro-Oncology Sciences (CENOS), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Hong Lin
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Center of Excellence in Neuro-Oncology Sciences (CENOS), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Piyush Joshi
- Developmental Origins of Pediatric Cancer Junior Research Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, A partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany
| | - Lisa Spänig
- Developmental Origins of Pediatric Cancer Junior Research Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, A partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Radoš
- Developmental Origins of Pediatric Cancer Junior Research Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, A partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany
| | - Mykola Roiuk
- Signal Transduction in Cancer and Metabolism, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mari Sepp
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Zuckermann
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, A partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Division of Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Preclinical Modeling Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul A Northcott
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Center of Excellence in Neuro-Oncology Sciences (CENOS), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Annarita Patrizi
- Schaller Research Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lena M Kutscher
- Developmental Origins of Pediatric Cancer Junior Research Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, A partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany.
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Eliseeva E, Malik MY, Minichiello L. Ablation of TrkB from Enkephalinergic Precursor-Derived Cerebellar Granule Cells Generates Ataxia. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:637. [PMID: 39194574 DOI: 10.3390/biology13080637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
In ataxia disorders, motor incoordination (ataxia) is primarily linked to the dysfunction and degeneration of cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs). In spinocerebellar ataxia 6 (SCA6), for example, decreased BDNF-TrkB signalling appears to contribute to PC dysfunction and ataxia. However, abnormal BDNF-TrkB signalling in granule cells (GCs) may contribute to PC dysfunction and incoordination in ataxia disorders, as TrkB receptors are also present in GCs that provide extensive input to PCs. This study investigated whether dysfunctional BDNF-TrkB signalling restricted to a specific subset of cerebellar GCs can generate ataxia in mice. To address this question, our research focused on TrkbPenk-KO mice, in which the TrkB receptor was removed from enkephalinergic precursor-derived cerebellar GCs. We found that deleting Ntrk2, encoding the TrkB receptor, eventually interfered with PC function, leading to ataxia symptoms in the TrkbPenk-KO mice without affecting their cerebellar morphology or levels of selected synaptic markers. These findings suggest that dysfunctional BDNF-TrkB signalling in a subset of cerebellar GCs alone is sufficient to trigger ataxia symptoms and may contribute to motor incoordination in disorders like SCA6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Eliseeva
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Mohd Yaseen Malik
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
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5
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van der Heijden ME. Converging and Diverging Cerebellar Pathways for Motor and Social Behaviors in Mice. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024:10.1007/s12311-024-01706-w. [PMID: 38780757 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-024-01706-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Evidence from clinical and preclinical studies has shown that the cerebellum contributes to cognitive functions, including social behaviors. Now that the cerebellum's role in a wider range of behaviors has been confirmed, the question arises whether the cerebellum contributes to social behaviors via the same mechanisms with which it modulates movements. This review seeks to answer whether the cerebellum guides motor and social behaviors through identical pathways. It focuses on studies in which cerebellar cells, synapses, or genes are manipulated in a cell-type specific manner followed by testing of the effects on social and motor behaviors. These studies show that both anatomically restricted and cerebellar cortex-wide manipulations can lead to social impairments without abnormal motor control, and vice versa. These studies suggest that the cerebellum employs different cellular, synaptic, and molecular pathways for social and motor behaviors. Future studies warrant a focus on the diverging mechanisms by which the cerebellum contributes to a wide range of neural functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike E van der Heijden
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA.
- Center for Neurobiology Research, Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA.
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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6
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Wang C, Derderian KD, Hamada E, Zhou X, Nelson AD, Kyoung H, Ahituv N, Bouvier G, Bender KJ. Impaired cerebellar plasticity hypersensitizes sensory reflexes in SCN2A-associated ASD. Neuron 2024; 112:1444-1455.e5. [PMID: 38412857 PMCID: PMC11065582 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) commonly present with sensory hypersensitivity or abnormally strong reactions to sensory stimuli. Such hypersensitivity can be overwhelming, causing high levels of distress that contribute markedly to the negative aspects of the disorder. Here, we identify a mechanism that underlies hypersensitivity in a sensorimotor reflex found to be altered in humans and in mice with loss of function in the ASD risk-factor gene SCN2A. The cerebellum-dependent vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), which helps maintain one's gaze during movement, was hypersensitized due to deficits in cerebellar synaptic plasticity. Heterozygous loss of SCN2A-encoded NaV1.2 sodium channels in granule cells impaired high-frequency transmission to Purkinje cells and long-term potentiation, a form of synaptic plasticity important for modulating VOR gain. VOR plasticity could be rescued in mice via a CRISPR-activator approach that increases Scn2a expression, demonstrating that evaluation of a simple reflex can be used to assess and quantify successful therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Wang
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kimberly D Derderian
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Hamada
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xujia Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew D Nelson
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Henry Kyoung
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nadav Ahituv
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Guy Bouvier
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, 91400 Saclay, France.
| | - Kevin J Bender
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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7
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Feng H, Clatot J, Kaneko K, Flores-Mendez M, Wengert ER, Koutcher C, Hoddeson E, Lopez E, Lee D, Arias L, Liang Q, Zhang X, Somarowthu A, Covarrubias M, Gunthorpe MJ, Large CH, Akizu N, Goldberg EM. Targeted therapy improves cellular dysfunction, ataxia, and seizure susceptibility in a model of a progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101389. [PMID: 38266642 PMCID: PMC10897515 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The recurrent variant KCNC1-p.Arg320His causes progressive myoclonus epilepsy (EPM) type 7, defined by progressive myoclonus, epilepsy, and ataxia, and is without effective treatment. KCNC1 encodes the voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv3.1, specifically expressed in high-frequency-firing neurons. Variant subunits act via loss of function; hence, EPM7 pathogenesis may involve impaired excitability of Kv3.1-expressing neurons, while enhancing Kv3 activity could represent a viable therapeutic strategy. We generate a mouse model, Kcnc1-p.Arg320His/+, which recapitulates the core features of EPM7, including progressive ataxia and seizure susceptibility. Kv3.1-expressing cerebellar granule cells and neocortical parvalbumin-positive GABAergic interneurons exhibit abnormalities consistent with Kv3 channel dysfunction. A Kv3-specific positive modulator (AUT00206) selectively enhances the firing frequency of Kv3.1-expressing neurons and improves motor function and seizure susceptibility in Kcnc1-Arg320His/+ mice. This work identifies a cellular and circuit basis of dysfunction in EPM7 and demonstrates that Kv3 positive modulators such as AUT00206 have therapeutic potential for the treatment of EPM7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Feng
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jerome Clatot
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Epilepsy Neurogenetics Initiative, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Keisuke Kaneko
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Nihon University, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Marco Flores-Mendez
- The Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eric R Wengert
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Carly Koutcher
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Emily Hoddeson
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Emily Lopez
- The University of Pennsylvania School of Arts and Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Demetrius Lee
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Leroy Arias
- The University of Pennsylvania School of Arts and Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Qiansheng Liang
- Department of Neuroscience and Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ala Somarowthu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Manuel Covarrubias
- Department of Neuroscience and Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Martin J Gunthorpe
- Autifony Therapeutics, Ltd., Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage SG1 2FX, UK
| | - Charles H Large
- Autifony Therapeutics, Ltd., Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage SG1 2FX, UK
| | - Naiara Akizu
- The Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ethan M Goldberg
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Epilepsy Neurogenetics Initiative, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Neurology, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Yu Z, Yang Y, Chan RB, Shi M, Stewart T, Huang Y, Liu Z, Lan G, Sheng L, Tian C, Yang D, Zhang J. GV-971 attenuates α-Synuclein aggregation and related pathology. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14393. [PMID: 37563872 PMCID: PMC10848097 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), share a distinct pathological feature, that is, a widespread accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) in the brain. There is a significant clinical unmet need for disease-modifying treatments for synucleinopathies. Recently, a seaweed-derived mixture of oligosaccharides sodium oligomannate, GV-971, was approved for Phase 2 clinical trials for PD. This study aimed to further evaluate the therapeutic effects of GV-971 on synucleinopathies using cellular and animal models and explore its associated molecular mechanisms. METHODS α-Syn aggregation was assessed, in vitro and ex vivo, by ThT assay. A dopaminergic neuron cell line, Prnp-SNCAA53T mice, and brain slices from PD and DLB patients were used to determine the efficacy of GV-971 in ameliorating α-syn pathology. Measurements of motor functions, including pole, cylinder, and rotarod tests, were conducted on Prnp-SNCAA53T mice 4 weeks after intragastric administration of GV-971 (200 mg day-1 kg-1 ). RESULTS GV-971 effectively prevented α-syn aggregation and even disassembled pre-aggregated α-syn fibrils, in vitro and ex vivo. In addition, GV-971 was able to rescue α-syn-induced neuronal damage and reduced release of extracellular vesicles (EVs), likely via modulating Alix expression. In the Prnp-SNCAA53T mouse model, when treated at the age of 5 months, GV-971 significantly decreased α-syn deposition in the cortex, midbrain, and cerebellum regions, along with ameliorating the motor dysfunctions. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that GV-971, when administered at a relatively early stage of the disease process, significantly reduced α-syn accumulation and aggregation in Prnp-SNCAA53T mice. Furthermore, GV-971 corrected α-syn-induced inhibition of EVs release in neurons, contributing to neuronal protection. Future studies are needed to further assess GV-971 as a promising disease-modifying therapy for PD and other synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Yu
- Beijing Neurosurgical InstituteCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- National Health and Disease Human Brain Tissue Resource CenterZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | | | - Min Shi
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Tessandra Stewart
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Yang Huang
