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Akter M, Cui H, Hosain MA, Liu J, Duan Y, Ding B. RANBP17 Overexpression Restores Nucleocytoplasmic Transport and Ameliorates Neurodevelopment in Induced DYT1 Dystonia Motor Neurons. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1728232024. [PMID: 38438257 PMCID: PMC11007476 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1728-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
DYT1 dystonia is a debilitating neurological movement disorder, and it represents the most frequent and severe form of hereditary primary dystonia. There is currently no cure for this disease due to its unclear pathogenesis. In our previous study utilizing patient-specific motor neurons (MNs), we identified distinct cellular deficits associated with the disease, including a deformed nucleus, disrupted neurodevelopment, and compromised nucleocytoplasmic transport (NCT) functions. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying these cellular impairments have remained elusive. In this study, we revealed the genome-wide changes in gene expression in DYT1 MNs through transcriptomic analysis. We found that those dysregulated genes are intricately involved in neurodevelopment and various biological processes. Interestingly, we identified that the expression level of RANBP17, a RAN-binding protein crucial for NCT regulation, exhibited a significant reduction in DYT1 MNs. By manipulating RANBP17 expression, we further demonstrated that RANBP17 plays an important role in facilitating the nuclear transport of both protein and transcript cargos in induced human neurons. Excitingly, the overexpression of RANBP17 emerged as a substantial mitigating factor, effectively restoring impaired NCT activity and rescuing neurodevelopmental deficits observed in DYT1 MNs. These findings shed light on the intricate molecular underpinnings of impaired NCT in DYT1 neurons and provide novel insights into the pathophysiology of DYT1 dystonia, potentially leading to the development of innovative treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masuma Akter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130-3932
| | - Haochen Cui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130-3932
| | - Md Abir Hosain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130-3932
| | - Jinmei Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130-3932
| | - Yuntian Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130-3932
| | - Baojin Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130-3932
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2
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Mestres I, Atabay A, Escolano JC, Arndt S, Schmidtke K, Einsiedel M, Patsonis M, Bolaños-Castro LA, Yun M, Bernhardt N, Taubenberger A, Calegari F. Manipulation of the nuclear envelope-associated protein SLAP during mammalian brain development affects cortical lamination and exploratory behavior. Biol Open 2024; 13:bio060359. [PMID: 38466184 PMCID: PMC10958201 DOI: 10.1242/bio.060359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the first characterization of the effects resulting from the manipulation of Soluble-Lamin Associated Protein (SLAP) expression during mammalian brain development. We found that SLAP localizes to the nuclear envelope and when overexpressed causes changes in nuclear morphology and lengthening of mitosis. SLAP overexpression in apical progenitors of the developing mouse brain altered asymmetric cell division, neurogenic commitment and neuronal migration ultimately resulting in unbalance in the proportion of upper, relative to deeper, neuronal layers. Several of these effects were also recapitulated upon Cas9-mediated knockdown. Ultimately, SLAP overexpression during development resulted in a reduction in subcortical projections of young mice and, notably, reduced their exploratory behavior. Our study shows the potential relevance of the previously uncharacterized nuclear envelope protein SLAP in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Mestres
- CRTD-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Azra Atabay
- CRTD-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Joan-Carles Escolano
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-51, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Solveig Arndt
- CRTD-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Klara Schmidtke
- CRTD-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Maximilian Einsiedel
- CRTD-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Melina Patsonis
- CRTD-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lizbeth Airais Bolaños-Castro
- CRTD-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Maximina Yun
- CRTD-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Nadine Bernhardt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Anna Taubenberger
- Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-51, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Federico Calegari
- CRTD-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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3
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Atrian F, Ramirez P, De Mange J, Marquez M, Gonzalez EM, Minaya M, Karch CM, Frost B. m6A-dependent circular RNA formation mediates tau-induced neurotoxicity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.25.577211. [PMID: 38328044 PMCID: PMC10849734 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.25.577211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs), covalently closed RNA molecules that form due to back-splicing of RNA transcripts, have recently been implicated in Alzheimer's disease and related tauopathies. circRNAs are regulated by N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation, can serve as "sponges" for proteins and RNAs, and can be translated into protein via a cap-independent mechanism. Mechanisms underlying circRNA dysregulation in tauopathies and causal relationships between circRNA and neurodegeneration are currently unknown. In the current study, we aimed to determine whether pathogenic forms of tau drive circRNA dysregulation and whether such dysregulation causally mediates neurodegeneration. We identify circRNAs that are differentially expressed in the brain of a Drosophila model of tauopathy and in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons carrying a tau mutation associated with autosomal dominant tauopathy. We leverage Drosophila to discover that depletion of circular forms of muscleblind (circMbl), a circRNA that is particularly abundant in brains of tau transgenic Drosophila, significantly suppresses tau neurotoxicity, suggesting that tau-induced circMbl elevation is neurotoxic. We detect a general elevation of m6A RNA methylation and circRNA methylation in tau transgenic Drosophila and find that tau-induced m6A methylation is a mechanistic driver of circMbl formation. Interestingly, we find that circRNA and m6A RNA accumulate within nuclear envelope invaginations of tau transgenic Drosophila and in iPSC-derived cerebral organoid models of tauopathy. Taken together, our studies add critical new insight into the mechanisms underlying circRNA dysregulation in tauopathy and identify m6A-modified circRNA as a causal factor contributing to neurodegeneration. These findings add to a growing literature implicating pathogenic forms of tau as drivers of altered RNA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Atrian
- Sam & Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, San Antonio, TX
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Antonio, TX
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, San Antonio, TX
- University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Paulino Ramirez
- Sam & Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, San Antonio, TX
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Antonio, TX
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, San Antonio, TX
- University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Jasmine De Mange
- Sam & Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, San Antonio, TX
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Antonio, TX
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, San Antonio, TX
- University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Marissa Marquez
- Sam & Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, San Antonio, TX
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Antonio, TX
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, San Antonio, TX
- University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Elias M. Gonzalez
- Sam & Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, San Antonio, TX
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Antonio, TX
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, San Antonio, TX
- University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Miguel Minaya
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St Louis, MO
| | | | - Bess Frost
- Sam & Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, San Antonio, TX
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Antonio, TX
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, San Antonio, TX
- University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
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4
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Keuenhof KS, Kohler V, Broeskamp F, Panagaki D, Speese SD, Büttner S, Höög JL. Nuclear envelope budding and its cellular functions. Nucleus 2023; 14:2178184. [PMID: 36814098 PMCID: PMC9980700 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2023.2178184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear pore complex (NPC) has long been assumed to be the sole route across the nuclear envelope, and under normal homeostatic conditions it is indeed the main mechanism of nucleo-cytoplasmic transport. However, it has also been known that e.g. herpesviruses cross the nuclear envelope utilizing a pathway entitled nuclear egress or envelopment/de-envelopment. Despite this, a thread of observations suggests that mechanisms similar to viral egress may be transiently used also in healthy cells. It has since been proposed that mechanisms like nuclear envelope budding (NEB) can facilitate the transport of RNA granules, aggregated proteins, inner nuclear membrane proteins, and mis-assembled NPCs. Herein, we will summarize the known roles of NEB as a physiological and intrinsic cellular feature and highlight the many unanswered questions surrounding these intriguing nuclear events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Verena Kohler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Austria
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Filomena Broeskamp
- Department for Chemistry and Molecular biology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dimitra Panagaki
- Department for Chemistry and Molecular biology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sean D. Speese
- Knight Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, 2720 S Moody Ave, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Sabrina Büttner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Johanna L. Höög
- Department for Chemistry and Molecular biology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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5
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Kuiper EFE, Prophet SM, Schlieker C. Coordinating nucleoporin condensation and nuclear pore complex assembly. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:2534-2545. [PMID: 37620293 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is among the most elaborate protein complexes in eukaryotes. While ribosomes and proteasomes are known to require dedicated assembly machinery, our understanding of NPC assembly is at a relatively early stage. Defects in NPC assembly or homeostasis are tied to movement disorders, including dystonia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), as well as aging, requiring a better understanding of these processes to enable therapeutic intervention. Here, we discuss recent progress in the understanding of NPC assembly and highlight how related defects in human disorders can shed light on NPC biogenesis. We propose that the condensation of phenylalanine-glycine repeat nucleoporins needs to be carefully controlled during NPC assembly to prevent aberrant condensation, aggregation, or amyloid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Elsiena Kuiper
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sarah M Prophet
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Christian Schlieker
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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6
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Fan Y, Si Z, Wang L, Zhang L. DYT- TOR1A dystonia: an update on pathogenesis and treatment. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1216929. [PMID: 37638318 PMCID: PMC10448058 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1216929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
