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Rahman SM, Salem Y, Hussain A. Trips Through the Skin: Reviewing Cutaneous Drug Reactions to Psychedelics and Hallucinogens. Dermatitis 2024. [PMID: 38634840 DOI: 10.1089/derm.2023.0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Although psychedelic and hallucinogenic substances have gained popularity for therapeutic use, their dermatologic adverse effects are poorly characterized. This review characterizes the cutaneous reactions associated with psychedelic and hallucinogenic drugs. A review of PubMed and Scopus was conducted from the inception of databases to August 31, 2023. Search terms included drug names and classes (cannabis, MDMA, ecstasy, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, psychedelics, hallucinogens, peyote, marijuana, lysergic acid diethylamide, LSD, ketamine, dimethyltryptamine, DMT, phencyclidine, PCP, dextromethorphan, psilocybin, and ayahuasca), and dermatosis terms (dermatitis, contact dermatitis, drug eruption, skin reaction, and urticaria). Studies were included if there was an association with a psychedelic or hallucinogenic and any cutaneous reaction; studies without both components were excluded. Twenty-two studies met inclusion criteria, describing reactions to cannabis (10 studies), MDMA (5 studies), ketamine (4 studies), and psilocybin (3 studies). Forty total patients were included. Among cannabis-related reactions, the most common reaction was type I hypersensitivity by topical exposure (n = 21). Three patients reported type IV hypersensitivity reactions to contact with cannabis or cannabis-derived oils, all of whom experienced vesicular contact dermatitis. Two additional patients presented with an erythema-multiforme-like reaction and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis after systemic administration, respectively. MDMA was associated with acneiform eruptions (2 cases), an urticarial eruption, a guttate psoriasis-like reaction, a fixed drug eruption, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome (1 case). Four patients reported type I hypersensitivity reactions to ketamine. Four patients reported vesicular eruptions, cyanosis, or widespread jaundice to psilocybin. Of the cases, 8 patients had cutaneous reactions that resolved with drug cessation, 10 resolved with cessation plus treatment, and resolution in 7 cases was not reported. Zero studies were found describing other psychedelic or hallucinogenic compounds. Further research is required to characterize reactions and treatments linked to the variety of extant psychedelics and hallucinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Minhaj Rahman
- From the College of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Yousef Salem
- Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Aamir Hussain
- Galaria Plastic Surgery & Dermatology, LLC, Chantilly, Virginia, USA
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Loreto BBL, Sordi AO, de Castro MN, Ornell F, Guarnieri EP, Roza TH, Schuch JB, Cima MDS, Pechansky F, Grevet EH, Grassi-Oliveira R, von Diemen L, Kessler FHP. Proposing an integrative, dynamic and transdiagnostic model for addictions: dysregulation phenomena of the three main modes of the predostatic mind. Front Psychiatry 2024; 14:1298002. [PMID: 38274436 PMCID: PMC10808830 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1298002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Several theories have been proposed to explain the complex diagnostic aspects related to addiction disorders and their development. Recent frameworks tend to focus on dimensional perspectives of symptoms rather than categorical systems, since substance use disorders are frequently comorbid with other psychiatric and especially personality disorders. However, useful transdiagnostic models that could integrate clinical evaluation derived from neuroscientific theories are lacking. In the present manuscript, the authors propose a model based on a new paradigm, in an attempt to better explain this complex, multifaceted phenomenon. The new paradigm presupposes that emotions and behavior are a response to risk prediction. Individuals make choices and engage in actions to manage potential risks/rewards in order to seek or maintain homeostasis in their internal and external environments - a mechanism that the authors call predostatic (predictive mechanism with homeostatic purpose). The model considers three main modes of the predostatic mind: (1) Alarm Mode, activated by high and/or imminent risk prediction; (2) Seek Mode, activated by long-term risk or reward prediction; and (3) Balance Mode, a self-regulating state of mind related to low risk prediction, a soothing system and a calm state. Addiction is seen as a chronic dysregulation of organism systems leading to internalizing or externalizing phenomena mainly related to the Seek and Alarm Modes, which are persistently activated by reward and risk prediction, respectively, thus hindering Balance. Addiction neuroscience research has shown that chronic drug use or engagement in addictive behaviors can lead to neuroadaptations in the brain reward circuitry, disrupting normal balance and the regulation of reward processes. This dysregulation can contribute to persistent drug-seeking/addictive behaviors despite negative consequences. This newly proposed dynamic and integrative model, named dysregulation based on externalizing and internalizing phenomena of the three main modes of the predostatic mind (DREXI3), proposes six dysregulation dimensions with basic emotional and behavioral symptoms, such as neurophysiological alterations, impulsivity, compulsion, cognitive impairment/psychosis, mood, and anxiety/anger. In this paper, the authors explain the rationale behind DREXI3 and present some hypothetical clinical examples to better illustrate the use of the model in clinical practice. The development of this innovative model could possibly guide tailored treatment interventions in the addiction field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibiana Bolten Lucion Loreto