- Department of PathologyPeking University Health Science Center and Third HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Zongran Liu
- Department of PathologyPeking University Health Science Center and Third HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Guoyu Lan
- Department of PathologyPeking University Health Science Center and Third HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Lifu Sheng
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Chen Tian
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Dishun Yang
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- National Health and Disease Human Brain Tissue Resource CenterZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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9
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Hull VL, Wang Y, Burns T, Sternbach S, Gong S, McDonough J, Guo F, Borodinsky LN, Pleasure D. Pathological Bergmann glia alterations and disrupted calcium dynamics in ataxic Canavan disease mice. Glia 2023; 71:2832-2849. [PMID: 37610133 PMCID: PMC10591969 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Canavan disease (CD) is a recessively inherited pediatric leukodystrophy resulting from inactivating mutations to the oligodendroglial enzyme aspartoacylase (ASPA). ASPA is responsible for hydrolyzing the amino acid derivative N-acetyl-L-aspartate (NAA), and without it, brain NAA concentrations increase by 50% or more. Infants and children with CD present with progressive cognitive and motor delays, cytotoxic edema, astroglial vacuolation, and prominent spongiform brain degeneration. ASPA-deficient CD mice (Aspanur7/nur7 ) present similarly with elevated NAA, widespread astroglial dysfunction, ataxia, and Purkinje cell (PC) dendritic atrophy. Bergmann glia (BG), radial astrocytes essential for cerebellar development, are intimately intertwined with PCs, where they regulate synapse stability, functionality, and plasticity. BG damage is common to many neurodegenerative conditions and frequently associated with PC dysfunction and ataxia. Here, we report that, in CD mice, BG exhibit significant morphological alterations, decreased structural associations with PCs, loss of synaptic support proteins, and altered calcium dynamics. We also find that BG dysfunction predates cerebellar vacuolation and PC damage in CD mice. Previously, we developed an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapy targeting Nat8l (N-acetyltransferase-8-like, "Nat8l ASO") that inhibits the production of NAA and reverses ataxia and PC atrophy in CD mice. Here, we show that Nat8l ASO administration in adult CD mice also leads to BG repair. Furthermore, blocking astroglial uptake of NAA is neuroprotective in astroglia-neuron cocultures exposed to elevated NAA. Our findings suggest that restoration of BG structural and functional integrity could be a mechanism for PC regeneration and improved motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa L. Hull
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Travis Burns
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Sarah Sternbach
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Shuaishuai Gong
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Jennifer McDonough
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Fuzheng Guo
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Laura N. Borodinsky
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children, Sacramento, California, USA
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - David Pleasure
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children, Sacramento, California, USA
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10
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Cullen KE. Internal models of self-motion: neural computations by the vestibular cerebellum. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:986-1002. [PMID: 37739815 PMCID: PMC10591839 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The vestibular cerebellum plays an essential role in maintaining our balance and ensuring perceptual stability during activities of daily living. Here I examine three key regions of the vestibular cerebellum: the floccular lobe, anterior vermis (lobules I-V), and nodulus and ventral uvula (lobules X-IX of the posterior vermis). These cerebellar regions encode vestibular information and combine it with extravestibular signals to create internal models of eye, head, and body movements, as well as their spatial orientation with respect to gravity. To account for changes in the external environment and/or biomechanics during self-motion, the neural mechanisms underlying these computations are continually updated to ensure accurate motor behavior. To date, studies on the vestibular cerebellum have predominately focused on passive vestibular stimulation, whereas in actuality most stimulation is the result of voluntary movement. Accordingly, I also consider recent research exploring these computations during active self-motion and emerging evidence establishing the cerebellum's role in building predictive models of self-generated movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Cullen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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11
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Lin AC, Prieto-Godino L. Neuroscience: Hacking development to understand sensory discrimination. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R822-R825. [PMID: 37552952 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Fine sensory discrimination abilities are enabled by specific neural circuit architectures. A new study reveals how manipulating particular network parameters in the fly's memory centre, the mushroom body, alters sensory coding and discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Lin
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK. andrew.lin,@,sheffield.ac.uk
| | - Lucia Prieto-Godino
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1BF, UK. lucia.prietogodino,@,crick.ac.uk
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12
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Jang DC, Chung G, Kim SK, Kim SJ. Dynamic alteration of intrinsic properties of the cerebellar Purkinje cell during the motor memory consolidation. Mol Brain 2023; 16:58. [PMID: 37430311 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-023-01043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic plasticity of the cerebellar Purkinje cell (PC) plays a critical role in motor memory consolidation. However, detailed changes in their intrinsic properties during memory consolidation are not well understood. Here, we report alterations in various properties involved in intrinsic excitability, such as the action potential (AP) threshold, AP width, afterhyperpolarization (AHP), and sag voltage, which are associated with the long-term depression of intrinsic excitability following the motor memory consolidation process. We analyzed data recorded from PCs before and 1, 4, and 24 h after cerebellum-dependent motor learning and found that these properties underwent dynamic changes during the consolidation process. We further analyzed data from PC-specific STIM1 knockout (STIM1PKO) mice, which show memory consolidation deficits, and derived intrinsic properties showing distinct change patterns compared with those of wild-type littermates. The levels of memory retention in the STIM1PKO mice were significantly different compared to wild-type mice between 1 and 4 h after training, and AP width, fast- and medium-AHP, and sag voltage showed different change patterns during this period. Our results provide information regarding alterations in intrinsic properties during a particular period that are critical for memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Cheol Jang
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Research Center, Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03087, Republic of Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Geehoon Chung
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Kwang Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of East-West Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jeong Kim
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Research Center, Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03087, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Zhang J, Wei K, Qu W, Wang M, Zhu Q, Dong X, Huang X, Yi W, Xu S, Li X. Ogt Deficiency Induces Abnormal Cerebellar Function and Behavioral Deficits of Adult Mice through Modulating RhoA/ROCK Signaling. J Neurosci 2023; 43:4559-4579. [PMID: 37225434 PMCID: PMC10286951 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1962-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown the essential roles of O-GlcNAc transferase (Ogt) and O-GlcNAcylation in neuronal development, function and neurologic diseases. However, the function of Ogt and O-GlcNAcylation in the adult cerebellum has not been well elucidated. Here, we have found that cerebellum has the highest level of O-GlcNAcylation relative to cortex and hippocampus of adult male mice. Specific deletion of Ogt in granule neuron precursors (GNPs) induces abnormal morphology and decreased size of the cerebellum in adult male Ogt deficient [conditional knock-out (cKO)] mice. Adult male cKO mice show the reduced density and aberrant distribution of cerebellar granule cells (CGCs), the disrupted arrangement of Bergman glia (BG) and Purkinje cells. In addition, adult male cKO mice exhibit aberrant synaptic connection, impaired motor coordination, and learning and memory abilities. Mechanistically, we have identified G-protein subunit α12 (Gα12) is modified by Ogt-mediated O-GlcNAcylation. O-GlcNAcylation of Gα12 facilitates its binding to Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 12 (Arhgef12) and consequently activates RhoA/ROCK signaling. RhoA/ROCK pathway activator LPA can rescue the developmental deficits of Ogt deficient CGCs. Therefore, our study has revealed the critical function and related mechanisms of Ogt and O-GlcNAcylation in the cerebellum of adult male mice.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Cerebellar function are regulated by diverse mechanisms. To unveil novel mechanisms is critical for understanding the cerebellar function and the clinical therapy of cerebellum-related diseases. In the present study, we have shown that O-GlcNAc transferase gene (Ogt) deletion induces abnormal cerebellar morphology, synaptic connection, and behavioral deficits of adult male mice. Mechanistically, Ogt catalyzes O-GlcNAcylation of Gα12, which promotes the binding to Arhgef12, and regulates RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway. Our study has uncovered the important roles of Ogt and O-GlcNAcylation in regulating cerebellar function and cerebellum-related behavior. Our results suggest that Ogt and O-GlcNAcylation could be potential targets for some cerebellum-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Zhang
- The Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Kaiyan Wei
- The Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Wenzheng Qu
- The Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Mengxuan Wang
- The Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310002, China
| | - Xiaoxue Dong
- The Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- The Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Wen Yi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310002, China
| | - Shunliang Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China
| | - Xuekun Li
- The Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310053, China
- Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
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14
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Melchor-Eixea I, Guarque-Chabrera J, Sanchez-Hernandez A, Ibáñez-Marín P, Pastor R, Miquel M. Putting forward a model for the role of the cerebellum in cocaine-induced pavlovian memory. Front Syst Neurosci 2023; 17:1154014. [PMID: 37388941 PMCID: PMC10303950 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2023.1154014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Substance Use Disorder (SUD) involves emotional, cognitive, and motivational dysfunction. Long-lasting molecular and structural changes in brain regions functionally and anatomically linked to the cerebellum, such as the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, basal ganglia, and ventral tegmental area, are characteristic of SUD. Direct and indirect reciprocal connectivity between the cerebellum and these brain regions can explain cerebellar roles in Pavlovian and reinforcement learning, fear memory, and executive functions. It is increasingly clear that the cerebellum modulates brain functions altered in SUD and other neuropsychiatric disorders that exhibit comorbidity with SUD. In the present manuscript, we review and discuss this evidence and present new research exploring the role of the cerebellum in cocaine-induced conditioned memory using chemogenetic tools (designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drug, DREADDs). Our preliminary data showed that inactivation of a region that includes the interposed and lateral deep cerebellar nuclei reduces the facilitating effect of a posterior vermis lesion on cocaine-induced preference conditioning. These findings support our previous research and suggest that posterior vermis damage may increase drug impact on the addiction circuitry by regulating activity in the DCN. However, they raise further questions that will also be discussed.
