1
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Lazarus HPS, Easwaran N. Molecular insights into PGPR fluorescent Pseudomonads complex mediated intercellular and interkingdom signal transduction mechanisms in promoting plant's immunity. Res Microbiol 2024:104218. [PMID: 38879059 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2024.104218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
The growth-promoting and immune modulatory properties of different strains of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) fluorescent Pseudomonads complex (PFPC) can be explored to combat food security challenges. These PFPC prime plants through induced systemic resistance, fortify plants to overcome future pathogen-mediated vulnerability by eliciting robust systemic acquired resistance through regulation by nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1. Moreover, outer membrane vesicles released from Pseudomonas fluorescens also elicit a broad spectrum of immune responses, presenting a rapid viable alternative to whole cells. Thus, PFPC can help the host to maintain an equilibrium between growth and immunity, ultimately leads to increased crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nalini Easwaran
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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2
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Seo H, Kim JH, Lee SM, Lee SW. The Plant-Associated Flavobacterium: A Hidden Helper for Improving Plant Health. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 40:251-260. [PMID: 38835296 PMCID: PMC11162857 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.rw.01.2024.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Flavobacterium is a genus within the phylum Bacteroidota that remains relatively unexplored. Recent analyses of plant microbiota have identified the phylum Bacteroidota as a major bacterial group in the plant rhizosphere. While Flavobacterium species within the phylum Bacteroidota have been recognized as pathogens in the aquatic habitats, microbiome analysis and the characterization of novel Flavobacterium species have indicated the great diversity and potential of their presence in various environments. Many Flavobacterium species have positively contribute to plant health and development, including growth promotion, disease control, and tolerance to abiotic stress. Despite the well-described beneficial interactions of the Flavobacterium species with plants, the molecular mechanisms and bacterial determinants underlying these interactions remain unclear. To broaden our understanding of the genus Flavobacterium's role in plant health, we review the recent studies focusing on their ecological niche, functional roles, and determinants in plant-beneficial interactions. Additionally, this review discusses putative mechanisms explaining the interactions between plants and Flavobacterium. We have also introduced the importance of future research on Flavobacterium spp. and its potential applications in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojun Seo
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Ju Hui Kim
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Sang-Moo Lee
- Institute of Agricultural Life Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Seon-Woo Lee
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
- Institute of Agricultural Life Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
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3
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Liu Y, Lam DMK, Luan M, Zheng W, Ai H. Recent development of oral vaccines (Review). Exp Ther Med 2024; 27:223. [PMID: 38590568 PMCID: PMC11000446 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2024.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral immunization can elicit an effective immune response and immune tolerance to specific antigens. When compared with the traditional injection route, delivering antigens via the gastrointestinal mucosa offers superior immune effects and compliance, as well as simplicity and convenience, making it a more optimal route for immunization. At present, various oral vaccine delivery systems exist. Certain modified bacteria, such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli and particularly Lactobacillus, are considered promising carriers for oral vaccines. These carriers can significantly enhance immunization efficiency by actively replicating in the intestinal tract following oral administration. The present review provided a discussion of the main mechanisms of oral immunity and the research progress made in the field of oral vaccines. Additionally, it introduced the advantages and disadvantages of the currently more commonly administered injectable COVID-19 vaccines, alongside the latest advancements in this area. Furthermore, recent developments in oral vaccines are summarized, and their potential benefits and side effects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Follicular Development and Reproductive Health in Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, P.R. China
| | | | - Mei Luan
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, P.R. China
| | - Wenfu Zheng
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Lab for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for NanoScience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Hao Ai
- Key Laboratory of Follicular Development and Reproductive Health in Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121000, P.R. China
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4
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Muñoz-Echeverri LM, Benavides-López S, Geiger O, Trujillo-Roldán MA, Valdez-Cruz NA. Bacterial extracellular vesicles: biotechnological perspective for enhanced productivity. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:174. [PMID: 38642254 PMCID: PMC11032300 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-03963-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) are non-replicative nanostructures released by Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as a survival mechanism and inter- and intraspecific communication mechanism. Due to BEVs physical, biochemical, and biofunctional characteristics, there is interest in producing and using them in developing new therapeutics, vaccines, or delivery systems. However, BEV release is typically low, limiting their application. Here, we provide a biotechnological perspective to enhance BEV production, highlighting current strategies. The strategies include the production of hypervesiculating strains through gene modification, bacteria culture under stress conditions, and artificial vesicles production. We discussed the effect of these production strategies on BEVs types, morphology, composition, and activity. Furthermore, we summarized general aspects of BEV biogenesis, functional capabilities, and applications, framing their current importance and the need to produce them in abundance. This review will expand the knowledge about the range of strategies associated with BEV bioprocesses to increase their productivity and extend their application possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Muñoz-Echeverri
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México AP. 70228, Ciudad de México, C.P. 04510, México
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Unidad de Posgrado, Edificio D, 1° Piso, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán CDMX, C.P. 04510, México
| | - Santiago Benavides-López
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México AP. 70228, Ciudad de México, C.P. 04510, México
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Unidad de Posgrado, Edificio B, 1° Piso, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán CDMX, C.P. 04510, México
| | - Otto Geiger
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad s/n, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP 62210, México
| | - Mauricio A Trujillo-Roldán
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México AP. 70228, Ciudad de México, C.P. 04510, México
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 Carretera, Tijuana-Ensenada, Baja California, 22860, México
| | - Norma A Valdez-Cruz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México AP. 70228, Ciudad de México, C.P. 04510, México.
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 Carretera, Tijuana-Ensenada, Baja California, 22860, México.
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5
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Wu Y, Wang S, Wang P, Nie W, Ahmad I, Sarris PF, Chen G, Zhu B. Suppression of host plant defense by bacterial small RNAs packaged in outer membrane vesicles. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100817. [PMID: 38217288 PMCID: PMC11009154 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Noncoding small RNAs (sRNAs) packaged in bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) function as novel mediators of interspecies communication. While the role of bacterial sRNAs in enhancing virulence is well established, the role of sRNAs in the interaction between OMVs from phytopathogenic bacteria and their host plants remains unclear. In this study, we employ RNA sequencing to characterize differentially packaged sRNAs in OMVs of the phytopathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc). Our candidate sRNA (Xosr001) was abundant in OMVs and involved in the regulation of OsJMT1 to impair host stomatal immunity. Xoc loads Xosr001 into OMVs, which are specifically ttransferred into the mechanical tissues of rice leaves. Xosr001 suppresses OsJMT1 transcript accumulation in vivo, leading to a reduction in MeJA accumulation in rice leaves. Furthermore, the application of synthesized Xosr001 sRNA to the leaves of OsJMT1-HA-OE transgenic line results in the suppression of OsJMT1 expression by Xosr001. Notably, the OsJMT1-HA-OE transgenic line exhibited attenuated stomatal immunity and disease susceptibility upon infection with ΔXosr001 compared to Xoc. These results suggest that Xosr001 packaged in Xoc OMVs functions to suppress stomatal immunity in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Shanghai Cooperative Innovation Center for Modern Seed Industry, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sai Wang
- Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Shanghai Cooperative Innovation Center for Modern Seed Industry, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peihong Wang
- Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Shanghai Cooperative Innovation Center for Modern Seed Industry, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhan Nie
- Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Shanghai Cooperative Innovation Center for Modern Seed Industry, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Iftikhar Ahmad
- Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Shanghai Cooperative Innovation Center for Modern Seed Industry, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari-Campus, Vehari 61100, Pakistan
| | | | - Gongyou Chen
- Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Shanghai Cooperative Innovation Center for Modern Seed Industry, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Bo Zhu
- Shanghai Yangtze River Delta Eco-Environmental Change and Management Observation and Research Station, Shanghai Cooperative Innovation Center for Modern Seed Industry, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Chongqing Research Institute, Shanghai, China.