DYT-TOR1A dystonia is a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions and abnormal movements. It is a severe genetic form of dystonia caused by mutations in the TOR1A gene. TorsinA is a member of the AAA + family of adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) involved in a variety of cellular functions, including protein folding, lipid metabolism, cytoskeletal organization, and nucleocytoskeletal coupling. Almost all patients with TOR1A-related dystonia harbor the same mutation, an in-frame GAG deletion (ΔGAG) in the last of its 5 exons. This recurrent variant results in the deletion of one of two tandem glutamic acid residues (i.e., E302/303) in a protein named torsinA [torsinA(△E)]. Although the mutation is hereditary, not all carriers will develop DYT-TOR1A dystonia, indicating the involvement of other factors in the disease process. The current understanding of the pathophysiology of DYT-TOR1A dystonia involves multiple factors, including abnormal protein folding, signaling between neurons and glial cells, and dysfunction of the protein quality control system. As there are currently no curative treatments for DYT-TOR1A dystonia, progress in research provides insight into its pathogenesis, leading to potential therapeutic and preventative strategies. This review summarizes the latest research advances in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of DYT-TOR1A dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Fan
- Department of Neurology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhibo Si
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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7
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Pocratsky AM, Nascimento F, Özyurt MG, White IJ, Sullivan R, O’Callaghan BJ, Smith CC, Surana S, Beato M, Brownstone RM. Pathophysiology of Dyt1- Tor1a dystonia in mice is mediated by spinal neural circuit dysfunction. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadg3904. [PMID: 37134150 PMCID: PMC7614689 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adg3904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Dystonia, a neurological disorder defined by abnormal postures and disorganized movements, is considered to be a neural circuit disorder with dysfunction arising within and between multiple brain regions. Given that spinal neural circuits constitute the final pathway for motor control, we sought to determine their contribution to this movement disorder. Focusing on the most common inherited form of dystonia in humans, DYT1-TOR1A, we generated a conditional knockout of the torsin family 1 member A (Tor1a) gene in the mouse spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia (DRG). We found that these mice recapitulated the phenotype of the human condition, developing early-onset generalized torsional dystonia. Motor signs emerged early in the mouse hindlimbs before spreading caudo-rostrally to affect the pelvis, trunk, and forelimbs throughout postnatal maturation. Physiologically, these mice bore the hallmark features of dystonia, including spontaneous contractions at rest and excessive and disorganized contractions, including cocontractions of antagonist muscle groups, during voluntary movements. Spontaneous activity, disorganized motor output, and impaired monosynaptic reflexes, all signs of human dystonia, were recorded from isolated mouse spinal cords from these conditional knockout mice. All components of the monosynaptic reflex arc were affected, including motor neurons. Given that confining the Tor1a conditional knockout to DRG did not lead to early-onset dystonia, we conclude that the pathophysiological substrate of this mouse model of dystonia lies in spinal neural circuits. Together, these data provide new insights into our current understanding of dystonia pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Pocratsky
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London; London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Filipe Nascimento
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London; London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - M. Görkem Özyurt
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London; London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ian J. White
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London; London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Roisin Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London; London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Benjamin J. O’Callaghan
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London; London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Calvin C. Smith
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London; London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Sunaina Surana
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London; London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London; London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Marco Beato
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University College London; London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Robert M. Brownstone
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London; London, WC1N 3BG, UK
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8
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Kim S, Phan S, Shaw TR, Ellisman MH, Veatch SL, Barmada SJ, Pappas SS, Dauer WT. TorsinA is essential for the timing and localization of neuronal nuclear pore complex biogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.26.538491. [PMID: 37162852 PMCID: PMC10168336 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.26.538491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) regulate information transfer between the nucleus and cytoplasm. NPC defects are linked to several neurological diseases, but the processes governing NPC biogenesis and spatial organization are poorly understood. Here, we identify a temporal window of strongly upregulated NPC biogenesis during neuronal maturation. We demonstrate that the AAA+ protein torsinA, whose loss of function causes the neurodevelopmental movement disorder DYT-TOR1A (DYT1) dystonia, coordinates NPC spatial organization during this period without impacting total NPC density. Using a new mouse line in which endogenous Nup107 is Halo-Tagged, we find that torsinA is essential for correct localization of NPC formation. In the absence of torsinA, the inner nuclear membrane buds excessively at sites of mislocalized, nascent NPCs, and NPC assembly completion is delayed. Our work implies that NPC spatial organization and number are independently regulated and suggests that torsinA is critical for the normal localization and assembly kinetics of NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumin Kim
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Sébastien Phan
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research on Biological Systems, Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Thomas R. Shaw
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Mark H. Ellisman
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research on Biological Systems, Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Sarah L. Veatch
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Sami J. Barmada
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Samuel S. Pappas
- Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX
- Department of Neurology, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX
| | - William T. Dauer
- Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX
- Department of Neurology, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX
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9
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Yellajoshyula D, Opeyemi S, Dauer WT, Pappas SS. Genetic evidence of aberrant striatal synaptic maturation and secretory pathway alteration in a dystonia mouse model. DYSTONIA 2022; 1:10892. [PMID: 36874764 PMCID: PMC9980434 DOI: 10.3389/dyst.2022.10892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of DYT-TOR1A dystonia consistently demonstrate abnormalities of striatal cholinergic function, but the molecular pathways underlying this pathophysiology are unclear. To probe these molecular pathways in a genetic model of DYT-TOR1A, we performed laser microdissection in juvenile mice to isolate striatal cholinergic interneurons and non-cholinergic striatal tissue largely comprising spiny projection neurons during maturation. Both cholinergic and GABAergic enriched samples demonstrated a defined set of gene expression changes consistent with a role of torsinA in the secretory pathway. GABAergic enriched striatum samples also showed alteration to genes regulating synaptic transmission and an upregulation of activity dependent immediate early genes. Reconstruction of Golgi-Cox stained striatal spiny projection neurons from adult mice demonstrated significantly increased spiny density, suggesting that torsinA null striatal neurons have increased excitability during striatal maturation and long lasting increases in afferent input. These findings are consistent with a developmental role for torsinA in the secretory pathway and link torsinA loss of function with functional and structural changes of striatal cholinergic and GABAergic neurons. These transcriptomic datasets are freely available as a resource for future studies of torsinA loss of function-mediated striatal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunday Opeyemi
- Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - William T. Dauer
- Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Samuel S. Pappas
- Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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10
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The chaperone DNAJB6 surveils FG-nucleoporins and is required for interphase nuclear pore complex biogenesis. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:1584-1594. [PMID: 36302971 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-01010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Biogenesis of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) includes the formation of the permeability barrier composed of phenylalanine-glycine-rich nucleoporins (FG-Nups) that regulate the selective passage of biomolecules across the nuclear envelope. The FG-Nups are intrinsically disordered and prone to liquid-liquid phase separation and aggregation when isolated. How FG-Nups are protected from making inappropriate interactions during NPC biogenesis is not fully understood. Here we find that DNAJB6, a molecular chaperone of the heat shock protein network, forms foci in close proximity to NPCs. The number of these foci decreases upon removal of proteins involved in the early steps of interphase NPC biogenesis. Conversely, when this process is stalled in the last steps, the number of DNAJB6-containing foci increases and these foci are identified as herniations at the nuclear envelope. Immunoelectron tomography shows that DNAJB6 localizes inside the lumen of the herniations arising at NPC biogenesis intermediates. Loss of DNAJB6 results in the accumulation of cytosolic annulate lamellae, which are structures containing partly assembled NPCs, a feature associated with disturbances in NPC biogenesis. We find that DNAJB6 binds to FG-Nups and can prevent the aggregation of the FG region of several FG-Nups in cells and in vitro. Together, our data show that the molecular chaperone DNAJB6 provides quality control during NPC biogenesis and is involved in the surveillance of native intrinsically disordered FG-Nups.
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11
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Atypical nuclear envelope condensates linked to neurological disorders reveal nucleoporin-directed chaperone activities. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:1630-1641. [PMID: 36302970 PMCID: PMC10041656 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-01001-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
DYT1 dystonia is a debilitating neurological movement disorder arising from mutation in the AAA+ ATPase TorsinA. The hallmark of Torsin dysfunction is nuclear envelope blebbing resulting from defects in nuclear pore complex biogenesis. Whether blebs actively contribute to disease manifestation is unknown. We report that FG-nucleoporins in the bleb lumen form aberrant condensates and contribute to DYT1 dystonia by provoking two proteotoxic insults. Short-lived ubiquitylated proteins that are normally rapidly degraded partition into the bleb lumen and become stabilized. In addition, blebs selectively sequester a specific HSP40-HSP70 chaperone network that is modulated by the bleb component MLF2. MLF2 suppresses the ectopic accumulation of FG-nucleoporins and modulates the selective properties and size of condensates in vitro. Our study identifies dual mechanisms of proteotoxicity in the context of condensate formation and establishes FG-nucleoporin-directed activities for a nuclear chaperone network.