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15
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Wang C, Derderian KD, Hamada E, Zhou X, Nelson AD, Kyoung H, Ahituv N, Bouvier G, Bender KJ. Impaired cerebellar plasticity hypersensitizes sensory reflexes in SCN2A-associated ASD. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.05.543814. [PMID: 37333267 PMCID: PMC10274749 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.05.543814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) commonly present with sensory hypersensitivity, or abnormally strong reactions to sensory stimuli. Such hypersensitivity can be overwhelming, causing high levels of distress that contribute markedly to the negative aspects of the disorder. Here, we identify the mechanisms that underlie hypersensitivity in a sensorimotor reflex found to be altered in humans and in mice with loss-of-function in the ASD risk-factor gene SCN2A. The cerebellum-dependent vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), which helps maintain one's gaze during movement, was hypersensitized due to deficits in cerebellar synaptic plasticity. Heterozygous loss of SCN2A-encoded NaV1.2 sodium channels in granule cells impaired high-frequency transmission to Purkinje cells and long-term potentiation, a form of synaptic plasticity important for modulating VOR gain. VOR plasticity could be rescued in adolescent mice via a CRISPR-activator approach that increases Scn2a expression, highlighting how evaluation of simple reflexes can be used as quantitative readout of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Wang
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kimberly D. Derderian
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Hamada
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xujia Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew D. Nelson
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Henry Kyoung
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nadav Ahituv
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Guy Bouvier
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kevin J Bender
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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16
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Lee JH, Khan MM, Stark AP, Seo S, Norton A, Yao Z, Chen CH, Regehr WG. Cerebellar granule cell signaling is indispensable for normal motor performance. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112429. [PMID: 37141091 PMCID: PMC10258556 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the cerebellar cortex, mossy fibers (MFs) excite granule cells (GCs) that excite Purkinje cells (PCs), which provide outputs to the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCNs). It is well established that PC disruption produces motor deficits such as ataxia. This could arise from either decreases in ongoing PC-DCN inhibition, increases in the variability of PC firing, or disruption of the flow of MF-evoked signals. Remarkably, it is not known whether GCs are essential for normal motor function. Here we address this issue by selectively eliminating calcium channels that mediate transmission (CaV2.1, CaV2.2, and CaV2.3) in a combinatorial manner. We observe profound motor deficits but only when all CaV2 channels are eliminated. In these mice, the baseline rate and variability of PC firing are unaltered, and locomotion-dependent increases in PC firing are eliminated. We conclude that GCs are indispensable for normal motor performance and that disruption of MF-induced signals impairs motor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Hyuk Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mehak M Khan
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amanda P Stark
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Soobin Seo
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aliya Norton
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhiyi Yao
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher H Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wade G Regehr
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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17
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van der Heijden ME, Rey Hipolito AG, Kim LH, Kizek DJ, Perez RM, Lin T, Sillitoe RV. Glutamatergic cerebellar neurons differentially contribute to the acquisition of motor and social behaviors. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2771. [PMID: 37188723 PMCID: PMC10185563 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38475-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Insults to the developing cerebellum can cause motor, language, and social deficits. Here, we investigate whether developmental insults to different cerebellar neurons constrain the ability to acquire cerebellar-dependent behaviors. We perturb cerebellar cortical or nuclei neuron function by eliminating glutamatergic neurotransmission during development, and then we measure motor and social behaviors in early postnatal and adult mice. Altering cortical and nuclei neurons impacts postnatal motor control and social vocalizations. Normalizing neurotransmission in cortical neurons but not nuclei neurons restores social behaviors while the motor deficits remain impaired in adults. In contrast, manipulating only a subset of nuclei neurons leaves social behaviors intact but leads to early motor deficits that are restored by adulthood. Our data uncover that glutamatergic neurotransmission from cerebellar cortical and nuclei neurons differentially control the acquisition of motor and social behaviors, and that the brain can compensate for some but not all perturbations to the developing cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike E van der Heijden
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alejandro G Rey Hipolito
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Linda H Kim
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dominic J Kizek
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ross M Perez
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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18
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Mou HZ, Pan J, Zhao CL, Xing L, Mo Y, Kang B, Chen HY, Xu JJ. Nanometer Resolution Mass Spectro-Microtomography for In-Depth Anatomical Profiling of Single Cells. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37184339 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Visually identifying the molecular changes in single cells is of great importance for unraveling fundamental cellular functions as well as disease mechanisms. Herein, we demonstrated a mass spectro-microtomography with an optimal voxel resolution of ∼300 × 300 × 25 nm3, which enables three-dimensional tomography of chemical substances in single cells. This mass imaging method allows for the distinguishment of abundant endogenous and exogenous molecules in subcellular structures. Combined with statistical analysis, we demonstrated this method for spatial metabolomics analysis of drug distribution and subsequent molecular damages caused by intracellular drug action. More interestingly, thanks to the nanoprecision ablation depth (∼12 nm), we realized metabolomics profiling of cell membrane without the interference of cytoplasm and improved the distinction of cancer cells from normal cells. Our current method holds great potential to be a powerful tool for spatially resolved single-cell metabolomics analysis of chemical components during complex biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Zhang Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jianbin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Cong-Lin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lei Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuxiang Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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19
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Wang XT, Zhou L, Dong BB, Xu FX, Wang DJ, Shen EW, Cai XY, Wang Y, Wang N, Ji SJ, Chen W, Schonewille M, Zhu JJ, De Zeeuw CI, Shen Y. cAMP-EPAC-PKCε-RIM1α signaling regulates presynaptic long-term potentiation and motor learning. eLife 2023; 12:e80875. [PMID: 37159499 PMCID: PMC10171863 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is involved in learning of fine motor skills, yet whether presynaptic plasticity contributes to such learning remains elusive. Here, we report that the EPAC-PKCε module has a critical role in a presynaptic form of long-term potentiation in the cerebellum and motor behavior in mice. Presynaptic cAMP-EPAC-PKCε signaling cascade induces a previously unidentified threonine phosphorylation of RIM1α, and thereby initiates the assembly of the Rab3A-RIM1α-Munc13-1 tripartite complex that facilitates docking and release of synaptic vesicles. Granule cell-specific blocking of EPAC-PKCε signaling abolishes presynaptic long-term potentiation at the parallel fiber to Purkinje cell synapses and impairs basic performance and learning of cerebellar motor behavior. These results unveil a functional relevance of presynaptic plasticity that is regulated through a novel signaling cascade, thereby enriching the spectrum of cerebellar learning mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Tai Wang
- Department of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Bin-Bin Dong
- Department of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Fang-Xiao Xu
- Department of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - De-Juan Wang
- Department of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - En-Wei Shen
- Department of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Xin-Yu Cai
- Department of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Yin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cranial Cerebral Diseases, Department of Neurobiology of Basic Medical College, Ningxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Sheng-Jian Ji
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenChina
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | | | - J Julius Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MCRotterdamNetherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of SciencesAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Physiology and Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineYiwuChina
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
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20
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Martín R, Suárez-Pinilla AS, García-Font N, Laguna-Luque ML, López-Ramos JC, Oset-Gasque MJ, Gruart A, Delgado-García JM, Torres M, Sánchez-Prieto J. The activation of mGluR4 rescues parallel fiber synaptic transmission and LTP, motor learning and social behavior in a mouse model of Fragile X Syndrome. Mol Autism 2023; 14:14. [PMID: 37029391 PMCID: PMC10082511 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-023-00547-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common inherited intellectual disability, is caused by the loss of expression of the Fragile X Messenger Ribonucleoprotein (FMRP). FMRP is an RNA-binding protein that negatively regulates the expression of many postsynaptic as well as presynaptic proteins involved in action potential properties, calcium homeostasis and neurotransmitter release. FXS patients and mice lacking FMRP suffer from multiple behavioral alterations, including deficits in motor learning for which there is currently no specific treatment. METHODS We performed electron microscopy, whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology and behavioral experiments to characterise the synaptic mechanisms underlying the motor learning deficits observed in Fmr1KO mice and the therapeutic potential of positive allosteric modulator of mGluR4. RESULTS We found that enhanced synaptic vesicle docking of cerebellar parallel fiber to Purkinje cell Fmr1KO synapses was associated with enhanced asynchronous release, which not only prevents further potentiation, but it also compromises presynaptic parallel fiber long-term potentiation (PF-LTP) mediated by β adrenergic receptors. A reduction in extracellular Ca2+ concentration restored the readily releasable pool (RRP) size, basal synaptic transmission, β adrenergic receptor-mediated potentiation, and PF-LTP. Interestingly, VU 0155041, a selective positive allosteric modulator of mGluR4, also restored both the RRP size and PF-LTP in mice of either sex. Moreover, when injected into Fmr1KO male mice, VU 0155041 improved motor learning in skilled reaching, classical eyeblink conditioning and vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) tests, as well as the social behavior alterations of these mice. LIMITATIONS We cannot rule out that the activation of mGluR4s via systemic administration of VU0155041 can also affect other brain regions. Further studies are needed to stablish the effect of a specific activation of mGluR4 in cerebellar granule cells. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that an increase in synaptic vesicles, SV, docking may cause the loss of PF-LTP and motor learning and social deficits of Fmr1KO mice and that the reversal of these changes by pharmacological activation of mGluR4 may offer therapeutic relief for motor learning and social deficits in FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Martín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alberto Samuel Suárez-Pinilla
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria García-Font
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and Simon Initiative for Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH89JZ, UK
| | | | - Juan C López-Ramos
- Division de Neurociencias, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Jesús Oset-Gasque
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Instituto Universitario Investigación en Neuroquímica, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agnes Gruart
- Division de Neurociencias, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Magdalena Torres
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Sánchez-Prieto
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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21
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Benarroch E. What Is the Involvement of the Cerebellum During Sleep? Neurology 2023; 100:572-577. [PMID: 36941065 PMCID: PMC10033165 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
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22
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Boven E, Pemberton J, Chadderton P, Apps R, Costa RP. Cerebro-cerebellar networks facilitate learning through feedback decoupling. Nat Commun 2023; 14:51. [PMID: 36599827 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35658-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Behavioural feedback is critical for learning in the cerebral cortex. However, such feedback is often not readily available. How the cerebral cortex learns efficiently despite the sparse nature of feedback remains unclear. Inspired by recent deep learning algorithms, we introduce a systems-level computational model of cerebro-cerebellar interactions. In this model a cerebral recurrent network receives feedback predictions from a cerebellar network, thereby decoupling learning in cerebral networks from future feedback. When trained in a simple sensorimotor task the model shows faster learning and reduced dysmetria-like behaviours, in line with the widely observed functional impact of the cerebellum. Next, we demonstrate that these results generalise to more complex motor and cognitive tasks. Finally, the model makes several experimentally testable predictions regarding cerebro-cerebellar task-specific representations over learning, task-specific benefits of cerebellar predictions and the differential impact of cerebellar and inferior olive lesions. Overall, our work offers a theoretical framework of cerebro-cerebellar networks as feedback decoupling machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Boven
- Bristol Computational Neuroscience Unit, Intelligent Systems Labs, SCEEM, Faculty of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TH, UK
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Joseph Pemberton
- Bristol Computational Neuroscience Unit, Intelligent Systems Labs, SCEEM, Faculty of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Paul Chadderton
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Richard Apps
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Rui Ponte Costa
- Bristol Computational Neuroscience Unit, Intelligent Systems Labs, SCEEM, Faculty of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TH, UK.
