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Liu Q, Shang Y, Tao Z, Li X, Shen L, Zhang H, Liu Z, Rao Z, Yu X, Cao Y, Zeng L, Huang X. Coxsackievirus group B3 regulates ASS1-mediated metabolic reprogramming and promotes macrophage inflammatory polarization in viral myocarditis. J Virol 2024; 98:e0080524. [PMID: 39194244 PMCID: PMC11406948 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00805-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus group B3 (CVB3) belongs to the genus Enteroviruses of the family Picornaviridae and is the main pathogen underlying viral myocarditis (VMC). No specific therapeutic is available for this condition. Argininosuccinate synthase 1 (ASS1) is a key enzyme in the urea cycle that converts citrulline and aspartic acid to argininosuccinate. Here, we found that CVB3 and its capsid protein VP2 inhibit the autophagic degradation of ASS1 and that CVB3 consumes citrulline to upregulate ASS1, triggers urea cycle metabolic reprogramming, and then activates macrophages to develop pro-inflammatory polarization, thereby promoting the occurrence and development of VMC. Conversely, citrulline supplementation to prevent depletion can downregulate ASS1, rescue macrophage polarization, and alleviate the pathogenicity of VMC. These findings provide a new perspective on the occurrence and development of VMC, revealing ASS1 as a potential new target for treating this disease. IMPORTANCE Viral myocarditis (VMC) is a common and potentially life-threatening myocardial inflammatory disease, most commonly caused by CVB3 infection. So far, the pathogenesis of VMC caused by CVB3 is mainly focused on two aspects: one is the direct myocardial injury caused by a large number of viral replication in the early stage of infection, and the other is the local immune cell infiltration and inflammatory damage of the myocardium in the adaptive immune response stage. There are few studies on the early innate immunity of CVB3 infection in myocardial tissue, but the appearance of macrophages in the early stage of CVB3 infection suggests that they can play a regulatory role as early innate immune response cells in myocardial tissue. Here, we discovered a possible new mechanism of VMC caused by CVB3, revealed new drug targets for anti-CVB3, and discovered the therapeutic potential of citrulline for VMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yinpan Shang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ziwei Tao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xuan Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lu Shen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hanchi Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhili Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- HuanKui Academy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhirong Rao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- HuanKui Academy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaomin Yu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yanli Cao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lingbing Zeng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, School of Public Health, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaotian Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Mohamud Y, Lin JC, Hwang SW, Bahreyni A, Wang ZC, Luo H. Coxsackievirus B3 Activates Macrophages Independently of CAR-Mediated Viral Entry. Viruses 2024; 16:1456. [PMID: 39339932 PMCID: PMC11437450 DOI: 10.3390/v16091456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are a genus of small RNA viruses that are responsible for approximately one billion global infections annually. These infections range in severity from the common cold and flu-like symptoms to more severe diseases, such as viral myocarditis, pancreatitis, and neurological disorders, that continue to pose a global health challenge with limited therapeutic strategies currently available. In the current study, we sought to understand the interaction between coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), which is a model enterovirus, and macrophage cells, as there is limited understanding of how this virus interacts with macrophage innate immune cells. Our study demonstrated that CVB3 can robustly activate macrophages without apparent viral replication in these cells. We also showed that myeloid cells lacked the viral entry receptor coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR). However, the expression of exogenous CAR in RAW264.7 macrophages was unable to overcome the viral replication deficit. Interestingly, the CAR expression was associated with altered inflammatory responses during prolonged infection. Additionally, we identified the autophagy protein LC3 as a novel stimulus for macrophage activation. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of CVB3-induced macrophage activation and its implications for viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Mohamud
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Jingfei Carly Lin
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Sinwoo Wendy Hwang
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Amirhossein Bahreyni
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Zhihan Claire Wang
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Honglin Luo
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
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Gu H, Qiu H, Yang H, Deng Z, Zhang S, Du L, He F. PRRSV utilizes MALT1-regulated autophagy flux to switch virus spread and reserve. Autophagy 2024:1-22. [PMID: 39081059 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2386195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a major swine pathogen, which can survive host antiviral immunity with various mechanisms. PRRSV infection induces macroautophagy/autophagy, facilitating virus replication. MALT1, a central immune regulator, was manipulated by PRRSV to optimize viral infection at different stages of the virus cycle. In this study, the key role of MALT1 in autophagy regulation during PRRSV infection was characterized, enlightening the role of autophagy flux in favor of virus spread and persistent infection. PRRSV-induced autophagy was confirmed to facilitate virus proliferation. Furthermore, autophagic fusion was dynamically regulated during PRRSV infection. Importantly, PRRSV-induced MALT1 facilitated autophagosome-lysosome fusion and autolysosome formation, thus contributing to autophagy flux and virus proliferation. Mechanically, MALT1 regulated autophagy via mediating MTOR-ULK1 and -TFEB signaling and affecting lysosomal homeostasis. MALT1 inhibition by inhibitor Mi-2 or RNAi induced lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP), leading to the block of autophagic fusion. Further, MALT1 overexpression alleviated PRRSV-induced LMP via inhibiting ROS generation. In addition, blocking autophagy flux suppressed virus release significantly, indicating that MALT1-maintained complete autophagy flux during PRRSV infection favors successful virus spread and its proliferation. In contrast, autophagosome accumulation upon MALT1 inhibition promoted PRRSV reserve for future virus proliferation once the autophagy flux recovers. Taken together, for the first time, these findings elucidate that MALT1 was utilized by PRRSV to regulate host autophagy flux, to determine the fate of virus for either proliferation or reserve.Abbreviations: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; BafA1: bafilomycin A1; BFP/mBFP: monomeric blue fluorescent protein; CQ: chloroquine; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; dsRNA: double-stranded RNA; GFP: green fluorescent protein; hpi: hours post infection; IFA: indirect immunofluorescence assay; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; LGALS3: galectin 3; LLOMe: L-leucyl-L-leucine-methyl ester; LMP: lysosomal membrane permeabilization; mAb: monoclonal antibody; MALT1: MALT1 paracaspase; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MOI: multiplicity of infection; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NFKB/NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa B; nsp: nonstructural protein; ORF: open reading frame; pAb: polyclonal antibody; PRRSV: porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus; PRRSV-N: PRRSV nucleocapsid protein; Rapa: rapamycin; RFP: red fluorescent protein; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SBI: SBI-0206965; siRNA: small interfering RNA; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TCID50: 50% tissue culture infective dose; TFEB: transcription factor EB; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Gu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- TianMu Laboratory, ZJU-Xinchang Joint Innovation Centre, Xinchang, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - He Qiu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- TianMu Laboratory, ZJU-Xinchang Joint Innovation Centre, Xinchang, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Haotian Yang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- TianMu Laboratory, ZJU-Xinchang Joint Innovation Centre, Xinchang, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Zhuofan Deng
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- TianMu Laboratory, ZJU-Xinchang Joint Innovation Centre, Xinchang, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Shengkun Zhang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- TianMu Laboratory, ZJU-Xinchang Joint Innovation Centre, Xinchang, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Liuyang Du
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang He
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- TianMu Laboratory, ZJU-Xinchang Joint Innovation Centre, Xinchang, Zhejiang, P.R. China
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4
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Zhao Y, Xu K, Shu F, Zhang F. Neurotropic virus infection and neurodegenerative diseases: Potential roles of autophagy pathway. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14548. [PMID: 38082503 PMCID: PMC11163195 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) constitute a group of disorders characterized by the progressive deterioration of nervous system functionality. Currently, the precise etiological factors responsible for NDs remain incompletely elucidated, although it is probable that a combination of aging, genetic predisposition, and environmental stressors participate in this process. Accumulating evidence indicates that viral infections, especially neurotropic viruses, can contribute to the onset and progression of NDs. In this review, emerging evidence supporting the association between viral infection and NDs is summarized, and how the autophagy pathway mediated by viral infection can cause pathological aggregation of cellular proteins associated with various NDs is discussed. Furthermore, autophagy-related genes (ARGs) involved in Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) infection and NDs are analyzed, and whether these genes could link HSV-1 infection to NDs is discussed. Elucidating the mechanisms underlying NDs is critical for developing targeted therapeutic approaches that prevent the onset and slow the progression of NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐jia Zhao
- Laboratory Animal CentreZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Kai‐fei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou ProvinceZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Fu‐xing Shu
- Bioresource Institute for Healthy UtilizationZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Feng Zhang
- Laboratory Animal CentreZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou ProvinceZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
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5
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Jassey A, Jackson WT. Viruses and autophagy: bend, but don't break. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024; 22:309-321. [PMID: 38102460 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00995-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a constitutive cellular process of degradation required to maintain homeostasis and turn over spent organelles and aggregated proteins. For some viruses, the process can be antiviral, degrading viral proteins or virions themselves. For many other viruses, the induction of the autophagic process provides a benefit and promotes viral replication. In this Review, we survey the roles that the autophagic pathway plays in the replication of viruses. Most viruses that benefit from autophagic induction block autophagic degradation, which is a 'bend, but don't break' strategy initiating but limiting a potentially antiviral response. In almost all cases, it is other effects of the redirected autophagic machinery that benefit these viruses. This rapid mechanism to generate small double-membraned vesicles can be usurped to shape membranes for viral genome replication and virion maturation. However, data suggest that autophagic maintenance of cellular homeostasis is crucial for the initiation of infection, as viruses have evolved to replicate in normal, healthy cells. Inhibition of autophagic degradation is important once infection has initiated. Although true degradative autophagy is probably a negative for most viruses, initiating nondegradative autophagic membranes benefits a wide variety of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alagie Jassey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William T Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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6
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Yang X, Liu R, Du Y, Mei C, Zhang G, Wang C, Yang Y, Xu Z, Li W, Liu X. circRNA_8521 promotes Senecavirus A infection by sponging miRNA-324 to regulate LC3A. Vet Res 2024; 55:43. [PMID: 38581048 PMCID: PMC10996121 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01291-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA) causes outbreaks of vesicular disease in pigs, which imposes a considerable economic burden on the pork industry. As current SVA prevention measures are ineffective, new strategies for controlling SVA are urgently needed. Circular (circ)RNA is a newly characterized class of widely expressed, endogenous regulatory RNAs, which have been implicated in viral infection; however, whether circRNAs regulate SVA infection remains unknown. To investigate the influence of circRNAs on SVA infection in porcine kidney 15 (PK-15) cells, RNA sequencing technology was used to analyze the circRNA expression profiles of SVA-infected and uninfected PK-15 cells, the interactions between circRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs potentially implicated in SVA infection were predicted using bioinformatics tools. The prediction accuracy was verified using quantitative real-time (qRT)-PCR, Western blotting, as well as dual-luciferase reporter and RNA pull-down assays. The results showed that 67 circRNAs were differentially expressed as a result of SVA infection. We found that circ_8521 was significantly upregulated in SVA-infected PK-15 cells and promoted SVA infection. circ_8521 interacted with miR-324. miR-324 bound to LC3A mRNA which inhibited the expression of LC3A. Knockdown of LC3A inhibited SVA infection. However, circ_8521 promoted the expression of LC3A by binding to miR-324, thereby promoting SVA infection. We demonstrated that circ_8521 functioned as an endogenous miR-324 sponge to sequester miR-324, which promoted LC3A expression and ultimately SVA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwang Yang
- Southwest University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570100, China
| | - Yunsha Du
- Southwest University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Caiqiu Mei
- Ya'an People's Hospital, Ya'an, 625000, China
| | - Guangneng Zhang
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 511495, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Southwest University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yijun Yang
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570100, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- Animal Biotechnology Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 610052, China
| | - Wenting Li
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570100, China.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China.