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Kamikawa Y, Saito A, Imaizumi K. Impact of Nuclear Envelope Stress on Physiological and Pathological Processes in Central Nervous System. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:2478-2487. [PMID: 35486254 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03608-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear envelope (NE) separates genomic DNA from the cytoplasm and provides the molecular platforms for nucleocytoplasmic transport, higher-order chromatin organization, and physical links between the nucleus and cytoskeleton. Recent studies have shown that the NE is often damaged by various stresses termed "NE stress", leading to critical cellular dysfunction. Accumulating evidence has revealed the crucial roles of NE stress in the pathology of a broad spectrum of diseases. In the central nervous system (CNS), NE dysfunction impairs neural development and is associated with several neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and autosomal dominant leukodystrophy. In this review, the structure and functions of the NE are summarized, and the concepts of NE stress and NE stress responses are introduced. Additionally, the significant roles of the NE in the development of CNS and the mechanistic connections between NE stress and neurological disorders are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunao Kamikawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Saito
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Kazunori Imaizumi
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.
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13
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The Nuclear Pore Complex: Birth, Life, and Death of a Cellular Behemoth. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091456. [PMID: 35563762 PMCID: PMC9100368 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are the only transport channels that cross the nuclear envelope. Constructed from ~500–1000 nucleoporin proteins each, they are among the largest macromolecular assemblies in eukaryotic cells. Thanks to advances in structural analysis approaches, the construction principles and architecture of the NPC have recently been revealed at submolecular resolution. Although the overall structure and inventory of nucleoporins are conserved, NPCs exhibit significant compositional and functional plasticity even within single cells and surprising variability in their assembly pathways. Once assembled, NPCs remain seemingly unexchangeable in post-mitotic cells. There are a number of as yet unresolved questions about how the versatility of NPC assembly and composition is established, how cells monitor the functional state of NPCs or how they could be renewed. Here, we review current progress in our understanding of the key aspects of NPC architecture and lifecycle.
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14
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Yellajoshyula D, Pappas SS, Dauer WT. Oligodendrocyte and Extracellular Matrix Contributions to Central Nervous System Motor Function: Implications for Dystonia. Mov Disord 2022; 37:456-463. [PMID: 34989453 PMCID: PMC11152458 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The quest to elucidate nervous system function and dysfunction in disease has focused largely on neurons and neural circuits. However, fundamental aspects of nervous system development, function, and plasticity are regulated by nonneuronal elements, including glial cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM). The rapid rise of genomics and neuroimaging techniques in recent decades has highlighted neuronal-glial interactions and ECM as a key component of nervous system development, plasticity, and function. Abnormalities of neuronal-glial interactions have been understudied but are increasingly recognized to play a key role in many neurodevelopmental disorders. In this report, we consider the role of myelination and the ECM in the development and function of central nervous system motor circuits and the neurodevelopmental disease dystonia. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel S Pappas
- Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - William T Dauer
- Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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15
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DYT-TOR1A subcellular proteomics reveals selective vulnerability of the nuclear proteome to cell stress. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 158:105464. [PMID: 34358617 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
TorsinA is a AAA+ ATPase that shuttles between the ER lumen and outer nuclear envelope in an ATP-dependent manner and is functionally implicated in nucleocytoplasmic transport. We hypothesized that the DYT-TOR1A dystonia disease-causing variant, ΔE TorsinA, may therefore disrupt the normal subcellular distribution of proteins between the nuclear and cytosolic compartments. To test this hypothesis, we performed proteomic analysis on nuclear and cytosolic subcellular fractions from DYT-TOR1A and wildtype mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). We further examined the compartmental proteomes following exposure to thapsigargin (Tg), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stressor, because DYT-TOR1A dystonia models have previously shown abnormalities in cellular stress responses. Across both subcellular compartments, proteomes of DYT-TOR1A cells showed basal state disruptions consistent with an activated stress response, and in response to thapsigargin, a blunted stress response. However, the DYT-TOR1A nuclear proteome under Tg cell stress showed the most pronounced and disproportionate degree of protein disruptions - 3-fold greater than all other conditions. The affected proteins extended beyond those typically associated with stress responses, including enrichments for processes critical for neuronal synaptic function. These findings highlight the advantage of subcellular proteomics to reveal events that localize to discrete subcellular compartments and refine thinking about the mechanisms and significance of cell stress in DYT-TOR1A pathogenesis.
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16
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Jacquemyn J, Foroozandeh J, Vints K, Swerts J, Verstreken P, Gounko NV, Gallego SF, Goodchild R. Torsin and NEP1R1-CTDNEP1 phosphatase affect interphase nuclear pore complex insertion by lipid-dependent and lipid-independent mechanisms. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106914. [PMID: 34313336 PMCID: PMC8408595 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The interphase nuclear envelope (NE) is extensively remodeled during nuclear pore complex (NPC) insertion. How this remodeling occurs and why it requires Torsin ATPases, which also regulate lipid metabolism, remains poorly understood. Here, we show that Drosophila Torsin (dTorsin) affects lipid metabolism via the NEP1R1‐CTDNEP1 phosphatase and the Lipin phosphatidic acid (PA) phosphatase. This includes that Torsins remove NEP1R1‐CTDNEP1 from the NE in fly and mouse cells, leading to subsequent Lipin exclusion from the nucleus. NEP1R1‐CTDNEP1 downregulation also restores nuclear pore membrane fusion in post‐mitotic dTorsinKO fat body cells. However, dTorsin‐associated nuclear pore defects do not correlate with lipidomic abnormalities and are not resolved by silencing of Lipin. Further testing confirmed that membrane fusion continues in cells with hyperactivated Lipin. It also led to the surprising finding that excessive PA metabolism inhibits recruitment of the inner ring complex Nup35 subunit, resulting in elongated channel‐like structures in place of mature nuclear pores. We conclude that the NEP1R1‐CTDNEP1 phosphatase affects interphase NPC biogenesis by lipid‐dependent and lipid‐independent mechanisms, explaining some of the pleiotropic effects of Torsins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Jacquemyn
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joyce Foroozandeh
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katlijn Vints
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Electron Microscopy Platform & VIB-Bioimaging Core, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jef Swerts
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrik Verstreken
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Natalia V Gounko
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Electron Microscopy Platform & VIB-Bioimaging Core, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra F Gallego
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rose Goodchild
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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17
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Li J, Levin DS, Kim AJ, Pappas SS, Dauer WT. TorsinA restoration in a mouse model identifies a critical therapeutic window for DYT1 dystonia. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:139606. [PMID: 33529159 DOI: 10.1172/jci139606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In inherited neurodevelopmental diseases, pathogenic processes unique to critical periods during early brain development may preclude the effectiveness of gene modification therapies applied later in life. We explored this question in a mouse model of DYT1 dystonia, a neurodevelopmental disease caused by a loss-of-function mutation in the TOR1A gene encoding torsinA. To define the temporal requirements for torsinA in normal motor function and gene replacement therapy, we developed a mouse line enabling spatiotemporal control of the endogenous torsinA allele. Suppressing torsinA during embryogenesis caused dystonia-mimicking behavioral and neuropathological phenotypes. Suppressing torsinA during adulthood, however, elicited no discernible abnormalities, establishing an essential requirement for torsinA during a developmental critical period. The developing CNS exhibited a parallel "therapeutic critical period" for torsinA repletion. Although restoring torsinA in juvenile DYT1 mice rescued motor phenotypes, there was no benefit from adult torsinA repletion. These data establish a unique requirement for torsinA in the developing nervous system and demonstrate that the critical period genetic insult provokes permanent pathophysiology mechanistically delinked from torsinA function. These findings imply that to be effective, torsinA-based therapeutic strategies must be employed early in the course of DYT1 dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Li
- Medical Scientist Training Program.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program
| | - Daniel S Levin
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Samuel S Pappas
- Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute.,Department of Neurology
| | - William T Dauer
- Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute.,Department of Neurology.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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18
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Ding B, Tang Y, Ma S, Akter M, Liu ML, Zang T, Zhang CL. Disease Modeling with Human Neurons Reveals LMNB1 Dysregulation Underlying DYT1 Dystonia. J Neurosci 2021; 41:2024-2038. [PMID: 33468570 PMCID: PMC7939088 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2507-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