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23
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Forsthofer M, Straka H. Homeostatic plasticity of eye movement performance in Xenopus tadpoles following prolonged visual image motion stimulation. J Neurol 2023; 270:57-70. [PMID: 35947153 PMCID: PMC9813097 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11311-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Visual image motion-driven ocular motor behaviors such as the optokinetic reflex (OKR) provide sensory feedback for optimizing gaze stability during head/body motion. The performance of this visuo-motor reflex is subject to plastic alterations depending on requirements imposed by specific eco-physiological or developmental circumstances. While visuo-motor plasticity can be experimentally induced by various combinations of motion-related stimuli, the extent to which such evoked behavioral alterations contribute to the behavioral demands of an environment remains often obscure. Here, we used isolated preparations of Xenopus laevis tadpoles to assess the extent and ontogenetic dependency of visuo-motor plasticity during prolonged visual image motion. While a reliable attenuation of large OKR amplitudes can be induced already in young larvae, a robust response magnitude-dependent bidirectional plasticity is present only at older developmental stages. The possibility of older larvae to faithfully enhance small OKR amplitudes coincides with the developmental maturation of inferior olivary-Purkinje cell signal integration. This conclusion was supported by the loss of behavioral plasticity following transection of the climbing fiber pathway and by the immunohistochemical demonstration of a considerable volumetric extension of the Purkinje cell dendritic area between the two tested stages. The bidirectional behavioral alterations with different developmental onsets might functionally serve to standardize the motor output, comparable to the known differential adaptability of vestibulo-ocular reflexes in these animals. This homeostatic plasticity potentially equilibrates the working range of ocular motor behaviors during altered visuo-vestibular conditions or prolonged head/body motion to fine-tune resultant eye movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Forsthofer
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg, Germany.,Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg, Germany
| | - Hans Straka
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg, Germany.
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24
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Vijayan A, Diwakar S. A cerebellum inspired spiking neural network as a multi-model for pattern classification and robotic trajectory prediction. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:909146. [DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.909146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Spiking neural networks were introduced to understand spatiotemporal information processing in neurons and have found their application in pattern encoding, data discrimination, and classification. Bioinspired network architectures are considered for event-driven tasks, and scientists have looked at different theories based on the architecture and functioning. Motor tasks, for example, have networks inspired by cerebellar architecture where the granular layer recodes sparse representations of the mossy fiber (MF) inputs and has more roles in motor learning. Using abstractions from cerebellar connections and learning rules of deep learning network (DLN), patterns were discriminated within datasets, and the same algorithm was used for trajectory optimization. In the current work, a cerebellum-inspired spiking neural network with dynamics of cerebellar neurons and learning mechanisms attributed to the granular layer, Purkinje cell (PC) layer, and cerebellar nuclei interconnected by excitatory and inhibitory synapses was implemented. The model’s pattern discrimination capability was tested for two tasks on standard machine learning (ML) datasets and on following a trajectory of a low-cost sensor-free robotic articulator. Tuned for supervised learning, the pattern classification capability of the cerebellum-inspired network algorithm has produced more generalized models than data-specific precision models on smaller training datasets. The model showed an accuracy of 72%, which was comparable to standard ML algorithms, such as MLP (78%), Dl4jMlpClassifier (64%), RBFNetwork (71.4%), and libSVM-linear (85.7%). The cerebellar model increased the network’s capability and decreased storage, augmenting faster computations. Additionally, the network model could also implicitly reconstruct the trajectory of a 6-degree of freedom (DOF) robotic arm with a low error rate by reconstructing the kinematic parameters. The variability between the actual and predicted trajectory points was noted to be ± 3 cm (while moving to a position in a cuboid space of 25 × 30 × 40 cm). Although a few known learning rules were implemented among known types of plasticity in the cerebellum, the network model showed a generalized processing capability for a range of signals, modulating the data through the interconnected neural populations. In addition to potential use on sensor-free or feed-forward based controllers for robotic arms and as a generalized pattern classification algorithm, this model adds implications to motor learning theory.
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25
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Abstract
The cerebellar cortex is an important system for relating neural circuits and learning. Its promise reflects the longstanding idea that it contains simple, repeated circuit modules with only a few cell types and a single plasticity mechanism that mediates learning according to classical Marr-Albus models. However, emerging data have revealed surprising diversity in neuron types, synaptic connections, and plasticity mechanisms, both locally and regionally within the cerebellar cortex. In light of these findings, it is not surprising that attempts to generate a holistic model of cerebellar learning across different behaviors have not been successful. While the cerebellum remains an ideal system for linking neuronal function with behavior, it is necessary to update the cerebellar circuit framework to achieve its great promise. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of cerebellar-cortical cell types, synaptic connections, signaling mechanisms, and forms of plasticity that enrich cerebellar processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Court Hull
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA;
| | - Wade G Regehr
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
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26
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Solouki S, Mehrabi F, Mirzaii-Dizgah I. Localization of long-term synaptic plasticity defects in cerebellar circuits using optokinetic reflex learning profile. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 35675762 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac76df] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective.Functional maps of the central nervous system attribute the coordination and control of many body movements directly or indirectly to the cerebellum. Despite this general picture, there is little information on the function of cerebellar neural components at the circuit level. The presence of multiple synaptic junctions and the synergistic action of different types of plasticity make it virtually difficult to determine the distinct contribution of cerebellar neural processes to behavioral manifestations. In this study, investigating the effect of long-term synaptic changes on cerebellar motor learning, we intend to provide quantitative criteria for localizing defects in the major forms of synaptic plasticity in the cerebellum.Approach.To this end, we develop a firing rate model of the cerebellar circuits to simulate learning of optokinetic reflex (OKR), one of the most well-known cerebellar-dependent motor tasks. In the following, by comparing the simulated OKR learning profile for normal and pathosynaptic conditions, we extract the learning features affected by long-term plasticity disorders. Next, conducting simulation with different massed (continuous with no rest) and spaced (interleaved with rest periods) learning paradigms, we estimate the detrimental impact of plasticity defects at corticonuclear synapses on short- and long-term motor memory.Main results.Our computational approach predicts a correlation between location and grade of the defect with some learning factors such as the rate of formation and retention of motor memory, baseline performance, and even cerebellar motor reserve capacity. Further, spacing analysis reveal the dependence of learning paradigm efficiency on the spatiotemporal characteristic of defect in the network. Indeed, defects in cortical memory formation and nuclear memory consolidation mainly harm massed and spaced learning, respectively. This result is used to design a differential assay for identifying the faulty phases of cerebellar learning.Significance.The proposed computational framework can help develop neural-screening systems and prepare meso-scale functional maps of the cerebellar circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Solouki
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Mehrabi
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iraj Mirzaii-Dizgah
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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27
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Mukherjee K, LaConte LEW, Srivastava S. The Non-Linear Path from Gene Dysfunction to Genetic Disease: Lessons from the MICPCH Mouse Model. Cells 2022; 11:1131. [PMID: 35406695 PMCID: PMC8997851 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most human disease manifests as a result of tissue pathology, due to an underlying disease process (pathogenesis), rather than the acute loss of specific molecular function(s). Successful therapeutic strategies thus may either target the correction of a specific molecular function or halt the disease process. For the vast majority of brain diseases, clear etiologic and pathogenic mechanisms are still elusive, impeding the discovery or design of effective disease-modifying drugs. The development of valid animal models and their proper characterization is thus critical for uncovering the molecular basis of the underlying pathobiological processes of brain disorders. MICPCH (microcephaly and pontocerebellar hypoplasia) is a monogenic condition that results from variants of an X-linked gene, CASK (calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase). CASK variants are associated with a wide range of clinical presentations, from lethality and epileptic encephalopathies to intellectual disabilities, microcephaly, and autistic traits. We have examined CASK loss-of-function mutations in model organisms to simultaneously understand the pathogenesis of MICPCH and the molecular function/s of CASK. Our studies point to a highly complex relationship between the potential molecular function/s of CASK and the phenotypes observed in model organisms and humans. Here we discuss the implications of our observations from the pathogenesis of MICPCH as a cautionary narrative against oversimplifying molecular interpretations of data obtained from genetically modified animal models of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konark Mukherjee
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (L.E.W.L.); (S.S.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Leslie E. W. LaConte
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (L.E.W.L.); (S.S.)