| | - Xiao Liu
- Southwest University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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7
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Ke PY. Molecular Mechanism of Autophagosome-Lysosome Fusion in Mammalian Cells. Cells 2024; 13:500. [PMID: 38534345 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, targeting intracellular components for lysosomal degradation by autophagy represents a catabolic process that evolutionarily regulates cellular homeostasis. The successful completion of autophagy initiates the engulfment of cytoplasmic materials within double-membrane autophagosomes and subsequent delivery to autolysosomes for degradation by acidic proteases. The formation of autolysosomes relies on the precise fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. In recent decades, numerous studies have provided insights into the molecular regulation of autophagosome-lysosome fusion. In this review, an overview of the molecules that function in the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes is provided. Moreover, the molecular mechanism underlying how these functional molecules regulate autophagosome-lysosome fusion is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yuan Ke
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
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Liu LK, Jian JT, Jing SS, Gao RL, Chi XD, Tian G, Liu HP. The crustacean DNA virus tegument protein VP26 binds to SNAP29 to inhibit SNARE complex assembly and autophagic degradation. J Virol 2024; 98:e0140823. [PMID: 38189252 PMCID: PMC10878264 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01408-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy generally functions as a cellular surveillance mechanism to combat invading viruses, but viruses have evolved various strategies to block autophagic degradation and even subvert it to promote viral propagation. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the most highly pathogenic crustacean virus, but little is currently known about whether crustacean viruses such as WSSV can subvert autophagic degradation for escape. Here, we show that even though WSSV proliferation triggers the accumulation of autophagosomes, autophagic degradation is blocked in the crustacean species red claw crayfish. Interestingly, the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex including CqSNAP29, CqVAMP7, and the novel autophagosome SNARE protein CqSyx12 is required for autophagic flux to restrict WSSV replication, as revealed by gene silencing experiments. Simultaneously, the expressed WSSV tegument protein VP26, which likely localizes on autophagic membrane mediated by its transmembrane region, binds the Qb-SNARE domain of CqSNAP29 to competitively inhibit the binding of CqSyx12-Qa-SNARE with CqSNAP29-Qb-SNARE; this in turn disrupts the assembly of the CqSyx12-SNAP29-VAMP7 SNARE complex, which is indispensable for the proposed fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes. Consequently, the autophagic degradation of WSSV is likely suppressed by the expressed VP26 protein in vivo in crayfish, thus probably protecting WSSV components from degradation via the autophagosome-lysosome pathway, resulting in evasion by WSSV. Collectively, these findings highlight how a DNA virus can subvert autophagic degradation by impairing the assembly of the SNARE complex to achieve evasion, paving the way for understanding host-DNA virus interactions from an evolutionary point of view, from crustaceans to mammals.IMPORTANCEWhite spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is one of the largest animal DNA viruses in terms of its genome size and has caused huge economic losses in the farming of crustaceans such as shrimp and crayfish. Detailed knowledge of WSSV-host interactions is still lacking, particularly regarding viral escape from host immune clearance. Intriguingly, we found that the presence of WSSV-VP26 might inhibit the autophagic degradation of WSSV in vivo in the crustacean species red claw crayfish. Importantly, this study is the first to show that viral protein VP26 functions as a core factor to benefit WSSV escape by disrupting the assembly of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex, which is necessary for the proposed fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes for subsequent degradation. These findings highlight a novel mechanism of DNA virus evasion by blocking SNARE complex assembly and identify viral VP26 as a key candidate for anti-WSSV targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ke Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jiu-Ting Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shan-Shan Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Rui-Lin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Chi
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Molecular Targeting and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Geng Tian
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Molecular Targeting and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment, School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Hai-Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong, China
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9
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Ma L, Han T, Zhan YA. Mechanism and role of mitophagy in the development of severe infection. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:88. [PMID: 38374038 PMCID: PMC10876966 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01844-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria produce adenosine triphosphate and potentially contribute to proinflammatory responses and cell death. Mitophagy, as a conservative phenomenon, scavenges waste mitochondria and their components in the cell. Recent studies suggest that severe infections develop alongside mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy abnormalities. Restoring mitophagy protects against excessive inflammation and multiple organ failure in sepsis. Here, we review the normal mitophagy process, its interaction with invading microorganisms and the immune system, and summarize the mechanism of mitophagy dysfunction during severe infection. We highlight critical role of normal mitophagy in preventing severe infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiu Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Tianyu Han
- Jiangxi Institute of Respiratory Disease, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yi-An Zhan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.
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10
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Rashid S, Dimitriadi M. Autophagy in spinal muscular atrophy: from pathogenic mechanisms to therapeutic approaches. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 17:1307636. [PMID: 38259504 PMCID: PMC10801191 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1307636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a devastating neuromuscular disorder caused by the depletion of the ubiquitously expressed survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. While the genetic cause of SMA has been well documented, the exact mechanism(s) by which SMN depletion results in disease progression remain elusive. A wide body of evidence has highlighted the involvement and dysregulation of autophagy in SMA. Autophagy is a highly conserved lysosomal degradation process which is necessary for cellular homeostasis; defects in the autophagic machinery have been linked with a wide range of neurodegenerative disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. The pathway is particularly known to prevent neurodegeneration and has been suggested to act as a neuroprotective factor, thus presenting an attractive target for novel therapies for SMA patients. In this review, (a) we provide for the first time a comprehensive summary of the perturbations in the autophagic networks that characterize SMA development, (b) highlight the autophagic regulators which may play a key role in SMA pathogenesis and (c) propose decreased autophagic flux as the causative agent underlying the autophagic dysregulation observed in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Dimitriadi
- School of Life and Medical Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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11
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Smith SC, Krystofiak E, Ogden KM. Mammalian orthoreovirus can exit cells in extracellular vesicles. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011637. [PMID: 38206991 PMCID: PMC10807757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Several egress pathways have been defined for many viruses. Among these pathways, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been shown to function as vehicles of non-lytic viral egress. EVs are heterogenous populations of membrane-bound structures released from cells as a form of intercellular communication. EV-mediated viral egress may enable immune evasion and collective viral transport. Strains of nonenveloped mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus) differ in cell lysis phenotypes, with T3D disrupting cell membranes more efficiently than T1L. However, mechanisms of reovirus egress and the influence of transport strategy on infection are only partially understood. To elucidate reovirus egress mechanisms, we infected murine fibroblasts (L cells) and non-polarized human colon epithelial (Caco-2) cells with T1L or T3D reovirus and enriched cell culture supernatants for large EVs, medium EVs, small EVs, and free reovirus. We found that both reovirus strains exit cells in association with large and medium EVs and as free virus particles, and that EV-enriched fractions are infectious. While reovirus visually associates with large and medium EVs, only medium EVs offer protection from antibody-mediated neutralization. EV-mediated protection from neutralization is virus strain- and cell type-specific, as medium EVs enriched from L cell supernatants protect T1L and T3D, while medium EVs enriched from Caco-2 cell supernatants largely fail to protect T3D and only protect T1L efficiently. Using genetically barcoded reovirus, we provide evidence that large and medium EVs can convey multiple particles to recipient cells. Finally, T1L or T3D infection increases the release of all EV sizes from L cells. Together, these findings suggest that in addition to exiting cells as free particles, reovirus promotes egress from distinct cell types in association with large and medium EVs during lytic or non-lytic infection, a mode of exit that can mediate multiparticle infection and, in some cases, protection from antibody neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydni Caet Smith
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Evan Krystofiak
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kristen M. Ogden
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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12
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Aguilera MO, Delgui LR, Reggiori F, Romano PS, Colombo MI. Autophagy as an innate immunity response against pathogens: a Tango dance. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:140-166. [PMID: 38101809 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular infections as well as changes in the cell nutritional environment are main events that trigger cellular stress responses. One crucial cell response to stress conditions is autophagy. During the last 30 years, several scenarios involving autophagy induction or inhibition over the course of an intracellular invasion by pathogens have been uncovered. In this review, we will present how this knowledge was gained by studying different microorganisms. We intend to discuss how the cell, via autophagy, tries to repel these attacks with the objective of destroying the intruder, but also how some pathogens have developed strategies to subvert this. These two fates can be compared with a Tango, a dance originated in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in which the partner dancers are in close connection. One of them is the leader, embracing and involving the partner, but the follower may respond escaping from the leader. This joint dance is indeed highly synchronized and controlled, perfectly reflecting the interaction between autophagy and microorganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton O Aguilera
- Laboratorio de Mecanismos Moleculares Implicados en el Tráfico Vesicular y la Autofagia-Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Odontología, Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Laura R Delgui
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro Universitario M5502JMA, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Patricia S Romano
- Laboratorio de Biología de Trypanosoma cruzi y la célula hospedadora - Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro Universitario M5502JMA, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Centro Universitario M5502JMA, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María I Colombo
- Laboratorio de Mecanismos Moleculares Implicados en el Tráfico Vesicular y la Autofagia-Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Centro Universitario M5502JMA, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
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13
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Chen L, Yang L, Li Y, Liu T, Yang B, Liu L, Wu R. Autophagy and Inflammation: Regulatory Roles in Viral Infections. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1454. [PMID: 37892135 PMCID: PMC10604974 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved intracellular degradation pathway in eukaryotic organisms, playing an adaptive role in various pathophysiological processes throughout evolution. Inflammation is the immune system's response to external stimuli and tissue damage. However, persistent inflammatory reactions can lead to a range of inflammatory diseases and cancers. The interaction between autophagy and inflammation is particularly evident during viral infections. As a crucial regulator of inflammation, autophagy can either promote or inhibit the occurrence of inflammatory responses. In turn, inflammation can establish negative feedback loops by modulating autophagy to suppress excessive inflammatory reactions. This interaction is pivotal in the pathogenesis of viral diseases. Therefore, elucidating the regulatory roles of autophagy and inflammation in viral infections will significantly enhance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying related diseases. Furthermore, it will provide new insights and theoretical foundations for disease prevention, treatment, and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- School of Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China; (L.C.); (Y.L.); (T.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Limin Yang
- School of Medicine, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China;
| | - Yingyu Li
- School of Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China; (L.C.); (Y.L.); (T.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Tianrun Liu
- School of Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China; (L.C.); (Y.L.); (T.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Bolun Yang
- School of Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China; (L.C.); (Y.L.); (T.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China; (L.C.); (Y.L.); (T.L.); (B.Y.)