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Anne Orgler Sordi
- Addiction and Forensic Psychiatry Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Melina Nogueira de Castro
- Addiction and Forensic Psychiatry Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Felipe Ornell
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Pegoraro Guarnieri
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Jaqueline Bohrer Schuch
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcos da Silveira Cima
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Flavio Pechansky
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eugênio Horácio Grevet
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lisia von Diemen
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Felix Henrique Paim Kessler
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Leidl D, Takhar P, Li H. Prescription psychostimulants as a harm reduction and treatment intervention for methamphetamine use disorder and the implications for nursing clinical practice: A scoping review of the literature. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2023; 32:1225-1242. [PMID: 36978242 DOI: 10.1111/inm.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
The global rise in methamphetamine use and its negative effects warrants the need for research exploring harm reduction and treatment interventions for individuals with methamphetamine use disorder. Agonist medications have been utilized for years for the treatment of heroin and opioid addiction, but have yet to be incorporated into mainstream Canadian practice for methamphetamine dependence. This review aims to provide an overview of the current trends of prescription psychostimulant usage for individuals with methamphetamine use disorder from a Canadian perspective, identifies the barriers to accessing prescription psychostimulants for methamphetamine use disorder and highlights the nursing clinical practice implications in caring for individuals with the disorder. Discourse on the sustained abstinence and harm reduction debate is presented from the perspective of methamphetamine abuse is provided along with the neuropsychiatric complications of chronic methamphetamine use. The impacts of specific prescription psychostimulants on cognition are discussed as is the use of neuroimaging techniques to assess neuronal damage in methamphetamine users. Sign of toxicity, overdose and the contraindications for use of these prescription psychostimulants is also presented. The implications to nursing clinical practice in caring for this population is provided, touching on the clinical presentation of methamphetamine use, completing thorough assessment and screening and patient education. The findings of this review indicate the need for further research in this area exploring the benefits of prescription psychostimulants as a harm reduction and treatment intervention for the global problem of methamphetamine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Leidl
- College of Nursing, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Pearl Takhar
- College of Nursing, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Hua Li
- College of Nursing, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Potts HE, Lewandowski LJ, Lovett BJ. Identifying Feigned ADHD in College Students: Comparing the Multidimensional ADHD Rating Scale to Established Validity Measures. J Atten Disord 2022; 26:1622-1630. [PMID: 35466735 DOI: 10.1177/10870547221092095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is increased concern for malingering in ADHD evaluations due to presence of incentives such as accommodations and medications. Although several validity tests are available to classify malingering in non-ADHD populations, there is no test with proven effectiveness to detect feigned ADHD. This study investigated the ability of the MARS Symptom Validity Index 4 (MARS SV-index 4) and two published validity tests (the Word Memory Test [WMT] and Clinical Assessment of Attention Deficit-Adult [CAT-A] Infrequency scale) to detect malingered ADHD. METHOD The participants consisted of 68 young adults, 34 with ADHD. Participants completed the MARS, CAT-A, and WMT validity measures. RESULTS The MARS SV index-4 demonstrated higher sensitivity rates for simulated malingering (61.8%) at close to optimal specificity (88.2%) compared to two published tests (which had sensitivity <42% at specificity >90%). CONCLUSION The MARS shows good ability to detect feigned ADHD and appears to be useful for adult ADHD assessments.