- Department of Basic Science Education, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Sarika Srivastava
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (L.E.W.L.); (S.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
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28
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Schwitalla JC, Pakusch J, Mücher B, Brückner A, Depke DA, Fenzl T, De Zeeuw CI, Kros L, Hoebeek FE, Mark MD. Controlling absence seizures from the cerebellar nuclei via activation of the G q signaling pathway. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:197. [PMID: 35305155 PMCID: PMC8934336 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04221-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Absence seizures (ASs) are characterized by pathological electrographic oscillations in the cerebral cortex and thalamus, which are called spike-and-wave discharges (SWDs). Subcortical structures, such as the cerebellum, may well contribute to the emergence of ASs, but the cellular and molecular underpinnings remain poorly understood. Here we show that the genetic ablation of P/Q-type calcium channels in cerebellar granule cells (quirky) or Purkinje cells (purky) leads to recurrent SWDs with the purky model showing the more severe phenotype. The quirky mouse model showed irregular action potential firing of their cerebellar nuclei (CN) neurons as well as rhythmic firing during the wave of their SWDs. The purky model also showed irregular CN firing, in addition to a reduced firing rate and rhythmicity during the spike of the SWDs. In both models, the incidence of SWDs could be decreased by increasing CN activity via activation of the Gq-coupled designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) or via that of the Gq-coupled metabotropic glutamate receptor 1. In contrast, the incidence of SWDs was increased by decreasing CN activity via activation of the inhibitory Gi/o-coupled DREADD. Finally, disrupting CN rhythmic firing with a closed-loop channelrhodopsin-2 stimulation protocol confirmed that ongoing SWDs can be ceased by activating CN neurons. Together, our data highlight that P/Q-type calcium channels in cerebellar granule cells and Purkinje cells can be relevant for epileptogenesis, that Gq-coupled activation of CN neurons can exert anti-epileptic effects and that precisely timed activation of the CN can be used to stop ongoing SWDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johanna Pakusch
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Brix Mücher
- Department of Zoology and Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Alexander Brückner
- Institute of Physiology I, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dominic Alexej Depke
- European Institute of Molecular Imaging, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Fenzl
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 AA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Dutch Academy for Arts and Sciences, 1105, BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lieke Kros
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 AA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Freek E Hoebeek
- Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital and Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 EA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie D Mark
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany.
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29
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Chen X, Chen T, Dong C, Chen H, Dong X, Yang L, Hu L, Wang H, Wu B, Yao Y, Xiong Y, Xiong M, Lin Y, Zhou W. Deletion of CHD8 in cerebellar granule neuron progenitors leads to severe cerebellar hypoplasia, ataxia and psychiatric behavior in mice. J Genet Genomics 2022; 49:859-869. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2022.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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30
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van der Heijden ME, Lackey EP, Perez R, Ișleyen FS, Brown AM, Donofrio SG, Lin T, Zoghbi HY, Sillitoe RV. Maturation of Purkinje cell firing properties relies on neurogenesis of excitatory neurons. eLife 2021; 10:e68045. [PMID: 34542409 PMCID: PMC8452305 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Preterm infants that suffer cerebellar insults often develop motor disorders and cognitive difficulty. Excitatory granule cells, the most numerous neuron type in the brain, are especially vulnerable and likely instigate disease by impairing the function of their targets, the Purkinje cells. Here, we use regional genetic manipulations and in vivo electrophysiology to test whether excitatory neurons establish the firing properties of Purkinje cells during postnatal mouse development. We generated mutant mice that lack the majority of excitatory cerebellar neurons and tracked the structural and functional consequences on Purkinje cells. We reveal that Purkinje cells fail to acquire their typical morphology and connectivity, and that the concomitant transformation of Purkinje cell firing activity does not occur either. We also show that our mutant pups have impaired motor behaviors and vocal skills. These data argue that excitatory cerebellar neurons define the maturation time-window for postnatal Purkinje cell functions and refine cerebellar-dependent behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike E van der Heijden
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Elizabeth P Lackey
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Ross Perez
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Fatma S Ișleyen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Amanda M Brown
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Sarah G Donofrio
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Huda Y Zoghbi
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Development, Disease Models and Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
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31
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NMDARs in granule cells contribute to parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synaptic plasticity and motor learning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2102635118. [PMID: 34507990 PMCID: PMC8449340 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2102635118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term synaptic plasticity is believed to be the cellular substrate of learning and memory. Synaptic plasticity rules are defined by the specific complement of receptors at the synapse and the associated downstream signaling mechanisms. In young rodents, at the cerebellar synapse between granule cells (GC) and Purkinje cells (PC), bidirectional plasticity is shaped by the balance between transcellular nitric oxide (NO) driven by presynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) activation and postsynaptic calcium dynamics. However, the role and the location of NMDAR activation in these pathways is still debated in mature animals. Here, we show in adult rodents that NMDARs are present and functional in presynaptic terminals where their activation triggers NO signaling. In addition, we find that selective genetic deletion of presynaptic, but not postsynaptic, NMDARs prevents synaptic plasticity at parallel fiber-PC (PF-PC) synapses. Consistent with this finding, the selective deletion of GC NMDARs affects adaptation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Thus, NMDARs presynaptic to PCs are required for bidirectional synaptic plasticity and cerebellar motor learning.