| | - Rui Wu
- School of Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China; (L.C.); (Y.L.); (T.L.); (B.Y.)
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14
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Smith SC, Krystofiak E, Ogden KM. Mammalian orthoreovirus can exit cells in extracellular vesicles. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.29.555250. [PMID: 37693509 PMCID: PMC10491149 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.29.555250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Several egress pathways have been defined for many viruses. Among these pathways, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been shown to function as vehicles of non-lytic viral egress. EVs are heterogenous populations of membrane-bound structures released from cells as a form of intercellular communication. EV-mediated viral egress may enable immune evasion and collective viral transport. Strains of nonenveloped mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus) differ in cell lysis phenotypes, with T3D disrupting cell membranes more efficiently than T1L. However, mechanisms of reovirus egress and the influence of transport strategy on infection are only partially understood. To elucidate reovirus egress mechanisms, we infected murine fibroblasts (L cells) and non-polarized human colon epithelial (Caco-2) cells with T1L or T3D reovirus and enriched cell culture supernatants for large EVs, medium EVs, small EVs, and free reovirus. We found that both reovirus strains exit cells in association with large and medium EVs and as free virus particles, and that EV-enriched fractions are infectious. While reovirus visually associates with large and medium EVs, only medium EVs offer protection from antibody-mediated neutralization. EV-mediated protection from neutralization is virus strain- and cell type-specific, as medium EVs enriched from L cell supernatants protect T1L and T3D, while medium EVs enriched from Caco-2 cell supernatants largely fail to protect T3D and only protect T1L efficiently. Using genetically barcoded reovirus, we provide evidence that large and medium EVs can convey multiple particles to recipient cells. Finally, T1L or T3D infection increases the release of all EV sizes from L cells. Together, these findings suggest that in addition to exiting cells as free particles, reovirus promotes egress from distinct cell types in association with large and medium EVs during lytic or non-lytic infection, a mode of exit that can mediate multiparticle infection and, in some cases, protection from antibody neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydni Caet Smith
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Evan Krystofiak
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University
| | - Kristen M. Ogden
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
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15
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Shariq M, Malik AA, Sheikh JA, Hasnain SE, Ehtesham NZ. Regulation of autophagy by SARS-CoV-2: The multifunctional contributions of ORF3a. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28959. [PMID: 37485696 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-1 (SARS-CoV-2) regulates autophagic flux by blocking the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes, causing the accumulation of membranous vesicles for replication. Multiple SARS-CoV-2 proteins regulate autophagy with significant roles attributed to ORF3a. Mechanistically, open reading frame 3a (ORF3a) forms a complex with UV radiation resistance associated, regulating the functions of the PIK3C3-1 and PIK3C3-2 lipid kinase complexes, thereby modulating autophagosome biogenesis. ORF3a sequesters VPS39 onto the late endosome/lysosome, inhibiting assembly of the soluble NSF attachement protein REceptor (SNARE) complex and preventing autolysosome formation. ORF3a promotes the interaction between BECN1 and HMGB1, inducing the assembly of PIK3CA kinases into the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) and activating reticulophagy, proinflammatory responses, and ER stress. ORF3a recruits BORCS6 and ARL8B to lysosomes, initiating the anterograde transport of the virus to the plasma membrane. ORF3a also activates the SNARE complex (STX4-SNAP23-VAMP7), inducing fusion of lysosomes with the plasma membrane for viral egress. These mechanistic details can provide multiple targets for inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 by developing host- or host-pathogen interface-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Shariq
- Inflammation Biology and Cell Signalling Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | - Asrar A Malik
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Javaid A Sheikh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Seyed E Hasnain
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Nasreen Z Ehtesham
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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16
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Yip F, Lai B, Yang D. Role of Coxsackievirus B3-Induced Immune Responses in the Transition from Myocarditis to Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097717. [PMID: 37175422 PMCID: PMC10178405 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a cardiac disease marked by the stretching and thinning of the heart muscle and impaired left ventricular contractile function. While most patients do not develop significant cardiac diseases from myocarditis, disparate immune responses can affect pathological outcomes, including DCM progression. These altered immune responses, which may be caused by genetic variance, can prolong cytotoxicity, induce direct cleavage of host protein, or encourage atypical wound healing responses that result in tissue scarring and impaired mechanical and electrical heart function. However, it is unclear which alterations within host immune profiles are crucial to dictating the outcomes of myocarditis. Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a well-studied virus that has been identified as a causal agent of myocarditis in various models, along with other viruses such as adenovirus, parvovirus B19, and SARS-CoV-2. This paper takes CVB3 as a pathogenic example to review the recent advances in understanding virus-induced immune responses and differential gene expression that regulates iron, lipid, and glucose metabolic remodeling, the severity of cardiac tissue damage, and the development of DCM and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fione Yip
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada
- The Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Brian Lai
- The Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Decheng Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada
- The Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
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17
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Ke PY. Crosstalk between Autophagy and RLR Signaling. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060956. [PMID: 36980296 PMCID: PMC10047499 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays a homeostatic role in regulating cellular metabolism by degrading unwanted intracellular materials and acts as a host defense mechanism by eliminating infecting pathogens, such as viruses. Upon viral infection, host cells often activate retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR) signaling to induce the transcription of type I interferons, thus establishing the first line of the innate antiviral response. In recent years, numerous studies have shown that virus-mediated autophagy activation may benefit viral replication through different actions on host cellular processes, including the modulation of RLR-mediated innate immunity. Here, an overview of the functional molecules and regulatory mechanism of the RLR antiviral immune response as well as autophagy is presented. Moreover, a summary of the current knowledge on the biological role of autophagy in regulating RLR antiviral signaling is provided. The molecular mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between autophagy and RLR innate immunity are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yuan Ke
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
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18
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Hou P, Wang X, Wang H, Wang T, Yu Z, Xu C, Zhao Y, Wang W, Zhao Y, Chu F, Chang H, Zhu H, Lu J, Zhang F, Liang X, Li X, Wang S, Gao Y, He H. The ORF7a protein of SARS-CoV-2 initiates autophagy and limits autophagosome-lysosome fusion via degradation of SNAP29 to promote virus replication. Autophagy 2023; 19:551-569. [PMID: 35670302 PMCID: PMC9851267 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2084686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is closely related to various cellular aspects associated with autophagy. However, how SARS-CoV-2 mediates the subversion of the macroautophagy/autophagy pathway remains largely unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that overexpression of the SARS-CoV-2 ORF7a protein activates LC3-II and leads to the accumulation of autophagosomes in multiple cell lines, while knockdown of the viral ORF7a gene via shRNAs targeting ORF7a sgRNA during SARS-CoV-2 infection decreased autophagy levels. Mechanistically, the ORF7a protein initiates autophagy via the AKT-MTOR-ULK1-mediated pathway, but ORF7a limits the progression of autophagic flux by activating CASP3 (caspase 3) to cleave the SNAP29 protein at aspartic acid residue 30 (D30), ultimately impairing complete autophagy. Importantly, SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced accumulated autophagosomes promote progeny virus production, whereby ORF7a downregulates SNAP29, ultimately resulting in failure of autophagosome fusion with lysosomes to promote viral replication. Taken together, our study reveals a mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 utilizes the autophagic machinery to facilitate its own propagation via ORF7a.Abbreviations: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; ACE2: angiotensin converting enzyme 2; ACTB/β-actin: actin beta; ATG7: autophagy related 7; Baf A1: bafilomycin A1; BECN1: beclin 1; CASP3: caspase 3; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; GFP: green fluorescent protein; hpi: hour post-infection; hpt: hour post-transfection; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MERS: Middle East respiratory syndrome; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; ORF: open reading frame; PARP: poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase; SARS-CoV-2: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; shRNAs: short hairpin RNAs; siRNA: small interfering RNA; SNAP29: synaptosome associated protein 29; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; STX17: syntaxin 17; TCID50: tissue culture infectious dose; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; TUBB, tubulin, beta; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peili Hou
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China,CONTACT Hongmei Wang ;; Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong250014, China; Yuwei Gao Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin130122, China; Hongbin He Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan250014, China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Zhangping Yu
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Chunqing Xu
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yudong Zhao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Wenqi Wang
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China,Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Fengyun Chu
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Huasong Chang
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongchao Zhu
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiahui Lu
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Fuzhen Zhang
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xue Liang
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xingyu Li
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Song Wang
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Hongbin He
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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19
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Mitochondria Dysfunction at the Heart of Viral Myocarditis: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Implications. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020351. [PMID: 36851568 PMCID: PMC9963085 DOI: 10.3390/v15020351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The myocardium/heart is the most mitochondria-rich tissue in the human body with mitochondria comprising approximately 30% of total cardiomyocyte volume. As the resident "powerhouse" of cells, mitochondria help to fuel the high energy demands of a continuously beating myocardium. It is no surprise that mitochondrial dysfunction underscores the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular ailments, including those of viral origin such as virus-induced myocarditis. Enteroviruses have been especially linked to injuries of the myocardium and its sequelae dilated cardiomyopathy for which no effective therapies currently exist. Intriguingly, recent mechanistic insights have demonstrated viral infections to directly damage mitochondria, impair the mitochondrial quality control processes of the cell, such as disrupting mitochondrial antiviral innate immune signaling, and promoting mitochondrial-dependent pathological inflammation of the infected myocardium. In this review, we briefly highlight recent insights on the virus-mitochondria crosstalk and discuss the therapeutic implications of targeting mitochondria to preserve heart function and ultimately combat viral myocarditis.
