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Wang HY, Nguyen TP, Sternisha AC, Carroll CL, Cross B, Morlock L, Williams NS, McBrayer S, Nijhawan D, De Brabander JK. Discovery and Optimization of N-Arylated Tetracyclic Dicarboximides That Target Primary Glioma Stem-like Cells. J Med Chem 2024; 67:9277-9301. [PMID: 38804887 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
We recently discovered a novel N-aryl tetracyclic dicarboximide MM0299 (1) with robust activity against glioma stem-like cells that potently and selectively inhibits lanosterol synthase leading to the accumulation of the toxic shunt metabolite 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol. Herein, we delineate a systematic and comprehensive SAR study that explores the structural space surrounding the N-aryl tetracyclic dicarboximide scaffold. A series of 100 analogs were synthesized and evaluated for activity against the murine glioma stem-like cell line Mut6 and for metabolic stability in mouse liver S9 fractions. This study led to several analogs with single-digit nanomolar activity in Mut6 glioblastoma cells that were metabolically stable in S9 fractions. In vivo pharmacokinetic analysis of selected analogs identified compound 52a (IC50 = 63 nM; S9 T1/2 > 240 min) which was orally available (39% plasma; 58% brain) and displayed excellent brain exposure. Chronic oral dosing of 52a during a 2-week tolerability study indicated no adverse effect on body weight nor signs of hematologic, liver, or kidney toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Yu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Thu P Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Alex C Sternisha
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Christopher L Carroll
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Bethany Cross
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Lorraine Morlock
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Noelle S Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Samuel McBrayer
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Deepak Nijhawan
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Program in Molecular Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Jef K De Brabander
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
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Liu H, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Chen X, Pan S, Zhou Q, Ji H, Zhu X. TM7SF2-induced lipid reprogramming promotes cell proliferation and migration via CPT1A/Wnt/β-Catenin axis in cervical cancer cells. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:207. [PMID: 38693136 PMCID: PMC11063194 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01975-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer poses a serious threat to women's health globally. Our previous studies found that upregulation of TM7SF2, which works as an enzyme involved in the process of cholesterol biosynthesis expression, was highly correlated with cervical cancer. However, the mechanistic basis of TM7SF2 promoting cervical cancer progression via lipid metabolism remains poorly understood. Therefore, quantification of fatty acids and lipid droplets were performed in vitro and in vivo. The protein-protein interaction was verified by Co-IP technique. The mechanism and underlying signaling pathway of TM7SF2 via CPT1A associated lipid metabolism in cervical cancer development were explored using Western blotting, IHC, colony formation, transwell assay, and wound healing assay. This study reported that overexpression of TM7SF2 increased fatty acids content and lipid droplets both in vivo and in vitro experiments. While knockout of TM7SF2 obviously attenuated this process. Moreover, TM7SF2 directly bonded with CPT1A, a key enzyme in fatty acid oxidation, and regulated CPT1A protein expression in cervical cancer cells. Notably, the proliferation and metastasis of cervical cancer cells were elevated when their CPT1A expression was upregulated. Then, rescue assay identified that CPT1A overexpressed could enhance the cell viability and migration in TM7SF2-knockout cells. Furthermore, depletion of TM7SF2 significantly inhibited WNT and β-catenin proteins expression, which was enhanced by CPT1A-overexpressed. The proliferation and migration of cervical cancer cells were reversed in CPT1A-overexpressed cells with the treatment of MSAB, an inhibitor of Wnt/β-Catenin pathway. This study put forward an idea that TM7SF2-induced lipid reprogramming promotes proliferation and migration via CPT1A/Wnt/β-Catenin axis in cervical cancer, underlying the progression of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hejing Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yujia Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Shuya Pan
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Qingfeng Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Huihui Ji