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6
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Zhang J, Pan L, Xu W, Yang H, He F, Ma J, Bai L, Zhang Q, Zhou Q, Gao H. Extracellular vesicles in plant-microbe interactions: Recent advances and future directions. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 341:111999. [PMID: 38307350 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.111999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed nanoparticles that have a crucial role in mediating intercellular communication in mammals by facilitating the transport of proteins and small RNAs. However, the study of plant EVs has been limited for a long time due to insufficient isolation and detection methods. Recent research has shown that both plants and plant pathogens can release EVs, which contain various bioactive molecules like proteins, metabolites, lipids, and small RNAs. These EVs play essential roles in plant-microbe interactions by transferring these bioactive molecules across different kingdoms. Additionally, it has been discovered that EVs may contribute to symbiotic communication between plants and pathogens. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the pivotal roles played by EVs in mediating interactions between plants and microbes, including pathogenic fungi, bacteria, viruses, and symbiotic pathogens. We highlight the potential of EVs in transferring immune signals between plant cells and facilitating the exchange of active substances between different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsong Zhang
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China; College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Liying Pan
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China
| | - Wenjie Xu
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China
| | - Hongchao Yang
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China
| | - Fuge He
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China
| | - Jianfeng Ma
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China
| | - Linlin Bai
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China
| | - Qingchen Zhang
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China
| | - Qingfeng Zhou
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China
| | - Hang Gao
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China.
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7
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Roy Chowdhury M, Massé E. New Perspectives on Crosstalks Between Bacterial Regulatory RNAs from Outer Membrane Vesicles and Eukaryotic Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2741:183-194. [PMID: 38217654 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3565-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Regulatory small RNAs (sRNAs) help the bacteria to survive harsh environmental conditions by posttranscriptional regulation of genes involved in various biological pathways including stress responses, homeostasis, and virulence. These sRNAs can be found carried by different membrane-bound vesicles like extracellular vesicles (EVs), membrane vesicles (MVs), or outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). OMVs provide myriad functions in bacterial cells including carrying a cargo of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids including sRNAs. A few interesting studies have shown that these sRNAs can be transported to the host cell by membrane vesicles and can regulate the host immune system. Although there is evidence that sRNAs can be exported to host cells and sometimes can even cross the blood-brain barrier, the exact mechanism is still unknown. In this review, we investigated the new techniques implemented in various studies, to elucidate the crosstalks between bacterial cells and human immune systems by membrane vesicles carrying bacterial regulatory sRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Biochemistry and Functional Genomics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Eric Massé
- Department of Biochemistry and Functional Genomics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
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8
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Jiménez‐Guerrero I, López‐Baena FJ, Borrero‐de Acuña JM, Pérez‐Montaño F. Membrane vesicle engineering with "à la carte" bacterial-immunogenic molecules for organism-free plant vaccination. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:2223-2235. [PMID: 37530752 PMCID: PMC10686165 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The United Nations heralds a world population exponential increase exceeding 9.7 billion by 2050. This poses the challenge of covering the nutritional needs of an overpopulated world by the hand of preserving the environment. Extensive agriculture practices harnessed the employment of fertilizers and pesticides to boost crop productivity and prevent economic and harvest yield losses attributed to plagues and diseases. Unfortunately, the concomitant hazardous effects stemmed from such agriculture techniques are cumbersome, that is, biodiversity loss, soils and waters contaminations, and human and animal poisoning. Hence, the so-called 'green agriculture' research revolves around designing novel biopesticides and plant growth-promoting bio-agents to the end of curbing the detrimental effects. In this field, microbe-plant interactions studies offer multiple possibilities for reshaping the plant holobiont physiology to its benefit. Along these lines, bacterial extracellular membrane vesicles emerge as an appealing molecular tool to capitalize on. These nanoparticles convey a manifold of molecules that mediate intricate bacteria-plant interactions including plant immunomodulation. Herein, we bring into the spotlight bacterial extracellular membrane vesicle engineering to encase immunomodulatory effectors into their cargo for their application as biocontrol agents. The overarching goal is achieving plant priming by deploying its innate immune responses thereby preventing upcoming infections.
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9
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Subha D, AnuKiruthika R, Sreeraj H, Tamilselvi KS. Plant exosomes: nano conveyors of pathogen resistance. DISCOVER NANO 2023; 18:146. [PMID: 38032422 PMCID: PMC10689327 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-023-03931-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The entry of a pathogen into a plant host is a complex process involving multiple steps. Survival techniques from the pathogen and the defense mechanisms of the plant lead to a plethora of molecular interactions during the operation. Plant extracellular vesicles, especially the exosomes in the size range of 50-150 nm play a crucial role in plant defense. They act as signalosomes capable of transporting bioactive lipids, proteins, RNA and metabolites between the host and the pathogen. Recent research works have revealed that anti-microbial compounds, stress response proteins and small RNA are among the contents of these extracellular vesicles. The current review article analyses the cruciality of the cross-talk between the host and the pathogen organized through trafficking of small RNA via exosomes towards RNA induced gene silencing in the pathogenic organisms. Recent studies have shown that extracellular vesicles released by both plants and the pathogens, play a crucial role in cross-kingdom communication, thereby regulating the host response and contributing to plant immunity. An in-depth understanding of the mechanism by which the EVs mediate this inter-species and cross-kingdom regulation is currently needed to develop sustainable plant-protection strategies. The review highlights on the latest advances in understanding the role of EVs in establishing host-pathogen relationship, modulating plant immunity and approaches for how these findings can be developed into innovative strategies for crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Subha
- Department of Biotechnology, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Coimbatore, India.
| | - R AnuKiruthika
- Department of Botany, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Coimbatore, India
| | - Harsha Sreeraj
- Department of Botany, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Coimbatore, India
| | - K S Tamilselvi
- Department of Botany, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Coimbatore, India.