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20
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Chen T, Tu S, Ding L, Jin M, Chen H, Zhou H. The role of autophagy in viral infections. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:5. [PMID: 36653801 PMCID: PMC9846652 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00899-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic cellular process that exerts antiviral functions during a viral invasion. However, co-evolution and co-adaptation between viruses and autophagy have armed viruses with multiple strategies to subvert the autophagic machinery and counteract cellular antiviral responses. Specifically, the host cell quickly initiates the autophagy to degrade virus particles or virus components upon a viral infection, while cooperating with anti-viral interferon response to inhibit the virus replication. Degraded virus-derived antigens can be presented to T lymphocytes to orchestrate the adaptive immune response. Nevertheless, some viruses have evolved the ability to inhibit autophagy in order to evade degradation and immune responses. Others induce autophagy, but then hijack autophagosomes as a replication site, or hijack the secretion autophagy pathway to promote maturation and egress of virus particles, thereby increasing replication and transmission efficiency. Interestingly, different viruses have unique strategies to counteract different types of selective autophagy, such as exploiting autophagy to regulate organelle degradation, metabolic processes, and immune responses. In short, this review focuses on the interaction between autophagy and viruses, explaining how autophagy serves multiple roles in viral infection, with either proviral or antiviral functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Chen
- grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430030 China ,grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Shaoyu Tu
- grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430030 China ,grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Ling Ding
- grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430030 China ,grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Meilin Jin
- grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430030 China ,grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430030 China ,grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Hongbo Zhou
- grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430030 China ,grid.35155.370000 0004 1790 4137Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430030 China
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21
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Smeele PH, Vaccari T. Snapshots from within the cell: Novel trafficking and non trafficking functions of Snap29 during tissue morphogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 133:42-52. [PMID: 35256275 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking is a core cellular process that supports diversification of cell shapes and behaviors relevant to morphogenesis during development and in adult organisms. However, how precisely trafficking components regulate specific differentiation programs is incompletely understood. Snap29 is a multifaceted Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor Attachment protein Receptor, involved in a wide range of trafficking and non-trafficking processes in most cells. A body of knowledge, accrued over more than two decades since its discovery, reveals that Snap29 is essential for establishing and maintaining the operation of a number of cellular events that support cell polarity and signaling. In this review, we first summarize established functions of Snap29 and then we focus on novel ones in the context of autophagy, Golgi trafficking and vesicle fusion at the plasma membrane, as well as on non-trafficking activities of Snap29. We further describe emerging evidence regarding the compartmentalisation and regulation of Snap29. Finally, we explore how the loss of distinct functions of human Snap29 may lead to the clinical manifestations of congenital disorders such as CEDNIK syndrome and how altered SNAP29 activity may contribute to the pathogenesis of cancer, viral infection and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulien H Smeele
- Department of Biosciences, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Thomas Vaccari
- Department of Biosciences, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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22
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Fu Y, Xiong S. Exosomes mediate Coxsackievirus B3 transmission and expand the viral tropism. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011090. [PMID: 36634130 PMCID: PMC9888687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Specific virus-receptor interactions are important determinants in viral host range, tropism and pathogenesis, influencing the location and initiation of primary infection as well as viral spread to other target organs/tissues in the postviremic phase. Coxsackieviruses of Group B (CVB) and its six serotypes (CVB1-6) specifically interact with two receptor proteins, coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor (CAR) and decay-accelerating factor (DAF), and cause various lesions in most permissive tissues. However, our previous data and other studies revealed that virus receptor-negative cells or tissues can be infected with CVB type 3 (CVB3), which can also effectively replicate. To study this interesting finding, we explored the possibility that exosomes are involved in CVB3 tropism and that exosomes functionally enhance CVB3 transmission. We found that exosomes carried and delivered CVB3 virions, resulting in efficient infection in receptor-negative host cells. We also found that delivery of CVB3 virions attached to exosomes depended on the virus receptor CAR. Importantly, exosomes carrying CVB3 virions exhibited greater infection efficiency than free virions because they accessed various entry routes, overcoming restrictions to viral tropism. In vivo experiments demonstrated that inhibition of exosome coupling with virions attenuated CVB3-induced immunological system dysfunction and reduced mortality. Our study describes a new mechanism in which exosomes contribute to viral tropism, spread, and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Sidong Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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23
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Jassey A, Wagner MA, Galitska G, Paudel B, Miller K, Jackson WT. Starvation after infection restricts enterovirus D68 replication. Autophagy 2023; 19:112-125. [PMID: 35446171 PMCID: PMC9809931 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2062888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is a respiratory pathogen associated with acute flaccid myelitis, a childhood paralysis disease. No approved vaccine or antiviral treatment exists against EV-D68. Infection with this virus induces the formation of autophagosomes to enhance its replication but blocks the downstream autophagosome- lysosome fusion steps. Here, we examined the impact of autophagy induction through starvation, either before (starvation before infection, SBI) or after (starvation after infection, SAI) EV-D68 infection. We showed that SAI, but not SBI, attenuated EV-D68 replication in multiple cell lines and abrogated the viral-mediated cleavage of host autophagic flux-related proteins. Furthermore, SAI induced autophagic flux during EV-D68 replication and prevented production of virus-induced membranes, which are required for picornavirus replication. Pharmacological inhibition of autophagic flux during SAI did not rescue EV-D68 titers. SAI had the same effect in multiple cell types, and restricted the replication of several medically relevant picornaviruses. Our results highlight the significance of autophagosomes for picornavirus replication and identify SAI as an attractive broad-spectrum anti-picornavirus strategy.Abbreviations: BAF: bafilomycin A1; CCCP: carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone; CQ: chloroquine; CVB3: coxsackievirus B3; EV-D68: enterovirus D68; hpi: hour post-infection; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MOI: multiplicity of infection; NSP2B: nonstructural protein 2B; PV: poliovirus; RES: resveratrol; RV14: rhinovirus 14; SAI: starvation after infection; SBI: starvation before infection; SNAP29: synaptosome associated protein 29; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TFEB: transcription factor EB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alagie Jassey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael A. Wagner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ganna Galitska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bimal Paudel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Katelyn Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William T. Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,CONTACT William T. Jackson Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Pathogen Research University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
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24
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Miller K, Wagner MA, Jassey A, Jackson WT. SNAP23 is essential for germination of EV-D68 replication organelles. Virology 2023; 578:117-127. [PMID: 36527930 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Picornaviruses rearrange host cell membranes to facilitate their own replication. Here we investigate the Qbc SNARE, SNAP23, which is found at the plasma membrane and plays roles in exocytosis. We found that knockdown of SNAP23 expression inhibits virus replication but not release from cells. Knocking down SNAP23 inhibits viral RNA replication and synthesis of structural proteins. Normal cellular levels of SNAP23 are required for an early step in virus production, prior to or at the stage of virus RNA replication. We report that SNAP23 knockdown generates large, electron-light structures, and that infection of cells with these structures does not alter them, and those cells fail to generate viral RNA replication sites. We suggest that SNAP23 may play a role in maintaining membranes and lipids needed for generating virus replication organelles. Further investigation is needed to determine the precise role of this crucial SNARE protein in EV-D68 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Michael A Wagner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Alagie Jassey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - William T Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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25
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Jia Y, Guo Z, Zhu J, Qin G, Sun W, Yin Y, Wang H, Guo R. Snap29 Is Dispensable for Self-Renewal Maintenance but Required for Proper Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010750. [PMID: 36614195 PMCID: PMC9821219 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can self-renew indefinitely and are able to differentiate into all three embryonic germ layers. Synaptosomal-associated protein 29 (Snap29) is implicated in numerous intracellular membrane trafficking pathways, including autophagy, which is involved in the maintenance of ESC pluripotency. However, the function of Snap29 in the self-renewal and differentiation of ESCs remains elusive. Here, we show that Snap29 depletion via CRISPR/Cas does not impair the self-renewal and expression of pluripotency-associated factors in mouse ESCs. However, Snap29 deficiency enhances the differentiation of ESCs into cardiomyocytes, as indicated by heart-like beating cells. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis reveals that Snap29 depletion significantly decreased the expression of numerous genes required for germ layer differentiation. Interestingly, Snap29 deficiency does not cause autophagy blockage in ESCs, which might be rescued by the SNAP family member Snap47. Our data show that Snap29 is dispensable for self-renewal maintenance, but required for the proper differentiation of mouse ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Jia
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhaoyuan Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiahao Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guanyu Qin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenwen Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yu Yin
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Haiying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Renpeng Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Correspondence:
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26
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Dong K, Jiang Z, Zhang J, Qin H, Chen J, Chen Q. The role of SIRT1 in the process of Toxoplasma gondii infection of RAW 264.7 macrophages. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1017696. [PMID: 36466662 PMCID: PMC9713941 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1017696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an opportunistic pathogenic protozoan that can infect almost all kinds of warm-blooded animals, including humans. T. gondii can evade the host's immune response, a process known as immune evasion. Our main objective was to evaluate the role played by Sirtuin1 (SIRT1) [one of the sirtuins (SIRTs) that are a family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent histone deacetylases (HDACs)] in the T. gondii infection of RAW264.7 macrophages. In this study, we evaluated and observed alterations in the activity, expression, and localization of SIRT1 and assessed its involvement in the CD154/IFN-γ (CD40 ligand/interferon gamma) killing pathway and in autophagy during T. gondii infection. The inhibition of SIRT1 in host cells effectively reduced the number of intracellular tachyzoites, and the mechanism behind this effect might be the upregulation of IRGM1 [murine ortholog of IRGM (immunity-related GTPase family M)] and the initiation of autophagy. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to prove that T. gondii infection upregulates SIRT1 in RAW264.7 cells and that the inhibition of SIRT1 reduces the number of intracellular tachyzoites. Moreover, the upregulation of IRGM1 and the activation of autophagy may contribute to the intracellular inhibition of T. gondii caused by SIRT1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Dong