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Phillips TJ, Aldrich SJ. Peri-adolescent exposure to (meth)amphetamine in animal models. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 161:1-51. [PMID: 34801166 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Experimentation with psychoactive drugs is often initiated in the peri-adolescent period, but knowledge of differences in the outcomes of peri-adolescent- vs adult-initiated exposure is incomplete. We consider the existing animal research in this area for (meth)amphetamines. Established for a number of phenotypes, is lower sensitivity of peri-adolescents than adults to acute effects of (meth)amphetamines, including neurotoxic effects of binge-level exposure. More variable are data for long-term consequences of peri-adolescent exposure on motivational and cognitive traits. Moreover, investigations often exclude an adult-initiated exposure group critical for answering questions about outcomes unique to peri-adolescent initiation. Despite this, it is clear from the animal research that (meth)amphetamine exposure during the peri-adolescent period, whether self- or other-administered, impacts brain motivational circuitry and cognitive function, and alters adult sensitivity to other drugs and natural rewards. Such consequences occurring in humans have the potential to predispose toward unfortunate and potentially disastrous family, social and livelihood outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Phillips
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States; Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States.
| | - S J Aldrich
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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Bahji A. Commentary on Stockings et al. (2019): The global amphetamine epidemic-a rising tide of mortality. Addiction 2019; 114:1751-1752. [PMID: 31321840 DOI: 10.1111/add.14739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anees Bahji
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.,Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Jouroukhin Y, Zhu X, Shevelkin AV, Hasegawa Y, Abazyan B, Saito A, Pevsner J, Kamiya A, Pletnikov MV. Adolescent Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Exposure and Astrocyte-Specific Genetic Vulnerability Converge on Nuclear Factor-κB-Cyclooxygenase-2 Signaling to Impair Memory in Adulthood. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 85:891-903. [PMID: 30219209 PMCID: PMC6525084 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although several studies have linked adolescent cannabis use to long-term cognitive dysfunction, there are negative reports as well. The fact that not all users develop cognitive impairment suggests a genetic vulnerability to adverse effects of cannabis, which are attributed to action of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), a cannabis constituent and partial agonist of brain cannabinoid receptor 1. As both neurons and glial cells express cannabinoid receptor 1, genetic vulnerability could influence Δ9-THC-induced signaling in a cell type-specific manner. METHODS Here we use an animal model of inducible expression of dominant-negative disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DN-DISC1) selectively in astrocytes to evaluate the molecular mechanisms, whereby an astrocyte genetic vulnerability could interact with adolescent Δ9-THC exposure to impair recognition memory in adulthood. RESULTS Selective expression of DN-DISC1 in astrocytes and adolescent treatment with Δ9-THC synergistically affected recognition memory in adult mice. Similar deficits in recognition memory were observed following knockdown of endogenous Disc1 in hippocampal astrocytes in mice treated with Δ9-THC during adolescence. At the molecular level, DN-DISC1 and Δ9-THC synergistically activated the nuclear factor-κB-cyclooxygenase-2 pathway in astrocytes and decreased immunoreactivity of parvalbumin-positive presynaptic inhibitory boutons around pyramidal neurons of the hippocampal CA3 area. The cognitive abnormalities were prevented in DN-DISC1 mice exposed to Δ9-THC by simultaneous adolescent treatment with the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, NS398. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that individual vulnerability to cannabis can be exclusively mediated by astrocytes. Results of this work suggest that genetic predisposition within astrocytes can exaggerate Δ9-THC-produced cognitive impairments via convergent inflammatory signaling, suggesting possible targets for preventing adverse effects of cannabis within susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jouroukhin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xiaolei Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alexey V Shevelkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yuto Hasegawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bagrat Abazyan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Atsushi Saito
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jonathan Pevsner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Atsushi Kamiya
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Mikhail V Pletnikov