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10
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Hicks E, Rogers NMK, Hendren CO, Kuehn MJ, Wiesner MR. Extracellular Vesicles and Bacteriophages: New Directions in Environmental Biocolloid Research. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:16728-16742. [PMID: 37898880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
There is a long-standing appreciation among environmental engineers and scientists regarding the importance of biologically derived colloidal particles and their environmental fate. This interest has been recently renewed in considering bacteriophages and extracellular vesicles, which are each poised to offer engineers unique insights into fundamental aspects of environmental microbiology and novel approaches for engineering applications, including advances in wastewater treatment and sustainable agricultural practices. Challenges persist due to our limited understanding of interactions between these nanoscale particles with unique surface properties and their local environments. This review considers these biological particles through the lens of colloid science with attention given to their environmental impact and surface properties. We discuss methods developed for the study of inert (nonbiological) particle-particle interactions and the potential to use these to advance our understanding of the environmental fate and transport of extracellular vesicles and bacteriophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Hicks
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Nicholas M K Rogers
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Porter School of Earth and Environmental Studies, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Christine Ogilvie Hendren
- Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Research Institute for Environment, Energy and Economics, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina 28608, United States
| | - Meta J Kuehn
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Mark R Wiesner
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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11
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Zong R, Ruan H, Liu C, Fan S, Li J. Bacteria and Bacterial Components as Natural Bio-Nanocarriers for Drug and Gene Delivery Systems in Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2490. [PMID: 37896250 PMCID: PMC10610331 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria and bacterial components possess multifunctional properties, making them attractive natural bio-nanocarriers for cancer diagnosis and targeted treatment. The inherent tropic and motile nature of bacteria allows them to grow and colonize in hypoxic tumor microenvironments more readily than conventional therapeutic agents and other nanomedicines. However, concerns over biosafety, limited antitumor efficiency, and unclear tumor-targeting mechanisms have restricted the clinical translation and application of natural bio-nanocarriers based on bacteria and bacterial components. Fortunately, bacterial therapies combined with engineering strategies and nanotechnology may be able to reverse a number of challenges for bacterial/bacterial component-based cancer biotherapies. Meanwhile, the combined strategies tend to enhance the versatility of bionanoplasmic nanoplatforms to improve biosafety and inhibit tumorigenesis and metastasis. This review summarizes the advantages and challenges of bacteria and bacterial components in cancer therapy, outlines combinatorial strategies for nanocarriers and bacterial/bacterial components, and discusses their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shaohua Fan
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
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12
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Arora S, Babele PK, Jha PN. Biochemical and metabolic signatures are fundamental to drought adaptation in PGPR Enterobacter bugandensis WRS7. Mol Omics 2023; 19:640-652. [PMID: 37338418 DOI: 10.1039/d3mo00051f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Drought alone causes more annual loss in crop yield than the sum of all other environmental stresses. There is growing interest in harnessing the potential of stress-resilient PGPR in conferring plant resistance and enhancing crop productivity in drought-affected agroecosystems. A detailed understanding of the complex physiological and biochemical responses will open up the avenues to stress adaptation mechanisms of PGPR communities under drought. It will pave the way for rhizosphere engineering through metabolically engineered PGPR. Therefore, to reveal the physiological and metabolic networks in response to drought-mediated osmotic stress, we performed biochemical analyses and applied untargeted metabolomics to investigate the stress adaptation mechanisms of a PGPR Enterobacter bugendensis WRS7 (Eb WRS7). Drought caused oxidative stress and resulted in slower growth rates in Eb WRS7. However, Eb WRS7 could tolerate drought stress and did not show changes in cell morphology under stress conditions. Overproduction of ROS caused lipid peroxidation (increment in MDA) and eventually activated antioxidant systems and cell signalling cascades, which led to the accumulation of ions (Na+, K+, and Ca2+), osmolytes (proline, exopolysaccharides, betaine, and trehalose), and modulated lipid dynamics of the plasma membranes for osmosensing and osmoregulation, suggesting an osmotic stress adaption mechanism in PGPR Eb WRS7. Finally, GC-MS-based metabolite profiling and deregulated metabolic responses highlighted the role of osmolytes, ions, and intracellular metabolites in regulating Eb WRS7 metabolism. Our results suggest that understanding the role of metabolites and metabolic pathways can be exploited for future metabolic engineering of PGPR and developing bio inoculants for plant growth promotion under drought-affected agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Arora
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Piyoosh K Babele
- College of Agriculture, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi 284003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prabhat Nath Jha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India.
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13
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Rogers NMK, Hicks E, Kan C, Martin E, Gao L, Limso C, Hendren CO, Kuehn M, Wiesner MR. Characterizing the Transport and Surface Affinity of Extracellular Vesicles Isolated from Yeast and Bacteria in Well-Characterized Porous Media. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:13182-13192. [PMID: 37606695 PMCID: PMC10483924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bounded, nanosized particles, produced and secreted by all biological cell types. EVs are ubiquitous in the environment, operating in various roles including intercellular communication and plant immune modulation. Despite their ubiquity, the role of EV surface chemistry in determining transport has been minimally investigated. Using the zeta (ζ)-potential as a surrogate for surface charge, this work considers the deposition of EVs from the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and two bacterial species, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas fluorescens, in well-characterized porous medium under various background conditions shown to influence the transport of other environmental colloidal particles: ionic strength and humic acid concentration. The affinity of S. cerevisiae EVs for the porous medium (glass beads) appeared to be sensitive to changes in ionic strength, as predicted by colloid stability (Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek or DLVO) theory, and humic acid concentration, while P. fluorescens EVs deviated from DLVO predictions, suggesting that mechanisms other than charge stabilization may control the deposition of P. fluorescens. Calculations of attachment efficiency from these deposition studies were used to estimate EV transport using a clean-bed filtration model. Based on these calculations, EVs could be transported through such homogeneous porous media up to 15 m.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M. K. Rogers
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Porter School of Earth and Environmental
Studies, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ethan Hicks
- Center
for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Department of
Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke
University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Christopher Kan
- Department
of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Ethan Martin
- Department
of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Lijia Gao
- Department
of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Clariss Limso
- Department
of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical
Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Christine Ogilvie Hendren
- Department
of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Research Institute for Environment,
Energy and Economics, Appalachian State
University, Boone, North Carolina 28608, United States
| | - Meta Kuehn
- Department
of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical
Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Mark R. Wiesner
- Center
for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Department of
Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke
University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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14
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Singh S, Hu X, Dixelius C. Dynamics of nucleic acid mobility. Genetics 2023; 225:iyad132. [PMID: 37491977 PMCID: PMC10471207 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in sequencing technologies and bioinformatic analyses are accelerating the quantity and quality of data from all domains of life. This rich resource has the potential to reveal a number of important incidences with respect to possible exchange of nucleic acids. Ancient events have impacted species evolution and adaptation to new ecological niches. However, we still lack a full picture of processes ongoing within and between somatic cells, gametes, and different organisms. We propose that events linked to acceptance of alien nucleic acids grossly could be divided into 2 main routes in plants: one, when plants are exposed to extreme challenges and, the second level, a more everyday or season-related stress incited by biotic or abiotic factors. Here, many events seem to comprise somatic cells. Are the transport and acceptance processes of alien sequences random or are there specific regulatory systems not yet fully understood? Following entrance into a new cell, a number of intracellular processes leading to chromosomal integration and function are required. Modification of nucleic acids and possibly exchange of sequences within a cell may also occur. Such fine-tune events are most likely very common. There are multiple questions that we will discuss concerning different types of vesicles and their roles in nucleic acid transport and possible intracellular sequence exchange between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailja Singh