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ziyang Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianhui Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hanxiao Qin
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiwei Chen
- Department of Parasitology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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27
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Zeng S, Zhao Y, Peng O, Xia Y, Xu Q, Li H, Xue C, Cao Y, Zhang H. Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome Coronavirus Induces Autophagy to Promote Its Replication via the Akt/mTOR Pathway. iScience 2022; 25:105394. [PMID: 36281226 PMCID: PMC9581643 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) is an enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the Coronaviridae family. Increasingly studies have demonstrated that viruses could utilize autophagy to promote their own replication. However, the relationship between SADS-CoV and autophagy remains unknown. Here, we reported that SADS-CoV infection-induced autophagy and pharmacologically increased autophagy were conducive to viral proliferation. Conversely, suppression of autophagy by pharmacological inhibitors or knockdown of autophagy-related protein impeded viral replication. Furthermore, we demonstrated the underlying mechanism by which SADS-CoV triggered autophagy through the inactivation of the Akt/mTOR pathway. Importantly, we identified integrin α3 (ITGA3) as a potential antiviral target upstream of Akt/mTOR and autophagy pathways. Knockdown of ITGA3 enhanced autophagy and consequently increased the replication of SADS-CoV. Collectively, our studies revealed a novel mechanism that SADS-CoV-induced autophagy to facilitate its proliferation via Akt/mTOR pathway and found that ITGA3 was an effective antiviral factor for suppressing viral infection. SADS-CoV triggers autophagy pathway to facilitate its proliferation Inhibition of autophagy flux impairs SADS-CoV replication SADS-CoV negatively regulates Akt/mTOR pathway to induce autophagy ITGA3 prevents SADS-CoV production through autophagy inhibition
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ouyang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qiuping Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China,Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chunyi Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yongchang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China,Corresponding author
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28
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Chen D, Zhang H. Autophagy in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 29:100596. [PMID: 36187896 PMCID: PMC9514017 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2022.100596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) orchestrates host factors to remodel endomembrane compartments for various steps of the infection cycle. SARS-CoV-2 also intimately intersects with the catabolic autophagy pathway during infection. In response to virus infection, autophagy acts as an innate defensive system by delivering viral components/particles to lysosomes for degradation. Autophagy also elicits antiviral immune responses. SARS-CoV-2, like other positive-stranded RNA viruses, has evolved various mechanisms to escape autophagic destruction and to hijack the autophagic machinery for its own benefit. In this review, we will focus on how the interplay between SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins and autophagy promotes viral replication and transmission. We will also discuss the pathogenic effects of SARS-CoV-2-elicited autophagy dysregulation and pharmacological interventions targeting autophagy for COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Chen
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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29
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Fan YM, Zhang YL, Bahreyni A, Luo H, Mohamud Y. Coxsackievirus Protease 2A Targets Host Protease ATG4A to Impair Autophagy. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092026. [PMID: 36146840 PMCID: PMC9502984 DOI: 10.3390/v14092026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) are medically important RNA viruses that cause a broad spectrum of human illnesses for which limited therapy exists. Although EVs have been shown to usurp the cellular recycling process of autophagy for pro-viral functions, the precise manner by which this is accomplished remains to be elucidated. In the current manuscript, we sought to address the mechanism by which EVs subvert the autophagy pathway using Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) as a model. We showed that CVB3 infection selectively degrades the autophagy cysteine protease ATG4A but not other isoforms. Exogenous expression of an N-terminally Flag-labeled ATG4A demonstrated the emergence of a 43-kDa cleavage fragment following CVB3 infection. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis coupled with site-directed mutagenesis and in vitro cleavage assays revealed that CVB3 protease 2A cleaves ATG4A before glycine 374. Using a combination of genetic silencing and overexpression studies, we demonstrated a novel pro-viral function for the autophagy protease ATG4A. Additionally, cleavage of ATG4A was associated with a loss of autophagy function of the truncated cleavage fragment. Collectively, our study identified ATG4A as a novel substrate of CVB3 protease, leading to disrupted host cellular function and sheds further light on viral mechanisms of autophagy dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyun Michelle Fan
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Yizhuo Lyanne Zhang
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Amirhossein Bahreyni
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Honglin Luo
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yasir Mohamud
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (Y.M.)
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30
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Sawaged S, Mota T, Piplani H, Thakur R, Lall D, McCabe E, Seo S, Sutterwala FS, Feuer R, Gottlieb RA, Sin J. TBK1 and GABARAP family members suppress Coxsackievirus B infection by limiting viral production and promoting autophagic degradation of viral extracellular vesicles. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010350. [PMID: 36044516 PMCID: PMC9469980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-pathogen dynamics are constantly at play during enteroviral infection. Coxsackievirus B (CVB) is a common juvenile enterovirus that infects multiple organs and drives inflammatory diseases including acute pancreatitis and myocarditis. Much like other enteroviruses, CVB is capable of manipulating host machinery to hijack and subvert autophagy for its benefit. We have previously reported that CVB triggers the release of infectious extracellular vesicles (EVs) which originate from autophagosomes. These EVs facilitate efficient dissemination of infectious virus. Here, we report that TBK1 (Tank-binding kinase 1) suppresses release of CVB-induced EVs. TBK1 is a multimeric kinase that directly activates autophagy adaptors for efficient cargo recruitment and induces type-1 interferons during viral-mediated STING recruitment. Positioning itself at the nexus of pathogen elimination, we hypothesized that loss of TBK1 could exacerbate CVB infection due to its specific role in autophagosome trafficking. Here we report that infection with CVB during genetic TBK1 knockdown significantly increases viral load and potentiates the bulk release of viral EVs. Similarly, suppressing TBK1 with small interfering RNA (siRNA) caused a marked increase in intracellular virus and EV release, while treatment in vivo with the TBK1-inhibitor Amlexanox exacerbated viral pancreatitis and EV spread. We further demonstrated that viral EV release is mediated by the autophagy modifier proteins GABARAPL1 and GABARAPL2 which facilitate autophagic flux. We observe that CVB infection stimulates autophagy and increases the release of GABARAPL1/2-positive EVs. We conclude that TBK1 plays additional antiviral roles by inducing autophagic flux during CVB infection independent of interferon signaling, and the loss of TBK1 better allows CVB-laden autophagosomes to circumvent lysosomal degradation, increasing the release of virus-laden EVs. This discovery sheds new light on the mechanisms involved in viral spread and EV propagation during acute enteroviral infection and highlights novel intracellular trafficking protein targets for antiviral therapy. Coxsackievirus B (CVB) is a significant human enterovirus that can cause myocarditis, meningitis, and pancreatitis. The subversion of host immunity and mechanisms of viral dissemination are critical factors which promote pathogenesis. We had previously reported that following infection, CVB becomes engulfed by autophagosomes which evade lysosomal degradation and instead get released as infectious extracellular vesicles (EVs). In this current study, we report that in addition to its traditional role in interferon-mediated antiviral signaling, TANK-binding kinase (TBK1) is crucial in limiting viral production and EV-based viral egress through the autophagy pathway. Indeed, in the absence of TBK1, we observe (i) a disruption in autophagic flux, (ii) significant increases in intracellular viral burden and viral EV release, and (iii) elevated viral load in both in vitro and in vivo models of infection. EVs isolated from TBK1-deficient cells or mice treated with the TBK1-inhibitor Amlexanox were more infectious compared to controls. In all, the dual role TBK1 plays in suppressing viral escape in addition to mediating antiviral immunity makes it a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of CVB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah Sawaged
- The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas Mota
- The Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Honit Piplani
- The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Reetu Thakur
- The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Deepti Lall
- The Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth McCabe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Soojung Seo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Fayyaz S. Sutterwala
- Department of Medicine, Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ralph Feuer
- The Integrated Regenerative Research Institute at San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Roberta A. Gottlieb
- The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jon Sin
- The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Yang Y, Li W, You B, Zhou C. Advances in cell death mechanisms involved in viral myocarditis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:968752. [PMID: 36017100 PMCID: PMC9395613 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.968752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral myocarditis is an acute inflammatory disease of the myocardium. Although many etiopathogenic factors exist, coxsackievirus B3 is a the leading cause of viral myocarditis. Abnormal cardiomyocyte death is the underlying problem for most cardiovascular diseases and fatalities. Various types of cell death occur and are regulated to varying degrees. In this review, we discuss the different cell death mechanisms in viral myocarditis and the potential interactions between them. We also explore the role and mechanism of cardiomyocyte death with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Exploring the mechanisms may help in the early identification and the development of effective treatments, thus improving the quality of life of patients with viral myocarditis. We believe that the inhibition of cardiomyocyte death has immense therapeutic potential in increasing the longevity and health of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Taizhou People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China
- Clinical Laboratory Center, Jiangsu Taizhou People’s Hospital, Taizhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yang Yang,
| | - Wang Li
- Taizhou People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China
- Clinical Laboratory Center, Jiangsu Taizhou People’s Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Benshuai You
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chenglin Zhou
- Taizhou People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China
- Clinical Laboratory Center, Jiangsu Taizhou People’s Hospital, Taizhou, China
- Chenglin Zhou,
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The encephalomyocarditis virus Leader promotes the release of virions inside extracellular vesicles via the induction of secretory autophagy. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3625. [PMID: 35750662 PMCID: PMC9232559 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31181-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Naked viruses can escape host cells before the induction of lysis via release in extracellular vesicles (EVs). These nanosized EVs cloak the secreted virus particles in a host-derived membrane, which alters virus-host interactions that affect infection efficiency and antiviral immunity. Currently, little is known about the viral and host factors regulating this form of virus release. Here, we assessed the role of the encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) Leader protein, a 'viral security protein' that subverts the host antiviral response. EV release upon infection with wildtype virus or a Leader-deficient mutant was characterized at the single particle level using high-resolution flow cytometry. Inactivation of the Leader abolished EV induction during infection and strongly reduced EV-enclosed virus release. We demonstrate that the Leader promotes the release of virions within EVs by stimulating a secretory arm of autophagy. This newly discovered role of the EMCV Leader adds to the variety of mechanisms via which this protein affects virus-host interactions. Moreover, these data provide first evidence for a crucial role of a non-structural viral protein in the non-lytic release of picornaviruses via packaging in EVs.