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32
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Kita K, Albergaria C, Machado AS, Carey MR, Müller M, Delvendahl I. GluA4 facilitates cerebellar expansion coding and enables associative memory formation. eLife 2021; 10:65152. [PMID: 34219651 PMCID: PMC8291978 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AMPA receptors (AMPARs) mediate excitatory neurotransmission in the central nervous system (CNS) and their subunit composition determines synaptic efficacy. Whereas AMPAR subunits GluA1–GluA3 have been linked to particular forms of synaptic plasticity and learning, the functional role of GluA4 remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate a crucial function of GluA4 for synaptic excitation and associative memory formation in the cerebellum. Notably, GluA4-knockout mice had ~80% reduced mossy fiber to granule cell synaptic transmission. The fidelity of granule cell spike output was markedly decreased despite attenuated tonic inhibition and increased NMDA receptor-mediated transmission. Computational network modeling incorporating these changes revealed that deletion of GluA4 impairs granule cell expansion coding, which is important for pattern separation and associative learning. On a behavioral level, while locomotor coordination was generally spared, GluA4-knockout mice failed to form associative memories during delay eyeblink conditioning. These results demonstrate an essential role for GluA4-containing AMPARs in cerebellar information processing and associative learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kita
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Catarina Albergaria
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana S Machado
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Megan R Carey
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Martin Müller
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Igor Delvendahl
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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33
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Lin Z, Wu B, Paul MW, Li KW, Yao Y, Smal I, Proietti Onori M, Hasanbegovic H, Bezstarosti K, Demmers J, Houtsmuller AB, Meijering E, Hoebeek FE, Schonewille M, Smit AB, Gao Z, De Zeeuw CI. Protein Phosphatase 2B Dual Function Facilitates Synaptic Integrity and Motor Learning. J Neurosci 2021; 41:5579-5594. [PMID: 34021041 PMCID: PMC8244972 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1741-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B) is critical for synaptic plasticity and learning, but the molecular mechanisms involved remain unclear. Here we identified different types of proteins that interact with PP2B, including various structural proteins of the postsynaptic densities (PSDs) of Purkinje cells (PCs) in mice. Deleting PP2B reduced expression of PSD proteins and the relative thickness of PSD at the parallel fiber to PC synapses, whereas reexpression of inactive PP2B partly restored the impaired distribution of nanoclusters of PSD proteins, together indicating a structural role of PP2B. In contrast, lateral mobility of surface glutamate receptors solely depended on PP2B phosphatase activity. Finally, the level of motor learning covaried with both the enzymatic and nonenzymatic functions of PP2B. Thus, PP2B controls synaptic function and learning both through its action as a phosphatase and as a structural protein that facilitates synapse integrity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Phosphatases are generally considered to serve their critical role in learning and memory through their enzymatic operations. Here, we show that protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B) interacts with structural proteins at the synapses of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Differentially manipulating the enzymatic and structural domains of PP2B leads to different phenotypes in cerebellar learning. We propose that PP2B is crucial for cerebellar learning via two complementary actions, an enzymatic and a structural operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanmin Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 200040, Shanghai, China
| | - Maarten W Paul
- Optical Imaging Center, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ka Wan Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Medical informatics, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ihor Smal
- Department of Medical informatics, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hana Hasanbegovic
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karel Bezstarosti
- Center for Proteomics, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Demmers
- Center for Proteomics, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Erik Meijering
- School of Computer Science and Engineering & Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Freek E Hoebeek
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital and Brain Center, Utrecht Medical Center, 3584 EA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - August B Smit
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zhenyu Gao
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, KNAW, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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34
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van der Heijden ME, Sillitoe RV. Interactions Between Purkinje Cells and Granule Cells Coordinate the Development of Functional Cerebellar Circuits. Neuroscience 2021; 462:4-21. [PMID: 32554107 PMCID: PMC7736359 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cerebellar development has a remarkably protracted morphogenetic timeline that is coordinated by multiple cell types. Here, we discuss the intriguing cellular consequences of interactions between inhibitory Purkinje cells and excitatory granule cells during embryonic and postnatal development. Purkinje cells are central to all cerebellar circuits, they are the first cerebellar cortical neurons to be born, and based on their cellular and molecular signaling, they are considered the master regulators of cerebellar development. Although rudimentary Purkinje cell circuits are already present at birth, their connectivity is morphologically and functionally distinct from their mature counterparts. The establishment of the Purkinje cell circuit with its mature firing properties has a temporal dependence on cues provided by granule cells. Granule cells are the latest born, yet most populous, neuronal type in the cerebellar cortex. They provide a combination of mechanical, molecular and activity-based cues that shape the maturation of Purkinje cell structure, connectivity and function. We propose that the wiring of Purkinje cells for function falls into two developmental phases: an initial phase that is guided by intrinsic mechanisms and a later phase that is guided by dynamically-acting cues, some of which are provided by granule cells. In this review, we highlight the mechanisms that granule cells use to help establish the unique properties of Purkinje cell firing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike E van der Heijden
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
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35
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Reflections on Cerebellar Neuropathology in Classical Scrapie. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050649. [PMID: 33924986 PMCID: PMC8146067 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, the most important neuropathological changes found in the cerebella of sheep affected by classical natural scrapie are discussed. This disease is the oldest known of a group of unconventional “infections” caused by toxic prions of different origins. Scrapie is currently considered a “transmissible spongiform encephalopathy” (due to its neuropathological characteristics and its transmission), which is the paradigm of prion pathologies as well as many encephalopathies (prion-like) that present aberrant deposits of insoluble protein with neurotoxic effects due to errors in their catabolization (“misfolding protein diseases”). The study of this disease is, therefore, of great relevance. Our work data from the authors’ previous publications as well as other research in the field. The four most important types of neuropathological changes are neuron abnormalities and loss, neurogliosis, tissue vacuolization (spongiosis) and pathological or abnormal prion protein (PrP) deposits/deposition. These findings were analyzed and compared to other neuropathologies. Various aspects related to the presentation and progression of the disease, the involution of different neuronal types, the neuroglial responses and the appearance of abnormal PrP deposits are discussed. The most important points of controversy in scrapie neuropathology are presented.
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36
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Peter S, Urbanus BHA, Klaassen RV, Wu B, Boele HJ, Azizi S, Slotman JA, Houtsmuller AB, Schonewille M, Hoebeek FE, Spijker S, Smit AB, De Zeeuw CI. AMPAR Auxiliary Protein SHISA6 Facilitates Purkinje Cell Synaptic Excitability and Procedural Memory Formation. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107515. [PMID: 32294428 PMCID: PMC7175376 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of excitatory postsynaptic currents in the brain are gated through AMPA-type glutamate receptors, the kinetics and trafficking of which can be modulated by auxiliary proteins. It remains to be elucidated whether and how auxiliary proteins can modulate synaptic function to contribute to procedural memory formation. In this study, we report that the AMPA-type glutamate receptor (AMPAR) auxiliary protein SHISA6 (CKAMP52) is expressed in cerebellar Purkinje cells, where it co-localizes with GluA2-containing AMPARs. The absence of SHISA6 in Purkinje cells results in severe impairments in the adaptation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex and eyeblink conditioning. The physiological abnormalities include decreased presence of AMPARs in synaptosomes, impaired excitatory transmission, increased deactivation of AMPA receptors, and reduced induction of long-term potentiation at Purkinje cell synapses. Our data indicate that Purkinje cells require SHISA6-dependent modification of AMPAR function in order to facilitate cerebellar, procedural memory formation. SHISA6 is prominently expressed in Purkinje cells in close association with AMPARs SHISA6 absence in Purkinje cells results in impaired procedural memory formation Purkinje cell synaptic baseline excitatory transmission is facilitated by SHISA6 Purkinje cell AMPAR kinetics are modulated by SHISA6
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Affiliation(s)
- Saša Peter
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3000 DR Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Remco V Klaassen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3000 DR Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 200040 Shanghai, China
| | - Henk-Jan Boele
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3000 DR Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sameha Azizi
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3000 DR Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johan A Slotman
- Optical Imaging Centre, Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, 3000 DR Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Adriaan B Houtsmuller
- Optical Imaging Centre, Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, 3000 DR Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Freek E Hoebeek
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3000 DR Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Brain Center, UMC Utrecht, 3584 EA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sabine Spijker
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - August B Smit
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3000 DR Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105 CA Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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37
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van der Heijden ME, Kizek DJ, Perez R, Ruff EK, Ehrlich ME, Sillitoe RV. Abnormal cerebellar function and tremor in a mouse model for non-manifesting partially penetrant dystonia type 6. J Physiol 2021; 599:2037-2054. [PMID: 33369735 PMCID: PMC8559601 DOI: 10.1113/jp280978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Loss-of-function mutations in the Thap1 gene cause partially penetrant dystonia type 6 (DYT6). Some non-manifesting DYT6 mutation carriers have tremor and abnormal cerebello-thalamo-cortical signalling. We show that Thap1 heterozygote mice have action tremor, a reduction in cerebellar neuron number, and abnormal electrophysiological signals in the remaining neurons. These results underscore the importance of Thap1 levels for cerebellar function. These results uncover how cerebellar abnormalities contribute to different dystonia-associated motor symptoms. ABSTRACT Loss-of-function mutations in the Thanatos-associated domain-containing apoptosis-associated protein 1 (THAP1) gene cause partially penetrant autosomal dominant dystonia type 6 (DYT6). However, the neural abnormalities that promote the resultant motor dysfunctions remain elusive. Studies in humans show that some non-manifesting DYT6 carriers have altered cerebello-thalamo-cortical function with subtle but reproducible tremor. Here, we uncover that Thap1 heterozygote mice have action tremor that rises above normal baseline values even though they do not exhibit overt dystonia-like twisting behaviour. At the neural circuit level, we show using in vivo recordings in awake Thap1+/- mice that Purkinje cells have abnormal firing patterns and that cerebellar nuclei neurons, which connect the cerebellum to the thalamus, fire at a lower frequency. Although the Thap1+/- mice have fewer Purkinje cells and cerebellar nuclei neurons, the number of long-range excitatory outflow projection neurons is unaltered. The preservation of interregional connectivity suggests that abnormal neural function rather than neuron loss instigates the network dysfunction and the tremor in Thap1+/- mice. Accordingly, we report an inverse correlation between the average firing rate of cerebellar nuclei neurons and tremor power. Our data show that cerebellar circuitry is vulnerable to Thap1 mutations and that cerebellar dysfunction may be a primary cause of tremor in non-manifesting DYT6 carriers and a trigger for the abnormal postures in manifesting patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike E. van der Heijden
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dominic J. Kizek
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ross Perez
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Elena K. Ruff
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michelle E. Ehrlich
- Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Roy V. Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
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38
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De Zeeuw CI. Bidirectional learning in upbound and downbound microzones of the cerebellum. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 22:92-110. [PMID: 33203932 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-020-00392-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, theories about cerebellar learning have evolved. A relatively simple view that highlighted the contribution of one major form of heterosynaptic plasticity to cerebellar motor learning has given way to a plethora of perspectives that suggest that many different forms of synaptic and non-synaptic plasticity, acting at various sites, can control multiple types of learning behaviour. However, there still seem to be contradictions between the various hypotheses with regard to the mechanisms underlying cerebellar learning. The challenge is therefore to reconcile these different views and unite them into a single overall concept. Here I review our current understanding of the changes in the activity of cerebellar Purkinje cells in different 'microzones' during various forms of learning. I describe an emerging model that indicates that the activity of each microzone is bound to either increase or decrease during the initial stages of learning, depending on the directional and temporal demands of its downstream circuitry and the behaviour involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands. .,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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39
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Miquel M, Gil-Miravet I, Guarque-Chabrera J. The Cerebellum on Cocaine. Front Syst Neurosci 2020; 14:586574. [PMID: 33192350 PMCID: PMC7641605 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2020.586574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The traditional cerebellum’s role has been linked to the high computational demands for sensorimotor control. However, several findings have pointed to its involvement in executive and emotional functions in the last decades. First in 2009 and then, in 2016, we raised why we should consider the cerebellum when thinking about drug addiction. A decade later, mounting evidence strongly suggests the cerebellar involvement in this disorder. Nevertheless, direct evidence is still partial and related mainly to drug-induced reward memory, but recent results about cerebellar functions may provide new insights into its role in addiction. The present review does not intend to be a compelling revision on available findings, as we did in the two previous reviews. This minireview focuses on specific findings of the cerebellum’s role in drug-related reward memories and the way ahead for future research. The results discussed here provide grounds for involving the cerebellar cortex’s apical region in regulating behavior driven by drug-cue associations. They also suggest that the cerebellar cortex dysfunction may facilitate drug-induced learning by increasing glutamatergic output from the deep cerebellar nucleus (DCN) to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and neural activity in its projecting areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Miquel
- Área de Psicobiología, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Isis Gil-Miravet
- Área de Psicobiología, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
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40
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Fang Y, Che X, You M, Xu Y, Wang Y. Perinatal exposure to nonylphenol promotes proliferation of granule cell precursors in offspring cerebellum: Involvement of the activation of Notch2 signaling. Neurochem Int 2020; 140:104843. [PMID: 32866557 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP), a widely diffused persistent organic pollutant (POP), has been shown to impair cerebellar development and cause cerebellum-dependent behavioral and motor deficits. The precise proliferation of granule cell precursors (GCPs), the source of granular cells (GCs), is required for normal development of cerebellum. Thus, we established an animal model of perinatal exposure to NP, investigated the effect of NP exposure on the cerebellar GCPs proliferation, and explored the potential mechanism involved. Our results showed that perinatal exposure to NP increased cerebellar weight, area, and internal granular cell layer (IGL) thickness in offspring rats. Perinatal exposure to NP also resulted in the GCPs hyperproliferation in the external granular layer (EGL) of the developing cerebellum, which may underlie the above-mentioned cerebellar alterations. However, our results suggested that perinatal exposure to NP had no effects on the length of GCPs proliferation. Meanwhile, perinatal exposure to NP also increased the activation of Notch2 signaling, the regulator of GCPs proliferation. In conclusion, our results supported the idea that exposure to NP caused the hyperproliferation of GCPs in the developing cerebellum. Furthermore, our study also provided the evidence that the activation of Notch2 signaling may be involved in the GCPs hyperproliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Fang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Che
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Mingdan You
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.