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Xueqiong Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
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3
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Peeples ES, Mirnics K, Korade Z. Chemical Inhibition of Sterol Biosynthesis. Biomolecules 2024; 14:410. [PMID: 38672427 PMCID: PMC11048061 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential molecule of life, and its synthesis can be inhibited by both genetic and nongenetic mechanisms. Hundreds of chemicals that we are exposed to in our daily lives can alter sterol biosynthesis. These also encompass various classes of FDA-approved medications, including (but not limited to) commonly used antipsychotic, antidepressant, antifungal, and cardiovascular medications. These medications can interfere with various enzymes of the post-lanosterol biosynthetic pathway, giving rise to complex biochemical changes throughout the body. The consequences of these short- and long-term homeostatic disruptions are mostly unknown. We performed a comprehensive review of the literature and built a catalogue of chemical agents capable of inhibiting post-lanosterol biosynthesis. This process identified significant gaps in existing knowledge, which fall into two main areas: mechanisms by which sterol biosynthesis is altered and consequences that arise from the inhibitions of the different steps in the sterol biosynthesis pathway. The outcome of our review also reinforced that sterol inhibition is an often-overlooked mechanism that can result in adverse consequences and that there is a need to develop new safety guidelines for the use of (novel and already approved) medications with sterol biosynthesis inhibiting side effects, especially during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Peeples
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- Child Health Research Institute, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- Division of Neonatology, Children’s Nebraska, Omaha, NE 68114, USA
| | - Karoly Mirnics
- Child Health Research Institute, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Zeljka Korade
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- Child Health Research Institute, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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4
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Dorel R, Sun D, Carruthers N, Castanedo GM, Ung PMU, Factor DC, Li T, Baumann H, Janota D, Pang J, Salphati L, Meklemburg R, Korman AJ, Harper HE, Stubblefield S, Payandeh J, McHugh D, Lang BT, Tesar PJ, Dere E, Masureel M, Adams DJ, Volgraf M, Braun MG. Discovery and Optimization of Selective Brain-Penetrant EBP Inhibitors that Enhance Oligodendrocyte Formation. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 38470227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The inhibition of emopamil binding protein (EBP), a sterol isomerase within the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, promotes oligodendrocyte formation, which has been proposed as a potential therapeutic approach for treating multiple sclerosis. Herein, we describe the discovery and optimization of brain-penetrant, orally bioavailable inhibitors of EBP. A structure-based drug design approach from literature compound 1 led to the discovery of a hydantoin-based scaffold, which provided balanced physicochemical properties and potency and an improved in vitro safety profile. The long half-lives of early hydantoin-based EBP inhibitors in rodents prompted an unconventional optimization strategy, focused on increasing metabolic turnover while maintaining potency and a brain-penetrant profile. The resulting EBP inhibitor 11 demonstrated strong in vivo target engagement in the brain, as illustrated by the accumulation of EBP substrate zymostenol after repeated dosing. Furthermore, compound 11 enhanced the formation of oligodendrocytes in human cortical organoids, providing additional support for our therapeutic hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Dorel
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Dawei Sun
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Nicholas Carruthers
- Convelo Therapeutics, 11000 Cedar Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | | | - Peter M-U Ung
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Daniel C Factor
- Convelo Therapeutics, 11000 Cedar Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Tianbo Li
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hannah Baumann
- Convelo Therapeutics, 11000 Cedar Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Danielle Janota
- Convelo Therapeutics, 11000 Cedar Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Jodie Pang
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Laurent Salphati
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Robert Meklemburg