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Zhang Y, Liu S, Xu Q, Li H, Lu K. Cleavage of the selective autophagy receptor SQSTM1/p62 by the SARS-CoV-2 main protease NSP5 prevents the autophagic degradation of viral membrane proteins. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2022; 3:17. [PMID: 35654983 PMCID: PMC9162485 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-022-00083-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic. Omicron, a new variant of SARS-CoV-2, has the characteristics of strong transmission and pathogenicity, short incubation period, and rapid onset progression, and has spread rapidly around the world. The high replication rate and intracellular accumulation of SARS-CoV-2 are remarkable, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Autophagy acts as a conservative cellular defence mechanism against invading pathogens. Here, we provide evidence that the main protease of SARS-CoV-2, NSP5, effectively cleaves the selective autophagy receptor p62. NSP5 targets p62 for cleavage at glutamic acid 354 and thus abolishes the capacity of p62 to mediate selective autophagy. It was further shown that p62 specifically interacted with ubiquitinated SARS-CoV-2 M, the viral membrane protein, to promote its autophagic degradation. In the presence of NSP5, p62-mediated autophagic degradation of the M protein was inhibited. The cleaved products of p62 also cannot facilitate the degradation of the M protein. Collectively, our findings reveal that p62 is a novel host target of SARS-CoV-2 NSP5 and suggest that selective autophagy targets viruses and potential strategies by which the virus evades autophagic clearance. Our results may provide new ideas for the development of anti-COVID-19 drugs based on autophagy and NSP5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shiyan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qingjia Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Huihui Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Kefeng Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Yu K, Zhou L, Wang Y, Yu C, Wang Z, Liu H, Wei H, Han L, Cheng J, Wang F, Wang DW, Zhao C. Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies of Viral Myocarditis Targeting Autophagy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:843103. [PMID: 35479306 PMCID: PMC9035591 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.843103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral myocarditis is caused by infection with viruses or bacteria, including coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), and is characterized by acute or chronic inflammatory responses in the heart. The mortality associated with severe viral myocarditis is considerable. In some patients, viral myocarditis may develop into dilated cardiomyopathy or heart failure. Autophagy is involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including viral infection and replication. In the present review, we focus on the responses of cardiac tissues, cardiomyocytes, and cardiac fibroblasts to CVB3 infection. Subsequently, the effects of altered autophagy on the development of viral myocarditis are discussed. Finally, this review also examined and assessed the use of several popular autophagy modulating drugs, such as metformin, resveratrol, rapamycin, wortmannin, and 3-methyladenine, as alternative treatment strategies for viral myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yu
- Division of Cardiology, Departments of Internal Medicine and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Division of Cardiology, Departments of Internal Medicine and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinhui Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Departments of Internal Medicine and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengxin Yu
- GI Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Departments of Internal Medicine and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Departments of Internal Medicine and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Haoran Wei
- Division of Cardiology, Departments of Internal Medicine and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Han
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Cheng
- Division of Cardiology, Departments of Internal Medicine and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Departments of Internal Medicine and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Departments of Internal Medicine and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- Division of Cardiology, Departments of Internal Medicine and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Chunxia Zhao,
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Voss M, Pinkert S, Kespohl M, Gimber N, Klingel K, Schmoranzer J, Laue M, Gaida M, Kloetzel PM, Beling A. A Conserved Cysteine Residue in Coxsackievirus B3 Protein 3A with Implication for Elevated Virulence. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040769. [PMID: 35458499 PMCID: PMC9029043 DOI: 10.3390/v14040769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EV) are implicated in an extensive range of clinical manifestations, such as pancreatic failure, cardiovascular disease, hepatitis, and meningoencephalitis. We recently reported on the biochemical properties of the highly conserved cysteine residue at position 38 (C38) of enteroviral protein 3A and demonstrated a C38-mediated homodimerization of the Coxsackievirus B3 protein 3A (CVB3-3A) that resulted in its profound stabilization. Here, we show that residue C38 of protein 3A supports the replication of CVB3, a clinically relevant member of the enterovirus genus. The infection of HeLa cells with protein 3A cysteine 38 to alanine mutants (C38A) attenuates virus replication, resulting in comparably lower virus particle formation. Consistently, in a mouse infection model, the enhanced virus propagation of CVB3-3A wt in comparison to the CVB3-3A[C38A] mutant was confirmed and found to promote severe liver tissue damage. In contrast, infection with the CVB3-3A[C38A] mutant mitigated hepatic tissue injury and ameliorated the signs of systemic inflammatory responses, such as hypoglycemia and hypothermia. Based on these data and our previous report on the C38-mediated stabilization of the CVB3-3A protein, we conclude that the highly conserved amino acid C38 in protein 3A enhances the virulence of CVB3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Voss
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (M.V.); (S.P.); (M.K.); (N.G.); (J.S.); (P.-M.K.)
| | - Sandra Pinkert
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (M.V.); (S.P.); (M.K.); (N.G.); (J.S.); (P.-M.K.)
| | - Meike Kespohl
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (M.V.); (S.P.); (M.K.); (N.G.); (J.S.); (P.-M.K.)
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, Partner Side Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Niclas Gimber
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (M.V.); (S.P.); (M.K.); (N.G.); (J.S.); (P.-M.K.)
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Advanced Medical Bioimaging Core Facility, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karin Klingel
- Cardiopathology, Institute for Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tübingen, 72016 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Jan Schmoranzer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (M.V.); (S.P.); (M.K.); (N.G.); (J.S.); (P.-M.K.)
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Advanced Medical Bioimaging Core Facility, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Laue
- Robert Koch Institute, Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy (ZBS 4), 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Matthias Gaida
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mainz, JGU-Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, JGU-Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Joint Unit Immunopathology, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, JGU-Mainz and TRON, Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter-Michael Kloetzel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (M.V.); (S.P.); (M.K.); (N.G.); (J.S.); (P.-M.K.)
| | - Antje Beling
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (M.V.); (S.P.); (M.K.); (N.G.); (J.S.); (P.-M.K.)
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, Partner Side Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-450-528-187; Fax: +49-30-450-528-921
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Human rhinovirus promotes STING trafficking to replication organelles to promote viral replication. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1406. [PMID: 35301296 PMCID: PMC8931115 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28745-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rhinovirus (HRV), like coronavirus (HCoV), are positive-strand RNA viruses that cause both upper and lower respiratory tract illness, with their replication facilitated by concentrating RNA-synthesizing machinery in intracellular compartments made of modified host membranes, referred to as replication organelles (ROs). Here we report a non-canonical, essential function for stimulator of interferon genes (STING) during HRV infections. While the canonical function of STING is to detect cytosolic DNA and activate inflammatory responses, HRV infection triggers the release of STIM1-bound STING in the ER by lowering Ca2+, thereby allowing STING to interact with phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) and traffic to ROs to facilitates viral replication and transmission via autophagy. Our results thus hint a critical function of STING in HRV viral replication and transmission, with possible implications for other RO-mediated RNA viruses. Evidence exists that the typically antiviral signaling mediator STING is, counterintuitively, needed for optimal human rhinovirus infection. Here the authors confirm this finding and show how human rhinovirus can reduce stored Ca2+ levels to drive this effect.
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Buchacher T, Honkimaa A, Välikangas T, Lietzén N, Hirvonen MK, Laiho JE, Sioofy-Khojine AB, Eskelinen EL, Hyöty H, Elo LL, Lahesmaa R. Persistent coxsackievirus B1 infection triggers extensive changes in the transcriptome of human pancreatic ductal cells. iScience 2022; 25:103653. [PMID: 35024587 PMCID: PMC8728469 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses, particularly the group B coxsackieviruses (CVBs), have been associated with the development of type 1 diabetes. Several CVB serotypes establish chronic infections in human cells in vivo and in vitro. However, the mechanisms leading to enterovirus persistency and, possibly, beta cell autoimmunity are not fully understood. We established a carrier-state-type persistent infection model in human pancreatic cell line PANC-1 using two distinct CVB1 strains and profiled the infection-induced changes in cellular transcriptome. In the current study, we observed clear changes in the gene expression of factors associated with the pancreatic microenvironment, the secretory pathway, and lysosomal biogenesis during persistent CVB1 infections. Moreover, we found that the antiviral response pathways were activated differently by the two CVB1 strains. Overall, our study reveals extensive transcriptional responses in persistently CVB1-infected pancreatic cells with strong opposite but also common changes between the two strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Buchacher
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anni Honkimaa
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere FI-33014, Finland
| | - Tommi Välikangas
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Niina Lietzén
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - M. Karoliina Hirvonen
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jutta E. Laiho
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere FI-33014, Finland
| | | | | | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere FI-33014, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere FI-33520, Finland
| | - Laura L. Elo
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Riitta Lahesmaa
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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38
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Non-canonical roles of autophagy proteins in endocytosis and exocytosis. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:2841-2851. [PMID: 34783341 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy, the pathways that degrade cytoplasmic constituents in lysosomes, contribute to most biological processes from aging and neurodegeneration to pathogen restriction and immunity. In recent years, it was realized that the autophagy machinery serves additional functions, primarily in endo- and exocytosis. In this review, I summarize recent advances in our understanding on how these non-canonical functions differ from canonical macroautophagy, and contribute to immune activation and viral replication. Understanding these pathways will allow us to harness them for the treatment of human diseases, as well as appreciate how cells use modules of membrane remodeling and trafficking for multiple biological functions.