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnéan Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7080, Uppsala, SE-75007, Sweden
| | - Xinyi Hu
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnéan Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7080, Uppsala, SE-75007, Sweden
| | - Christina Dixelius
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnéan Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7080, Uppsala, SE-75007, Sweden
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15
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Janda M, Rybak K, Krassini L, Meng C, Feitosa-Junior O, Stigliano E, Szulc B, Sklenar J, Menke FL, Malone JG, Brachmann A, Klingl A, Ludwig C, Robatzek S. Biophysical and proteomic analyses of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 extracellular vesicles suggest adaptive functions during plant infection. mBio 2023; 14:e0358922. [PMID: 37366628 PMCID: PMC10470744 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03589-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesiculation is a process employed by Gram-negative bacteria to release extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the environment. EVs from pathogenic bacteria play functions in host immune modulation, elimination of host defenses, and acquisition of nutrients from the host. Here, we observed EV production of the bacterial speck disease causal agent, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto) DC3000, as outer membrane vesicle release. Mass spectrometry identified 369 proteins enriched in Pto DC3000 EVs. The EV samples contained known immunomodulatory proteins and could induce plant immune responses mediated by bacterial flagellin. Having identified two biomarkers for EV detection, we provide evidence for Pto DC3000 releasing EVs during plant infection. Bioinformatic analysis of the EV-enriched proteins suggests a role for EVs in antibiotic defense and iron acquisition. Thus, our data provide insights into the strategies this pathogen may use to develop in a plant environment. IMPORTANCE The release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the environment is ubiquitous among bacteria. Vesiculation has been recognized as an important mechanism of bacterial pathogenesis and human disease but is poorly understood in phytopathogenic bacteria. Our research addresses the role of bacterial EVs in plant infection. In this work, we show that the causal agent of bacterial speck disease, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, produces EVs during plant infection. Our data suggest that EVs may help the bacteria to adapt to environments, e.g., when iron could be limiting such as the plant apoplast, laying the foundation for studying the factors that phytopathogenic bacteria use to thrive in the plant environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Janda
- LMU Munich Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Katarzyna Rybak
- LMU Munich Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Krassini
- LMU Munich Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Chen Meng
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse, Freising, United Kingdom
| | | | - Egidio Stigliano
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Beata Szulc
- LMU Munich Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Sklenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Frank L.H. Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob G. Malone
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Brachmann
- LMU Munich Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Klingl
- LMU Munich Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Ludwig
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse, Freising, United Kingdom
| | - Silke Robatzek
- LMU Munich Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
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16
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Zhu J, Qiao Q, Sun Y, Xu Y, Shu H, Zhang Z, Liu F, Wang H, Ye W, Dong S, Wang Y, Ma Z, Wang Y. Divergent sequences of tetraspanins enable plants to specifically recognize microbe-derived extracellular vesicles. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4877. [PMID: 37573360 PMCID: PMC10423219 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40623-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important for cell-to-cell communication in animals. EVs also play important roles in plant-microbe interactions, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, proteomic analyses of EVs from the soybean (Glycine max) root rot pathogen Phytophthora sojae identify the tetraspanin family proteins PsTET1 and PsTET3, which are recognized by Nicotiana benthamiana to trigger plant immune responses. Both proteins are required for the full virulence of P. sojae. The large extracellular loop (EC2) of PsTET3 is the key region recognized by N. benthamiana and soybean cells in a plant receptor-like kinase NbSERK3a/b dependent manner. TET proteins from oomycete and fungal plant pathogens are recognized by N. benthamiana thus inducing immune responses, whereas plant-derived TET proteins are not due to the sequence divergence of sixteen amino acids at the C-terminal of EC2. This feature allows plants to distinguish self and non-self EVs to trigger active defense responses against pathogenic eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyi Zhu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Qiao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Yujing Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanpeng Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Haidong Shu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Haonan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), 210095, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), 210095, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), 210095, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenchuan Ma
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), 210095, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), 210095, Nanjing, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, China.
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17
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Hanifah NASB, Ghadamgahi F, Ghosh S, Ortiz R, Whisson SC, Vetukuri RR, Kalyandurg PB. Comparative transcriptome profiling provides insights into the growth promotion activity of Pseudomonas fluorescens strain SLU99 in tomato and potato plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1141692. [PMID: 37534284 PMCID: PMC10393259 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1141692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of biocontrol agents with plant growth-promoting activity has emerged as an approach to support sustainable agriculture. During our field evaluation of potato plants treated with biocontrol rhizobacteria, four bacteria were associated with increased plant height. Using two important solanaceous crop plants, tomato and potato, we carried out a comparative analysis of the growth-promoting activity of the four bacterial strains: Pseudomonas fluorescens SLU99, Serratia plymuthica S412, S. rubidaea AV10, and S. rubidaea EV23. Greenhouse and in vitro experiments showed that P. fluorescens SLU99 promoted plant height, biomass accumulation, and yield of potato and tomato plants, while EV23 promoted growth in potato but not in tomato plants. SLU99 induced the expression of plant hormone-related genes in potato and tomato, especially those involved in maintaining homeostasis of auxin, cytokinin, gibberellic acid and ethylene. Our results reveal potential mechanisms underlying the growth promotion and biocontrol effects of these rhizobacteria and suggest which strains may be best deployed for sustainably improving crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Atilia Shafienaz binti Hanifah
- Department of Plant Breeding, Horticum, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lomma, Sweden
- Agrobiodiversity and Environment Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Farideh Ghadamgahi
- Department of Plant Breeding, Horticum, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lomma, Sweden
| | - Samrat Ghosh
- Department of Plant Breeding, Horticum, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lomma, Sweden
| | - Rodomiro Ortiz
- Department of Plant Breeding, Horticum, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lomma, Sweden
| | - Stephen C. Whisson
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ramesh R. Vetukuri
- Department of Plant Breeding, Horticum, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lomma, Sweden
| | - Pruthvi B. Kalyandurg
- Department of Plant Breeding, Horticum, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lomma, Sweden
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18
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Menon R, Khanipov K, Radnaa E, Ganguly E, Bento GFC, Urrabaz-Garza R, Kammala AK, Yaklic J, Pyles R, Golovko G, Tantengco OAG. Amplification of microbial DNA from bacterial extracellular vesicles from human placenta. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1213234. [PMID: 37520380 PMCID: PMC10374210 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1213234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The placenta is essential for fetal growth and survival and maintaining a successful pregnancy. The sterility of the placenta has been challenged recently; however, the presence of a placental microbiome has been controversial. We tested the hypothesis that the bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) from Gram-negative bacteria as an alternate source of microbial DNA, regardless of the existence of a microbial community in the placenta. Methods Placentae from the term, not in labor Cesareans deliveries, were used for this study, and placental specimens were sampled randomly from the fetal side. We developed a protocol for the isolation of BEVs from human tissues and this is the first study to isolate the BEVs from human tissue and characterize them. Results The median size of BEVs was 130-140 nm, and the mean concentration was 1.8-5.5 × 1010 BEVs/g of the wet placenta. BEVs are spherical and contain LPS and ompA. Western blots further confirmed ompA but not human EVs markers ALIX confirming the purity of preparations. Taxonomic abundance profiles showed BEV sequence reads above the levels of the negative controls (all reagent controls). In contrast, the sequence reads in the same placenta were substantially low, indicating nothing beyond contamination (low biomass). Alpha-diversity showed the number of detected genera was significantly higher in the BEVs than placenta, suggesting BEVs as a likely source of microbial DNA. Beta-diversity further showed significant overlap in the microbiome between BEV and the placenta, confirming that BEVs in the placenta are likely a source of microbial DNA in the placenta. Uptake studies localized BEVs in maternal (decidual) and placental cells (cytotrophoblast), confirming their ability to enter these cells. Lastly, BEVs significantly increased inflammatory cytokine production in THP-1 macrophages in a high-dose group but not in the placental or decidual cells. Conclusion We conclude that the BEVs are normal constituents during pregnancy and likely reach the placenta through hematogenous spread from maternal body sites that harbor microbiome. Their presence may result in a low-grade localized inflammation to prime an antigen response in the placenta; however, insufficient to cause a fetal inflammatory response and adverse pregnancy events. This study suggests that BEVs can confound placental microbiome studies, but their low biomass in the placenta is unlikely to have any immunologic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkumar Menon
- Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Kamil Khanipov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Enkhtuya Radnaa
- Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Esha Ganguly
- Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Giovana Fernanda Cosi Bento
- Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Rheanna Urrabaz-Garza
- Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Ananth Kumar Kammala
- Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Jerome Yaklic
- Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Richard Pyles
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - George Golovko
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Ourlad Alzeus G. Tantengco
- Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
- Department of Biology, College of Science, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines
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19
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Cai Q, Halilovic L, Shi T, Chen A, He B, Wu H, Jin H. Extracellular vesicles: cross-organismal RNA trafficking in plants, microbes, and mammalian cells. EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES AND CIRCULATING NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 4:262-282. [PMID: 37575974 PMCID: PMC10419970 DOI: 10.20517/evcna.2023.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed nanometer-scale particles that transport biological materials such as RNAs, proteins, and metabolites. EVs have been discovered in nearly all kingdoms of life as a form of cellular communication across different cells and between interacting organisms. EV research has primarily focused on EV-mediated intra-organismal transport in mammals, which has led to the characterization of a plethora of EV contents from diverse cell types with distinct and impactful physiological effects. In contrast, research into EV-mediated transport in plants has focused on inter-organismal interactions between plants and interacting microbes. However, the overall molecular content and functions of plant and microbial EVs remain largely unknown. Recent studies into the plant-pathogen interface have demonstrated that plants produce and secrete EVs that transport small RNAs into pathogen cells to silence virulence-related genes. Plant-interacting microbes such as bacteria and fungi also secrete EVs which transport proteins, metabolites, and potentially RNAs into plant cells to enhance their virulence. This review will focus on recent advances in EV-mediated communications in plant-pathogen interactions compared to the current state of knowledge of mammalian EV capabilities and highlight the role of EVs in cross-kingdom RNA interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Lida Halilovic
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92507, United States
| | - Ting Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Angela Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92507, United States
| | - Baoye He
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92507, United States
| | - Huaitong Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92507, United States
| | - Hailing Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92507, United States
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20
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Rogers NMK, McCumber AW, McMillan HM, McNamara RP, Dittmer DP, Kuehn MJ, Hendren CO, Wiesner MR. Comparative electrokinetic properties of extracellular vesicles produced by yeast and bacteria. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 225:113249. [PMID: 36905832 PMCID: PMC10085849 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized, biocolloidal proteoliposomes that have been shown to be produced by all cell types studied to date and are ubiquitous in the environment. Extensive literature on colloidal particles has demonstrated the implications of surface chemistry on transport behavior. Hence, one may anticipate that physicochemical properties of EVs, particularly surface charge-associated properties, may influence EV transport and specificity of interactions with surfaces. Here we compare the surface chemistry of EVs as expressed by zeta potential (calculated from electrophoretic mobility measurements). The zeta potentials of EVs produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens, Staphylococcus aureus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were largely unaffected by changes in ionic strength and electrolyte type, but were affected by changes in pH. The addition of humic acid altered the calculated zeta potential of the EVs, especially for those from S. cerevisiae. Differences in zeta potential were compared between EVs and their respective parent cell with no consistent trend emerging; however, significant differences were discovered between the different cell types and their EVs. These findings imply that, while EV surface charge (as estimated from zeta potential) is relatively insensitive to the evaluated environmental conditions, EVs from different organisms can differ regarding which conditions will cause colloidal instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M K Rogers
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Porter School of Earth and Environmental Studies, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Alexander W McCumber
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hannah M McMillan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ryan P McNamara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dirk P Dittmer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Meta J Kuehn
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christine Ogilvie Hendren
- Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA; Research Institute for Environment, Energy and Economics, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
| | - Mark R Wiesner
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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21
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Wang Z, Zeng J, Deng J, Hou X, Zhang J, Yan W, Cai Q. Pathogen-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Emerging Mediators of Plant-Microbe Interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:218-227. [PMID: 36574017 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-22-0162-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-enclosed nanoparticles that deliver bioactive proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and other small molecules from donor to recipient cells. They have attracted significant interest recently due to their important roles in regulating plant-microbe interaction. During microbial infection, plant EVs play a prominent role in defense by delivering small regulatory RNA into pathogens, resulting in the silencing of pathogen virulence genes. Pathogens also deliver small RNAs into plant cells to silence host immunity genes. Recent evidence indicates that microbial EVs may be involved in pathogenesis and host immunity modulation by transporting RNAs and other biomolecules. However, the biogenesis and function of microbial EVs in plant-microbe interaction remain ill-defined. In this review, we discuss various aspects of microbial EVs, with a particular focus on current methods for EV isolation, composition, biogenesis, and their roles in plant-microbe interaction. We also discussed the potential role of microbial EVs in cross-kingdom RNA trafficking from pathogens to plants, as it is a highly likely possibility to explore in the future. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jiayue Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jiliang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiangjie Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jiefu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Qiang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430072, China
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22
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Proteomic Profiling Reveals Distinct Bacterial Extracellular Vesicle Subpopulations with Possibly Unique Functionality. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0168622. [PMID: 36533919 PMCID: PMC9888257 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01686-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are 20- to 200-nm secreted packages of lipids, small molecules, and proteins that contribute to diverse bacterial processes. In plant systems, OMVs from pathogenic and beneficial strains elicit plant immune responses that inhibit seedling growth and protect against future pathogen challenge. Previous studies of OMV-plant interactions suggest functionally important differences in the protein composition of Pseudomonas syringae and Pseudomonas fluorescens OMVs, and that their composition and activity differ as a result of medium culture conditions. Here, we show that plant apoplast-mimicking minimal medium conditions impact OMV protein content dramatically in P. syringae but not in P. fluorescens relative to complete medium conditions. Comparative, 2-way analysis of the four conditions reveals subsets of proteins that may contribute to OMV-mediated bacterial virulence and plant immune activation as well as those involved in bacterial stress tolerance or adaptation to a beneficial relationship with plants. Additional localization enrichment analysis of these subsets suggests the presence of outer-inner membrane vesicles (OIMVs). Collectively, these results reveal distinct differences in bacterial extracellular vesicle cargo and biogenesis routes from pathogenic and beneficial plant bacteria in different medium conditions and point to distinct populations of vesicles with diverse functional roles. IMPORTANCE Recent publications have shown that bacterial vesicles play important roles in interkingdom communication between bacteria and plants. Indeed, our recently published data reveal that bacterial vesicles from pathogenic and beneficial strains elicit immune responses in plants that protect against future pathogen challenge. However, the molecules underlying these striking phenomena remain unknown. Our recent work indicated that proteins packaged in vesicles are critically important for vesicle-mediated seedling growth inhibition, often considered an indirect measure of plant immune activation. In this study, we characterize the protein cargo of vesicles from Pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato DC3000 and Pseudomonas fluorescens from two different medium conditions and show that distinct subpopulations of vesicles contribute to bacterial virulence and stress tolerance. Furthermore, we reveal differences in how beneficial and pathogenic bacterial species respond to harsh environmental conditions through vesicle packaging. Importantly, we find that protein cargo implicates outer-inner membrane vesicles in bacterial stress responses, while outer membrane vesicles are packaged for virulence.