- Convelo Therapeutics, 11000 Cedar Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Allison J Korman
- Convelo Therapeutics, 11000 Cedar Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Halie E Harper
- Convelo Therapeutics, 11000 Cedar Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | | | - Jian Payandeh
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Daniel McHugh
- Convelo Therapeutics, 11000 Cedar Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Bradley T Lang
- Convelo Therapeutics, 11000 Cedar Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Paul J Tesar
- Convelo Therapeutics, 11000 Cedar Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Edward Dere
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Matthieu Masureel
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Drew J Adams
- Convelo Therapeutics, 11000 Cedar Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Matthew Volgraf
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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5
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Sun MA, Yang R, Liu H, Wang W, Song X, Hu B, Reynolds N, Roso K, Chen LH, Greer PK, Keir ST, McLendon RE, Cheng SY, Bigner DD, Ashley DM, Pirozzi CJ, He Y. Repurposing Clemastine to Target Glioblastoma Cell Stemness. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4619. [PMID: 37760589 PMCID: PMC10526458 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain tumor-initiating cells (BTICs) and tumor cell plasticity promote glioblastoma (GBM) progression. Here, we demonstrate that clemastine, an over-the-counter drug for treating hay fever and allergy symptoms, effectively attenuated the stemness and suppressed the propagation of primary BTIC cultures bearing PDGFRA amplification. These effects on BTICs were accompanied by altered gene expression profiling indicative of their more differentiated states, resonating with the activity of clemastine in promoting the differentiation of normal oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) into mature oligodendrocytes. Functional assays for pharmacological targets of clemastine revealed that the Emopamil Binding Protein (EBP), an enzyme in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, is essential for BTIC propagation and a target that mediates the suppressive effects of clemastine. Finally, we showed that a neural stem cell-derived mouse glioma model displaying predominantly proneural features was similarly susceptible to clemastine treatment. Collectively, these results identify pathways essential for maintaining the stemness and progenitor features of GBMs, uncover BTIC dependency on EBP, and suggest that non-oncology, low-toxicity drugs with OPC differentiation-promoting activity can be repurposed to target GBM stemness and aid in their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Sun
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (M.A.S.); (R.Y.); (H.L.); (W.W.); (N.R.); (K.R.); (L.H.C.); (P.K.G.); (S.T.K.); (R.E.M.); (D.D.B.); (D.M.A.)
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Pathology Graduate Program, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rui Yang
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (M.A.S.); (R.Y.); (H.L.); (W.W.); (N.R.); (K.R.); (L.H.C.); (P.K.G.); (S.T.K.); (R.E.M.); (D.D.B.); (D.M.A.)
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Heng Liu
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (M.A.S.); (R.Y.); (H.L.); (W.W.); (N.R.); (K.R.); (L.H.C.); (P.K.G.); (S.T.K.); (R.E.M.); (D.D.B.); (D.M.A.)
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Pathology Graduate Program, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Wenzhe Wang
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (M.A.S.); (R.Y.); (H.L.); (W.W.); (N.R.); (K.R.); (L.H.C.); (P.K.G.); (S.T.K.); (R.E.M.); (D.D.B.); (D.M.A.)
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xiao Song
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (X.S.); (B.H.); (S.-Y.C.)
| | - Bo Hu
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (X.S.); (B.H.); (S.-Y.C.)
| | - Nathan Reynolds
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (M.A.S.); (R.Y.); (H.L.); (W.W.); (N.R.); (K.R.); (L.H.C.); (P.K.G.); (S.T.K.); (R.E.M.); (D.D.B.); (D.M.A.)
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kristen Roso
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (M.A.S.); (R.Y.); (H.L.); (W.W.); (N.R.); (K.R.); (L.H.C.); (P.K.G.); (S.T.K.); (R.E.M.); (D.D.B.); (D.M.A.)
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lee H. Chen
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (M.A.S.); (R.Y.); (H.L.); (W.W.); (N.R.); (K.R.); (L.H.C.); (P.K.G.); (S.T.K.); (R.E.M.); (D.D.B.); (D.M.A.)
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Paula K. Greer
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (M.A.S.); (R.Y.); (H.L.); (W.W.); (N.R.); (K.R.); (L.H.C.); (P.K.G.); (S.T.K.); (R.E.M.); (D.D.B.); (D.M.A.)
