1
|
Hou S, Liu H, Hu Y, Zhang J, Deng X, Li Z, Zhang Y, Li X, Li Y, Ma L, Yao J, Chen X. Discovery of a novel homocysteine thiolactone hydrolase and the catalytic activity of its natural variants. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e5098. [PMID: 38980003 PMCID: PMC11232049 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Homocysteine thiolactone (HTL), a toxic metabolite of homocysteine (Hcy) in hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), is known to modify protein structure and function, leading to protein damage through formation of N-Hcy-protein. HTL has been highly linked to HHcy-associated cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. The protective role of HTL hydrolases against HTL-associated vascular toxicity and neurotoxicity have been reported. Although several endogeneous enzymes capable of hydrolyzing HTL have been identified, the primary enzyme responsible for its metabolism remains unclear. In this study, three human carboxylesterases were screened to explore new HTL hydrolase and human carboxylesterase 1 (hCES1) demonstrates the highest catalytic activity against HTL. Given the abundance of hCES1 in the liver and the clinical significance of its single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), six common hCES1 nonsynonymous coding SNP (nsSNPs) variants were examined and characterized for their kinetic parameters. Variants E220G and G143E displayed 7.3-fold and 13.2-fold lower catalytic activities than its wild-type counterpart. In addition, the detailed catalytic mechanism of hCES1 for HTL hydrolysis was computational investigated and elucidated by Quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) molecular dynamics (MD) method. The function of residues E220 and G143 in sustaining its hydrolytic activity of hCES1 was analyzed, and the calculated energy difference aligns well with experimental-derived results, supporting the validity of our computational insights. These findings provide insights into the potential protective role of hCES1 against HTL-associated toxicity, and warrant future studies on the possible association between specific genetic variants of hCES1 with impaired catalytic function and clinical susceptibility of HTL-associated cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shurong Hou
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Huan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Yihui Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Xingyu Deng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug DesignSchool of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and TechnologyShanghaiChina
| | - Zhenzhen Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Yun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Xiaoxuan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Yishuang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Lei Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug DesignSchool of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and TechnologyShanghaiChina
| | - Jianzhuang Yao
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of JinanJinanChina
| | - Xiabin Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xu N, Tang D, Liu H, Liu M, Wen Z, Jiang T, Yu F. In Situ Visualizing Carboxylesterase Activity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Using an Activatable Endoplasmic Reticulum Targetable Proximity Labeling Far-Red Fluorescent Probe. Anal Chem 2024; 96:10724-10731. [PMID: 38952276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Carboxylesterase (CE), an enzyme widely present in organisms, is involved in various physiological and pathological processes. Changes in the levels of CEs in the liver may predict the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Here, a novel dicyanoisophorone (DCI)-based proximity-labeled far-red fluorescent probe DCI2F-Ac with endoplasmic reticulum targeting was proposed for real-time monitoring and imaging of the CEs activity. DCI2F-Ac featured very low cytotoxicity and biotoxicity and was highly selective and sensitive for CEs. Compared with traditional CEs probes, DCI2F-Ac was covalently anchored directly to CEs, thus effectively reducing the loss of in situ fluorescent signals due to diffusion. Through the "on-off" fluorescence signal readout, DCI2F-Ac was able to distinguish cell lines and screen for CEs inhibitors. In terms of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, it was found that thapsigargin (Tg) induced upregulation of CEs levels but not tunicamycin (Tm), which was related to the calcium homeostasis of the ER. DCI2F-Ac could efficiently detect downregulated CEs in the livers of T2DM, and the therapeutic efficacy of metformin, acarbose, and a combination of these two drugs was assessed by tracking the fluctuation of CEs levels. The results showed that combining metformin and acarbose could restore CEs levels to near-normal levels with the best antidiabetic effect. Thus, the DCI2F-Ac probe provides a great opportunity to explore the untapped potential of CEs in liver metabolic disorders and drug efficacy assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ningge Xu
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
- Key Laboratory of Hainan Trauma and Disaster Rescue, Key Laboratory of Haikou Trauma, Engineering Research Center for Hainan Bio-Smart Materials and Bio-Medical Devices, School of Pharmacy, College of Emergency and Trauma, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Dandan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
- Key Laboratory of Hainan Trauma and Disaster Rescue, Key Laboratory of Haikou Trauma, Engineering Research Center for Hainan Bio-Smart Materials and Bio-Medical Devices, School of Pharmacy, College of Emergency and Trauma, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Heng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
- Key Laboratory of Hainan Trauma and Disaster Rescue, Key Laboratory of Haikou Trauma, Engineering Research Center for Hainan Bio-Smart Materials and Bio-Medical Devices, School of Pharmacy, College of Emergency and Trauma, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Mengyue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
- Key Laboratory of Hainan Trauma and Disaster Rescue, Key Laboratory of Haikou Trauma, Engineering Research Center for Hainan Bio-Smart Materials and Bio-Medical Devices, School of Pharmacy, College of Emergency and Trauma, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Zheng Wen
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Tongmeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
- Key Laboratory of Hainan Trauma and Disaster Rescue, Key Laboratory of Haikou Trauma, Engineering Research Center for Hainan Bio-Smart Materials and Bio-Medical Devices, School of Pharmacy, College of Emergency and Trauma, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Fabiao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
- Key Laboratory of Hainan Trauma and Disaster Rescue, Key Laboratory of Haikou Trauma, Engineering Research Center for Hainan Bio-Smart Materials and Bio-Medical Devices, School of Pharmacy, College of Emergency and Trauma, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sostare E, Bowen TJ, Lawson TN, Freier A, Li X, Lloyd GR, Najdekr L, Jankevics A, Smith T, Varshavi D, Ludwig C, Colbourne JK, Weber RJM, Crizer DM, Auerbach SS, Bucher JR, Viant MR. Metabolomics Simultaneously Derives Benchmark Dose Estimates and Discovers Metabolic Biotransformations in a Rat Bioassay. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:923-934. [PMID: 38842447 PMCID: PMC11187623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Benchmark dose (BMD) modeling estimates the dose of a chemical that causes a perturbation from baseline. Transcriptional BMDs have been shown to be relatively consistent with apical end point BMDs, opening the door to using molecular BMDs to derive human health-based guidance values for chemical exposure. Metabolomics measures the responses of small-molecule endogenous metabolites to chemical exposure, complementing transcriptomics by characterizing downstream molecular phenotypes that are more closely associated with apical end points. The aim of this study was to apply BMD modeling to in vivo metabolomics data, to compare metabolic BMDs to both transcriptional and apical end point BMDs. This builds upon our previous application of transcriptomics and BMD modeling to a 5-day rat study of triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), applying metabolomics to the same archived tissues. Specifically, liver from rats exposed to five doses of TPhP was investigated using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based metabolomics. Following the application of BMDExpress2 software, 2903 endogenous metabolic features yielded viable dose-response models, confirming a perturbation to the liver metabolome. Metabolic BMD estimates were similarly sensitive to transcriptional BMDs, and more sensitive than both clinical chemistry and apical end point BMDs. Pathway analysis of the multiomics data sets revealed a major effect of TPhP exposure on cholesterol (and downstream) pathways, consistent with clinical chemistry measurements. Additionally, the transcriptomics data indicated that TPhP activated xenobiotic metabolism pathways, which was confirmed by using the underexploited capability of metabolomics to detect xenobiotic-related compounds. Eleven biotransformation products of TPhP were discovered, and their levels were highly correlated with multiple xenobiotic metabolism genes. This work provides a case study showing how metabolomics and transcriptomics can estimate mechanistically anchored points-of-departure. Furthermore, the study demonstrates how metabolomics can also discover biotransformation products, which could be of value within a regulatory setting, for example, as an enhancement of OECD Test Guideline 417 (toxicokinetics).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sostare
- Michabo
Health Science Ltd., Union House, 111 New Union Street, Coventry CV1 2NT, U.K.
| | - Tara J. Bowen
- School
of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Thomas N. Lawson
- Michabo
Health Science Ltd., Union House, 111 New Union Street, Coventry CV1 2NT, U.K.
| | - Anne Freier
- School
of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Xiaojing Li
- School
of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Gavin R. Lloyd
- Phenome
Centre Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Lukáš Najdekr
- Phenome
Centre Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Andris Jankevics
- Phenome
Centre Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Thomas Smith
- Phenome
Centre Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Dorsa Varshavi
- Phenome
Centre Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Christian Ludwig
- Phenome
Centre Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - John K. Colbourne
- Michabo
Health Science Ltd., Union House, 111 New Union Street, Coventry CV1 2NT, U.K.
- School
of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Ralf J. M. Weber
- Michabo
Health Science Ltd., Union House, 111 New Union Street, Coventry CV1 2NT, U.K.
- School
of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
- Phenome
Centre Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - David M. Crizer
- Division
of Translational Toxicology, National Institute
of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park NC 27709, North Carolina, United
States
| | - Scott S. Auerbach
- Division
of Translational Toxicology, National Institute
of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park NC 27709, North Carolina, United
States
| | - John R. Bucher
- Division
of Translational Toxicology, National Institute
of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park NC 27709, North Carolina, United
States
| | - Mark R. Viant
- Michabo
Health Science Ltd., Union House, 111 New Union Street, Coventry CV1 2NT, U.K.