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Chalupowicz L, Mordukhovich G, Assoline N, Katsir L, Sela N, Bahar O. Bacterial outer membrane vesicles induce a transcriptional shift in arabidopsis towards immune system activation leading to suppression of pathogen growth in planta. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12285. [PMID: 36645092 PMCID: PMC9841551 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria form spherical blebs on their cell periphery, which later dissociate from the bacterial cell wall to form extracellular vesicles. These nano scale structures, known as outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), have been shown to promote infection and disease and can induce typical immune outputs in both mammal and plant hosts. To better understand the broad transcriptional change plants undergo following exposure to OMVs, we treated Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) seedlings with OMVs purified from the Gram-negative plant pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris and performed RNA-seq analysis on OMV- and mock-treated plants at 2, 6 and 24 h post challenge. The most pronounced transcriptional shift occurred at the first two time points tested, as reflected by the number of differentially expressed genes and the average fold change. OMVs induce a major transcriptional shift towards immune system activation, upregulating a multitude of immune-related pathways including a variety of immune receptors. Comparing the response of Arabidopsis to OMVs and to purified elicitors, revealed that OMVs induce a similar suite of genes and pathways as single elicitors, however, pathways activated by OMVs and not by other elicitors were detected. Pretreating Arabidopsis plants with OMVs and subsequently infecting with a bacterial pathogen led to a significant reduction in pathogen growth. Mutations in the plant elongation factor receptor (EFR), flagellin receptor (FLS2), or the brassinosteroid-insensitive 1-associated kinase (BAK1) co-receptor, did not significantly affect the immune priming effect of OMVs. All together these results show that OMVs induce a broad transcriptional shift in Arabidopsis leading to upregulation of multiple immune pathways, and that this transcriptional change may facilitate resistance to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Chalupowicz
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchAgricultural Research Organization – Volcani InstituteRishon LeZionIsrael
| | - Gideon Mordukhovich
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchAgricultural Research Organization – Volcani InstituteRishon LeZionIsrael
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and EnvironmentThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| | - Nofar Assoline
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchAgricultural Research Organization – Volcani InstituteRishon LeZionIsrael
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and EnvironmentThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| | - Leron Katsir
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchAgricultural Research Organization – Volcani InstituteRishon LeZionIsrael
| | - Noa Sela
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchAgricultural Research Organization – Volcani InstituteRishon LeZionIsrael
| | - Ofir Bahar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchAgricultural Research Organization – Volcani InstituteRishon LeZionIsrael
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Abstract
This review focuses on nonlytic outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), a subtype of bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) produced by Gram-negative organisms focusing on the mechanisms of their biogenesis, cargo, and function. Throughout, we highlight issues concerning the characterization of OMVs and distinguishing them from other types of BEVs. We also highlight the shortcomings of commonly used methodologies for the study of BEVs that impact the interpretation of their functionality and suggest solutions to standardize protocols for OMV studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon R. Carding
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Solis-Ortiz CS, Gonzalez-Bernal J, Kido-Díaz HA, Peña-Uribe CA, López-Bucio JS, López-Bucio J, Guevara-García ÁA, García-Pineda E, Villegas J, Campos-García J, Reyes de La Cruz H. Bacterial cyclodipeptides elicit Arabidopsis thaliana immune responses reducing the pathogenic effects of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 strains on plant development. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 275:153738. [PMID: 35690030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants being sessile organisms are exposed to various biotic and abiotic factors, thus causing stress. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterium is an opportunistic pathogen for animals, insects, and plants. Direct exposure of Arabidopsis thaliana to the P. aeruginosa PAO1 strain induces plant death by producing a wide variety of virulence factors, which are regulated mainly by quorum sensing systems. Besides virulence factors, P. aeruginosa PAO1 also produces cyclodipeptides (CDPs), which possess auxin-like activity and promote plant growth through activation of the target of the rapamycin (AtTOR) pathway. On the other hand, plant defense mechanisms are regulated through the production of phytohormones, such as salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA), which are induced in response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), activating defense genes associated with SA and JA such as PATHOGENESIS-RELATED-1 (PR-1) and LIPOXYGENASE2 (LOX2), respectively. PR proteins are suggested to play critical roles in coordinating the Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR). In contrast, LOX proteins (LOX2, LOX3, and LOX4) have been associated with the production of JA by producing its precursors, oxylipins. The activation of defense mechanisms involves signaling cascades such as Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) or the TOR pathway as a switch for re-directing energy towards defense or growth. In this work, we challenged A. thaliana (wild type, mpk6 or mpk3 mutants, and overexpressing TOR) seedlings with P. aeruginosa PAO1 strains to identify the role of bacterial CDPs in the plant immune response. Results showed that the pre-exposure of these Arabidopsis seedlings to CDPs significantly reduced plant infection of the pathogenic P. aeruginosa PAO1 strains, indicating that plants that over-express AtTOR or lack MPK3/MPK6 protein-kinases are more susceptible to the pathogenic effects. In addition, CDPs induced the GUS activity only in the LOX2::GUS plants, indicative of JA-signaling activation. Our findings indicate that the CDPs are molecules that trigger SA-independent and JA-dependent defense responses in A. thaliana; hence, bacterial CDPs may be considered elicitors of the Arabidopsis immune response to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristhian Said Solis-Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Javier Gonzalez-Bernal
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Héctor Antonio Kido-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Cesar Artuto Peña-Uribe
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Jesús Salvador López-Bucio
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - José López-Bucio
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo Vegetal, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | | | - Ernesto García-Pineda
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Javier Villegas
- Laboratorio de Interacción Suelo Planta Microorganismo, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Jesús Campos-García
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Microbiana, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
| | - Homero Reyes de La Cruz
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
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Rudnicka M, Noszczyńska M, Malicka M, Kasperkiewicz K, Pawlik M, Piotrowska-Seget Z. Outer Membrane Vesicles as Mediators of Plant-Bacterial Interactions. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:902181. [PMID: 35722319 PMCID: PMC9198584 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.902181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have co-evolved with diverse microorganisms that have developed different mechanisms of direct and indirect interactions with their host. Recently, greater attention has been paid to a direct “message” delivery pathway from bacteria to plants, mediated by the outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). OMVs produced by Gram-negative bacteria play significant roles in multiple interactions with other bacteria within the same community, the environment, and colonized hosts. The combined forces of innovative technologies and experience in the area of plant–bacterial interactions have put pressure on a detailed examination of the OMVs composition, the routes of their delivery to plant cells, and their significance in pathogenesis, protection, and plant growth promotion. This review synthesizes the available knowledge on OMVs in the context of possible mechanisms of interactions between OMVs, bacteria, and plant cells. OMVs are considered to be potential stimulators of the plant immune system, holding potential for application in plant bioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Rudnicka
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Magdalena Noszczyńska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Monika Malicka
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kasperkiewicz
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Pawlik
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Zofia Piotrowska-Seget
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
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27