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41
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Motor learning induces plastic changes in Purkinje cell dendritic spines in the rat cerebellum. NEUROLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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42
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Zabihhosseinian M, Yielder P, Berkers V, Ambalavanar U, Holmes M, Murphy B. Neck muscle fatigue impacts plasticity and sensorimotor integration in cerebellum and motor cortex in response to novel motor skill acquisition. J Neurophysiol 2020; 124:844-855. [PMID: 32755363 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00437.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum undergoes neuroplastic changes in response to motor learning. Healthy human individuals demonstrate reduced cerebellar inhibition (CBI) following motor learning. Alterations in neck sensory input due to muscular fatigue are known to impact upper limb sensorimotor processing, suggesting that neck fatigue may also impact cerebellum to motor cortex (M1) pathways in response to motor learning. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether cervical extensor muscle (CEM) fatigue alters CBI in response to motor learning. We examined 16 participants (8 CEM fatigue and 8 CEM control). A double cone transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) coil stimulated the ipsilateral cerebellar cortex 5 ms before application of contralateral test stimuli of the M1 to the right first dorsal interosseous muscle. Cerebellar-M1 activity curves were established pre- and post-motor skill acquisition (consisting of tracing sinusoidal-pattern waves with the index finger) and following either the CEM fatigue or control intervention. The control group showed greater cerebellar disinhibition than the fatigue group following motor skill acquisition (P < 0.006), while the fatigue group showed similar levels of CBI pre- and post-motor skill acquisition. Both groups improved in accuracy following acquisition (P = 0.012) and retention (P = 0.007), but the control group improved significantly more (17% at acquisition and 22% at retention) versus lower (6% and 9%) improvements for the fatigue group. Lessened cerebellar disinhibition in the CEM fatigue versus control group, coupled with diminished motor learning, suggests that CEM fatigue affects the cerebellar-M1 interaction, influencing the cerebellum's ability to adjust motor output to acquire and learn a novel motor task.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Normally motor learning decreases cerebellar inhibition (CBI) to facilitate learning of a novel skill. In this study, neck fatigue before motor skill acquisition led to less of a decrease in CBI and significantly less improvement in performance accuracy relative to a control group. This study demonstrated that neck fatigue impacts the cerebellar-motor cortex interaction to distal hand muscles, a highly relevant finding due to the altered neck postures and fatigue accompanying increased technology use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Yielder
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victoria Berkers
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ushani Ambalavanar
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Holmes
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bernadette Murphy
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada
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D'Adamo MC, Liantonio A, Conte E, Pessia M, Imbrici P. Ion Channels Involvement in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Neuroscience 2020; 440:337-359. [PMID: 32473276 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inherited and sporadic mutations in genes encoding for brain ion channels, affecting membrane expression or biophysical properties, have been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by epilepsy, cognitive and behavioral deficits with significant phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity. Over the years, the screening of a growing number of patients and the functional characterization of newly identified mutations in ion channels genes allowed to recognize new phenotypes and to widen the clinical spectrum of known diseases. Furthermore, advancements in understanding disease pathogenesis at atomic level or using patient-derived iPSCs and animal models have been pivotal to orient therapeutic intervention and to put the basis for the development of novel pharmacological options for drug-resistant disorders. In this review we will discuss major improvements and critical issues concerning neurodevelopmental disorders caused by dysfunctions in brain sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride and ligand-gated ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina D'Adamo
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Malta
| | | | - Elena Conte
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Italy
| | - Mauro Pessia
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Malta; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Paola Imbrici
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Italy.
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44
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Kim YG, Woo J, Park J, Kim S, Lee YS, Kim Y, Kim SJ. Quantitative Proteomics Reveals Distinct Molecular Signatures of Different Cerebellum-Dependent Learning Paradigms. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:2011-2025. [PMID: 32181667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum improves motor performance by adjusting motor gain appropriately. As de novo protein synthesis is essential for the formation and retention of memories, we hypothesized that motor learning in the opposite direction would induce a distinct pattern of protein expression in the cerebellum. We conducted quantitative proteomic profiling to compare the level of protein expression in the cerebellum at 1 and 24 h after training from mice that underwent different paradigms of cerebellum-dependent oculomotor learning from specific directional changes in motor gain. We quantified a total of 43 proteins that were significantly regulated in each of the three learning paradigms in the cerebellum at 1 and 24 h after learning. In addition, functional enrichment analysis identified protein groups that were differentially enriched or depleted in the cerebellum at 24 h after the three oculomotor learnings, suggesting that distinct biological pathways may be engaged in the formation of three oculomotor memories. Weighted correlation network analysis discovered groups of proteins significantly correlated with oculomotor memory. Finally, four proteins (Snca, Sncb, Cttn, and Stmn1) from the protein group correlated with the learning amount after oculomotor training were validated by Western blot. This study provides a comprehensive and unbiased list of proteins related to three cerebellum-dependent motor learning paradigms, suggesting the distinct nature of protein expression in the cerebellum for each learning paradigm. The proteomics data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium with identifiers <PXD008433>.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Gyu Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jongmin Woo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Joonho Park
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Sooyong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Sang Jeong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
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Straub I, Witter L, Eshra A, Hoidis M, Byczkowicz N, Maas S, Delvendahl I, Dorgans K, Savier E, Bechmann I, Krueger M, Isope P, Hallermann S. Gradients in the mammalian cerebellar cortex enable Fourier-like transformation and improve storing capacity. eLife 2020; 9:e51771. [PMID: 32022688 PMCID: PMC7002074 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar granule cells (GCs) make up the majority of all neurons in the vertebrate brain, but heterogeneities among GCs and potential functional consequences are poorly understood. Here, we identified unexpected gradients in the biophysical properties of GCs in mice. GCs closer to the white matter (inner-zone GCs) had higher firing thresholds and could sustain firing with larger current inputs than GCs closer to the Purkinje cell layer (outer-zone GCs). Dynamic Clamp experiments showed that inner- and outer-zone GCs preferentially respond to high- and low-frequency mossy fiber inputs, respectively, enabling dispersion of the mossy fiber input into its frequency components as performed by a Fourier transformation. Furthermore, inner-zone GCs have faster axonal conduction velocity and elicit faster synaptic potentials in Purkinje cells. Neuronal network modeling revealed that these gradients improve spike-timing precision of Purkinje cells and decrease the number of GCs required to learn spike-sequences. Thus, our study uncovers biophysical gradients in the cerebellar cortex enabling a Fourier-like transformation of mossy fiber inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Straub
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Medical FacultyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Laurens Witter
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Medical FacultyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR)VU UniversityAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Abdelmoneim Eshra
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Medical FacultyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Miriam Hoidis
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Medical FacultyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Niklas Byczkowicz
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Medical FacultyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Sebastian Maas
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Medical FacultyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Igor Delvendahl
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Medical FacultyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Kevin Dorgans
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et IntégrativesCNRS, Université de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
| | - Elise Savier
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et IntégrativesCNRS, Université de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
| | - Ingo Bechmann
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical FacultyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Martin Krueger
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical FacultyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Philippe Isope
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et IntégrativesCNRS, Université de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
| | - Stefan Hallermann
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Medical FacultyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
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46