- School
of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
- Phenome
Centre Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sakai Y, Fukami T, Tokumitsu S, Nakano M, Nakashima S, Higuchi Y, Uehara S, Yoneda N, Suemizu H, Nakajima M. Impact of miR-222-3p-mediated downregulation of arylacetamide deacetylase on drug hydrolysis and lipid accumulation. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2024; 56:101007. [PMID: 38797091 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2024.101007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) is involved in drug hydrolysis and lipid metabolism. In 23 human liver samples, no significant correlation was observed between AADAC mRNA (19.7-fold variation) and protein levels (137.6-fold variation), suggesting a significant contribution of post-transcriptional regulation to AADAC expression. The present study investigated whether AADAC is regulated by microRNA in the human liver and elucidate its biological significance. Computational analysis predicted two potential miR-222-3p recognition elements in the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of AADAC. Luciferase assay revealed that the miR-222-3p recognition element was functional in downregulating AADAC expression. In HEK293 cells transfected with an AADAC expression plasmid containing 3'-UTR, miR-222-3p overexpression decreased AADAC protein level and activity, whereas miR-222-3p inhibition increased them. Similar results were observed in human hepatoma-derived Huh-1 cells endogenously expressing AADAC and HepaSH cells that are hepatocytes from chimeric mice with humanized livers. In individual human liver samples, AADAC protein levels inversely correlated with miR-222-3p levels. Overexpression of miR-222-3p resulted in increased lipid accumulation in Huh-1 cells, which was reversed by AADAC overexpression. In contrast, miR-222-3p inhibition decreased lipid accumulation, which was reversed by AADAC knockdown. In conclusion, we found that hepatic AADAC was downregulated by miR-222-3p, resulting in decreased drug hydrolysis and increased lipid accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Sakai
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Shinsaku Tokumitsu
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masataka Nakano
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shimon Nakashima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Higuchi
- Liver Engineering Laboratory, Department of Applied Research for Laboratory Animals, Center Institute for Experimental Animals, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shotaro Uehara
- Liver Engineering Laboratory, Department of Applied Research for Laboratory Animals, Center Institute for Experimental Animals, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nao Yoneda
- Liver Engineering Laboratory, Department of Applied Research for Laboratory Animals, Center Institute for Experimental Animals, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suemizu
- Liver Engineering Laboratory, Department of Applied Research for Laboratory Animals, Center Institute for Experimental Animals, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mahalingam S, Bellamkonda R, Kharbanda KK, Arumugam MK, Kumar V, Casey CA, Leggio L, Rasineni K. Role of ghrelin hormone in the development of alcohol-associated liver disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116595. [PMID: 38640709 PMCID: PMC11161137 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Fatty liver is the earliest response of the liver to excessive alcohol consumption. Previously we identified that chronic alcohol administration increases levels of stomach-derived hormone, ghrelin, which by reducing circulating insulin levels, ultimately contributes to the development of alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). In addition, ghrelin directly promotes fat accumulation in hepatocytes by enhancing de novo lipogenesis. Other than promoting ALD, ghrelin is known to increase alcohol craving and intake. In this study, we used a ghrelin receptor (GHSR) knockout (KO) rat model to characterize the specific contribution of ghrelin in the development of ALD with emphasis on energy homeostasis. Male Wistar wild type (WT) and GHSR-KO rats were pair-fed the Lieber-DeCarli control or ethanol diet for 6 weeks. At the end of the feeding period, glucose tolerance test was conducted, and tissue samples were collected. We observed reduced alcohol intake by GHSR-KOs compared to a previous study where WT rats were fed ethanol diet ad libitum. Further, when the WTs were pair-fed to GHSR-KOs, the KO rats exhibited resistance to develop ALD through improving insulin secretion/sensitivity to reduce adipose lipolysis and hepatic fatty acid uptake/synthesis and increase fatty acid oxidation. Furthermore, proteomic data revealed that ethanol-fed KO exhibit less alcohol-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress than WT rats. Proteomic data also confirmed that the ethanol-fed KOs are insulin sensitive and are resistant to hepatic steatosis development compared to WT rats. Together, these data confirm that inhibiting ghrelin action prevent alcohol-induced liver and adipose dysfunction independent of reducing alcohol intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sundararajan Mahalingam
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ramesh Bellamkonda
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kusum K Kharbanda
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Madan Kumar Arumugam
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomic Core Facility, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Carol A Casey
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Division of Addiction Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA
| | - Karuna Rasineni
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nagaoka M, Sakai Y, Nakajima M, Fukami T. Role of carboxylesterase and arylacetamide deacetylase in drug metabolism, physiology, and pathology. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 223:116128. [PMID: 38492781 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Carboxylesterases (CES1 and CES2) and arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC), which are expressed primarily in the liver and/or gastrointestinal tract, hydrolyze drugs containing ester and amide bonds in their chemical structure. These enzymes often catalyze the conversion of prodrugs, including the COVID-19 drugs remdesivir and molnupiravir, to their pharmacologically active forms. Information on the substrate specificity and inhibitory properties of these enzymes, which would be useful for drug development and toxicity avoidance, has accumulated. Recently,in vitroandin vivostudies have shown that these enzymes are involved not only in drug hydrolysis but also in lipid metabolism. CES1 and CES2 are capable of hydrolyzing triacylglycerol, and the deletion of their orthologous genes in mice has been associated with impaired lipid metabolism and hepatic steatosis. Adeno-associated virus-mediated human CES overexpression decreases hepatic triacylglycerol levels and increases fatty acid oxidation in mice. It has also been shown that overexpression of CES enzymes or AADAC in cultured cells suppresses the intracellular accumulation of triacylglycerol. Recent reports indicate that AADAC can be up- or downregulated in tumors of various organs, and its varied expression is associated with poor prognosis in patients with cancer. Thus, CES and AADAC not only determine drug efficacy and toxicity but are also involved in pathophysiology. This review summarizes recent findings on the roles of CES and AADAC in drug metabolism, physiology, and pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mai Nagaoka
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Sakai
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jerabek T, Weiß L, Fahrion H, Zeh N, Raab N, Lindner B, Fischer S, Otte K. In pursuit of a minimal CHO genome: Establishment of large-scale genome deletions. N Biotechnol 2024; 79:100-110. [PMID: 38154614 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the most commonly used mammalian cell line for the production of complex therapeutic glycoproteins. As CHO cells have evolved as part of a multicellular organism, they harbor many cellular functions irrelevant for their application as production hosts in industrial bioprocesses. Consequently, CHO cells have been the target for numerous genetic engineering efforts in the past, but a tailored host cell chassis holistically optimized for its specific task in a bioreactor is still missing. While the concept of genome reduction has already been successfully applied to bacterial production cells, attempts to create higher eukaryotic production hosts exhibiting reduced genomes have not been reported yet. Here, we present the establishment and application of a large-scale genome deletion strategy for targeted excision of large genomic regions in CHO cells. We demonstrate the feasibility of genome reduction in CHO cells using optimized CRISPR/Cas9 based experimental protocols targeting large non-essential genomic regions with high efficiency. Achieved genome deletions of non-essential genetic regions did not introduce negative effects on bioprocess relevant parameters, although we conducted the largest reported genomic excision of 864 kilobase pairs in CHO cells so far. The concept presented serves as a directive to accelerate the development of a significantly genome-reduced CHO host cell chassis paving the way for a next generation of CHO cell factories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Jerabek
- University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Institute of Applied Biotechnology, Biberach, Germany.
| | - Linus Weiß
- University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Institute of Applied Biotechnology, Biberach, Germany
| | - Hannah Fahrion
- University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Institute of Applied Biotechnology, Biberach, Germany
| | - Nikolas Zeh
- University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Institute of Applied Biotechnology, Biberach, Germany; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Cell Line Development, Biberach, Germany
| | - Nadja Raab
- University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Institute of Applied Biotechnology, Biberach, Germany
| | - Benjamin Lindner
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Cell Line Development, Biberach, Germany
| | - Simon Fischer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Cell Line Development, Biberach, Germany
| | - Kerstin Otte
- University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Institute of Applied Biotechnology, Biberach, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gong JM, Yi XL, Liang JH, Liu ZZ, Du Z. Inhibitory effects of phthalate esters (PAEs) and phthalate monoesters towards human carboxylesterases (CESs). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 482:116785. [PMID: 38070751 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs), accompanied by phthalate monoesters as hydrolysis metabolites in humans, have been widely used as plasticizers and exhibited disruptive effects on the endocrine and metabolic systems. The present study aims to investigate the inhibition behavior of PAEs and phthalate monoesters on the activity of the important hydrolytic enzymes, carboxylesterases (CESs), to elucidate the toxicity mechanism from a new perspective. The results showed significant inhibition on CES1 and CES2 by most PAEs, but not by phthalate monoesters, above which the activity of CES1 was strongly inhibited by DCHP, DEHP, DiOP, DiPP, DNP, DPP and BBZP, with inhibition ratios exceeding 80%. Kinetic analyses and in vitro-in vivo extrapolation were conducted, revealing that PAEs have the potential to disrupt the metabolism of endogenous substances catalyzed by CES1 in vivo. Molecular docking results revealed that hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic contacts formed by ester bonds contributed to the interaction of PAEs towards CES1. These findings will be beneficial for understanding the adverse effect of PAEs and phthalate monoesters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Min Gong
- School of Public Health, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Yi
- Chongqing Qijiang District for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 401420, China
| | - Jia-Hong Liang
- School of Public Health, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China
| | - Zhen-Zhong Liu
- School of Public Health, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China
| | - Zuo Du
- School of Public Health, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lan L, Li M, Xu Y, Ren X, Zhang C. Evaluation on the Metabolic Activity of Two Carboxylesterase Isozymes in Mouse Liver Microsomes by a LC-MS/MS Method. J Chromatogr Sci 2023; 61:980-987. [PMID: 36585777 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmac105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
An applicable method for the precise measurement of major carboxylesterase (CESs) activity in liver still limited. Clopidogrel and irinotecan are specific substrates for CES1 and CES2, respectively. Clopidogrel is metabolized to the inactive metabolite clopidogrel carboxylate (CCAM) by CES1. Irinotecan is metabolized to the active metabolite 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38) by CES2. In the present study, the LC-MS/MS method for the determination of CCAM and SN-38 were separately developed to characterize the metabolic activities of CES1 and CES2 in mouse liver microsomal. CCAM was separated on a Ecosil ODS column with an isocratic mobile phase consisted of 5 mmol/L ammonium formate and 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile (15:85, V:V) at a flow rate of 0.4mL/min. SN-38 was separated on a Waters symmetry C18 column with an gradient mobile phase consisted of 5 mmol/L ammonium formate and 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. Calibration curves were linear within the concentration range of 100-20,000 ng/mL for CCAM and 1-200 ng/mL for SN-38. The results of method showed excellent accuracy and precision. The recovery rate, matrix effect and stability inspection results were within the acceptance criteria. The optimized incubation conditions were as follows: protein concentration of microsomes were all 0.1 mg/mL, incubation time was 60 min for clopidogrel and 30 min for irinotecan, respectively. This method was sensitive and applicable for the determination of the activity of CESs in the mouse liver microsomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Lan
- Department of Clinical Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, 71 Hedi Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical college, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 jiefang Dadao, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yanjiao Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical college, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 jiefang Dadao, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Xiuhua Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical college, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 jiefang Dadao, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Chengliang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical college, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 jiefang Dadao, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fan Y, Zhang T, Song Y, Sang Z, Zeng H, Liu P, Wang P, Ge G. Rationally Engineered hCES2A Near-Infrared Fluorogenic Substrate for Functional Imaging and High-Throughput Inhibitor Screening. Anal Chem 2023; 95:15665-15672. [PMID: 37782032 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Human carboxylesterase 2A (hCES2A) is an important endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident enzyme that is responsible for the hydrolytic metabolism or activation of numerous ester-bearing drugs and environmental toxins. The previously reported hCES2A fluorogenic substrates suffer from limited emission wavelength, low specificity, and poor localization accuracy, thereby greatly limiting the in situ functional imaging of hCES2A and drug discovery. Herein, a rational ligand design strategy was adopted to construct a highly specific near-infrared (NIR) substrate for hCES2A. Following scaffold screening and recognition group optimization, HTCF was identified as a desirable NIR fluorophore with excellent photophysical properties and high ER accumulation ability, while several HTCF esters held a high potential to be good hCES2A substrates. Further investigations revealed that TP-HTCF (the tert-pentyl ester of HTCF) was an ideal substrate with ultrahigh sensitivity, excellent specificity, and a substantial signal-to-noise ratio. Upon the addition of hCES2A, TP-HTCF could be rapidly hydrolyzed to release HTCF, a chemically stable product that emitted bright fluorescent signals at around 670 nm. A TP-HTCF-based biochemical assay was then established for the high-throughput screening of potent and cell-active hCES2A inhibitors from an in-house compound library. Furthermore, TP-HTCF displayed high imaging resolution for imaging hCES2A in living cells as well as mouse liver slices and tumor-xenograft mice. Collectively, this study demonstrates a rational strategy for developing highly specific fluorogenic substrates for an ER-resident target enzyme, while TP-HTCF can act as a practical tool for sensing hCES2A in living systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Fan
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yunqing Song
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhipei Sang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Hairong Zeng
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Peiqi Liu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Guangbo Ge
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen H, Li K, Yuan L, Zhang XB. Design of a near-infrared fluoro-photoacoustic probe for rapid imaging of carboxylesterase in liver injury. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10520-10523. [PMID: 37644758 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03170e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Carboxylesterase (CE) is crucial in metabolizing ester-containing biomolecules and is particularly significant in liver metabolic diseases. Herein, we present the first activatable NIRF/PA dual-mode imaging probe QHD-CE for detection of CE in vitro and in vivo. QHD-CE displays excellent sensitivity and selectivity for CE with a high reaction efficiency (∼90 min). By utilizing QHD-CE, the dynamic changes of CE in drug-induced liver injury and diabetic mice models were monitored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoming Chen
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China.