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Stephen T. Keir
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (M.A.S.); (R.Y.); (H.L.); (W.W.); (N.R.); (K.R.); (L.H.C.); (P.K.G.); (S.T.K.); (R.E.M.); (D.D.B.); (D.M.A.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Roger E. McLendon
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (M.A.S.); (R.Y.); (H.L.); (W.W.); (N.R.); (K.R.); (L.H.C.); (P.K.G.); (S.T.K.); (R.E.M.); (D.D.B.); (D.M.A.)
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Shi-Yuan Cheng
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Simpson Querrey Institute for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (X.S.); (B.H.); (S.-Y.C.)
| | - Darell D. Bigner
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (M.A.S.); (R.Y.); (H.L.); (W.W.); (N.R.); (K.R.); (L.H.C.); (P.K.G.); (S.T.K.); (R.E.M.); (D.D.B.); (D.M.A.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David M. Ashley
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (M.A.S.); (R.Y.); (H.L.); (W.W.); (N.R.); (K.R.); (L.H.C.); (P.K.G.); (S.T.K.); (R.E.M.); (D.D.B.); (D.M.A.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Christopher J. Pirozzi
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (M.A.S.); (R.Y.); (H.L.); (W.W.); (N.R.); (K.R.); (L.H.C.); (P.K.G.); (S.T.K.); (R.E.M.); (D.D.B.); (D.M.A.)
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yiping He
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (M.A.S.); (R.Y.); (H.L.); (W.W.); (N.R.); (K.R.); (L.H.C.); (P.K.G.); (S.T.K.); (R.E.M.); (D.D.B.); (D.M.A.)
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Abstract
All mammalian cell membranes contain cholesterol to maintain membrane integrity. The transport of this hydrophobic lipid is mediated by lipoproteins. Cholesterol is especially enriched in the brain, particularly in synaptic and myelin membranes. Aging involves changes in sterol metabolism in peripheral organs and also in the brain. Some of those alterations have the potential to promote or to counteract the development of neurodegenerative diseases during aging. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of general principles of sterol metabolism in humans and mice, the most widely used model organism in biomedical research. We discuss changes in sterol metabolism that occur in the aged brain and highlight recent developments in cell type-specific cholesterol metabolism in the fast-growing research field of aging and age-related diseases, focusing on Alzheimer's disease. We propose that cell type-specific cholesterol handling and the interplay between cell types critically influence age-related disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesine Saher
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany;
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7
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Korade Z, Tallman KA, Kim HYH, Balog M, Genaro-Mattos TC, Pattnaik A, Mirnics K, Pattnaik AK, Porter NA. Dose-Response Effects of 7-Dehydrocholesterol Reductase Inhibitors on Sterol Profiles and Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Replication. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:1086-1096. [PMID: 36407960 PMCID: PMC9667548 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is ubiquitous in cells; it plays a critical role in membrane structure and transport as well as in intracellular trafficking processes. There are suggestions that cholesterol metabolism is linked to innate immunity with inhibitors of DHCR7, the last enzyme in the cholesterol pathway, suggested to have potential as viral therapeutics nearly a decade ago. In fact, there are a number of highly prescribed pharmaceuticals that are off-target inhibitors of DHCR7, causing increased cellular levels of 7-dehydrodesmosterol (7-DHD) and 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC). We report here dose-response studies of six such inhibitors on late-stage cholesterol biosynthesis in Neuro2a cells as well as their effect on infection of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Four of the test compounds are FDA-approved drugs (cariprazine, trazodone, metoprolol, and tamoxifen), one (ifenprodil) has been the object of a recent Phase 2b COVID trial, and one (AY9944) is an experimental compound that has seen extensive use as a DHCR7 inhibitor. The three FDA-approved drugs inhibit replication of a GFP-tagged VSV with efficacies that mirror their effect on DHCR7. Ifenprodil and AY9944 have complex inhibitory profiles, acting on both DHCR7 and DHCR14, while tamoxifen does not inhibit DHCR7 and is toxic to Neuro2a at concentrations where it inhibits the Δ7-Δ8 isomerase of the cholesterol pathway. VSV itself affects the sterol profile in Neuro2a cells, showing a dose-response increase of dehydrolathosterol and lathosterol, the substrates for DHCR7, with a corresponding decrease in desmosterol and cholesterol. 7-DHD and 7-DHC are orders of magnitude more vulnerable to free radical chain oxidation than other sterols as well as polyunsaturated fatty esters, and the effect of these sterols on viral infection is likely a reflection of this fact of Nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeljka Korade