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Yan JM, Zhang WK, Yan LN, Jiao YJ, Zhou CM, Yu XJ. Bunyavirus SFTSV exploits autophagic flux for viral assembly and egress. Autophagy 2021; 18:1599-1612. [PMID: 34747299 PMCID: PMC9298452 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1994296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is an emerging negatively stranded enveloped RNA bunyavirus that causes SFTS with a high case fatality rate of up to 30%. Macroautophagy/autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process involved in the maintenance of host homeostasis, which exhibits anti-viral or pro-viral responses in reaction to different viral challenges. However, the interaction between the bunyavirus SFTSV and the autophagic process is still largely unclear. By establishing various autophagy-deficient cell lines, we found that SFTSV triggered RB1CC1/FIP200-BECN1-ATG5-dependent classical autophagy flux. SFTSV nucleoprotein induced BECN1-dependent autophagy by disrupting the BECN1-BCL2 association. Importantly, SFTSV utilized autophagy for the viral life cycle, which not only assembled in autophagosomes derived from the ERGIC and Golgi complex, but also utilized autophagic vesicles for exocytosis. Taken together, our results suggest a novel virus-autophagy interaction model in which bunyavirus SFTSV induces classical autophagy flux for viral assembly and egress processes, suggesting that autophagy inhibition may be a novel therapy for treating or releasing SFTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Min Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Kang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Na Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong-Jun Jiao
- Nhc Key laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuan-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue-Jie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Myocardial Damage by SARS-CoV-2: Emerging Mechanisms and Therapies. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091880. [PMID: 34578462 PMCID: PMC8473126 DOI: 10.3390/v13091880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence is emerging that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can infect various organs of the body, including cardiomyocytes and cardiac endothelial cells in the heart. This review focuses on the effects of SARS-CoV-2 in the heart after direct infection that can lead to myocarditis and an outline of potential treatment options. The main points are: (1) Viral entry: SARS-CoV-2 uses specific receptors and proteases for docking and priming in cardiac cells. Thus, different receptors or protease inhibitors might be effective in SARS-CoV-2-infected cardiac cells. (2) Viral replication: SARS-CoV-2 uses RNA-dependent RNA polymerase for replication. Drugs acting against ssRNA(+) viral replication for cardiac cells can be effective. (3) Autophagy and double-membrane vesicles: SARS-CoV-2 manipulates autophagy to inhibit viral clearance and promote SARS-CoV-2 replication by creating double-membrane vesicles as replication sites. (4) Immune response: Host immune response is manipulated to evade host cell attacks against SARS-CoV-2 and increased inflammation by dysregulating immune cells. Efficiency of immunosuppressive therapy must be elucidated. (5) Programmed cell death: SARS-CoV-2 inhibits programmed cell death in early stages and induces apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis in later stages. (6) Energy metabolism: SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to disturbed energy metabolism that in turn leads to a decrease in ATP production and ROS production. (7) Viroporins: SARS-CoV-2 creates viroporins that lead to an imbalance of ion homeostasis. This causes apoptosis, altered action potential, and arrhythmia.
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Xiang P, Mohamud Y, Luo H. SNAP47 Interacts with ATG14 to Promote VP1 Conjugation and CVB3 Propagation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082141. [PMID: 34440910 PMCID: PMC8394894 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), an enterovirus (EV) in the family of Picornaviridae, is a global human pathogen for which effective antiviral treatments and vaccines are lacking. Previous research demonstrated that EV-D68 downregulated the membrane fusion protein SNAP47 (synaptosome associated protein 47) and SNAP47 promoted EV-D68 replication via regulating autophagy. In the current study, we investigated the interplay between CVB3 and cellular SNAP47 using HEK293T/HeLa cell models. We showed that, upon CVB3 infection, protein levels of SNAP47 decreased independent of the activity of virus-encoded proteinase 3C. We further demonstrated that the depletion of SNAP47 inhibited CVB3 infection, indicating a pro-viral function of SNAP47. Moreover, we found that SNAP47 co-localizes with the autophagy-related protein ATG14 on the cellular membrane fractions together with viral capsid protein VP1, and expression of SNAP47 or ATG14 enhanced VP1 conjugation. Finally, we revealed that disulfide interactions had an important role in strengthening VP1 conjugation. Collectively, our study elucidated a mechanism by which SNAP47 and ATG14 promoted CVB3 propagation through facilitating viral capsid assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinhao Xiang
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; (P.X.); (Y.M.)
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Yasir Mohamud
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; (P.X.); (Y.M.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Honglin Luo
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; (P.X.); (Y.M.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Kerviel A, Zhang M, Altan-Bonnet N. A New Infectious Unit: Extracellular Vesicles Carrying Virus Populations. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2021; 37:171-197. [PMID: 34270326 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-040621-032416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Viral egress and transmission have long been described to take place through single free virus particles. However, viruses can also shed into the environment and transmit as populations clustered inside extracellular vesicles (EVs), a process we had first called vesicle-mediated en bloc transmission. These membrane-cloaked virus clusters can originate from a variety of cellular organelles including autophagosomes, plasma membrane, and multivesicular bodies. Their viral cargo can be multiples of nonenveloped or enveloped virus particles or even naked infectious genomes, but egress is always nonlytic, with the cell remaining intact. Here we put forth the thesis that EV-cloaked viral clusters are a distinct form of infectious unit as compared to free single viruses (nonenveloped or enveloped) or even free virus aggregates. We discuss how efficient and prevalent these infectious EVs are in the context of virus-associated diseases and highlight the importance of their proper detection and disinfection for public health. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Volume 37 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Kerviel
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Mengyang Zhang
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA; .,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Nihal Altan-Bonnet
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
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43
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RNA-Protein Interaction Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 5' and 3' Untranslated Regions Reveals a Role of Lysosome-Associated Membrane Protein-2a during Viral Infection. mSystems 2021; 6:e0064321. [PMID: 34254825 PMCID: PMC8407388 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00643-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a positive-strand RNA virus. The viral genome is capped at the 5′ end, followed by an untranslated region (UTR). There is a poly(A) tail at the 3′ end, preceded by a UTR. The self-interaction between the RNA regulatory elements present within the 5′ and 3′ UTRs and their interaction with host/virus-encoded proteins mediate the function of the 5′ and 3′ UTRs. Using an RNA-protein interaction detection (RaPID) assay coupled to liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, we identified host interaction partners of SARS-CoV-2 5′ and 3′ UTRs and generated an RNA-protein interaction network. By combining these data with the previously known protein-protein interaction data proposed to be involved in virus replication, we generated the RNA-protein-protein interaction (RPPI) network, likely to be essential for controlling SARS-CoV-2 replication. Notably, bioinformatics analysis of the RPPI network revealed the enrichment of factors involved in translation initiation and RNA metabolism. Lysosome-associated membrane protein-2a (Lamp2a), the receptor for chaperone-mediated autophagy, is one of the host proteins that interact with the 5′ UTR. Further studies showed that the Lamp2 level is upregulated in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells and that the absence of the Lamp2a isoform enhanced the viral RNA level whereas its overexpression significantly reduced the viral RNA level. Lamp2a and viral RNA colocalize in the infected cells, and there is an increased autophagic flux in infected cells, although there is no change in the formation of autophagolysosomes. In summary, our study provides a useful resource of SARS-CoV-2 5′ and 3′ UTR binding proteins and reveals the role of Lamp2a protein during SARS-CoV-2 infection. IMPORTANCE Replication of a positive-strand RNA virus involves an RNA-protein complex consisting of viral genomic RNA, host RNA(s), virus-encoded proteins, and host proteins. Dissecting out individual components of the replication complex will help decode the mechanism of viral replication. 5′ and 3′ UTRs in positive-strand RNA viruses play essential regulatory roles in virus replication. Here, we identified the host proteins that associate with the UTRs of SARS-CoV-2, combined those data with the previously known protein-protein interaction data (expected to be involved in virus replication), and generated the RNA-protein-protein interaction (RPPI) network. Analysis of the RPPI network revealed the enrichment of factors involved in translation initiation and RNA metabolism, which are important for virus replication. Analysis of one of the interaction partners of the 5′-UTR (Lamp2a) demonstrated its role in reducing the viral RNA level in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. Collectively, our study provides a resource of SARS-CoV-2 UTR-binding proteins and identifies an important role for host Lamp2a protein during viral infection.
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Coxsackievirus B3 Exploits the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System to Facilitate Viral Replication. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071360. [PMID: 34372566 PMCID: PMC8310229 DOI: 10.3390/v13071360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection by RNA viruses causes extensive cellular reorganization, including hijacking of membranes to create membranous structures termed replication organelles, which support viral RNA synthesis and virion assembly. In this study, we show that infection with coxsackievirus B3 entails a profound impairment of the protein homeostasis at virus-utilized membranes, reflected by an accumulation of ubiquitinylated proteins, including K48-linked polyubiquitin conjugates, known to direct proteins to proteasomal degradation. The enrichment of membrane-bound ubiquitin conjugates is attributed to the presence of the non-structural viral proteins 2B and 3A, which are known to perturb membrane integrity and can cause an extensive rearrangement of cellular membranes. The locally increased abundance of ubiquitinylated proteins occurs without an increase of oxidatively damaged proteins. During the exponential phase of replication, the oxidative damage of membrane proteins is even diminished, an effect we attribute to the recruitment of glutathione, which is known to be required for the formation of infectious virus particles. Furthermore, we show that the proteasome contributes to the processing of viral precursor proteins. Taken together, we demonstrate how an infection with coxsackievirus B3 affects the cellular protein and redox homeostasis locally at the site of viral replication and virus assembly.