| | - Ke Li
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China.
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China.
| | - Xiao-Bing Zhang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xue L, Liu K, Yan C, Dun J, Xu Y, Wu L, Yang H, Liu H, Xie L, Wang G, Liang Y. Schisandra lignans ameliorate nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by regulating aberrant metabolism of phosphatidylethanolamines. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:3545-3560. [PMID: 37655337 PMCID: PMC10465965 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a spectrum of chronic liver disease characterized by hepatic lipid metabolism disorder. Recent reports emphasized the contribution of triglyceride and diglyceride accumulation to NASH, while the other lipids associated with the NASH pathogenesis remained unexplored. The specific purpose of our study was to explore a novel pathogenesis and treatment strategy of NASH via profiling the metabolic characteristics of lipids. Herein, multi-omics techniques based on LC-Q-TOF/MS, LC-MS/MS and MS imaging were developed and used to screen the action targets related to NASH progress and treatment. A methionine and choline deficient (MCD) diet-induced mouse model of NASH was then constructed, and Schisandra lignans extract (SLE) was applied to alleviate hepatic damage by regulating the lipid metabolism-related enzymes CES2A and CYP4A14. Hepatic lipidomics indicated that MCD-diet led to aberrant accumulation of phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), and SLE could significantly reduce the accumulation of intrahepatic PEs. Notably, exogenous PE (18:0/18:1) was proved to significantly aggravate the mitochondrial damage and hepatocyte apoptosis. Supplementing PE (18:0/18:1) also deteriorated the NASH progress by up regulating intrahepatic proinflammatory and fibrotic factors, while PE synthase inhibitor exerted a prominent hepatoprotective role. The current work provides new insights into the relationship between PE metabolism and the pathogenesis of NASH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Xue
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Keanqi Liu
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Caixia Yan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Drug Evaluation and Clinical Research, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Junling Dun
- Analytical Applications Center, Shimadzu (China) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yexin Xu
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Linlin Wu
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Huizhu Yang
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Huafang Liu
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lin Xie
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wei W, Riley NM, Lyu X, Shen X, Guo J, Raun SH, Zhao M, Moya-Garzon MD, Basu H, Sheng-Hwa Tung A, Li VL, Huang W, Wiggenhorn AL, Svensson KJ, Snyder MP, Bertozzi CR, Long JZ. Organism-wide, cell-type-specific secretome mapping of exercise training in mice. Cell Metab 2023; 35:1261-1279.e11. [PMID: 37141889 PMCID: PMC10524249 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a significant interest in identifying blood-borne factors that mediate tissue crosstalk and function as molecular effectors of physical activity. Although past studies have focused on an individual molecule or cell type, the organism-wide secretome response to physical activity has not been evaluated. Here, we use a cell-type-specific proteomic approach to generate a 21-cell-type, 10-tissue map of exercise training-regulated secretomes in mice. Our dataset identifies >200 exercise training-regulated cell-type-secreted protein pairs, the majority of which have not been previously reported. Pdgfra-cre-labeled secretomes were the most responsive to exercise training. Finally, we show anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, and exercise performance-enhancing activities for proteoforms of intracellular carboxylesterases whose secretion from the liver is induced by exercise training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nicholas M Riley
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xuchao Lyu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xiaotao Shen
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94035, USA
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Steffen H Raun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Maria Dolores Moya-Garzon
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Himanish Basu
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alan Sheng-Hwa Tung
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Veronica L Li
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wentao Huang
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Amanda L Wiggenhorn
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Katrin J Svensson
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael P Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94035, USA; Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Carolyn R Bertozzi
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jonathan Z Long
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cai J, Peng J, Feng J, Li R, Ren P, Zang X, Wu Z, Lu Y, Luo L, Hu Z, Wang J, Dai X, Zhao P, Wang J, Yan M, Liu J, Deng R, Wang D. Antioxidant hepatic lipid metabolism can be promoted by orally administered inorganic nanoparticles. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3643. [PMID: 37339977 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39423-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of inorganic nanoparticles in living organisms can cause an increase in cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a dose-dependent manner. Low doses of nanoparticles have shown possibilities to induce moderate ROS increases and lead to adaptive responses of biological systems, but beneficial effects of such responses on metabolic health remain elusive. Here, we report that repeated oral administrations of various inorganic nanoparticles, including TiO2, Au, and NaYF4 nanoparticles at low doses, can promote lipid degradation and alleviate steatosis in the liver of male mice. We show that low-level uptake of nanoparticles evokes an unusual antioxidant response in hepatocytes by promoting Ces2h expression and consequently enhancing ester hydrolysis. This process can be implemented to treat specific hepatic metabolic disorders, such as fatty liver in both genetic and high-fat-diet obese mice without causing observed adverse effects. Our results demonstrate that low-dose nanoparticle administration may serve as a promising treatment for metabolic regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cai
- College of Animal Sciences, Dairy Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, PR China.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, PR China.
| | - Jie Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Institute for Composites Science Innovation, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Juan Feng
- College of Animal Sciences, Dairy Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, PR China
| | - Ruocheng Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Dairy Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, PR China
| | - Peng Ren
- College of Animal Sciences, Dairy Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, PR China
| | - Xinwei Zang
- College of Animal Sciences, Dairy Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, PR China
| | - Zezong Wu
- College of Animal Sciences, Dairy Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, PR China
| | - Yi Lu
- College of Animal Sciences, Dairy Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, PR China
| | - Lin Luo
- College of Animal Sciences, Dairy Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, PR China
| | - Zhenzhen Hu
- College of Animal Sciences, Dairy Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, PR China
| | - Jiaying Wang
- Institute of Environmental Health, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Xiaomeng Dai
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
| | - Juan Wang
- Institute of Environmental Health, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Mi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Institute for Composites Science Innovation, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jianxin Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Dairy Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, PR China
| | - Renren Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Institute for Composites Science Innovation, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China.