- Department
of Pediatrics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Keri A. Tallman
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Hye-Young H. Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Marta Balog
- Munroe-Meyer
Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68105, United States
- Department
of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Thiago C. Genaro-Mattos
- Munroe-Meyer
Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68105, United States
| | - Aryamav Pattnaik
- Nebraska
Center for Virology and School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical
Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68583, United States
| | - Károly Mirnics
- Munroe-Meyer
Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68105, United States
| | - Asit K. Pattnaik
- Nebraska
Center for Virology and School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical
Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68583, United States
| | - Ned A. Porter
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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8
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The landscape of targets and lead molecules for remyelination. Nat Chem Biol 2022; 18:925-933. [PMID: 35995862 PMCID: PMC9773298 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-022-01115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Remyelination, or the restoration of myelin sheaths around axons in the central nervous system, is a multi-stage repair process that remains a major need for millions of patients with multiple sclerosis and other diseases of myelin. Even into adulthood, rodents and humans can generate new myelin-producing oligodendrocytes, leading to the therapeutic hypothesis that enhancing remyelination could lessen disease burden in multiple sclerosis. Multiple labs have used phenotypic screening to identify dozens of drugs that enhance oligodendrocyte formation, and several hit molecules have now advanced to clinical evaluation. Target identification studies have revealed that a large majority of these hits share the ability to inhibit a narrow range of cholesterol pathway enzymes and thereby induce cellular accumulation of specific sterol precursors to cholesterol. This Perspective surveys the recent fruitful intersection of chemical biology and remyelination and suggests multiple approaches toward new targets and lead molecules to promote remyelination.
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9
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Sax JL, Hershman SN, Hubler Z, Allimuthu D, Elitt MS, Bederman I, Adams DJ. Enhancers of Human and Rodent Oligodendrocyte Formation Predominantly Induce Cholesterol Precursor Accumulation. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:2188-2200. [PMID: 35833657 PMCID: PMC9773236 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration of myelin in the central nervous system is being pursued as a potential therapeutic approach for multiple sclerosis. Several labs have reported small molecules that promote oligodendrocyte formation and remyelination in vivo. Recently, we reported that many such molecules function by inhibiting a narrow window of enzymes in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. Here we describe a new high-throughput screen of 1,836 bioactive molecules and a thorough re-analysis of more than 60 molecules previously identified as promoting oligodendrocyte formation from human, rat, or mouse oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. These studies highlight that an overwhelming fraction of validated screening hits, including several molecules being evaluated clinically for remyelination, inhibit cholesterol pathway enzymes like emopamil-binding protein (EBP). To rationalize these findings, we suggest a model that relies on the high druggability of sterol-metabolizing enzymes and the ability of cationic amphiphiles to mimic the transition state of EBP. These studies further establish cholesterol pathway inhibition as a dominant mechanism among screening hits that enhance human, rat, or mouse oligodendrocyte formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel L Sax
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Samantha N Hershman
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Zita Hubler
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Dharmaraja Allimuthu
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Matthew S Elitt
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Ilya Bederman
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Drew J Adams
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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10
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Göttle P, Tsigaras T, Küry P. There is more than one route to achieve myelin repair. Regen Med 2022; 17:699-703. [PMID: 35815390 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2022-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Göttle