DYT1 dystonia is a hereditary neurologic movement disorder characterized by uncontrollable muscle contractions. It is caused by a heterozygous mutation in Torsin A (TOR1A), a gene encoding a membrane-embedded ATPase. While animal models provide insights into disease mechanisms, significant species-dependent differences exist since animals with the identical heterozygous mutation fail to show pathology. Here, we model DYT1 by using human patient-specific cholinergic motor neurons (MNs) that are generated through either direct conversion of patients' skin fibroblasts or differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). These human MNs with the heterozygous TOR1A mutation show reduced neurite length and branches, markedly thickened nuclear lamina, disrupted nuclear morphology, and impaired nucleocytoplasmic transport (NCT) of mRNAs and proteins, whereas they lack the perinuclear "blebs" that are often observed in animal models. Furthermore, we uncover that the nuclear lamina protein LMNB1 is upregulated in DYT1 cells and exhibits abnormal subcellular distribution in a cholinergic MNs-specific manner. Such dysregulation of LMNB1 can be recapitulated by either ectopic expression of the mutant TOR1A gene or shRNA-mediated downregulation of endogenous TOR1A in healthy control MNs. Interestingly, downregulation of LMNB1 can largely ameliorate all the cellular defects in DYT1 MNs. These results reveal the value of disease modeling with human patient-specific neurons and indicate that dysregulation of LMNB1, a crucial component of the nuclear lamina, may constitute a major molecular mechanism underlying DYT1 pathology.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Inaccessibility to patient neurons greatly impedes our understanding of the pathologic mechanisms for dystonia. In this study, we employ reprogrammed human patient-specific motor neurons (MNs) to model DYT1, the most severe hereditary form of dystonia. Our results reveal disease-dependent deficits in nuclear morphology and nucleocytoplasmic transport (NCT). Most importantly, we further identify LMNB1 dysregulation as a major contributor to these deficits, uncovering a new pathologic mechanism for DYT1 dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojin Ding
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana 70503
| | - Yu Tang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Shuaipeng Ma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Masuma Akter
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana 70503
| | - Meng-Lu Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Tong Zang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Chun-Li Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
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19
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Li J, Kim S, Pappas SS, Dauer WT. CNS critical periods: implications for dystonia and other neurodevelopmental disorders. JCI Insight 2021; 6:142483. [PMID: 33616084 PMCID: PMC7934928 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.142483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical periods are discrete developmental stages when the nervous system is especially sensitive to stimuli that facilitate circuit maturation. The distinctive landscapes assumed by the developing CNS create analogous periods of susceptibility to pathogenic insults and responsiveness to therapy. Here, we review critical periods in nervous system development and disease, with an emphasis on the neurodevelopmental disorder DYT1 dystonia. We highlight clinical and laboratory observations supporting the existence of a critical period during which the DYT1 mutation is uniquely harmful, and the implications for future therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Li
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sumin Kim
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Samuel S Pappas
- Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute.,Department of Neurology, and
| | - William T Dauer
- Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute.,Department of Neurology, and.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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20
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Cascalho A, Foroozandeh J, Hennebel L, Swerts J, Klein C, Rous S, Dominguez Gonzalez B, Pisani A, Meringolo M, Gallego SF, Verstreken P, Seibler P, Goodchild RE. Excess Lipin enzyme activity contributes to TOR1A recessive disease and DYT-TOR1A dystonia. Brain 2021; 143:1746-1765. [PMID: 32516804 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
TOR1A/TorsinA mutations cause two incurable diseases: a recessive congenital syndrome that can be lethal, and a dominantly-inherited childhood-onset dystonia (DYT-TOR1A). TorsinA has been linked to phosphatidic acid lipid metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster. Here we evaluate the role of phosphatidic acid phosphatase (PAP) enzymes in TOR1A diseases using induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons from patients, and mouse models of recessive Tor1a disease. We find that Lipin PAP enzyme activity is abnormally elevated in human DYT-TOR1A dystonia patient cells and in the brains of four different Tor1a mouse models. Its severity also correlated with the dosage of Tor1a/TOR1A mutation. We assessed the role of excess Lipin activity in the neurological dysfunction of Tor1a disease mouse models by interbreeding these with Lpin1 knock-out mice. Genetic reduction of Lpin1 improved the survival of recessive Tor1a disease-model mice, alongside suppressing neurodegeneration, motor dysfunction, and nuclear membrane pathology. These data establish that TOR1A disease mutations cause abnormal phosphatidic acid metabolism, and suggest that approaches that suppress Lipin PAP enzyme activity could be therapeutically useful for TOR1A diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cascalho
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joyce Foroozandeh
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lise Hennebel
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jef Swerts
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Stef Rous
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Beatriz Dominguez Gonzalez
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia and Department of Systems Medicine, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Meringolo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia and Department of Systems Medicine, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Sandra F Gallego
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrik Verstreken
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philip Seibler
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Rose E Goodchild
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Liu Y, Xing H, Wilkes BJ, Yokoi F, Chen H, Vaillancourt DE, Li Y. The abnormal firing of Purkinje cells in the knockin mouse model of DYT1 dystonia. Brain Res Bull 2020; 165:14-22. [PMID: 32976982 PMCID: PMC7674218 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
DYT1 dystonia is an inherited movement disorder caused by a heterozygous trinucleotide (GAG) deletion in DYT1/TOR1A, coding for torsinA. Growing evidence suggests that the cerebellum plays a role in the pathogenesis of dystonia. Brain imaging of both DYT1 dystonia patients and animal models show abnormal activity in the cerebellum. The cerebellum-specific knockdown of torsinA in adult mice leads to dystonia-like behavior. Dyt1 ΔGAG heterozygous knock-in mouse model exhibits impaired corticostriatal long-term depression, abnormal muscle co-contraction, and motor deficits. We and others previously reported altered dendritic structures in Purkinje cells in Dyt1 knock-in mouse models. However, whether there are any electrophysiological alterations of the Purkinje cells in Dyt1 knock-in mice is not known. We used the patch-clamp recording in brain slices and in acutely dissociated Purkinje cells to identify specific alterations of Purkinje cells firing. We found abnormal firing of non-tonic type of Purkinje cells in the Dyt1 knock-in mice. Furthermore, the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) current and the BK channel protein levels were significantly increased in the Dyt1 knock-in mice. Our results support a role of the cerebellum in the pathogenesis of DYT1 dystonia. Manipulating the Purkinje cell firing and cerebellar output may show great promise for treating DYT1 dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Liu
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hong Xing
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Bradley J Wilkes
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Fumiaki Yokoi
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Huanxin Chen
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David E Vaillancourt
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yuqing Li
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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22
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Bisogno LS, Yang J, Bennett BD, Ward JM, Mackey LC, Annab LA, Bushel PR, Singhal S, Schurman SH, Byun JS, Nápoles AM, Pérez-Stable EJ, Fargo DC, Gardner K, Archer TK. Ancestry-dependent gene expression correlates with reprogramming to pluripotency and multiple dynamic biological processes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/47/eabc3851. [PMID: 33219026 PMCID: PMC7679169 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc3851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be derived from differentiated cells, enabling the generation of personalized disease models by differentiating patient-derived iPSCs into disease-relevant cell lines. While genetic variability between different iPSC lines affects differentiation potential, how this variability in somatic cells affects pluripotent potential is less understood. We generated and compared transcriptomic data from 72 dermal fibroblast-iPSC pairs with consistent variation in reprogramming efficiency. By considering equal numbers of samples from self-reported African Americans and White Americans, we identified both ancestry-dependent and ancestry-independent transcripts associated with reprogramming efficiency, suggesting that transcriptomic heterogeneity can substantially affect reprogramming. Moreover, reprogramming efficiency-associated genes are involved in diverse dynamic biological processes, including cancer and wound healing, and are predictive of 5-year breast cancer survival in an independent cohort. Candidate genes may provide insight into mechanisms of ancestry-dependent regulation of cell fate transitions and motivate additional studies for improvement of reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S Bisogno
- Chromatin and Gene Expression Section, Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Chromatin and Gene Expression Section, Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Brian D Bennett
- Integrative Bioinformatics, Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - James M Ward
- Integrative Bioinformatics, Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Lantz C Mackey
- Chromatin and Gene Expression Section, Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Lois A Annab
- Chromatin and Gene Expression Section, Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Pierre R Bushel
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Sandeep Singhal
- Department of Pathology, Department of Computer Science, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Shepherd H Schurman
- Clinical Research Unit, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jung S Byun
- Division of Intramural Research, Office of the Scientific Director, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anna María Nápoles
- Division of Intramural Research, Office of the Scientific Director, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eliseo J Pérez-Stable
- Division of Intramural Research, Office of the Scientific Director, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David C Fargo
- Office of Scientific Computing, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kevin Gardner
- Division of Intramural Research, Office of the Scientific Director, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Trevor K Archer
- Chromatin and Gene Expression Section, Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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23
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Rampello AJ, Laudermilch E, Vishnoi N, Prophet SM, Shao L, Zhao C, Lusk CP, Schlieker C. Torsin ATPase deficiency leads to defects in nuclear pore biogenesis and sequestration of MLF2. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:151708. [PMID: 32342107 PMCID: PMC7265317 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201910185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear envelope herniations (blebs) containing FG-nucleoporins and ubiquitin are the phenotypic hallmark of Torsin ATPase manipulation. Both the dynamics of blebbing and the connection to nuclear pore biogenesis remain poorly understood. We employ a proteomics-based approach to identify myeloid leukemia factor 2 (MLF2) as a luminal component of the bleb. Using an MLF2-based live-cell imaging platform, we demonstrate that nuclear envelope blebbing occurs rapidly and synchronously immediately after nuclear envelope reformation during mitosis. Bleb formation is independent of ubiquitin conjugation within the bleb, but strictly dependent on POM121, a transmembrane nucleoporin essential for interphase nuclear pore biogenesis. Nup358, a late marker for interphase nuclear pore complex (NPC) biogenesis, is underrepresented relative to FG-nucleoporins in nuclear envelopes of Torsin-deficient cells. The kinetics of bleb formation, its dependence on POM121, and a reduction of mature NPCs in Torsin-deficient cells lead us to conclude that the hallmark phenotype of Torsin manipulation represents aberrant NPC intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Rampello