| | - Diming Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Dairy Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Goshisht MK, Tripathi N, Patra GK, Chaskar M. Organelle-targeting ratiometric fluorescent probes: design principles, detection mechanisms, bio-applications, and challenges. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5842-5871. [PMID: 37293660 PMCID: PMC10246671 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01036h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological species, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive sulfur species (RSS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), F-, Pd2+, Cu2+, Hg2+, and others, are crucial for the healthy functioning of cells in living organisms. However, their aberrant concentration can result in various serious diseases. Therefore, it is essential to monitor biological species in cellular organelles such as the cell membrane, mitochondria, lysosome, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and nucleus. Among various fluorescent probes for species detection within the organelles, ratiometric fluorescent probes have drawn special attention as a potential way to get beyond the drawbacks of intensity-based probes. This method depends on measuring the intensity change of two emission bands (caused by an analyte), which produces an efficient internal referencing that increases the detection's sensitivity. This review article discusses the literature publications (from 2015 to 2022) on organelle-targeting ratiometric fluorescent probes, the general strategies, the detecting mechanisms, the broad scope, and the challenges currently faced by fluorescent probes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Goshisht
- Department of Chemistry, Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay 2420 Nicolet Drive Green Bay WI 54311-7001 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Government Naveen College Tokapal Bastar Chhattisgarh 494442 India
| | - Neetu Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Punjab 143005 India
| | - Goutam Kumar Patra
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya Bilaspur Chhattisgarh 495009 India
| | - Manohar Chaskar
- Department of Technology, Savitribai Phule Pune University Ganeshkhind Pune 411007 India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chalhoub G, Jamnik A, Pajed L, Kolleritsch S, Hois V, Bagaric A, Prem D, Tilp A, Kolb D, Wolinski H, Taschler U, Züllig T, Rechberger GN, Fuchs C, Trauner M, Schoiswohl G, Haemmerle G. Carboxylesterase 2a deletion provokes hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in mice involving impaired diacylglycerol and lysophosphatidylcholine catabolism. Mol Metab 2023; 72:101725. [PMID: 37059417 PMCID: PMC10148186 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation and insulin resistance are key features of NAFLD. However, NAFLD development and progression are rather triggered by the aberrant generation of lipid metabolites and signaling molecules including diacylglycerol (DAG) and lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC). Recent studies showed decreased expression of carboxylesterase 2 (CES2) in the liver of NASH patients and hepatic DAG accumulation was linked to low CES2 activity in obese individuals. The mouse genome encodes several Ces2 genes with Ces2a showing highest expression in the liver. Herein we investigated the role of mouse Ces2a and human CES2 in lipid metabolism in vivo and in vitro. METHODS Lipid metabolism and insulin signaling were investigated in mice lacking Ces2a and in a human liver cell line upon pharmacological CES2 inhibition. Lipid hydrolytic activities were determined in vivo and from recombinant proteins. RESULTS Ces2a deficient mice (Ces2a-ko) are obese and feeding a high-fat diet (HFD) provokes severe hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance together with elevated inflammatory and fibrotic gene expression. Lipidomic analysis revealed a marked rise in DAG and lysoPC levels in the liver of Ces2a-ko mice fed HFD. Hepatic lipid accumulation in Ces2a deficiency is linked to lower DAG and lysoPC hydrolytic activities in liver microsomal preparations. Moreover, Ces2a deficiency significantly increases hepatic expression and activity of MGAT1, a PPAR gamma target gene, suggesting aberrant lipid signaling upon Ces2a deficiency. Mechanistically, we found that recombinant Ces2a and CES2 show significant hydrolytic activity towards lysoPC (and DAG) and pharmacological inhibition of CES2 in human HepG2 cells largely phenocopies the lipid metabolic changes present in Ces2a-ko mice including reduced lysoPC and DAG hydrolysis, DAG accumulation and impaired insulin signaling. CONCLUSIONS Ces2a and CES2 are critical players in hepatic lipid signaling likely via the hydrolysis of DAG and lysoPC at the ER.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Chalhoub
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Alina Jamnik
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Laura Pajed
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Victoria Hois
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Antonia Bagaric
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dominik Prem
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Tilp
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dagmar Kolb
- Core Facility Ultrastructure Analysis, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Heimo Wolinski
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ulrike Taschler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Züllig
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Claudia Fuchs
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriele Schoiswohl
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Guenter Haemmerle
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wu G, Cheng H, Guo H, Li Z, Li D, Xie Z. Tea polyphenol EGCG ameliorates obesity-related complications by regulating lipidomic pathway in leptin receptor knockout rats. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 118:109349. [PMID: 37085056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Tea polyphenol EGCG has been widely recognized for antiobesity effects. However, the molecular mechanism of lipidomic pathway related to lipid-lowering effect of EGCG is still not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects and mechanism of EGCG activated hepatic lipidomic pathways on ameliorating obesity-related complications by using newly developed leptin receptor knockout (Lepr KO) rats. Results showed that EGCG supplementation (100 mg/kg body weight) significantly decreased total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) levels both in the serum and liver, and significantly improved glucose intolerance. In addition, EGCG alleviated fatty liver development and restored the normal liver function in Lepr KO rats. Liver lipidomic analysis revealed that EGCG dramatically changes overall composition of lipid classes. Notably, EGCG significantly decreased an array of triglycerides (TGs) and diglycerides (DGs) levels. While EGCG increased 31 glycerophospholipid species and 1 sphingolipid species levels, such as phosphatidylcholines (PCs), phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), phosphatidylserines (PSs) and phosphatidylinositols (PIs) levels in the liver of Lepr KO rats. Moreover, 14 diversely regulated lipid species were identified as potential lipid biomarkers. Mechanistic analysis revealed that EGCG significantly activated the SIRT6/AMPK/SREBP1/FAS pathway to decrease DGs and TGs levels and upregulated glycerophospholipids synthesis pathways to increase glycerophospholipid level in the liver of Lepr KO rats. These findings suggested that the regulation of glycerolipids and glycerophospholipid homeostasis might be the key pathways for EGCG in ameliorating obesity-related complications in Lepr KO rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guohuo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Sciences & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China
| | - Huijun Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China
| | - Huimin Guo
- Center for Biotechnology, Anhui Agricultural University, Anhui 230036, PR China
| | - Zhuang Li
- Center for Biotechnology, Anhui Agricultural University, Anhui 230036, PR China
| | - Daxiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Sciences & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China.
| | - Zhongwen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Sciences & Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China; College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sun C, Guo Y, Cong P, Tian Y, Gao X. Liver Lipidomics Analysis Revealed the Novel Ameliorative Mechanisms of L-Carnitine on High-Fat Diet-Induced NAFLD Mice. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061359. [PMID: 36986087 PMCID: PMC10053018 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The beneficial effects of L-carnitine on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) were revealed in previous reports. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we established a high fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD mice model and systematically explored the effects and mechanisms of dietary L-carnitine supplementation (0.2% to 4%) on NAFLD. A lipidomics approach was conducted to identify specific lipid species involved in the ameliorative roles of L-carnitine in NAFLD. Compared with a normal control group, the body weight, liver weight, concentrations of TG in the liver and serum AST and ALT levels were dramatically increased by HFD feeding (p < 0.05), accompanied with obvious liver damage and the activation of the hepatic TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammatory pathway. L-carnitine treatment significantly improved these phenomena and exhibited a clear dose–response relationship. The results of a liver lipidomics analysis showed that a total of 12 classes and 145 lipid species were identified in the livers. Serious disorders in lipid profiles were noticed in the livers of the HFD-fed mice, such as an increased relative abundance of TG and a decreased relative abundance of PC, PE, PI, LPC, LPE, Cer and SM (p < 0.05). The relative contents of PC and PI were significantly increased and that of DG were decreased after the 4% L-carnitine intervention (p < 0.05). Moreover, we identified 47 important differential lipid species that notably separated the experimental groups based on VIP ≥ 1 and p < 0.05. The results of a pathway analysis showed that L-carnitine inhibited the glycerolipid metabolism pathway and activated the pathways of alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism and Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor biosynthesis. This study provides novel insights into the mechanisms of L-carnitine in attenuating NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengyuan Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441021, China
| | - Peixu Cong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441021, China
- Correspondence: (Y.T.); (X.G.); Tel.: +86-138-8620-6248 (Y.T.); +86-133-6120-6713 (X.G.)
| | - Xiang Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- Correspondence: (Y.T.); (X.G.); Tel.: +86-138-8620-6248 (Y.T.); +86-133-6120-6713 (X.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Song J, Yu J, Sun K, Chen Z, Xing X, Yang Y, Sun C, Wang Z. Preparation of a Highly Selective “Off-On” Rhodamine-Based Fluorescent Probe for the Specific Determination of Carboxylesterase 2 and Cell Imaging. ANAL LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2023.2175213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaying Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhixin Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Xing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yumeng Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunyu Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhifei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chen Z, Yu J, Sun K, Song J, Chen L, Jiang Y, Wang Z. Rational design of a turn-on near-infrared fluorescence probe for the highly sensitive and selective monitoring of carboxylesterase 2 in living systems. Analyst 2023; 148:876-887. [PMID: 36661088 DOI: 10.1039/d2an01874h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In vivo selective fluorescence imaging of carboxylesterase 2 (CES2) remains a great challenge because existing fluorescence probes can potentially suffer from interference by other hydrolases. In addition, some fluorescent probes that have been separately reported for measuring CES2 activity in vitro are affected by autofluorescence and absorption of the biological matrix due to their limited emission wavelength or short Stokes shift. Herein, based on the substrate preference and catalytic performance of CES2, a novel and NIR fluorescent probe was developed, in which a hemi-cyanine dye ester derivative was used as the basic fluorescent group. In the presence of CES2, the probe was hydrolyzed to expose the fluorophore CZX-OH (λabs ∼ 675 nm, λem ∼ 850 nm), which led to a notable red-shift in the fluorescence (∼175 nm) spectrum. Confocal imaging of cells and live mice demonstrated that the fluorescent signal of this probe was related to the real activities of CES2 in cancer cells. All these results will powerfully promote the screening of CES2 regulators and the analysis of CES2-related physiological and pathological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China.
| | - Jiaying Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China.
| | - Kai Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China.
| | - Jia Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China.
| | - Lucheng Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China.
| | - Yong Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China.
| | - Zhifei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jäntti MH, Jackson SN, Kuhn J, Parkkinen I, Sree S, Hinkle JJ, Jokitalo E, Deterding LJ, Harvey BK. Palmitate and thapsigargin have contrasting effects on ER membrane lipid composition and ER proteostasis in neuronal cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159219. [PMID: 35981704 PMCID: PMC9452468 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that performs several key functions such as protein synthesis and folding, lipid metabolism and calcium homeostasis. When these functions are disrupted, such as upon protein misfolding, ER stress occurs. ER stress can trigger adaptive responses to restore proper functioning such as activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). In certain cells, the free fatty acid palmitate has been shown to induce the UPR. Here, we examined the effects of palmitate on UPR gene expression in a human neuronal cell line and compared it with thapsigargin, a known depletor of ER calcium and trigger of the UPR. We used a Gaussia luciferase-based reporter to assess how palmitate treatment affects ER proteostasis and calcium homeostasis in the cells. We also investigated how ER calcium depletion by thapsigargin affects lipid membrane composition by performing mass spectrometry on subcellular fractions and compared this to palmitate. Surprisingly, palmitate treatment did not activate UPR despite prominent changes to membrane phospholipids. Conversely, thapsigargin induced a strong UPR, but did not significantly change the membrane lipid composition in subcellular fractions. In summary, our data demonstrate that changes in membrane lipid composition and disturbances in ER calcium homeostasis have a minimal influence on each other in neuronal cells. These data provide new insight into the adaptive interplay of lipid homeostasis and proteostasis in the cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria H Jäntti
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cellular Stress and Inflammation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Shelley N Jackson
- Translational Analytical Core, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jeffrey Kuhn
- Mass Spectrometry Research and Support Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Ilmari Parkkinen
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute for Life Science, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sreesha Sree
- Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Programme, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joshua J Hinkle
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cellular Stress and Inflammation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Eija Jokitalo
- Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Programme, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leesa J Deterding
- Mass Spectrometry Research and Support Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Brandon K Harvey
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cellular Stress and Inflammation, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cheng Q, Fan C, Liu F, Li Y, Hou H, Ma Y, Tan Y, Li Y, Hai Y, Wu T, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Structural and functional dysbiosis of gut microbiota in Tibetan subjects with coronary heart disease. Genomics 2022; 114:110483. [PMID: 36115504 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in coronary heart disease (CHD). However, only a few studies focusing on the relationship between gut microbiota and CHD in ethnic populations are available. Here, we employed shotgun sequencing of the gut metagenome to analyze the taxonomic composition and functional annotation of the gut microbiota of 14 CHD patients, 13 patients with non-stenosis coronary heart disease (NCHD), and 18 healthy controls (HT) in Tibetan subjects. We found that the α-diversity of the gut microbiota was not significantly different among the three groups., whereas β-diversity was significantly altered in the CHD group compared with HT. Based on the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria species effectively distinguished patients with CHD from the control group. Most of the enriched species belonged to Proteobacteria. The pathways that contributed the most to the differences between groups were amino acid metabolism-related pathways, especially lysine biosynthesis. The enzymes of the lysine biosynthesis pathway, including K01714 and K00821, were significantly decreased in the CHD group. Our findings increase the understanding of the association between CHD pathogenesis and gut microbiota in the Tibetan population, thus paving the way for the development of improved diagnostic methods and treatments for Tibetan patients with CHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; Qinghai Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; Qinghai Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fengyun Liu
- National Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai High Altitude Medical Research Institute, Xining 810012, China; Qinghai Province Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease Specialist Hospital, Xining 810012, China
| | - Yuan Li
- National Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai High Altitude Medical Research Institute, Xining 810012, China; Qinghai Province Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease Specialist Hospital, Xining 810012, China
| | - Haiwen Hou
- National Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai High Altitude Medical Research Institute, Xining 810012, China; Qinghai Province Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease Specialist Hospital, Xining 810012, China
| | - Yan Ma
- National Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai High Altitude Medical Research Institute, Xining 810012, China; Qinghai Province Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease Specialist Hospital, Xining 810012, China
| | - Yueqing Tan
- National Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai High Altitude Medical Research Institute, Xining 810012, China; Qinghai Province Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease Specialist Hospital, Xining 810012, China
| | - Yuxian Li
- National Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai High Altitude Medical Research Institute, Xining 810012, China; Qinghai Province Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease Specialist Hospital, Xining 810012, China
| | - Yue Hai
- National Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai High Altitude Medical Research Institute, Xining 810012, China; Qinghai Province Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease Specialist Hospital, Xining 810012, China
| | - Tianyi Wu
- National Key Laboratory of High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai High Altitude Medical Research Institute, Xining 810012, China; Qinghai Province Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease Specialist Hospital, Xining 810012, China.
| | - Liangzhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; Qinghai Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China.
| | - Yanming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; Qinghai Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
The Crystal Structure of Mouse Ces2c, a Potential Ortholog of Human CES2, Shows Structural Similarities in Substrate Regulation and Product Release to Human CES1. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113101. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the carboxylesterase 2 (Ces2/CES2) family have been studied intensively with respect to their hydrolytic function on (pro)drugs, whereas their physiological role in lipid and energy metabolism has been realized only within the last few years. Humans have one CES2 gene which is highly expressed in liver, intestine, and kidney. Interestingly, eight homologous Ces2 (Ces2a to Ces2h) genes exist in mice and the individual roles of the corresponding proteins are incompletely understood. Mouse Ces2c (mCes2c) is suggested as potential ortholog of human CES2. Therefore, we aimed at its structural and biophysical characterization. Here, we present the first crystal structure of mCes2c to 2.12 Å resolution. The overall structure of mCes2c resembles that of the human CES1 (hCES1). The core domain adopts an α/β hydrolase-fold with S230, E347, and H459 forming a catalytic triad. Access to the active site is restricted by the cap, the flexible lid, and the regulatory domain. The conserved gate (M417) and switch (F418) residues might have a function in product release similar as suggested for hCES1. Biophysical characterization confirms that mCes2c is a monomer in solution. Thus, this study broadens our understanding of the mammalian carboxylesterase family and assists in delineating the similarities and differences of the different family members.
Collapse
|
24
|
Carboxylesterase-2 plays a critical role in dabigatran etexilate active metabolite formation. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2022; 47:100479. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2022.100479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
25
|
Huangshan Maofeng Green Tea Extracts Prevent Obesity-Associated Metabolic Disorders by Maintaining Homeostasis of Gut Microbiota and Hepatic Lipid Classes in Leptin Receptor Knockout Rats. Foods 2022; 11:foods11192939. [PMID: 36230016 PMCID: PMC9562686 DOI: 10.3390/foods11192939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Huangshan Maofeng green tea (HMGT) is one of the most well-known green teas consumed for a thousand years in China. Research has demonstrated that consumption of green tea effectively improves metabolic disorders. However, the underlying mechanisms of obesity prevention are still not well understood. This study investigated the preventive effect and mechanism of long-term intervention of Huangshan Maofeng green tea water extract (HTE) on obesity-associated metabolic disorders in leptin receptor knockout (Lepr−/−) rats by using gut microbiota and hepatic lipidomics data. The Lepr−/− rats were administered with 700 mg/kg HTE for 24 weeks. Our results showed that HTE supplementation remarkably reduced excessive fat accumulation, as well as ameliorated hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis in Lepr−/− rats. In addition, HTE increased gut microbiota diversity and restored the relative abundance of the microbiota responsible for producing short chain fatty acids, including Ruminococcaceae, Faecalibaculum, Veillonellaceae, etc. Hepatic lipidomics analysis found that HTE significantly recovered glycerolipid and glycerophospholipid classes in the liver of Lepr−/− rats. Furthermore, nineteen lipid species, mainly from phosphatidylcholines (PCs), phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), and triglycerides (TGs), were significantly restored increases, while nine lipid species from TGs and diglycerides (DGs) were remarkably recovered decreases by HTE in the liver of Lepr−/− rats. Our results indicated that prevention of obesity complication by HTE may be possible through maintaining homeostasis of gut microbiota and certain hepatic lipid classes.
Collapse
|
26
|
Liu J, Yao B, Gao L, Zhang Y, Huang S, Wang X. Emerging role of carboxylesterases in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 205:115250. [PMID: 36130649 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasingly recognized as a global public health problem. Carboxylesterases (CESs), as potential influencing factors of NAFLD, are very important to improve clinical outcomes. This review aims to deeply understand the role of CESs in the progression of NAFLD and proposes that CESs can be used as potential targets for NAFLD treatment. We first introduced CESs and analyzed the relationship between CESs and hepatic lipid metabolism and inflammation. Then, we further reviewed the regulation of nuclear receptors on CESs, including PXR, CAR, PPARα, HNF4α and FXR, which may influence the progression of NAFLD. Finally, we evaluated the advantages and disadvantages of existing NAFLD animal models and summarized the application of CES-related animal models in NAFLD research. In general, this review provides an overview of the relationship between CESs and NAFLD and discusses the role and potential value of CESs in the treatment and prevention of NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingyi Yao
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangcai Gao
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhang
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengbo Huang
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Carboxylesterase 2 induces mitochondrial dysfunction via disrupting lipid homeostasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Metab 2022; 65:101600. [PMID: 36113774 PMCID: PMC9508558 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is characterized by high recurrence and metastasis and places a heavy burden on societies worldwide. Cancer cells thrive in a changing microenvironment by reprogramming lipidomic metabolic processes to provide nutrients and energy, activate oncogenic signaling pathways, and manage redox homeostasis to avoid lipotoxicity. The mechanism by which OSCC cells maintain lipid homeostasis during malignant progression is unclear. METHODS The altered expression of fatty acid (FA) metabolism genes in OSCC, compared with that in normal tissues, and in OSCC patients with or without recurrence or metastasis were determined using public data from the TCGA and GEO databases. Immunohistochemistry was performed to examine the carboxylesterase 2 (CES2) protein level in our own cohort. CCK-8 and Transwell assays and an in vivo xenograft model were used to evaluate the biological functions of CES2. Mass spectrometry and RNA sequencing were performed to determine the lipidome and transcriptome alterations induced by CES2. Mitochondrial mass, mtDNA content, mitochondrial membrane potential, ROS levels, and oxygen consumption and apoptosis rates were evaluated to determine the effects of CES2 on mitochondrial function in OSCC. RESULTS CES2 was downregulated in OSCC patients, especially those with recurrence or metastasis. CES2high OSCC patients showed better overall survival than CES2low OSCC patients. Restoring CES2 expression reduced OSCC cell viability and suppressed their migration and invasion in vitro, and it inhibited OSCC tumor growth in vivo. CES2 reprogrammed lipid metabolism in OSCC cells by hydrolyzing neutral lipid diacylglycerols (DGs) to release free fatty acids and reduce the membrane structure lipid phospholipids (PLs) synthesis. Free FAs were converted to acyl-carnitines (CARs) and transferred to mitochondria for oxidation, which induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, mitochondrial damage, and apoptosis activation. Furthermore, the reduction in signaling lipids, e.g., DGs, PLs and substrates, suppressed PI3K/AKT/MYC signaling pathways. Restoring MYC rescued the diminished cell viability, suppressed migratory and invasive abilities, damaged mitochondria and reduced apoptosis rate induced by CES2. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that CES2 downregulation plays an important role in OSCC by maintaining lipid homeostasis and reducing lipotoxicity during tumor progression and may provide a potential therapeutic target for OSCC.
Collapse
|
28
|
Liu SY, Zou X, Guo Y, Gao X. A highly sensitive and selective enzyme activated fluorescent probe for in vivo profiling of carboxylesterase 2. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1221:340126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
29
|
Recombinant humanized IgG1 maintain liver triglyceride homeostasis through Arylacetamide deacetylase in ApoE -/- mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108741. [PMID: 35397394 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hyperlipidemia is a lipid metabolism disorder associated with elevated serum triglyceride (TG) and/or cholesterol. Over the years, studies have shown that hyperlipidemia is associated with combordities, incluing diabetes and obesity, gradually becoming a public health concern. Current treatment approaches remain limited due to the lack of effective drugs. Here we investigated the function of recombinant humanized IgG1 in maintaining liver TG homeostasis and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS ApoE-/- mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 20 weeks to induce hyperlipidemia. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was performed to identify differences in gene expression in different groups of ApoE-/- mice liver. In vitro lipid accumulation in primary mouse hepatocytes was induced using a free fatty acid (FFA) mixture. Gene and protein expression were assessed in primary mouse hepatocytes by qPCR and Western blot. Gene reporter assays and ChIP-PCR were used to determine arylacetamide deacetylase (Aadac) promoter activity. RESULTS Recombinant humanized IgG1 could significantly decrease the serum level of TG and low-density lipoproteins (LDL-C). Moreover, hepatic TG and lipid droplets were also reduced compared to the HFD group. Mouse liver RNA-Seq revealed that administration of recombinant humanized IgG1 significantly elevated the expression of Aadac. In vitro, knock-down of Aadac could nullify the effect of recombinant humanized IgG1 on decreasing the lipid droplets induced by FFA in primary mouse hepatocytes. Gene Reporter assays and ChIP-PCR demonstrated that the foxa1 response element in the Aadac promoter played a key role in Aadac expression induced by recombinant humanized IgG1. Moreover, recombinant humanized IgG1 repressed phosphorylation of PKCδ and resulted in foxa1 elevation. Finally, neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) knock-down reversed the effect of recombinant humanized IgG1 on the expression of PKCδ phosphorylation, foxa1 and Aadac. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that recombinant humanized IgG1 plays an important role in maintaining liver TG homeostasis via the FcRn/PKCδ/foxa1/Aadac pathway.