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Teo QW, van Leur SW, Sanyal S. Escaping the Lion's Den: redirecting autophagy for unconventional release and spread of viruses. FEBS J 2021; 288:3913-3927. [PMID: 33044763 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process, designed to maintain cellular homeostasis during a range of internal and external stimuli. Conventionally, autophagy is known for coordinated degradation and recycling of intracellular components and removal of cytosolic pathogens. More recently, several lines of evidence have indicated an unconventional, nondegradative role of autophagy for secretion of cargo that lacks a signal peptide. This process referred to as secretory autophagy has also been implicated in the infection cycle of several virus species. This review focuses on the current evidence available on the nondegradative features of autophagy, emphasizing its potential role and unresolved questions in the release and spread of (-) and (+) RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wen Teo
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Sophie Wilhelmina van Leur
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Sumana Sanyal
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, UK
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Peruzza L, Pascoli F, Dalla Rovere G, Franch R, Ferraresso S, Babbucci M, Biasini L, Abbadi M, Panzarin V, Toffan A, Bargelloni L. Transcriptome analysis reveals a complex response to the RGNNV/SJNNV reassortant Nervous Necrosis Virus strain in sea bream larvae. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:282-292. [PMID: 33971258 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) is a marine fish of great importance for Mediterranean aquaculture. This species has long been considered resistant to Nervous Necrosis Virus (NNV), an RNA virus that causes massive mortalities in several farmed fish animals. However, the recent appearance of RGNNV/SJNNV reassortant strains started to pose a serious threat to sea bream hatcheries, as it is able to infect larvae and juveniles of this species. While host response to NNV has been extensively studied in adult fish, little attention has been devoted to early life history stages, which are generally the most sensitive ones. Here we report for the first time a time-course RNA-seq analysis on 21-day old fish gilthead sea bream larvae experimentally infected with a RGNNV/SJNNV strain. NNV-infected and mock-infected samples were collected at four time points (6 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h post infection). Four biological replicates, each consisting of five pooled larvae, were analysed for each time point and group. A large set of genes were found to be significantly regulated, especially at early time points (6 h and 12 h), with several heat shock protein encoding transcripts being up-regulated (e.g. hspa5, dnaj4, hspa9, hsc70), while many immune genes were down-regulated (e.g. myd88 and irf5 at T06, pik3r1, stat3, jak1, il12b and il6st at T12). A gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) identified several altered pathways/processes. For instance, the formation of peroxisomes, which are important anti-viral components as well as essential for nervous system homeostasis, and the autophagy pathway were down-regulated at 6 h and 24 h post infection (hpi). Finally, two custom "reactomes" (i.e. significant gene sets observed in other studies) were defined and used. The first reactome integrated the transcriptomic response to NNV in different fish species, while the second one included all genes found to be stimulated either by interferon (IFN) or by IFN and Chikungunya virus in zebrafish. Genes in both reactomes showed predominant up-regulation at 6hpi and 12hpi and a general down-regulation at 24hpi. Such evidence suggest a certain degree of similarity between the response of sea bream and that of other fish species to NNV, while the observed down-regulation of IFN- and viral-stimulated pathways argues for a possible interference of NNV against the host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Peruzza
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale Dell'Università, 16 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - F Pascoli
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, OIE Reference Centre for Viral Encephalopathy and Retinopathy, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie (IZSVe), Padua, Italy
| | - G Dalla Rovere
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale Dell'Università, 16 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - R Franch
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale Dell'Università, 16 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - S Ferraresso
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale Dell'Università, 16 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - M Babbucci
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale Dell'Università, 16 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - L Biasini
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, OIE Reference Centre for Viral Encephalopathy and Retinopathy, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie (IZSVe), Padua, Italy
| | - M Abbadi
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, OIE Reference Centre for Viral Encephalopathy and Retinopathy, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie (IZSVe), Padua, Italy
| | - V Panzarin
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, OIE Reference Centre for Viral Encephalopathy and Retinopathy, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie (IZSVe), Padua, Italy
| | - A Toffan
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, OIE Reference Centre for Viral Encephalopathy and Retinopathy, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Delle Venezie (IZSVe), Padua, Italy
| | - L Bargelloni
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale Dell'Università, 16 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
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Liu Z, Ye Q, Cheng A, Ou X, Mao S, Sun D, Zhang S, Zhao X, Yang Q, Wu Y, Huang J, Gao Q, Tian B, Wang M. A viroporin-like 2B protein of duck hepatitis A virus 1 that induces incomplete autophagy in DEF cells. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101331. [PMID: 34403988 PMCID: PMC8368021 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Duck hepatitis A virus 1 (DHAV-1) can cause high morbidity and fatal acute infectious hepatitis in ducklings, which seriously endangers animal husbandry. Viroporin is a small molecular weight hydrophobic transmembrane protein encoded by the virus, that has been suggested to induce autophagy in host cells by increasing the membrane permeability through disturbing the ion balance. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether the DHAV-1 2B protein can induce autophagy in DEF cells with a viroporin-like function. Bioinformatics analysis has indicated that the 2B protein is characterized by a viroporin domain, which is consistent with the type IA viroporin transmembrane protein. We experimentally confirmed that the 2B protein disturbed the Ca2+ balance of infected cells by elevating the intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Eukaryotic expression of the 2B protein upregulates the expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 II (LC3-II) and the number of autophagosomes in the cell. Interestingly, the Western Blot (WB) results showed that 2B protein expression induced less protein degradation of the autophagic substrate sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1/p62) than the positive control, while microscopy observations showed that the autophagosomes did not colocalize with the lysosomes. In summary, 2B protein expression induced autophagy in host cells, but the autophagic flow was incomplete. The results of this experiment are expected to provide reference scientific data for elucidating the infective and pathogenic mechanism of DHAV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zezheng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Qian Ye
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Sai Mao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Di Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Qun Gao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Bin Tian
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China; Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, P.R. China.
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48
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Geng SC, Li XL, Fang WH. Porcine circovirus 3 capsid protein induces autophagy in HEK293T cells by inhibiting phosphorylation of the mammalian target of rapamycin. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2021; 21:560-570. [PMID: 32633110 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1900657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) has been detected in major pig-producing countries around the world since its first report in the US in 2016. Most current studies have focused on epidemiological investigations and detection methods of PCV3 because of lack of live virus strains for research on its pathogenesis in porcine cells or even in pigs. We constructed a recombinant plasmid pCMV-Cap carrying the PCV3 orf2 gene to investigate the effects of capsid (Cap) protein expression on autophagic response in human embryonic kidney cell line 293T (HEK293T). We demonstrate that PCV3 Cap protein induced complete autophagy shown as formation of autophagosomes and autophagosome-like vesicles as well as LC3-II conversion from LC3-I via inhibiting phosphorylation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in HEK293T cells. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is also involved in the autophagy process. These findings provide insight for further exploration of PCV3 pathogenetic mechanisms in porcine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Chao Geng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Liang Li
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei-Huan Fang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Mohamud Y, Xue YC, Liu H, Ng CS, Bahreyni A, Luo H. Autophagy Receptor Protein Tax1-Binding Protein 1/TRAF6-Binding Protein Is a Cellular Substrate of Enteroviral Proteinase. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:647410. [PMID: 34149637 PMCID: PMC8213198 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.647410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) usurp the host autophagy pathway for pro-viral functions; however, the consequence of EV-induced diversion of autophagy on organelle quality control is poorly defined. Using coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) as a model EV, we explored the interplay between EV infection and selective autophagy receptors, i.e., Tax1-binding protein 1/TRAF6-binding protein (T6BP), optineurin (OPTN), and nuclear dot 10 protein 52 (NDP52), known to be involved in regulating the clearance of damaged mitochondria, a process termed as mitophagy. Following CVB3 infection, we showed significant perturbations of the mitochondrial network coincident with degradation of the autophagy receptor protein T6BP, similar phenomenon to what we previously observed on NDP52. Notably, protein levels of OPTN are not altered during early infection and slightly reduced upon late infection. Cell culture studies revealed that T6BP degradation occurs independent of the function of host caspases and viral proteinase 3C, but requires the proteolytic activity of viral proteinase 2A. Further investigation identified the cleavage site on T6BP after the amino acid 621 that separates the C-terminal ubiquitin-binding domain from the other functional domains at the N-terminus. Genetic silencing of T6BP and OPTN results in the attenuation of CVB3 replication, suggesting a pro-viral activity for these two proteins. Finally, functional assessment of cleaved fragments from NDP52 and T6BP revealed abnormal binding affinity and impaired capacity to be recruited to depolarized mitochondria. Collectively, these results suggest that CVB3 targets autophagy receptors to impair selective autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Mohamud
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yuan Chao Xue
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Huitao Liu
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chen Seng Ng
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Amirhossein Bahreyni
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Honglin Luo
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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50
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Xue YC, Ng CS, Mohamud Y, Fung G, Liu H, Bahreyni A, Zhang J, Luo H. FUS/TLS Suppresses Enterovirus Replication and Promotes Antiviral Innate Immune Responses. J Virol 2021; 95:e00304-21. [PMID: 33827951 PMCID: PMC8316056 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00304-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During viral infection, the dynamic virus-host relationship is constantly in play. Many cellular proteins, such as RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), have been shown to mediate antiviral responses during viral infection. Here, we report that the RBP FUS/TLS (fused in sarcoma/translocated in liposarcoma) acts as a host-restricting factor against infection with coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3). Mechanistically, we found that deletion of FUS leads to increased viral RNA transcription and enhanced internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-driven translation, with no apparent impact on viral RNA stability. We further demonstrated that FUS physically interacts with the viral genome, which may contribute to direct inhibition of viral RNA transcription/translation. Moreover, we identified a novel function for FUS in regulating host innate immune response. We show that in the absence of FUS, gene expression of type I interferons and proinflammatory cytokines elicited by viral or bacterial infection is significantly impaired. Emerging evidence suggests a role for stress granules (SGs) in antiviral innate immunity. We further reveal that knockout of FUS abolishes the ability to form SGs upon CVB3 infection or poly(I·C) treatment. Finally, we show that, to avoid FUS-mediated antiviral response and innate immunity, CVB3 infection results in cytoplasmic mislocalization and cleavage of FUS through the enzymatic activity of viral proteases. Together, our findings in this study identify FUS as a novel host antiviral factor which restricts CVB3 replication through direct inhibition of viral RNA transcription and protein translation and through regulation of host antiviral innate immunity.IMPORTANCE Enteroviruses are common human pathogens, including those that cause myocarditis (coxsackievirus B3 [CVB3]), poliomyelitis (poliovirus), and hand, foot, and mouth disease (enterovirus 71). Understanding the virus-host interaction is crucial for developing means of treating and preventing diseases caused by these pathogens. In this study, we explored the interplay between the host RNA-binding protein FUS/TLS and CVB3 and found that FUS/TLS restricts CVB3 replication through direct inhibition of viral RNA transcription/translation and through regulation of cellular antiviral innate immunity. To impede the antiviral role of FUS, CVB3 targets FUS for mislocalization and cleavage. Findings from this study provide novel insights into interactions between CVB3 and FUS, which may lead to novel therapeutic interventions against enterovirus-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chao Xue
- Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chen Seng Ng
- Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yasir Mohamud
- Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gabriel Fung
- Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Huitao Liu
- Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amirhossein Bahreyni
- Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jingchun Zhang
- Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Honglin Luo
- Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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