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Ethan Laudermilch
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Nidhi Vishnoi
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Sarah M Prophet
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Lin Shao
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Chenguang Zhao
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - C Patrick Lusk
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Christian Schlieker
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT.,Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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24
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Prophet SM, Schlieker C. An unbiased approach de-livers unexpected insight into torsin biology. J Clin Invest 2020; 129:4576-4579. [PMID: 31589164 DOI: 10.1172/jci132442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations affecting the integrity of the essential torsin ATPase/cofactor system have been identified in a steadily increasing number of congenital disorders. Since most of these mutations affect brain function, much of the research has focused on deciphering disease etiology in the brain. However, torsin is expressed in a wide variety of nonneural tissues and is strictly conserved across species, including the lowest metazoans, suggesting that it plays roles extending beyond neurons. In this issue of the JCI, Shin et al. explored torsin function in the mammalian liver. The group reports major defects in hepatic lipid metabolism when the torsin system is compromised in mice. Remarkably, conditional deletion of either torsinA or its cofactor, lamina-associated polypeptide 1 (LAP1), resulted in fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis, likely from a secretion defect of VLDLs. This study considerably expands our understanding of torsin biology, while providing defined opportunities for future investigations of torsin function and dysfunction in human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Prophet
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Christian Schlieker
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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25
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Li J, Liang CC, Pappas SS, Dauer WT. TorsinB overexpression prevents abnormal twisting in DYT1 dystonia mouse models. eLife 2020; 9:e54285. [PMID: 32202496 PMCID: PMC7141835 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic redundancy can be exploited to identify therapeutic targets for inherited disorders. We explored this possibility in DYT1 dystonia, a neurodevelopmental movement disorder caused by a loss-of-function (LOF) mutation in the TOR1A gene encoding torsinA. Prior work demonstrates that torsinA and its paralog torsinB have conserved functions at the nuclear envelope. This work established that low neuronal levels of torsinB dictate the neuronal selective phenotype of nuclear membrane budding. Here, we examined whether torsinB expression levels impact the onset or severity of abnormal movements or neuropathological features in DYT1 mouse models. We demonstrate that torsinB levels bidirectionally regulate these phenotypes. Reducing torsinB levels causes a dose-dependent worsening whereas torsinB overexpression rescues torsinA LOF-mediated abnormal movements and neurodegeneration. These findings identify torsinB as a potent modifier of torsinA LOF phenotypes and suggest that augmentation of torsinB expression may retard or prevent symptom development in DYT1 dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Li
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Chun-Chi Liang
- Department of Neurology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Samuel S Pappas
- Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology & Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas SouthwesternDallasUnited States
| | - William T Dauer
- Department of Neurology, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
- Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology & Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas SouthwesternDallasUnited States
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26
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Hölper JE, Klupp BG, Luxton GWG, Franzke K, Mettenleiter TC. Function of Torsin AAA+ ATPases in Pseudorabies Virus Nuclear Egress. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030738. [PMID: 32192107 PMCID: PMC7140721 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Newly assembled herpesvirus nucleocapsids traverse the intact nuclear envelope by a vesicle-mediated nucleo-cytoplasmic transport for final virion maturation in the cytoplasm. For this, they bud at the inner nuclear membrane resulting in primary enveloped particles in the perinuclear space (PNS) followed by fusion of the primary envelope with the outer nuclear membrane (ONM). While the conserved viral nuclear egress complex orchestrates the first steps, effectors of fusion of the primary virion envelope with the ONM are still mostly enigmatic but might include cellular proteins like SUN2 or ESCRT-III components. Here, we analyzed the influence of the only known AAA+ ATPases located in the endoplasmic reticulum and the PNS, the Torsins (Tor), on nuclear egress of the alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus. For this overexpression of wild type and mutant proteins as well as CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing was applied. Neither single overexpression nor gene knockout (KO) of TorA or TorB had a significant impact. However, TorA/B double KO cells showed decreased viral titers at early time points of infection and an accumulation of primary virions in the PNS pointing to a delay in capsid release during nuclear egress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E. Hölper
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (J.E.H.); (B.G.K.)
| | - Barbara G. Klupp
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (J.E.H.); (B.G.K.)
| | - G. W. Gant Luxton
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Kati Franzke
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (J.E.H.); (B.G.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38351-71250; Fax: +49-38351-71151
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27
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Gonzalez-Alegre P. Advances in molecular and cell biology of dystonia: Focus on torsinA. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 127:233-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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28
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Chalfant M, Barber KW, Borah S, Thaller D, Lusk CP. Expression of TorsinA in a heterologous yeast system reveals interactions with lumenal domains of LINC and nuclear pore complex components. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:530-541. [PMID: 30625036 PMCID: PMC6589686 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-09-0585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
DYT1 dystonia is caused by an in-frame deletion of a glutamic acid codon in the gene encoding the AAA+ ATPase TorsinA (TorA). TorA localizes within the lumen of the nuclear envelope/endoplasmic reticulum and binds to a membrane-spanning cofactor, lamina associated polypeptide 1 (LAP1) or lumenal domain like LAP1 (LULL1), to form an ATPase; the substrate(s) of TorA remains ill-defined. Here we use budding yeast, which lack Torsins, to interrogate TorA function. We show that TorA accumulates at nuclear envelope-embedded spindle pole bodies (SPBs) in a way that requires its oligomerization and the SUN (Sad1 and UNc-84)-domain protein, Mps3. We further show that TorA physically interacts with human SUN1/2 within this system, supporting the physiological relevance of these interactions. Consistent with the idea that TorA acts on a SPB substrate, its binding to SPBs is modulated by the ATPase-stimulating activity of LAP1. TorA and TorA-ΔE reduce the fitness of cells expressing mps3 alleles, whereas TorA alone inhibits growth of cells lacking Pom152, a component of the nuclear pore complex. This genetic specificity is mirrored biochemically as TorA, but not TorA-ΔE, binds Pom152. Thus, TorA–nucleoporin interactions might be abrogated by TorA-ΔE, suggesting new experimental avenues to interrogate the molecular basis behind nuclear envelope herniations seen in mammalian cells lacking TorA function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl W. Barber
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06477
| | - Sapan Borah
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - David Thaller
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - C. Patrick Lusk
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
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29
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Serrano JB, Martins F, Pereira CD, van Pelt AMM, da Cruz E Silva OAB, Rebelo S. TorsinA Is Functionally Associated with Spermatogenesis. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2019; 25:221-228. [PMID: 30246678 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927618015179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
TorsinA is a member of the AAA+ superfamily of adenosine triphosphatases. These AAA+ proteins have numerous biological functions, including vesicle fusion, cytoskeleton dynamics, intracellular trafficking, protein folding, and degradation as well as organelle biogenesis. Of particular interest is torsinA, which is mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and nuclear envelope (NE). Interestingly, mutations in the TOR1A gene (the gene encoding torsinA) are associated with DYT1 dystonia and with the preferential localization of mutated torsinA at the NE, where it is associated with lamina-associated polypeptide 1. A bioinformatics study of the torsinA interactome revealed reproductive processes to be highly relevant, as proteins in this class were found to interact with the former. Interestingly, the torsin protein family had never been previously described to be associated with the mammalian spermatogenic process. Histological staining of torsinA in human testis tissue revealed a granular cytoplasmic localization in mid- and late spermatocytes. We further sought to understand this newly discovered expression of torsinA in the meiotic phase of human spermatogenesis by studying its specific subcellular distribution. TorsinA is not present in the ER as commonly described. The proposal that torsinA might relocate to the pro-acrosomal vesicles in the Golgi apparatus is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana B Serrano
- 1Neuroscience and Signalling Laboratory,Department of Medical Sciences,Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED),University of Aveiro,3810-193 Aveiro,Portugal
| | - Filipa Martins
- 1Neuroscience and Signalling Laboratory,Department of Medical Sciences,Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED),University of Aveiro,3810-193 Aveiro,Portugal
| | - Cátia D Pereira
- 1Neuroscience and Signalling Laboratory,Department of Medical Sciences,Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED),University of Aveiro,3810-193 Aveiro,Portugal
| | - Ans M M van Pelt
- 2Center for Reproductive Medicine, Research Institute Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Odete A B da Cruz E Silva
- 1Neuroscience and Signalling Laboratory,Department of Medical Sciences,Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED),University of Aveiro,3810-193 Aveiro,Portugal
| | - Sandra Rebelo
- 1Neuroscience and Signalling Laboratory,Department of Medical Sciences,Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED),University of Aveiro,3810-193 Aveiro,Portugal
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30