Collapse
|
30
|
van Beijsterveldt IA, Snowden SG, Myers PN, de Fluiter KS, van de Heijning B, Brix S, Ong KK, Dunger DB, Hokken‐Koelega AC, Koulman A. Metabolomics in early life and the association with body composition at age 2 years. Pediatr Obes 2022; 17:e12859. [PMID: 34644810 PMCID: PMC9286420 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Early life is a critical window for adiposity programming. Metabolic-profile in early life may reflect this programming and correlate with later life adiposity. We investigated if metabolic-profile at 3 months of age is predictive for body composition at 2 years and if there are differences between boys and girls and between infant feeding types. METHODS In 318 healthy term-born infants, we determined body composition with skinfold measurements and abdominal ultrasound at 3 months and 2 years of age. High-throughput-metabolic-profiling was performed on 3-month-blood-samples. Using random-forest-machine-learning-models, we studied if the metabolic-profile at 3 months can predict body composition outcomes at 2 years of age. RESULTS Plasma metabolite-profile at 3 months was found to predict body composition at 2 years, based on truncal: peripheral-fat-skinfold-ratio (T:P-ratio), with a predictive value of 75.8%, sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 50%. Predictive value was higher in boys (Q2 = 0.322) than girls (Q2 = 0.117). Of the 15 metabolite variables most strongly associated with T:P-ratio, 11 were also associated with visceral fat at 2 years of age. CONCLUSION Several plasma metabolites (LysoPC(22:2), dimethylarginine and others) at 3 months associate with body composition outcome at 2 years. These results highlight the importance of the first months of life for adiposity programming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inge A.L.P. van Beijsterveldt
- Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of EndocrinologyErasmus University Medical Center/Sophia Children's HospitalRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Stuart G. Snowden
- Core Metabolomics and Lipidomics Laboratory, Metabolic Research LaboratoriesInstitute of Metabolic Science, University of CambridgeCambridgeUK,Department of Biological SciencesRoyal Holloway University of LondonEghamUK
| | - Pernille Neve Myers
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkKgs. LyngbyDenmark,Clinical‐Microbiomics A/SCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Kirsten S. de Fluiter
- Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of EndocrinologyErasmus University Medical Center/Sophia Children's HospitalRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Susanne Brix
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkKgs. LyngbyDenmark
| | - Ken K. Ong
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology UnitUniversity of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUK
| | | | - Anita C.S. Hokken‐Koelega
- Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of EndocrinologyErasmus University Medical Center/Sophia Children's HospitalRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Albert Koulman
- Core Metabolomics and Lipidomics Laboratory, Metabolic Research LaboratoriesInstitute of Metabolic Science, University of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Morikawa T, Fukami T, Gotoh-Saito S, Nakano M, Nakajima M. PPARα regulates the expression of human arylacetamide deacetylase involved in drug hydrolysis and lipid metabolism. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 199:115010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
32
|
Xiang C, Xiang J, Yang X, Zhu B, Mo Q, Zhou L, Gong P. An easily available endoplasmic reticulum targeting near-infrared fluorescent probe for esterase imaging in vitro and in vivo. Analyst 2022; 147:789-793. [PMID: 35107444 DOI: 10.1039/d1an02260a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report an easily available endoplasmic reticulum-targeting near-infrared fluorescent probe (ER-CE), which can detect esterase in the endoplasmic reticulum and monitor the changes in the esterase amount in tumors in mice in real time. These results indicate that ER-CE is expected to become a powerful analysis tool for the research of endoplasmic reticulum esterase-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunbai Xiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Bioactive Materials Engineering Lab for Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingjing Xiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Bioactive Materials Engineering Lab for Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xing Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Bioactive Materials Engineering Lab for Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baode Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China
| | - Quanyi Mo
- School of Applied Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Technology, No. 1 Jiangjunmao, Shenzhen 518116, P. R. China.
| | - Lihua Zhou
- School of Applied Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Technology, No. 1 Jiangjunmao, Shenzhen 518116, P. R. China.
| | - Ping Gong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Bioactive Materials Engineering Lab for Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Nakano M, Nakajima M. A-to-I RNA editing and m6A modification modulating expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:624-633. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
34
|
Mukherjee S, Park JP, Yun JW. Carboxylesterase3 (Ces3) Interacts with Bone Morphogenetic Protein 11 and Promotes Differentiation of Osteoblasts via Smad1/5/9 Pathway. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-021-0133-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
35
|
Chen Y, Capello M, Rios Perez MV, Vykoukal JV, Roife D, Kang Y, Prakash LR, Katayama H, Irajizad E, Fleury A, Ferri-Borgogno S, Baluya DL, Dennison JB, Do KA, Fiehn O, Maitra A, Wang H, Chiao PJ, Katz MHG, Fleming JB, Hanash SM, Fahrmann JF. CES2 sustains HNF4α expression to promote pancreatic adenocarcinoma progression through an epoxide hydrolase-dependent regulatory loop. Mol Metab 2021; 56:101426. [PMID: 34971802 PMCID: PMC8841288 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Intra-tumoral expression of the serine hydrolase carboxylesterase 2 (CES2) contributes to the activation of the pro-drug irinotecan in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Given other potential roles of CES2, we assessed its regulation, downstream effects, and contribution to tumor development in PDAC. Methods Association between the mRNA expression of CES2 in pancreatic tumors and overall survival was assessed using The Cancer Genome Atlas. Cell viability, clonogenic, and anchorage-independent growth assays as well as an orthotopic mouse model of PDAC were used to evaluate the biological relevance of CES2 in pancreatic cancer. CES2-driven metabolic changes were determined by untargeted and targeted metabolomic analyses. Results Elevated tumoral CES2 mRNA expression was a statistically significant predictor of poor overall survival in PDAC patients. Knockdown of CES2 in PDAC cells reduced cell viability, clonogenic capacity, and anchorage-independent growth in vitro and attenuated tumor growth in an orthotopic mouse model of PDAC. Mechanistically, CES2 was found to promote the catabolism of phospholipids resulting in HNF4α activation through a soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH)-dependent pathway. Targeting of CES2 via siRNA or small molecule inhibitors attenuated HNF4α protein expression and reduced gene expression of classical/progenitor markers and increased basal-like markers. Targeting of the CES2-sEH-HNF4α axis using small molecule inhibitors of CES2 or sEH reduced cell viability. Conclusions We establish a novel regulatory loop between CES2 and HNF4α to sustain the progenitor subtype and promote PDAC progression and highlight the potential utility of CES2 or sEH inhibitors for the treatment of PDAC as part of non-irinotecan-containing regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Chen
- Departments of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michela Capello
- Departments of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mayrim V Rios Perez
- Departments of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jody V Vykoukal
- Departments of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David Roife
- Departments of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ya'an Kang
- Departments of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Laura R Prakash
- Departments of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Departments of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ehsan Irajizad
- Departments of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alia Fleury
- Departments of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sammy Ferri-Borgogno
- Departments of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dodge L Baluya
- Departments of Center for Radiation Oncology Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer B Dennison
- Departments of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kim-Anh Do
- Departments of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- UC Davis Genome Center - Metabolomics, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, CA, USA; and
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA;; Departments of Anatomical Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Huamin Wang
- Departments of Anatomical Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paul J Chiao
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew H G Katz
- Departments of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jason B Fleming
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Samir M Hanash
- Departments of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Johannes F Fahrmann
- Departments of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Grabner GF, Xie H, Schweiger M, Zechner R. Lipolysis: cellular mechanisms for lipid mobilization from fat stores. Nat Metab 2021; 3:1445-1465. [PMID: 34799702 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00493-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The perception that intracellular lipolysis is a straightforward process that releases fatty acids from fat stores in adipose tissue to generate energy has experienced major revisions over the last two decades. The discovery of new lipolytic enzymes and coregulators, the demonstration that lipophagy and lysosomal lipolysis contribute to the degradation of cellular lipid stores and the characterization of numerous factors and signalling pathways that regulate lipid hydrolysis on transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels have revolutionized our understanding of lipolysis. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms that facilitate intracellular fatty-acid mobilization, drawing on canonical and noncanonical enzymatic pathways. We summarize how intracellular lipolysis affects lipid-mediated signalling, metabolic regulation and energy homeostasis in multiple organs. Finally, we examine how these processes affect pathogenesis and how lipolysis may be targeted to potentially prevent or treat various diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gernot F Grabner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hao Xie
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martina Schweiger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Li M, Lan L, Zhang S, Xu Y, He W, Xiang D, Liu D, Ren X, Zhang C. IL-6 downregulates hepatic carboxylesterases via NF-κB activation in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 99:107920. [PMID: 34217990 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is associated with increased levels of inflammatory factors, which is attributed to the abnormal expression and activity of enzymes and transporters in the liver, affecting drug disposition in vivo. This study aimed to examine the impact of intestinal inflammation on the expression of hepatic carboxylesterases (CESs) in a mouse model of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Two major CESs isoforms, CES1 and CES2, were down-regulated, accompanied by decreases in hepatic microsomal metabolism of clopidogrel and irinotecan. Meanwhile, IL-6 levels significantly increased compared with other inflammatory factors in the livers of UC mice. In contrast, using IL-6 antibody simultaneously reversed the down-regulation of CES1, CES2, pregnane X receptor (PXR), and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), as well as the nuclear translocation of NF-κB in the liver. We further confirmed that treatment with NF-κB inhibitor abolished IL-6-induced down-regulation of CES1, CES2, PXR, and CAR in vitro. Thus, it was concluded that IL-6 represses hepatic CESs via the NF-κB pathway in DSS-induced colitis. These findings indicate that caution should be exercised concerning the proper and safe use of therapeutic drugs in patients with UC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430043, China
| | - Lulu Lan
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430043, China
| | - Si Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430043, China
| | - Yanjiao Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430043, China
| | - Wenxi He
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430043, China
| | - Dong Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430043, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430043, China.
| | - Xiuhua Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430043, China.