- Department of Neurology and Neuroregeneration, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Thanos Tsigaras
- Department of Neurology and Neuroregeneration, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Patrick Küry
- Department of Neurology and Neuroregeneration, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
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11
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Berghoff SA, Spieth L, Saher G. Local cholesterol metabolism orchestrates remyelination. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:272-283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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12
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Del Giovane A, Russo M, Tirou L, Faure H, Ruat M, Balestri S, Sposato C, Basoli F, Rainer A, Kassoussi A, Traiffort E, Ragnini-Wilson A. Smoothened/AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling in Oligodendroglial Cell Maturation. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:801704. [PMID: 35082605 PMCID: PMC8784884 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.801704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The regeneration of myelin is known to restore axonal conduction velocity after a demyelinating event. Remyelination failure in the central nervous system contributes to the severity and progression of demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Remyelination is controlled by many signaling pathways, such as the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway, as shown by the canonical activation of its key effector Smoothened (Smo), which increases the proliferation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells via the upregulation of the transcription factor Gli1. On the other hand, the inhibition of Gli1 was also found to promote the recruitment of a subset of adult neural stem cells and their subsequent differentiation into oligodendrocytes. Since Smo is also able to transduce Shh signals via various non-canonical pathways such as the blockade of Gli1, we addressed the potential of non-canonical Smo signaling to contribute to oligodendroglial cell maturation in myelinating cells using the non-canonical Smo agonist GSA-10, which downregulates Gli1. Using the Oli-neuM cell line, we show that GSA-10 promotes Gli2 upregulation, MBP and MAL/OPALIN expression via Smo/AMP-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) signaling, and efficiently increases the number of axonal contact/ensheathment for each oligodendroglial cell. Moreover, GSA-10 promotes the recruitment and differentiation of oligodendroglial progenitors into the demyelinated corpus callosum in vivo. Altogether, our data indicate that non-canonical signaling involving Smo/AMPK modulation and Gli1 downregulation promotes oligodendroglia maturation until axon engagement. Thus, GSA-10, by activation of this signaling pathway, represents a novel potential remyelinating agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Del Giovane
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariagiovanna Russo
- CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Linda Tirou
- CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Hélène Faure
- CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Martial Ruat
- CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Sonia Balestri
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Carola Sposato
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Basoli
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Rainer
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Nanotechnology (NANOTEC), National Research Council, Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Elisabeth Traiffort
- INSERM, U1195, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- *Correspondence: Elisabeth Traiffort,
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13
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Pleshinger MJ, Friedrich RM, Hubler Z, Rivera-León AM, Gao F, Yan D, Sax JL, Srinivasan R, Bederman I, Shick HE, Tesar PJ, Adams DJ. Inhibition of SC4MOL and HSD17B7 shifts cellular sterol composition and promotes oligodendrocyte formation. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:56-68. [PMID: 35128409 PMCID: PMC8729178 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00145k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