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Pappas SS, Liang CC, Kim S, Rivera CO, Dauer WT. TorsinA dysfunction causes persistent neuronal nuclear pore defects. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:407-420. [PMID: 29186574 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A critical challenge to deciphering the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disease is identifying which of the myriad abnormalities that emerge during CNS maturation persist to contribute to long-term brain dysfunction. Childhood-onset dystonia caused by a loss-of-function mutation in the AAA+ protein torsinA exemplifies this challenge. Neurons lacking torsinA develop transient nuclear envelope (NE) malformations during CNS maturation, but no NE defects are described in mature torsinA null neurons. We find that during postnatal CNS maturation torsinA null neurons develop mislocalized and dysfunctional nuclear pore complexes (NPC) that lack NUP358, normally added late in NPC biogenesis. SUN1, a torsinA-related molecule implicated in interphase NPC biogenesis, also exhibits localization abnormalities. Whereas SUN1 and associated nuclear membrane abnormalities resolve in juvenile mice, NPC defects persist into adulthood. These findings support a role for torsinA function in NPC biogenesis during neuronal maturation and implicate altered NPC function in dystonia pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sumin Kim
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program
| | | | - William T Dauer
- Department of Neurology.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Program.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology.,VA Ann Arbor Health System, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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31
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Pappas SS, Li J, LeWitt TM, Kim JK, Monani UR, Dauer WT. A cell autonomous torsinA requirement for cholinergic neuron survival and motor control. eLife 2018; 7:36691. [PMID: 30117805 PMCID: PMC6115190 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic dysfunction is strongly implicated in dystonia pathophysiology. Previously (Pappas et al., 2015;4:e08352), we reported that Dlx5/6-Cre mediated forebrain deletion of the DYT1 dystonia protein torsinA (Dlx-CKO) causes abnormal twisting and selective degeneration of dorsal striatal cholinergic interneurons (ChI) (Pappas et al., 2015). A central question raised by that work is whether the ChI loss is cell autonomous or requires torsinA loss from neurons synaptically connected to ChIs. Here, we addressed this question by using ChAT-Cre mice to conditionally delete torsinA from cholinergic neurons ('ChAT-CKO'). ChAT-CKO mice phenocopy the Dlx-CKO phenotype of selective dorsal striatal ChI loss and identify an essential requirement for torsinA in brainstem and spinal cholinergic neurons. ChAT-CKO mice are tremulous, weak, and exhibit trunk twisting and postural abnormalities. These findings are the first to demonstrate a cell autonomous requirement for torsinA in specific populations of cholinergic neurons, strengthening the connection between torsinA, cholinergic dysfunction and dystonia pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S Pappas
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Jay Li
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States.,Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Tessa M LeWitt
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Jeong-Ki Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, United States.,Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, United States.,Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, United States
| | - Umrao R Monani
- Department of Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, United States.,Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, United States.,Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, United States
| | - William T Dauer
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States.,Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
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32
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Yu-Taeger L, Gaiser V, Lotzer L, Roenisch T, Fabry BT, Stricker-Shaver J, Casadei N, Walter M, Schaller M, Riess O, Nguyen HP, Ott T, Grundmann-Hauser K. Dynamic nuclear envelope phenotype in rats overexpressing mutated human torsinA protein. Biol Open 2018; 7:bio.032839. [PMID: 29739751 PMCID: PMC6078351 DOI: 10.1242/bio.032839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A three-base-pair deletion in the human TOR1A gene is causative for the most common form of primary dystonia: the early-onset dystonia type 1 (DYT1 dystonia). The pathophysiological consequences of this mutation are still unknown. To study the pathology of the mutant torsinA (TOR1A) protein, we have generated a transgenic rat line that overexpresses the human mutant protein under the control of the human TOR1A promoter. This new animal model was phenotyped with several approaches, including behavioral tests and neuropathological analyses. Motor phenotype, cellular and ultrastructural key features of torsinA pathology were found in this new transgenic rat line, supporting that it can be used as a model system for investigating the disease’s development. Analyses of mutant TOR1A protein expression in various brain regions also showed a dynamic expression pattern and a reversible nuclear envelope pathology. These findings suggest the differential vulnerabilities of distinct neuronal subpopulations. Furthermore, the reversibility of the nuclear envelope pathology might be a therapeutic target to treat the disease. Summary: A novel transgenic rat model displaying dystonia-like phenotypes and dynamic processes in NE pathology can become a useful tool for therapy development for dystonia and other related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Yu-Taeger
- Institute for Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstr. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.,Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstr. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Viktoria Gaiser
- Institute for Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstr. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.,Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstr. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Larissa Lotzer
- Institute for Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstr. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.,Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstr. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tina Roenisch
- Institute for Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstr. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.,Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstr. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.,Core Facility Transgenic Animals, University Hospital Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Str. 27, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Benedikt Timo Fabry
- Institute for Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstr. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.,Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstr. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Janice Stricker-Shaver
- Institute for Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstr. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.,Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstr. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Casadei
- Institute for Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstr. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.,Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstr. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Michael Walter
- Institute for Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstr. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.,Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstr. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.,Agilent Technologies, 5301 Stevens Creek Blvd, Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA
| | - Martin Schaller
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tuebingen, Liebermeisterstr. 25, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Riess
- Institute for Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstr. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.,Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstr. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Institute for Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstr. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany .,Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstr. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Ott
- Institute for Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstr. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.,Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstr. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.,Core Facility Transgenic Animals, University Hospital Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Str. 27, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Grundmann-Hauser
- Institute for Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstr. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.,Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstr. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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33
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Fantastic nuclear envelope herniations and where to find them. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:877-889. [PMID: 30026368 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Morphological abnormalities of the bounding membranes of the nucleus have long been associated with human diseases from cancer to premature aging to neurodegeneration. Studies over the past few decades support that there are both cell intrinsic and extrinsic factors (e.g. mechanical force) that can lead to nuclear envelope 'herniations', a broad catch-all term that reveals little about the underlying molecular mechanisms that contribute to these morphological defects. While there are many genetic perturbations that could ultimately change nuclear shape, here, we focus on a subset of nuclear envelope herniations that likely arise as a consequence of disrupting physiological nuclear membrane remodeling pathways required to maintain nuclear envelope homeostasis. For example, stalling of the interphase nuclear pore complex (NPC) biogenesis pathway and/or triggering of NPC quality control mechanisms can lead to herniations in budding yeast, which are remarkably similar to those observed in human disease models of early-onset dystonia. By also examining the provenance of nuclear envelope herniations associated with emerging nuclear autophagy and nuclear egress pathways, we will provide a framework to help understand the molecular pathways that contribute to nuclear deformation.
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34
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Mutant torsinA in the heterozygous DYT1 state compromises HSV propagation in infected neurons and fibroblasts. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2324. [PMID: 29396398 PMCID: PMC5797141 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19865-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cases of early onset torsion dystonia (DYT1) are caused by a 3-base pair deletion in one allele of the TOR1A gene causing loss of a glutamate in torsinA, a luminal protein in the nuclear envelope. This dominantly inherited neurologic disease has reduced penetrance and no other medical manifestations. It has been challenging to understand the neuronal abnormalities as cells and mouse models which are heterozygous (Het) for the mutant allele are quite similar to wild-type (WT) controls. Here we found that patient fibroblasts and mouse neurons Het for this mutation showed significant differences from WT cells in several parameters revealed by infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV) which replicates in the nucleus and egresses out through the nuclear envelope. Using a red fluorescent protein capsid to monitor HSV infection, patient fibroblasts showed decreased viral plaque formation as compared to controls. Mouse Het neurons had a decrease in cytoplasmic, but not nuclear HSV fluorescence, and reduced numbers of capsids entering axons as compared to infected WT neurons. These findings point to altered dynamics of the nuclear envelope in cells with the patient genotype, which can provide assays to screen for therapeutic agents that can normalize these cells.