| | - Chengliang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430043, China.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Takemoto S, Nakano M, Fukami T, Nakajima M. m 6A modification impacts hepatic drug and lipid metabolism properties by regulating carboxylesterase 2. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 193:114766. [PMID: 34536357 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Methylation of adenosine at the N6 position to form N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent epitranscriptomic modification of mammalian mRNA. This modification is catalyzed by a methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3)-METTL14 complex and is erased by demethylases such as fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) or AlkB homolog 5 (ALKBH5). m6A modification regulates mRNA stability, nuclear export, splicing, and/or protein translation via recognition by reader proteins such as members of YT521-B homology (YTH) family. Carboxylesterase 2 (CES2) is a serine esterase responsible for the hydrolysis of drugs and endogenous substrates, such as triglycerides and diacylglycerides. Here, we examined the potential regulation of human CES2 expression by m6A modification. CES2 mRNA level was significantly increased by double knockdown of METTL3 and METTL14 but was decreased by knockdown of FTO or ALKBH5 in HepaRG and HepG2 cells, leading to changes in its protein level and hydrolase activity for 7-ethyl-10-[4-(1-piperidino)-1-piperidino]carbonyloxycamptothecin (CPT-11), suggesting that m6A modification negatively regulates CES2 expression. Consistent with the changes in CES2 expression, lipid accumulation in the cells was decreased by double knockdown of METTL3 and METTL14 but was increased by knockdown of FTO or ALKBH5. RNA immunoprecipitation assays using an anti-m6A antibody showed that adenosines in the 5'-untranslated region (UTR) and the last exon of CES2 are methylated. Luciferase assays revealed that YTHDC2, which degrades m6A-containing mRNA, downregulates CES2 expression by recognition of m6A in the 5'-UTR of CES2. Collectively, we demonstrated that m6A modification has a great impact on the regulation of CES2, affecting pharmacokinetics, drug response and lipid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seiya Takemoto
- DrugMetabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masataka Nakano
- DrugMetabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; WPINano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- DrugMetabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; WPINano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- DrugMetabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; WPINano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Liu J, Shang X, Huang S, Xu Y, Lu J, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Wang X. Construction and Characterization of CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout Rat Model of Carboxylesterase 2a Gene. Mol Pharmacol 2021; 100:480-490. [PMID: 34503976 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxylesterase (CES) 2, an important metabolic enzyme, plays a critical role in drug biotransformation and lipid metabolism. Although CES2 is very important, few animal models have been generated to study its properties and functions. Rat Ces2 is similar to human CES2A-CES3A-CES4A gene cluster, with highly similar gene structure, function, and substrate. In this report, CRISPR-associated protein-9 (CRISPR/Cas9) technology was first used to knock out rat Ces2a, which is a main subtype of Ces2 mostly distributed in the liver and intestine. This model showed the absence of CES2A protein expression in the liver. Further pharmacokinetic studies of diltiazem, a typical substrate of CES2A, confirmed the loss of function of CES2A both in vivo and in vitro. At the same time, the expression of CES2C and CES2J protein in the liver decreased significantly. The body and liver weight of Ces2a knockout rats also increased, but the food intake did not change. Moreover, the deficiency of Ces2a led to obesity, insulin resistance, and liver fat accumulation, which are consistent with the symptoms of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Therefore, this rat model is not only a powerful tool to study drug metabolism mediated by CES2 but also a good disease model to study NAFLD. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Human carboxylesterase (CES) 2 plays a key role in the first-pass hydrolysis metabolism of most oral prodrugs as well as lipid metabolism. In this study, CRISPR/Cas9 technology was used to knock out Ces2a gene in rats for the first time. This model can be used not only in the study of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics but also as a disease model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and other metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China (J.Li., X.S., S.H., Y.X., J.Lu., Y.Z., X.W.); and Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Shanghai Putuo District, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (Z.L.)
| | - Xuyang Shang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China (J.Li., X.S., S.H., Y.X., J.Lu., Y.Z., X.W.); and Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Shanghai Putuo District, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (Z.L.)
| | - Shengbo Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China (J.Li., X.S., S.H., Y.X., J.Lu., Y.Z., X.W.); and Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Shanghai Putuo District, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (Z.L.)
| | - Yuan Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China (J.Li., X.S., S.H., Y.X., J.Lu., Y.Z., X.W.); and Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Shanghai Putuo District, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (Z.L.)
| | - Jian Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China (J.Li., X.S., S.H., Y.X., J.Lu., Y.Z., X.W.); and Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Shanghai Putuo District, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (Z.L.)
| | - Yuanjin Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China (J.Li., X.S., S.H., Y.X., J.Lu., Y.Z., X.W.); and Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Shanghai Putuo District, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (Z.L.)
| | - Zongjun Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China (J.Li., X.S., S.H., Y.X., J.Lu., Y.Z., X.W.); and Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Shanghai Putuo District, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (Z.L.)
| | - Xin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China (J.Li., X.S., S.H., Y.X., J.Lu., Y.Z., X.W.); and Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Shanghai Putuo District, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (Z.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
The immune and endocrine systems collectively control homeostasis in the body. The endocrine system ensures that values of essential factors and nutrients such as glucose, electrolytes and vitamins are maintained within threshold values. The immune system resolves local disruptions in tissue homeostasis, caused by pathogens or malfunctioning cells. The immediate goals of these two systems do not always align. The immune system benefits from optimal access to nutrients for itself and restriction of nutrient availability to all other organs to limit pathogen replication. The endocrine system aims to ensure optimal nutrient access for all organs, limited only by the nutrients stores that the body has available. The actual state of homeostatic parameters such as blood glucose levels represents a careful balance based on regulatory signals from the immune and endocrine systems. This state is not static but continuously adjusted in response to changes in the current metabolic needs of the body, the amount of resources it has available and the level of threats it encounters. This balance is maintained by the ability of the immune and endocrine systems to interact and co-regulate systemic metabolism. In context of metabolic disease, this system is disrupted, which impairs functionality of both systems. The failure of the endocrine system to retain levels of nutrients such as glucose within threshold values impairs functionality of the immune system. In addition, metabolic stress of organs in context of obesity is perceived by the immune system as a disruption in local homeostasis, which it tries to resolve by the excretion of factors which further disrupt normal metabolic control. In this chapter, we will discuss how the immune and endocrine systems interact under homeostatic conditions and during infection with a focus on blood glucose regulation. In addition, we will discuss how this system fails in the context of metabolic disease.
Collapse
|
41
|
Oral L-theanine administration promotes fat browning and prevents obesity in mice fed high-fat diet associated with the modulation of gut microbiota. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
|
42
|
Maheshwari G, Wen G, Gessner DK, Ringseis R, Lochnit G, Eder K, Zorn H, Timm T. Tandem mass tag-based proteomics for studying the effects of a biotechnologically produced oyster mushroom against hepatic steatosis in obese Zucker rats. J Proteomics 2021; 242:104255. [PMID: 33957313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis is a very common response to liver injury and often attributed to metabolic disorders. Prior studies have demonstrated the efficacy of a biotechnologically produced oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sajor-caju, PSC) in alleviating hepatic steatosis in obese Zucker rats. This study aims to elucidate molecular events underlying the anti-steatotic effects of PSC. Tandem mass tag (TMT) peptide labeling coupled with LC-MS/MS/MS was used to quantify and compare proteins in the livers of lean Zucker rats fed a control diet (LC), obese Zucker rats fed the same control diet (OC) and obese Zucker rats fed the control diet supplemented with 5% PSC (OPSC) for 4 weeks. Using this technique 3128 proteins could be quantified, out of which 108 were differentially abundant between the OPSC and OC group. Functional enrichment analysis of the up-regulated proteins showed that these proteins were mainly involved in metabolic processes, while the down-regulated proteins were involved in inflammatory processes. Results from proteomic analysis were successfully validated for two up-regulated (carbonic anhydrase 3, regucalcin) and two down-regulated (cadherin-17, ceruloplasmin) proteins by means of immunoblotting. SIGNIFICANCE: Valorization of low-grade agricultural waste by edible fungi, such as the mushroom Pleurotus sajor-caju (PSC), represents a promising strategy for the production of protein rich biomass since they boast of a unique enzyme system that has the ability to recover nutrients and energy from biodegradable waste. Herein, we describe the metabolic effects of PSC feeding using a combined quantitative proteomics and bioinformatics approach. In total, 108 proteins were identified to be regulated by PSC feeding in the liver of the obese rats. Complementary usage of a bioinformatics approach allowed us to decipher the mechanisms underlying the recently observed lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory activity of PSC feeding in obese Zucker rats, namely a reduction of fatty acid synthesis, an improvement of hepatoprotective mechanisms and an enhancement of anti-inflammatory effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garima Maheshwari
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gaiping Wen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Denise K Gessner
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Robert Ringseis
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Günter Lochnit
- Protein Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Holger Zorn
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Timm
- Protein Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Qian XK, Zhang J, Song PF, Zhao YS, Ma HY, Jin Q, Wang DD, Guan XQ, Li SY, Bao X, Zou LW. Discovery of pyrazolones as novel carboxylesterase 2 inhibitors that potently inhibit the adipogenesis in cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 40:116187. [PMID: 33965840 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Carboxylesterase 2 (CES2) is one of the most important Phase I drug metabolizing enzymes in the carboxylesterase family. It plays crucial roles in the bioavailability of oral ester prodrugs and the therapeutic effect of some anticancer drugs such as irinotecan (CPT11) and capecitabine. In addition to the well-known roles of CES2 in xenobiotic metabolism, the enzyme also participates in endogenous metabolism and the production of lipids. In this study, we synthesized a series of pyrazolones and assayed their inhibitory effects against CES2 in vitro. Structure-activity relationship analysis of these pyrazolones reveals that the introduction of 4-methylphenyl unit (R1), 4-methylbenzyl (R2) and cyclohexyl (R3) moieties are beneficial for CES2 inhibition. Guided by these SARs results, 1-cyclohexyl-4-(4-methylbenzyl)-3-p-tolyl-1H- pyrazol-5(4H)-one (27) was designed and synthesized. Further investigations demonstrated that the compound 27 exhibited stronger CES2 inhibition activity with a lower IC50 value (0.13 μM). The inhibition kinetic study demonstrated that compound 27 inhibited the hydrolysis of CES2-fluorescein diacetate (FD) through non-competitive inhibition. In addition, the molecular docking showed that the core of pyrazolone, the cyclohexane moiety, 4-methylbenzyl and 4-methylphenyl groups in compound 27 all played important roles with the amino acid residues of CSE2. Also, compound 27 could inhibit adipocyte adipogenesis induced by mouse preadipocytes. In brief, we designed and synthesized a novel pyrazolone compound with a strong inhibitory ability on CES2 and could inhibit the adipogenesis induced by mouse preadipocytes, which can be served as a promising lead compound for the development of more potent pyrazolone-type CES2 inhibitors, and also used as a potential tool for exploring the biological functions of CES2 in human being.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Kai Qian
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Pei-Fang Song
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi-Su Zhao
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong-Ying Ma
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qiang Jin
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dan-Dan Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Guan