While the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway has been extensively studied, recent work has forged new links between inhibition of specific sterol pathway enzymes, accumulation of their unique sterol substrates, and biological areas as diverse as cancer, immunology, and neurodegenerative disease. We recently reported that dozens of small molecules enhance formation of oligodendrocytes, a glial cell type lost in multiple sclerosis, by inhibiting CYP51, Sterol 14-reductase, or EBP and inducing cellular accumulation of their 8,9-unsaturated sterol substrates. Several adjacent pathway enzymes also have 8,9-unsaturated sterol substrates but have not yet been evaluated as potential targets for oligodendrocyte formation or in many other biological contexts, in part due to a lack of available small-molecule probes. Here, we show that genetic suppression of SC4MOL or HSD17B7 increases the formation of oligodendrocytes. Additionally, we have identified and optimized multiple potent new series of SC4MOL and HSD17B7 inhibitors and shown that these small molecules enhance oligodendrocyte formation. SC4MOL inhibitor CW4142 induced accumulation of SC4MOL's sterol substrates in mouse brain and represents an in vivo probe of SC4MOL activity. Mechanistically, the cellular accumulation of these 8,9-unsaturated sterols represents a central driver of enhanced oligodendrocyte formation, as exogenous addition of purified SC4MOL and HSD17B7 substrates but not their 8,9-saturated analogs promotes OPC differentiation. Our work validates SC4MOL and HSD17B7 as novel targets for promoting oligodendrocyte formation, underlines a broad role for 8,9-unsaturated sterols as enhancers of oligodendrocyte formation, and establishes the first high-quality small molecules targeting SC4MOL and HSD17B7 as novel tools for probing diverse areas of biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Pleshinger
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland Ohio 44106 USA
| | - Ryan M Friedrich
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland Ohio 44106 USA
| | - Zita Hubler
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland Ohio 44106 USA
| | - Adrianna M Rivera-León
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland Ohio 44106 USA
| | - Farrah Gao
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland Ohio 44106 USA
| | - David Yan
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland Ohio 44106 USA
| | - Joel L Sax
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland Ohio 44106 USA
| | - Ramya Srinivasan
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland Ohio 44106 USA
| | - Ilya Bederman
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland Ohio 44106 USA
| | - H Elizabeth Shick
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland Ohio 44106 USA
| | - Paul J Tesar
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland Ohio 44106 USA
| | - Drew J Adams
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland Ohio 44106 USA
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14
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Motavaf M, Piao X. Oligodendrocyte Development and Implication in Perinatal White Matter Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:764486. [PMID: 34803612 PMCID: PMC8599582 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.764486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal white matter injury (WMI) is the most common brain injury in premature infants and can lead to life-long neurological deficits such as cerebral palsy. Preterm birth is typically accompanied by inflammation and hypoxic-ischemic events. Such perinatal insults negatively impact maturation of oligodendrocytes (OLs) and cause myelination failure. At present, no treatment options are clinically available to prevent or cure WMI. Given that arrested OL maturation plays a central role in the etiology of perinatal WMI, an increased interest has emerged regarding the functional restoration of these cells as potential therapeutic strategy. Cell transplantation and promoting endogenous oligodendrocyte function are two potential options to address this major unmet need. In this review, we highlight the underlying pathophysiology of WMI with a specific focus on OL biology and their implication for the development of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Motavaf
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Xianhua Piao
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Newborn Brain Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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15
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Small molecule screening as an approach to encounter inefficient myelin repair. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2021; 61:127-135. [PMID: 34753035 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
While current multiple sclerosis therapies are focused on immunomodulation, thereby slowing down disease progression, scientific interest has nowadays been shifted toward regenerative therapies aiming at reversing already existing deficits. The application of chemical compounds was proven to be valuable for the understanding of oligodendrogenesis and for exposing mechanisms that can boost remyelination. However, sufficient myelin repair has not been achieved yet, thus underscoring the need for more studies toward this unmet clinical goal. In this regard, many research groups have significantly contributed to the field via developing compound screening approaches or using single substances. We, here, present an overview of recent studies addressing the identification of myelin repair drugs and provide insights into technical aspects and identified substances.