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Zestos AG, Carpenter C, Kim Y, Low MJ, Kennedy RT, Gnegy ME. Ruboxistaurin Reduces Cocaine-Stimulated Increases in Extracellular Dopamine by Modifying Dopamine-Autoreceptor Activity. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:1960-1969. [PMID: 30384585 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine is a highly abused drug, and cocaine addiction affects millions of individuals worldwide. Cocaine blocks normal uptake function at the dopamine transporter (DAT), thus increasing extracellular dopamine. Currently, no chemical therapies are available to treat cocaine abuse. Previous works showed that the selective inhibitors of protein kinase Cβ (PKCβ), enzastaurin and ruboxistaurin, attenuate dopamine overflow and locomotion stimulated by another psychostimulant drug, amphetamine. We now test if ruboxistaurin similarly affects cocaine action. Perfusion of 1 μM ruboxistaurin directly into the core of the nucleus accumbens via retrodialysis reduced cocaine-stimulated increases in dopamine overflow, measured using microdialysis sampling, with simultaneous reductions in locomotor behavior. Because cocaine activity is highly regulated by dopamine autoreceptors, we examined whether ruboxistaurin was acting at the level of the D2 autoreceptor. Perfusion of 5 μM raclopride, a selective D2-like receptor antagonist, before addition of ruboxistaurin, abrogated the effect of ruboxistaurin on cocaine-stimulated dopamine overflow and hyperlocomotion. Further, ruboxistaurin was inactive against cocaine-stimulated locomotor activity in mice with a genetic deletion in D2 receptors as compared to wild-type mice. In contrast, blockade or deletion of dopamine D2 receptors did not abolish the attenuating effect of ruboxistaurin on amphetamine-stimulated activities. Therefore, the inhibition of PKCβ reduces dopamine overflow and locomotor activity stimulated by both cocaine and amphetamine, but the mechanism of action differs for each stimulant. These data suggest that inhibition of PKCβ would serve as a target to reduce the abuse of either amphetamine or cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Zestos
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University, Washington, D.C. 20016, United States
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Longitudinal patterns of amphetamine use from adolescence to adulthood: A latent class analysis of a 20-year prospective study of Australians. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 194:121-127. [PMID: 30419406 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To examine the longitudinal patterns of amphetamine use over twenty years from adolescence to the mid-thirties; and identify adolescent antecedents of future problematic patterns of use. DESIGN Ten-wave longitudinal study following participants from age 15 to age 35 in Victoria, Australia. Participants (N = 1755; 47% males) first enrolled in the Victoria Adolescent Health Cohort Study in 1992. MEASUREMENTS Outcome: Self-reported frequency of amphetamine use. PREDICTORS Gender, depression and anxiety, peer alcohol and tobacco use; self-reported alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use, self-reported adolescent antisocial behavior. FINDINGS Three different longitudinal patterns were identified: Non-user (83.7%); Occasional user (14.5%); Regular user (1.8%). Among the two user patterns, amphetamine use was commonly initiated in late teenage years or early 20s, peaked at mid-20s, and declined substantially by mid-30s. Participants who used cannabis and had smoking peers during adolescence were at significantly more likely to become an occasional or regular user (p < .05). CONCLUSION Regular cannabis use and peer tobacco use during adolescence were the two strongest predictors of a longitudinal pattern of regular amphetamine use in the mid-30s. This suggests that prevention programs could be implemented around or before mid-adolescence and interventions to reduce amphetamine harms focus on high-risk individuals in their 20s when amphetamine use was at its peak.
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Abstract
The molecular process of RNA editing allows changes in RNA transcripts that increase genomic diversity. These highly conserved RNA editing events are catalyzed by a group of enzymes known as adenosine deaminases acting on double-stranded RNA (ADARs). ADARs are necessary for normal development, they bind to over thousands of genes, impact millions of editing sites, and target critical components of the central nervous system (CNS) such as glutamate receptors, serotonin receptors, and potassium channels. Dysfunctional ADARs are known to cause alterations in CNS protein products and therefore play a role in chronic or acute neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases as well as CNS cancer. Here, we review how RNA editing deficiency impacts CNS function and summarize its role during disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Lorenzini
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Dignity Health, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Stephen Moore
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Dignity Health, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Rita Sattler
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurology, Dignityhealth St. Joseph's Hospital, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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