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shi-Yang Li
- Analytical Central Laboratory, Shengyang Harmony Health Medical Laboratory Co Ltd, 19 Wen Hui Road Shenyang 210112, China
| | - XiaoZe Bao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Li-Wei Zou
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Chalhoub G, Kolleritsch S, Maresch LK, Taschler U, Pajed L, Tilp A, Eisner H, Rosina P, Kien B, Radner FPW, Schicho R, Oberer M, Schoiswohl G, Haemmerle G. Carboxylesterase 2 proteins are efficient diglyceride and monoglyceride lipases possibly implicated in metabolic disease. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100075. [PMID: 33872605 PMCID: PMC8131317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxylesterase 2 (CES2/Ces2) proteins exert established roles in (pro)drug metabolism. Recently, human and murine CES2/Ces2c have been discovered as triglyceride (TG) hydrolases implicated in the development of obesity and fatty liver disease. The murine Ces2 family consists of seven homologous genes as opposed to a single CES2 gene in humans. However, the mechanistic role of Ces2 protein family members is not completely understood. In this study, we examined activities of all Ces2 members toward TGs, diglycerides (DGs), and monoglycerides (MGs) as the substrate. Besides CES2/Ces2c, we measured significant TG hydrolytic activities for Ces2a, Ces2b, and Ces2e. Notably, these Ces2 members and CES2 efficiently hydrolyzed DGs and MGs, and their activities even surpassed those measured for TG hydrolysis. The localization of CES2/Ces2c proteins at the ER may implicate a role of these lipases in lipid signaling pathways. We found divergent expression of Ces2 genes in the liver and intestine of mice on a high-fat diet, which could relate to changes in lipid signaling. Finally, we demonstrate reduced CES2 expression in the colon of patients with inflammatory bowel disease and a similar decline in Ces2 expression in the colon of a murine colitis model. Together, these results demonstrate that CES2/Ces2 members are highly efficient DG and MG hydrolases that may play an important role in liver and gut lipid signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Chalhoub
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Lisa K Maresch
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ulrike Taschler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Laura Pajed
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Tilp
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Helgit Eisner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Philipp Rosina
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Benedikt Kien
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Franz P W Radner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Schicho
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Monika Oberer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Guenter Haemmerle
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
On this 100th anniversary of the discovery of insulin, we recognize the critical role that adipocytes, which are exquisitely responsive to insulin, have played in determining the mechanisms for insulin action at the cellular level. Our understanding of adipose tissue biology has evolved greatly, and it is now clear that adipocytes are far more complicated than simple storage depots for fat. A growing body of evidence documents how adipocytes, in response to insulin, contribute to the control of whole-body nutrient homeostasis. These advances highlight adipocyte plasticity, heterogeneity, and endocrine function, unique features that connect adipocyte metabolism to the regulation of other tissues important for metabolic homeostasis (e.g., liver, muscle, pancreas).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Santoro
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy E McGraw
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Barbara B Kahn
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Chen J, Huang D, She M, Wang Z, Chen X, Liu P, Zhang S, Li J. Recent Progress in Fluorescent Sensors for Drug-Induced Liver Injury Assessment. ACS Sens 2021; 6:628-640. [PMID: 33475340 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c02343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a persistent concern in drug discovery and clinical medicine. The current clinical methods to assay DILI by analyzing the enzymes in serum are still not optimal. Recent studies showed that fluorescent sensors would be efficient tools for detecting the concentration and distribution of DILI indicators with high sensitivity and specificity, in real-time, in situ, and with low damage to biosamples, as well as diagnosing DILI. This review focuses on the assessment of DILI, introduces the current mechanisms of DILI, and summarizes the design strategies of fluorescent sensors for DILI indicators, including ions, small molecules, and related enzymes. Some challenges for developing DILI diagnostic fluorescent sensors are put forward. We believe that these design strategies and challenges to evaluate DILI will inspire chemists and give them opportunities to further develop other fluorescent sensors for accurate diagnoses and therapies for other diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi province 710127, P. R. China
| | - Dongyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi province 710127, P. R. China
| | - Mengyao She
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi province 710127, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education; Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province; Lab of Tissue Engineering, the College of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi province 710069, P. R. China
| | - Zesi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi province 710127, P. R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi province 710127, P. R. China
| | - Ping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi province 710127, P. R. China
| | - Shengyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi province 710127, P. R. China
| | - Jianli Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi province 710127, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Feng L, Zhou J, Zhang L, Liu P, Zheng P, Gao S, Song C, Yu Y, Gong Z, Wan X. Gut microbiota-mediated improvement of metabolic disorders by Qingzhuan tea in high fat diet-fed mice. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
|
48
|
Xu Y, Pan X, Hu S, Zhu Y, Cassim Bawa F, Li Y, Yin L, Zhang Y. Hepatocyte-specific expression of human carboxylesterase 2 attenuates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G166-G174. [PMID: 33325808 PMCID: PMC7938772 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00315.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Human carboxylesterase 2 (CES2) has triacylglycerol hydrolase (TGH) activities and plays an important role in lipolysis. In this study, we aim to determine the role of human CES2 in the progression or reversal of steatohepatitis in diet-induced or genetically obese mice. High-fat/high-cholesterol/high-fructose (HFCF) diet-fed C57BL/6 mice or db/db mice were intravenously injected with an adeno-associated virus expressing human CES2 under the control of an albumin promoter. Human CES2 protected against HFCF diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in C57BL/6J mice and reversed steatohepatitis in db/db mice. Human CES2 also improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Mechanistically, human CES2 reduced hepatic triglyceride (T) and free fatty acid (FFA) levels by inducing lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation and inhibiting lipogenesis via suppression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1. Furthermore, human CES2 overexpression improved mitochondrial respiration and glycolytic function, and inhibited gluconeogenesis, lipid peroxidation, apoptosis, and inflammation. Our data suggest that hepatocyte-specific expression of human CES2 prevents and reverses steatohepatitis. Targeting hepatic CES2 may be an attractive strategy for treatment of NAFLD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Human CES2 attenuates high-fat/cholesterol/fructose diet-induced steatohepatitis and reverses steatohepatitis in db/db mice. Mechanistically, human CES2 induces lipolysis, fatty acid and glucose oxidation, and inhibits hepatic glucose production, inflammation, lipid oxidation, and apoptosis. Our data suggest that human CES2 may be targeted for treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyong Xu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Xiaoli Pan
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Shuwei Hu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Yingdong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Fathima Cassim Bawa
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Liya Yin
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Yanqiao Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Apostolopoulou M, Gordillo R, Gancheva S, Strassburger K, Herder C, Esposito I, Schlensak M, Scherer PE, Roden M. Role of ceramide-to-dihydroceramide ratios for insulin resistance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in humans. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2020; 8:8/2/e001860. [PMID: 33219119 PMCID: PMC7682191 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sphingolipid accumulation has been linked to obesity, type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). A recent study showed that depletion of dihydroceramide desaturase-1 (DES-1) in adipose and/or liver tissue decreases ceramide-to-dihydroceramide ratios (ceramide/dihydroceramide) in several tissues and improves the metabolic profile in mice. We tested the hypothesis that ceramide/dihydroceramide would also be elevated and relate positively to liver fat content and insulin resistance in humans. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Thus, we assessed total and specific ceramide/dihydroceramide in various biosamples of 7 lean and 21 obese volunteers without or with different NAFLD stages, who were eligible for abdominal or bariatric surgery, respectively. Biosamples were obtained from serum, liver, rectus abdominis muscle as well as subcutaneous abdominal and visceral adipose tissue during surgery. RESULTS Surprisingly, certain serum and liver ceramide/dihydroceramide ratios were reduced in both obesity and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and related inversely to liver fat content. Specifically, hepatic ceramide/dihydroceramide (species 16:0) related negatively to hepatic mitochondrial capacity and lipid peroxidation. In visceral adipose tissue, ceramide/dihydroceramide (species 16:0) associated positively with markers of inflammation. CONCLUSION These results failed to confirm the relationships of ceramide/dihydroceramide in humans with different degree of insulin resistance. However, the low hepatic ceramide/dihydroceramide favor a role for dihydroceramide accumulation in NASH, while a specific ceramide/dihydroceramide ratio in visceral adipose tissue suggests a role of ceramides in obesity-associated low-grade inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Apostolopoulou
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ruth Gordillo
- UT Southwestern Medical Center Touchstone Diabetes Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Sofiya Gancheva
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Strassburger
- German Center for Diabetes Research, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Herder
- German Center for Diabetes Research, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Irene Esposito
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Philipp E Scherer
- UT Southwestern Medical Center Touchstone Diabetes Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Michael Roden
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zhao YS, Qian XK, Guan XQ, Song PF, Song YQ, He RJ, Sun MR, Wang XY, Zou LW, Ge GB. Discovery of natural alkaloids as potent and selective inhibitors against human carboxylesterase 2. Bioorg Chem 2020; 105:104367. [PMID: 33080495 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Human Carboxylesterase 2A (hCES2A), one of the most important serine hydrolases, plays crucial roles in the hydrolysis and the metabolic activation of a wide range of esters and amides. Increasing evidence has indicated that potent inhibition on intestinal hCES2A may reduce the excessive accumulation of SN-38 (the hydrolytic metabolite of irinotecan with potent cytotoxicity) in the intestinal tract and thereby alleviate the intestinal toxicity triggered by irinotecan. In this study, more than sixty natural alkaloids have been collected and their inhibitory effects against hCES2A are assayed using a fluorescence-based biochemical assay. Following preliminary screening, seventeen alkaloids are found with strong to moderate hCES2A inhibition activity. Primary structure-activity relationships (SAR) analysis of natural isoquinoline alkaloids reveal that the benzo-1,3-dioxole group and the aromatic pyridine structure are beneficial for hCES2A inhibition. Further investigations demonstrate that a steroidal alkaloid reserpine exhibits strong hCES2A inhibition activity (IC50 = 0.94 μM) and high selectivity over other human serine hydrolases including hCES1A, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and thrombin. Inhibition kinetic analyses demonstrated that reserpine acts as a non-competitive inhibitor against hCES2A-mediated FD hydrolysis. Molecular docking simulations demonstrated that the potent inhibition of hCES2A by reserpine could partially be attributed to its strong σ-π and S-π interactions between reserpine and hCES2A. Collectively, our findings suggest that reserpine is a potent and highly selective inhibitor of hCES2A, which can be served as a promising lead compound for the development of more efficacious and selective alkaloids-type hCES2A inhibitors for biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shu Zhao
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xing-Kai Qian
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Guan
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Pei-Fang Song
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yun-Qing Song
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Rong-Jing He
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Meng-Ru Sun
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiu-Yang Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li-Wei Zou
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Guang-Bo Ge
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|