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Zhou Q, Ma K, Hu H, Xing X, Huang X, Gao H. Extracellular vesicles: Their functions in plant-pathogen interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:760-771. [PMID: 34873812 PMCID: PMC9104264 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are rounded vesicles enclosed by a lipid bilayer membrane, released by eukaryotic cells and by bacteria. They carry various types of bioactive substances, including nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Depending on their cargo, EVs have a variety of well-studied functions in mammalian systems, including cell-to-cell communication, cancer progression, and pathogenesis. In contrast, EVs in plant cells (which have rigid walls) have received very little research attention for many decades. Increasing evidence during the past decade indicates that both plant cells and plant pathogens are able to produce and secrete EVs, and that such EVs play key roles in plant-pathogen interactions. Plant EVs contains small RNAs (sRNAs) and defence-related proteins, and may be taken up by pathogenic fungi, resulting in reduced virulence. On the other hand, EVs released by gram-negative bacteria contain a wide variety of effectors and small molecules capable of activating plant immune responses via pattern-recognition receptor- and BRI1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE- and SUPPRESSOR OF BIR1-mediated signalling pathways, and salicylic acid-dependent and -independent processes. The roles of EVs in plant-pathogen interactions are summarized in this review, with emphasis on important molecules (sRNAs, proteins) present in plant EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Zhou
- College of Biology and FoodShangqiu Normal UniversityShangqiuChina
| | - Kang Ma
- College of Biology and FoodShangqiu Normal UniversityShangqiuChina
| | - Huanhuan Hu
- School of Life Sciences and TechnologiesSanquan College of Xinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiangChina
| | - Xiaolong Xing
- College of Biology and FoodShangqiu Normal UniversityShangqiuChina
| | - Xuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education)Provincial Key Laboratory of BiotechnologyCollege of Life SciencesNorthwest UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Hang Gao
- College of Biology and FoodShangqiu Normal UniversityShangqiuChina
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28
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Li D, Li Z, Wu J, Tang Z, Xie F, Chen D, Lin H, Li Y. Analysis of Outer Membrane Vesicles Indicates That Glycerophospholipid Metabolism Contributes to Early Symbiosis Between Sinorhizobium fredii HH103 and Soybean. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:311-322. [PMID: 34978930 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-21-0288-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria can produce outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), and most functional studies of OMVs have been focused on mammalian-bacterial interactions. However, research on the OMVs of rhizobia is still limited. In this work, we isolated and purified OMVs from Sinorhizobium fredii HH103 under free-living conditions that were set as control (C-OMVs) and symbiosis-mimicking conditions that were induced by genistein (G-OMVs). The soybean roots treated with G-OMVs displayed significant deformation of root hairs. G-OMVs significantly induced the expression of nodulation genes related to early symbiosis, while they inhibited that of the defense genes of soybean. Proteomics analysis identified a total of 93 differential proteins between C-OMVs and G-OMVs, which are mainly associated with ribosome synthesis, flagellar assembly, two-component system, ABC transporters, oxidative phosphorylation, nitrogen metabolism, quorum sensing, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and peptidoglycan biosynthesis. A total of 45 differential lipids were identified through lipidomics analysis. Correlation analysis of OMV proteome and lipidome data revealed that glycerophospholipid metabolism is the enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes metabolic pathway, and the expression of phosphatidylserine decarboxylase was significantly up-regulated in G-OMVs. The changes in three lipids related to symbiosis in the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway were verified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Our results indicate that glycerophospholipid metabolism contributes to rhizobia-soybean symbiosis via OMVs.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongzhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhide Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuli Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Dasong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Youguo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
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29
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Extracellular vesicles from phytobacteria: Properties, functions and uses. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 58:107934. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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Fang Y, Wang Z, Liu X, Tyler BM. Biogenesis and Biological Functions of Extracellular Vesicles in Cellular and Organismal Communication With Microbes. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:817844. [PMID: 35250933 PMCID: PMC8895202 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.817844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent a prominent mechanism of transport and interaction between cells, especially microbes. Increasing evidence indicates that EVs play a key role in the physiological and pathological processes of pathogens and other symbionts. Recent research has focused on the specific functions of these vesicles during pathogen-host interactions, including trans-kingdom delivery of small RNAs, proteins and metabolites. Much current research on the function of EVs is focused on immunity and the interactions of microbes with human cells, while the roles of EVs during plant-microbe interactions have recently emerged in importance. In this review, we summarize recent research on the biogenesis of these vesicles and their functions in biology and pathology. Many key questions remain unclear, including the full structural and functional diversity of EVs, the roles of EVs in communication among microbes within microbiomes, how specific cargoes are targeted to EVs, whether EVs are targeted to specific destinations, and the full scope of EVs’ transport of virulence effectors and of RNA and DNA molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xili Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xili Liu,
| | - Brett M. Tyler
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Brett M. Tyler,
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Remodeling of Lipid A in Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23041996. [PMID: 35216122 PMCID: PMC8876380 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas species infect a variety of organisms, including mammals and plants. Mammalian pathogens of the Pseudomonas family modify their lipid A during host entry to evade immune responses and to create an effective barrier against different environments, for example by removal of primary acyl chains, addition of phosphoethanolamine (P-EtN) to primary phosphates, and hydroxylation of secondary acyl chains. For Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (Pph) 1448A, an economically important pathogen of beans, we observed similar lipid A modifications by mass spectrometric analysis. Therefore, we investigated predicted proteomes of various plant-associated Pseudomonas spp. for putative lipid A-modifying proteins using the well-studied mammalian pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a reference. We generated isogenic mutant strains of candidate genes and analyzed their lipid A. We show that the function of PagL, LpxO, and EptA is generally conserved in Pph 1448A. PagL-mediated de-acylation occurs at the distal glucosamine, whereas LpxO hydroxylates the secondary acyl chain on the distal glucosamine. The addition of P-EtN catalyzed by EptA occurs at both phosphates of lipid A. Our study characterizes lipid A modifications in vitro and provides a useful set of mutant strains relevant for further functional studies on lipid A modifications in Pph 1448A.
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Tran TM, Chng CP, Pu X, Ma Z, Han X, Liu X, Yang L, Huang C, Miao Y. Potentiation of plant defense by bacterial outer membrane vesicles is mediated by membrane nanodomains. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:395-417. [PMID: 34791473 PMCID: PMC8846181 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are released from the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria during infection and modulate host immunity during host-pathogen interactions. The mechanisms by which OMVs are perceived by plants and affect host immunity are unclear. Here, we used the pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris to demonstrate that OMV-plant interactions at the Arabidopsis thaliana plasma membrane (PM) modulate various host processes, including endocytosis, innate immune responses, and suppression of pathogenesis by phytobacteria. The lipid phase of OMVs is highly ordered and OMVs directly insert into the Arabidopsis PM, thereby enhancing the plant PM's lipid order; this also resulted in strengthened plant defenses. Strikingly, the integration of OMVs into the plant PM is host nanodomain- and remorin-dependent. Using coarse-grained simulations of molecular dynamics, we demonstrated that OMV integration into the plant PM depends on the membrane lipid order. Our computational simulations further showed that the saturation level of the OMV lipids could fine-tune the enhancement of host lipid order. Our work unraveled the mechanisms underlying the ability of OMVs produced by a plant pathogen to insert into the host PM, alter host membrane properties, and modulate plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Minh Tran
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Choon-Peng Chng
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - Xiaoming Pu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Zhiming Ma
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Xiao Han
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Liang Yang
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Changjin Huang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459
- Author for correspondence: (Y.M.), (C.H.)