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De Zeeuw CI, Canto CB. Sleep deprivation directly following eyeblink-conditioning impairs memory consolidation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 170:107165. [PMID: 31953233 PMCID: PMC7184677 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The relation between sleep and different forms of memory formation continues to be a relevant topic in our daily life. Sleep has been found to affect cerebellum-dependent procedural memory formation, but it remains to be elucidated to what extent the level of sleep deprivation directly after motor training also influences our ability to store and retrieve memories. Here, we studied the effect of disturbed sleep in mice during two different time-windows, one covering the first four hours following eyeblink conditioning (EBC) and another window following the next period of four hours. Compared to control mice with sleep ad libitum, the percentage of conditioned responses and their amplitude were impaired when mice were deprived of sleep directly after conditioning. This impairment was still significant when the learned EBC responses were extinguished and later reacquired. However, consolidation of eyeblink responses was not affected when mice were deprived later than four hours after acquisition, not even when tested during a different day-night cycle for control. Moreover, mice that slept longer directly following EBC showed a tendency for more conditioned responses. Our data indicate that consolidation of motor memories can benefit from sleep directly following memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris I De Zeeuw
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, KNAW, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cathrin B Canto
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, KNAW, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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47
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Bartolini E, Campostrini R, Kiferle L, Pradella S, Rosati E, Chinthapalli K, Palumbo P. Epilepsy and brain channelopathies from infancy to adulthood. Neurol Sci 2019; 41:749-761. [PMID: 31838630 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-019-04190-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Genetic brain channelopathies result from inherited or de novo mutations of genes encoding ion channel subunits within the central nervous system. Most neurological channelopathies arise in childhood with paroxysmal or episodic symptoms, likely because of a transient impairment of homeostatic mechanisms regulating membrane excitability, and the prototypical expression of this impairment is epilepsy. Migraine, episodic ataxia and alternating hemiplegia can also occur, as well as chronic phenotypes, such as spinocerebellar ataxias, intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder. Voltage-gated and ligand-gated channels may be involved. In most cases, a single gene may be associated with a phenotypical spectrum that shows variable expressivity. Different clinical features may arise at different ages and the adult phenotype may be remarkably modified from the syndrome onset in childhood or adolescence. Recognizing the prominent phenotypical traits of brain channelopathies is essential to perform appropriate diagnostic investigations and to provide the better care not only in the paediatric setting but also for adult patients and their caregivers. Herein, we provide an overview of genetic brain channelopathies associated with epilepsy, highlight the different molecular mechanisms and describe the different clinical characteristics which may prompt the clinician to suspect specific syndromes and to possibly establish tailored treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Bartolini
- USL Centro Toscana, Neurology Unit, Nuovo Ospedale Santo Stefano, Via Suor Niccolina Infermiera 20, 59100, Prato, Italy.
| | - Roberto Campostrini
- USL Centro Toscana, Neurology Unit, Nuovo Ospedale Santo Stefano, Via Suor Niccolina Infermiera 20, 59100, Prato, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Kiferle
- USL Centro Toscana, Neurology Unit, Nuovo Ospedale Santo Stefano, Via Suor Niccolina Infermiera 20, 59100, Prato, Italy
| | - Silvia Pradella
- USL Centro Toscana, Neurology Unit, Nuovo Ospedale Santo Stefano, Via Suor Niccolina Infermiera 20, 59100, Prato, Italy
| | - Eleonora Rosati
- USL Centro Toscana, Neurology Unit, Nuovo Ospedale Santo Stefano, Via Suor Niccolina Infermiera 20, 59100, Prato, Italy
| | | | - Pasquale Palumbo
- USL Centro Toscana, Neurology Unit, Nuovo Ospedale Santo Stefano, Via Suor Niccolina Infermiera 20, 59100, Prato, Italy
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48
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Solouki S, Bahrami F, Janahmadi M. The Concept of Transmission Coefficient Among Different Cerebellar Layers: A Computational Tool for Analyzing Motor Learning. Front Neural Circuits 2019; 13:54. [PMID: 31507382 PMCID: PMC6718712 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2019.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-fidelity regulation of information transmission among cerebellar layers is mainly provided by synaptic plasticity. Therefore, determining the regulatory foundations of synaptic plasticity in the cerebellum and translating them to behavioral output are of great importance. To date, many experimental studies have been carried out in order to clarify the effect of synaptic defects, while targeting a specific signaling pathway in the cerebellar function. However, the contradictory results of these studies at the behavioral level further add to the ambiguity of the problem. Information transmission through firing rate changes in populations of interconnected neurons is one of the most widely accepted principles of neural coding. In this study, while considering the efficacy of synaptic interactions among the cerebellar layers, we propose a firing rate model to realize the concept of transmission coefficient. Thereafter, using a computational approach, we test the effect of different values of transmission coefficient on the gain adaptation of a cerebellar-dependent motor learning task. In conformity with the behavioral data, the proposed model can accurately predict that disruption in different forms of synaptic plasticity does not have the same effect on motor learning. Specifically, impairment in training mechanisms, like in the train-induced LTD in parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses, has a significant negative impact on all aspects of learning, including memory formation, transfer, and consolidation, although it does not disrupt basic motor performance. In this regard, the overinduction of parallel fiber-molecular layer interneuron LTP could not prevent motor learning impairment, despite its vital role in preserving the robustness of basic motor performance. In contrast, impairment in plasticity induced by interneurons and background activity of climbing fibers is partly compensable through overinduction of train-induced parallel fiber-Purkinje cell LTD. Additionally, blockade of climbing fiber signaling to the cerebellar cortex, referred to as olivary system lesion, shows the most destructive effect on both motor learning and basic motor performance. Overall, the obtained results from the proposed computational framework are used to provide a map from procedural motor memory formation in the cerebellum. Certainly, the generalization of this concept to other multi-layered networks of the brain requires more physiological and computational researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Solouki
- Control and Intelligent Processing Center of Excellence, Human Motor Control and Computational Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Bahrami
- Control and Intelligent Processing Center of Excellence, Human Motor Control and Computational Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahyar Janahmadi
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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49
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Geminiani A, Casellato C, D'Angelo E, Pedrocchi A. Complex Electroresponsive Dynamics in Olivocerebellar Neurons Represented With Extended-Generalized Leaky Integrate and Fire Models. Front Comput Neurosci 2019; 13:35. [PMID: 31244635 PMCID: PMC6563830 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2019.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurons of the olivocerebellar circuit exhibit complex electroresponsive dynamics, which are thought to play a fundamental role for network entraining, plasticity induction, signal processing, and noise filtering. In order to reproduce these properties in single-point neuron models, we have optimized the Extended-Generalized Leaky Integrate and Fire (E-GLIF) neuron through a multi-objective gradient-based algorithm targeting the desired input–output relationships. In this way, E-GLIF was tuned toward the unique input–output properties of Golgi cells, granule cells, Purkinje cells, molecular layer interneurons, deep cerebellar nuclei cells, and inferior olivary cells. E-GLIF proved able to simulate the complex cell-specific electroresponsive dynamics of the main olivocerebellar neurons including pacemaking, adaptation, bursting, post-inhibitory rebound excitation, subthreshold oscillations, resonance, and phase reset. The integration of these E-GLIF point-neuron models into olivocerebellar Spiking Neural Networks will allow to evaluate the impact of complex electroresponsive dynamics at the higher scales, up to motor behavior, in closed-loop simulations of sensorimotor tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Geminiani
- NEARLab, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Casellato
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Egidio D'Angelo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pedrocchi
- NEARLab, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
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50
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Jang DC, Kim SJ. Plasticity leading to cerebellum-dependent learning: two different regions, two different types. Pflugers Arch 2019; 471:927-934. [PMID: 31104128 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-019-02282-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In memory research, studying cerebellum-dependent memory is advantageous due to its relatively simple neural architecture compared with that of other memory circuits. To understand how cerebellum-dependent memory develops and is stored in this circuit, numerous hypotheses have been proposed. These hypotheses are generally able to adequately explain most learning and memory processes; however, several reported results are still poorly understood. Recently, the importance of intrinsic plasticity (i.e., plasticity of intrinsic excitability) has been highlighted in several studies. Because the classical view of cerebellum-dependent eye movement learning was focused on synaptic plasticity, it is valuable to consider the intrinsic plasticity for deeper understanding. In the present review, we re-examine the utility and limitations of previous hypotheses, from classic to recent, and propose an updated hypothesis. Integrating intrinsic plasticity into current models of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) circuit may facilitate deeper understanding of the VOR adaptation process. In particular, during the period of memory transfer, dynamic changes in excitability in both cerebellar Purkinje cells and vestibular nuclear neurons illuminate the role of intrinsic plasticity in the circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Cheol Jang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jeong Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea. .,Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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