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35
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LaMassa N, Arenas-Mena C, Phillips GR. Electron microscopic characterization of nuclear egress in the sea urchin gastrula. J Morphol 2018; 279:609-615. [PMID: 29383750 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear egress, also referred to as nuclear envelope (NE) budding, is a process of transport in which vesicles containing molecular complexes or viral particles leave the nucleus through budding from the inner nuclear membrane (INM) to enter the perinuclear space. Following this event, the perinuclear vesicles (PNVs) fuse with the outer nuclear membrane (ONM), where they release their contents into the cytoplasm. Nuclear egress is thought to participate in many functions such as viral replication, cellular differentiation, and synaptic development. The molecular basis for nuclear egress is now beginning to be elucidated. Here, we observe in the sea urchin gastrula, using serial section transmission electron microscopy, strikingly abundant PNVs containing as yet unidentified granules that resemble the ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) previously observed in similar types of PNVs. Some PNVs were observed in the process of fusion with the ONM where they appeared to release their contents into the cytoplasm. These vesicles were abundantly observed in all three presumptive germ layers. These findings indicate that nuclear egress is likely to be an important mechanism for nucleocytoplasmic transfer during sea urchin development. The sea urchin may be a useful model to characterize further and gain a better understanding of the process of nuclear egress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole LaMassa
- Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York, United States of America.,Center for Developmental Neuroscience, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York, United States of America.,Program in Neuroscience, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Cesar Arenas-Mena
- Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Greg R Phillips
- Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York, United States of America.,Center for Developmental Neuroscience, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York, United States of America.,Program in Neuroscience, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
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36
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Weisheit CE, Pappas SS, Dauer WT. Inherited dystonias: clinical features and molecular pathways. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 147:241-254. [PMID: 29325615 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63233-3.00016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent decades have witnessed dramatic increases in understanding of the genetics of dystonia - a movement disorder characterized by involuntary twisting and abnormal posture. Hampered by a lack of overt neuropathology, researchers are investigating isolated monogenic causes to pinpoint common molecular mechanisms in this heterogeneous disease. Evidence from imaging, cellular, and murine work implicates deficiencies in dopamine neurotransmission, transcriptional dysregulation, and selective vulnerability of distinct neuronal populations to disease mutations. Studies of genetic forms of dystonia are also illuminating the developmental dependence of disease symptoms that is typical of many forms of the disease. As understanding of monogenic forms of dystonia grows, a clearer picture will develop of the abnormal motor circuitry behind this relatively common phenomenology. This chapter focuses on the current data covering the etiology and epidemiology, clinical presentation, and pathogenesis of four monogenic forms of isolated dystonia: DYT-TOR1A, DYT-THAP1, DYT-GCH1, and DYT-GNAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne E Weisheit
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Samuel S Pappas
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - William T Dauer
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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37
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Parchure A, Munson M, Budnik V. Getting mRNA-Containing Ribonucleoprotein Granules Out of a Nuclear Back Door. Neuron 2017; 96:604-615. [PMID: 29096075 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A pivotal feature of long-lasting synaptic plasticity is the localization of RNAs and the protein synthesis machinery at synaptic sites. How and where ribonucleoprotein (RNP) transport granules that support this synthetic activity are formed is of fundamental importance. The prevailing model poses that the nuclear pore complex (NPC) is the sole gatekeeper for transit of cellular material in and out of the nucleus. However, insights from the nuclear assembly of large viral capsids highlight a back door route for nuclear escape, a process referred to nuclear envelope (NE) budding. Recent studies indicate that NE budding might be an endogenous cellular process for the nuclear export of very large RNPs and protein aggregates. In Drosophila, this mechanism is required for synaptic plasticity, but its role may extend beyond the nervous system, in tissues where local changes in translation are required. Here we discuss these recent findings and a potential relationship between NE budding and the NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Parchure
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Mary Munson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Vivian Budnik
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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38
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Ginevrino M, Valente EM. The multiple faces of TOR1A: different inheritance, different phenotype. Brain 2017; 140:2764-2767. [PMID: 29088347 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Monia Ginevrino
- Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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39
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Yellajoshyula D, Liang CC, Pappas SS, Penati S, Yang A, Mecano R, Kumaran R, Jou S, Cookson MR, Dauer WT. The DYT6 Dystonia Protein THAP1 Regulates Myelination within the Oligodendrocyte Lineage. Dev Cell 2017; 42:52-67.e4. [PMID: 28697333 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The childhood-onset motor disorder DYT6 dystonia is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the transcription factor THAP1, but the neurodevelopmental processes in which THAP1 participates are unknown. We find that THAP1 is essential for the timing of myelination initiation during CNS maturation. Conditional deletion of THAP1 in the CNS retards maturation of the oligodendrocyte (OL) lineage, delaying myelination and causing persistent motor deficits. The CNS myelination defect results from a cell-autonomous requirement for THAP1 in the OL lineage and is recapitulated in developmental assays performed on OL progenitor cells purified from Thap1 null mice. Loss of THAP1 function disrupts a core set of OL maturation genes and reduces the DNA occupancy of YY1, a transcription factor required for OL maturation. These studies establish a role for THAP1 transcriptional regulation at the inception of myelination and implicate abnormal timing of myelination in the pathogenesis of childhood-onset dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay Yellajoshyula
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Chun-Chi Liang
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Samuel S Pappas
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Silvia Penati
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Angela Yang
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rodan Mecano
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ravindran Kumaran
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Aging, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stephanie Jou
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Aging, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - William T Dauer
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; VAAAHS, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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40
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Zacchi LF, Dittmar JC, Mihalevic MJ, Shewan AM, Schulz BL, Brodsky JL, Bernstein KA. Early-onset torsion dystonia: a novel high-throughput yeast genetic screen for factors modifying protein levels of torsinAΔE. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:1129-1140. [PMID: 28768697 PMCID: PMC5611967 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.029926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia is the third most common movement disorder, but its diagnosis and treatment remain challenging. One of the most severe types of dystonia is early-onset torsion dystonia (EOTD). The best studied and validated EOTD-associated mutation, torsinAΔE, is a deletion of a C-terminal glutamate residue in the AAA+ ATPase torsinA. TorsinA appears to be an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/nuclear envelope chaperone with multiple roles in the secretory pathway and in determining subcellular architecture. Many functions are disabled in the torsinAΔE variant, and torsinAΔE is also less stable than wild-type torsinA and is a substrate for ER-associated degradation. Nevertheless, the molecular factors involved in the biogenesis and degradation of torsinA and torsinAΔE have not been fully explored. To identify conserved cellular factors that can alter torsinAΔE protein levels, we designed a new high-throughput, automated, genome-wide screen utilizing our validated Saccharomyces cerevisiae torsinA expression system. By analyzing the yeast non-essential gene deletion collection, we identified 365 deletion strains with altered torsinAΔE steady-state levels. One notable hit was EUG1, which encodes a member of the protein disulfide isomerase family (PDIs). PDIs reside in the ER and catalyze the formation of disulfide bonds, mediate protein quality control and aid in nascent protein folding. We validated the role of select human PDIs in torsinA biogenesis in mammalian cells and found that overexpression of PDIs reduced the levels of torsinA and torsinAΔE. Together, our data report the first genome-wide screen to identify cellular factors that alter expression levels of the EOTD-associated protein torsinAΔE. More generally, the identified hits help in dissecting the cellular machinery involved in folding and degrading a torsinA variant, and constitute potential therapeutic factors for EOTD. This screen can also be readily adapted to identify factors impacting the levels of any protein of interest, considerably expanding the applicability of yeast in both basic and applied research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía F Zacchi
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - John C Dittmar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Michael J Mihalevic
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Avenue, UPCI Research Pavilion, 2.42e, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Annette M Shewan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Schulz
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jeffrey L Brodsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, A320 Langley Hall, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Kara A Bernstein
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Avenue, UPCI Research Pavilion, 2.42e, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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41
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Chase AR, Laudermilch E, Schlieker C. Torsin ATPases: Harnessing Dynamic Instability for Function. Front Mol Biosci 2017; 4:29. [PMID: 28553638 PMCID: PMC5425593 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2017.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Torsins are essential, disease-relevant AAA+ (ATPases associated with various cellular activities) proteins residing in the endoplasmic reticulum and perinuclear space, where they are implicated in a variety of cellular functions. Recently, new structural and functional details about Torsins have emerged that will have a profound influence on unraveling the precise mechanistic details of their yet-unknown mode of action in the cell. While Torsins are phylogenetically related to Clp/HSP100 proteins, they exhibit comparatively weak ATPase activities, which are tightly controlled by virtue of an active site complementation through accessory cofactors. This control mechanism is offset by a TorsinA mutation implicated in the severe movement disorder DYT1 dystonia, suggesting a critical role for the functional Torsin-cofactor interplay in vivo. Notably, TorsinA lacks aromatic pore loops that are both conserved and critical for the processive unfolding activity of Clp/HSP100 proteins. Based on these distinctive yet defining features, we discuss how the apparent dynamic nature of the Torsin-cofactor system can inform emerging models and hypotheses for Torsin complex formation and function. Specifically, we propose that the dynamic assembly and disassembly of the Torsin/cofactor system is a critical property that is required for Torsins' functional roles in nuclear trafficking and nuclear pore complex assembly or homeostasis that merit further exploration. Insights obtained from these future studies will be a valuable addition to our understanding of disease etiology of DYT1 dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Chase