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
- Author for correspondence: (Y.M.), (C.H.)
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Çelik P, Derkuş B, Erdoğan K, Barut D, Manga EB, Yıldırım Y, Pecha S, Çabuk A. Bacterial membrane vesicle functions, laboratory methods, and applications. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107869. [PMID: 34793882 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial membrane vesicles are cupped-shaped structures formed by bacteria in response to environmental stress, genetic alteration, antibiotic exposure, and others. Due to the structural similarities shared with the producer organism, they can retain certain characteristics like stimulating immune responses. They are also able to carry molecules for long distances, without changes in the concentration and integrity of the molecule. Bacteria originally secrete membrane vesicles for gene transfer, excretion, cell to cell interaction, pathogenesis, and protection against phages. These functions are unique and have several innovative applications in the pharmaceutical industry that have attracted both scientific and commercial interest.This led to the development of efficient methods to artificially stimulate vesicle production, purification, and manipulation in the lab at nanoscales. Also, for specific applications, engineering methods to impart pathogen antigens against specific diseases or customization as cargo vehicles to deliver payloads to specific cells have been reported. Many applications of bacteria membrane vesicles are in cancer drugs, vaccines, and adjuvant development with several candidates in clinical trials showing promising results. Despite this, applications in therapy and commercialization stay timid probably due to some challenges one of which is the poor understanding of biogenesis mechanisms. Nevertheless, so far, bacterial membrane vesicles seem to be a reliable and cost-efficient technology with several therapeutic applications. Research toward characterizing more membrane vesicles, genetic engineering, and nanotechnology will enable the scope of applications to widen. This might include solutions to other currently faced medical and healthcare-related challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- PınarAytar Çelik
- Environmental Protection and Control Program, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir 26110, Turkey; Department of Biotechnology and Biosafety, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26040 Eskisehir, Turkey.
| | - Burak Derkuş
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kübra Erdoğan
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosafety, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26040 Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Dilan Barut
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosafety, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26040 Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Enuh Blaise Manga
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosafety, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26040 Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Yalın Yıldırım
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon Pecha
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart & Vascular Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ahmet Çabuk
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letter, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir 26040, Turkey
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McMillan HM, Kuehn MJ. The extracellular vesicle generation paradox: a bacterial point of view. EMBO J 2021; 40:e108174. [PMID: 34636061 PMCID: PMC8561641 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
All bacteria produce secreted vesicles that carry out a variety of important biological functions. These extracellular vesicles can improve adaptation and survival by relieving bacterial stress and eliminating toxic compounds, as well as by facilitating membrane remodeling and ameliorating inhospitable environments. However, vesicle production comes with a price. It is energetically costly and, in the case of colonizing pathogens, it elicits host immune responses, which reduce bacterial viability. This raises an interesting paradox regarding why bacteria produce vesicles and begs the question as to whether the benefits of producing vesicles outweigh their costs. In this review, we discuss the various advantages and disadvantages associated with Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial vesicle production and offer perspective on the ultimate score. We also highlight questions needed to advance the field in determining the role for vesicles in bacterial survival, interkingdom communication, and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M McMillan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyDuke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
| | - Meta J Kuehn
- Department of BiochemistryDuke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
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Maphosa S, Moleleki LN. Isolation and Characterization of Outer Membrane Vesicles of Pectobacterium brasiliense 1692. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1918. [PMID: 34576813 PMCID: PMC8469291 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectobacterium brasiliense (Pbr) 1692 is an aggressive phytopathogen affecting a broad host range of crops and ornamental plants, including potatoes. Previous research on animal pathogens, and a few plant pathogens, revealed that Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs) are part of Gram-negative bacteria's (GNB) adaptive toolkit. For this reason, OMV production and subsequent release from bacteria is a conserved process. Therefore, we hypothesized that OMVs might transport proteins that play a critical role in causing soft rot disease and in the survival and fitness of Pbr1692. Here, we show that the potato pathogen, Pbr1692, releases OMVs of various morphologies in Luria Bertani media at 31 °C. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) confirmed the production of OMVs by Pbr1692 cells. Transmission Electron Microscopy showed that these exist as chain-, single-, and double-membrane morphologies. Mass spectrometry followed by Gene Ontology, Clusters of Orthologous Groups, Virulence Factor, CAZymes, Antibiotic Resistance Ontology, and Bastion6 T6SE annotations identified 129 OMV-associated proteins with diverse annotated roles, including antibiotic stress response, virulence, and competition. Pbr1692 OMVs contributed to virulence in potato tubers and elicited a hypersensitive response in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Furthermore, Pbr1692 OMVs demonstrated antibacterial activity against Dickeya dadantii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silindile Maphosa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Lunnon Road, Pretoria 0028, South Africa;
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Lunnon Road, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Lucy Novungayo Moleleki
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Lunnon Road, Pretoria 0028, South Africa;
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Lunnon Road, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
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36
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Extracellular Vesicles in Teasing Apart Complex Plant-Microbiota Links: Implications for Microbiome-Based Biotechnology. mSystems 2021; 6:e0073421. [PMID: 34427504 PMCID: PMC8407194 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00734-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are subcellular carriers of bioactive compounds with a complex array of functional effects on target cells. In mammals, circulating bodily fluid microbiota EVs (mbEVs) deliver cargo from source cells and adversely or favorably alter the physiology of the same source, neighboring, and distant recipient cells in an autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine fashion, respectively. Plant mbEVs may similarly mediate these interactive effects within the holobiont framework. However, the majority of plant EV research has focused on a small number of individual microbes, thus failing to reflect the importance of EVs in a community and consequently leaving a wide gap in scientific knowledge. Addressing this gap should entail a systems-level approach that combines vesicle characterization with microbiome analyses. This would certainly usher in a new age in microbial biotechnology entailing EVs as a microbiome manipulation strategy, a biomarker for stable microbiomes, and a diagnostic tool for plant infectious diseases.
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McMillan HM, Rogers N, Wadle A, Hsu-Kim H, Wiesner MR, Kuehn MJ, Hendren CO. Microbial vesicle-mediated communication: convergence to understand interactions within and between domains of life. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:664-677. [PMID: 33899070 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00022e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
All cells produce extracellular vesicles (EVs). These biological packages contain complex mixtures of molecular cargo and have a variety of functions, including interkingdom communication. Recent discoveries highlight the roles microbial EVs may play in the environment with respect to interactions with plants as well as nutrient cycling. These studies have also identified molecules present within EVs and associated with EV surfaces that contribute to these functions. In parallel, studies of engineered nanomaterials have developed methods to track and model small particle behavior in complex systems and measure the relative importance of various surface features on transport and function. While studies of EV behavior in complex environmental conditions have not yet employed transdisciplinary approaches, it is increasingly clear that expertise from disparate fields will be critical to understand the role of EVs in these systems. Here, we outline how the convergence of biology, soil geochemistry, and colloid science can both develop and address questions surrounding the basic principles governing EV-mediated interkingdom interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M McMillan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nicholas Rogers
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Austin Wadle
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Heileen Hsu-Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Mark R Wiesner
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Meta J Kuehn
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA and Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Christine Ogilvie Hendren
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA and Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA.
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