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ethan Laudermilch
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA
| | - Christian Schlieker
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of MedicineNew Haven, CT, USA
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42
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Fremont R, Tewari A, Angueyra C, Khodakhah K. A role for cerebellum in the hereditary dystonia DYT1. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28198698 PMCID: PMC5340526 DOI: 10.7554/elife.22775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DYT1 is a debilitating movement disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in torsinA. How these mutations cause dystonia remains unknown. Mouse models which have embryonically targeted torsinA have failed to recapitulate the dystonia seen in patients, possibly due to differential developmental compensation between rodents and humans. To address this issue, torsinA was acutely knocked down in select brain regions of adult mice using shRNAs. TorsinA knockdown in the cerebellum, but not in the basal ganglia, was sufficient to induce dystonia. In agreement with a potential developmental compensation for loss of torsinA in rodents, torsinA knockdown in the immature cerebellum failed to produce dystonia. Abnormal motor symptoms in knockdown animals were associated with irregular cerebellar output caused by changes in the intrinsic activity of both Purkinje cells and neurons of the deep cerebellar nuclei. These data identify the cerebellum as the main site of dysfunction in DYT1, and offer new therapeutic targets. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22775.001 Dystonia is the third most common type of movement disorder after Parkinson’s disease and tremor. Patients with dystonia experience prolonged involuntary contractions of their muscles, often causing uncontrollable postures or repetitive movements. Almost thirty years ago, genetic studies revealed that a mutation in the gene that encodes a protein called torsinA causes the most common type of dystonia, called DYT1. Exactly how mutations that affect the torsinA protein give rise to DYT1 remains unclear, and there are still no effective treatments for the disorder. Part of the problem is that we do not fully understand how torsinA works, or which of its many proposed functions is relevant to dystonia. Moreover, attempts to study DYT1 using genetically modified mice have proved largely unsuccessful. This is because mice that simply express the same genetic mutations that cause dystonia in humans do not show the overt symptoms of dystonia. Fremont, Tewari et al. have now generated a mouse ‘model’ that does show symptoms of dystonia, and used these model mice to investigate the role of torsinA in the disorder. Acutely reducing the amount of torsinA protein in a region of the brain called the cerebellum induced the symptoms of dystonia in the mice. Conversely, reducing the amount of torsinA in a different brain area known as the basal ganglia had no such effect, even though both the cerebellum and the basal ganglia contribute to movement. Furthermore, neither manipulation had any effect in juvenile mice, which suggests that, in contrast to humans, young mice can compensate for the loss of torsinA. Fremont, Tewari et al. also found that the loss of torsinA causes the cerebellum to generate incorrect output signals, which in turn trigger the abnormal movements seen in dystonia. In the future, further studies of the model mice could identify the exact changes that occur in neurons following the loss of torsinA from the cerebellum. Understanding these changes could potentially pave the way for developing effective treatments for DYT1 and other dystonias. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22775.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Fremont
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Ambika Tewari
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Chantal Angueyra
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Kamran Khodakhah
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, United States
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43
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Rittiner JE, Caffall ZF, Hernández-Martinez R, Sanderson SM, Pearson JL, Tsukayama KK, Liu AY, Xiao C, Tracy S, Shipman MK, Hickey P, Johnson J, Scott B, Stacy M, Saunders-Pullman R, Bressman S, Simonyan K, Sharma N, Ozelius LJ, Cirulli ET, Calakos N. Functional Genomic Analyses of Mendelian and Sporadic Disease Identify Impaired eIF2α Signaling as a Generalizable Mechanism for Dystonia. Neuron 2016; 92:1238-1251. [PMID: 27939583 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Dystonia is a brain disorder causing involuntary, often painful movements. Apart from a role for dopamine deficiency in some forms, the cellular mechanisms underlying most dystonias are currently unknown. Here, we discover a role for deficient eIF2α signaling in DYT1 dystonia, a rare inherited generalized form, through a genome-wide RNAi screen. Subsequent experiments including patient-derived cells and a mouse model support both a pathogenic role and therapeutic potential for eIF2α pathway perturbations. We further find genetic and functional evidence supporting similar pathway impairment in patients with sporadic cervical dystonia, due to rare coding variation in the eIF2α effector ATF4. Considering also that another dystonia, DYT16, involves a gene upstream of the eIF2α pathway, these results mechanistically link multiple forms of dystonia and put forth a new overall cellular mechanism for dystonia pathogenesis, impairment of eIF2α signaling, a pathway known for its roles in cellular stress responses and synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - James L Pearson
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of RNAi Screening Facility, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | - Anna Y Liu
- Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Changrui Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Samantha Tracy
- Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | - Patrick Hickey
- Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Julia Johnson
- Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Burton Scott
- Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Mark Stacy
- Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Rachel Saunders-Pullman
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA; Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Susan Bressman
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA; Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kristina Simonyan
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nutan Sharma
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Laurie J Ozelius
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Cirulli
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Nicole Calakos
- Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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44
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Cascalho A, Jacquemyn J, Goodchild RE. Membrane defects and genetic redundancy: Are we at a turning point for DYT1 dystonia? Mov Disord 2016; 32:371-381. [PMID: 27911022 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygosity for a 3-base pair deletion (ΔGAG) in TOR1A/torsinA is one of the most common causes of hereditary dystonia. In this review, we highlight current understanding of how this mutation causes disease from research spanning structural biochemistry, cell science, neurobiology, and several model organisms. We now know that homozygosity for ΔGAG has the same effects as Tor1aKO , implicating a partial loss of function mechanism in the ΔGAG/+ disease state. In addition, torsinA loss specifically affects neurons in mice, even though the gene is broadly expressed, apparently because of differential expression of homologous torsinB. Furthermore, certain neuronal subtypes are more severely affected by torsinA loss. Interestingly, these include striatal cholinergic interneurons that display abnormal responses to dopamine in several Tor1a animal models. There is also progress on understanding torsinA molecular cell biology. The structural basis of how ΔGAG inhibits torsinA ATPase activity is defined, although mutant torsinAΔGAG protein also displays some characteristics suggesting it contributes to dystonia by a gain-of-function mechanism. Furthermore, a consistent relationship is emerging between torsin dysfunction and membrane biology, including an evolutionarily conserved regulation of lipid metabolism. Considered together, these findings provide major advances toward understanding the molecular, cellular, and neurobiological pathologies of DYT1/TOR1A dystonia that can hopefully be exploited for new approaches to treat this disease. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cascalho
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie Centre for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven, Department of Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julie Jacquemyn
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie Centre for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven, Department of Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rose E Goodchild
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie Centre for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven, Department of Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
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45
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Laudermilch E, Tsai PL, Graham M, Turner E, Zhao C, Schlieker C. Dissecting Torsin/cofactor function at the nuclear envelope: a genetic study. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:3964-3971. [PMID: 27798237 PMCID: PMC5156537 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-07-0511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Torsins are essential, disease-relevant ATPases, but their function is unknown. Monitoring of nuclear envelope morphology after deletion of multiple Torsins or their cofactors reveals a robust inner nuclear membrane–blebbing phenotype in HeLa cells. Nucleoporins and ubiquitin are defining molecular components of these omega-shaped blebs. The human genome encodes four Torsin ATPases, the functions of which are poorly understood. In this study, we use CRISPR/Cas9 engineering to delete all four Torsin ATPases individually and in combination. Using nuclear envelope (NE) blebbing as a phenotypic measure, we establish a direct correlation between the number of inactivated Torsin alleles and the occurrence of omega-shaped herniations within the lumen of the NE. A similar, although not identical, redundancy is observed for LAP1 and LULL1, which serve as regulatory cofactors for a subset of Torsin ATPases. Unexpectedly, deletion of Tor2A in a TorA/B/3A-deficient background results in a stark increase of bleb formation, even though Tor2A does not respond to LAP1/LULL1 stimulation. The robustness of the observed phenotype in Torsin-deficient cells enables a structural analysis via electron microscopy tomography and a compositional analysis via immunogold labeling. Ubiquitin and nucleoporins were identified as distinctively localizing components of the omega-shaped bleb structure. These findings suggest a functional link between the Torsin/cofactor system and NE/nuclear pore complex biogenesis or homeostasis and establish a Torsin-deficient cell line as a valuable experimental platform with which to decipher Torsin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Laudermilch
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Pei-Ling Tsai
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Morven Graham
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Elizabeth Turner
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Chenguang Zhao
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Christian Schlieker
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 .,Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
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