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16
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Sax JL, Hubler Z, Allimuthu D, Adams DJ. Screening Reveals Sterol Derivatives with Pro-Differentiation, Pro-Survival, or Potent Cytotoxic Effects on Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:1288-1297. [PMID: 34232635 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inducing the formation of new oligodendrocytes from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) represents a potential approach to repairing the loss of myelin observed in multiple sclerosis and other diseases. Recently, we demonstrated that accumulation of specific cholesterol precursors, 8,9-unsaturated sterols, is a dominant mechanism by which dozens of small molecules enhance oligodendrocyte formation. Here, we evaluated a library of 56 sterols and steroids to evaluate whether other classes of bioactive sterol derivatives may also influence mouse oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) differentiation or survival. From this library, we identified U-73343 as a potent enhancer of oligodendrocyte formation that induces 8,9-unsaturated sterol accumulation by inhibition of the cholesterol biosynthesis enzyme sterol 14-reductase. In contrast, we found that mouse OPCs are remarkably vulnerable to treatment with the glycosterol OSW-1, an oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) modulator that induces Golgi stress and OPC death in the low picomolar range. A subsequent small-molecule suppressor screen identified mTOR signaling as a key effector pathway mediating OSW-1's cytotoxic effects in mouse OPCs. Finally, evaluation of a panel of ER and Golgi stress-inducing small molecules revealed that mouse OPCs are highly sensitive to these perturbations, more so than closely related neural progenitor cells. Together, these studies highlight the wide-ranging influence of sterols and steroids on OPC cell fate, with 8,9-unsaturated sterols positively enhancing differentiation to oligodendrocytes and OSW-1 able to induce lethal Golgi stress with remarkable potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel L. Sax
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Zita Hubler
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Dharmaraja Allimuthu
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Drew J. Adams
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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17
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Hubler Z, Friedrich RM, Sax JL, Allimuthu D, Gao F, Rivera-León AM, Pleshinger MJ, Bederman I, Adams DJ. Modulation of lanosterol synthase drives 24,25-epoxysterol synthesis and oligodendrocyte formation. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:866-875.e5. [PMID: 33636107 PMCID: PMC8217109 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Small molecules that promote the formation of new myelinating oligodendrocytes from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are potential therapeutics for demyelinating diseases. We recently established inhibition of specific cholesterol biosynthesis enzymes and resulting accumulation of 8,9-unsaturated sterols as a unifying mechanism through which many such molecules act. To identify more potent sterol enhancers of oligodendrocyte formation, we synthesized a collection of 8,9-unsaturated sterol derivatives and found that 24,25-epoxylanosterol potently promoted oligodendrocyte formation. In OPCs, 24,25-epoxylanosterol was metabolized to 24,25-epoxycholesterol via the epoxycholesterol shunt pathway. Increasing flux through the epoxycholesterol shunt using genetic manipulation or small-molecule inhibition of lanosterol synthase (LSS) increased endogenous 24,25-epoxycholesterol levels and OPC differentiation. Notably, exogenously supplied 24,25-epoxycholesterol promoted oligodendrocyte formation despite lacking an 8,9-unsaturation. This work highlights epoxycholesterol shunt usage, controlled by inhibitors of LSS, as a target to promote oligodendrocyte formation. Additionally, sterols beyond the 8,9-unsaturated sterols, including 24,25-epoxycholesterol, drive oligodendrocyte formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita Hubler
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ryan M Friedrich
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Joel L Sax
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Dharmaraja Allimuthu
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Farrah Gao
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Adrianna M Rivera-León
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Matthew J Pleshinger
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ilya Bederman
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Drew J Adams
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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18
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Manousi A, Göttle P, Reiche L, Cui QL, Healy LM, Akkermann R, Gruchot J, Schira-Heinen J, Antel JP, Hartung HP, Küry P. Identification of novel myelin repair drugs by modulation of oligodendroglial differentiation competence. EBioMedicine 2021; 65:103276. [PMID: 33714029 PMCID: PMC7970057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In multiple sclerosis loss of myelin and oligodendrocytes impairs saltatory signal transduction and leads to neuronal loss and functional deficits. Limited capacity of oligodendroglial precursor cells to differentiate into mature cells is the main reason for inefficient myelin repair in the central nervous system. Drug repurposing constitutes a powerful approach for identification of pharmacological compounds promoting this process. METHODS A phenotypic compound screening using the subcellular distribution of a potent inhibitor of oligodendroglial cell differentiation, namely p57kip2, as differentiation competence marker was conducted. Hit compounds were validated in terms of their impact on developmental cell differentiation and myelination using both rat and human primary cell cultures and organotypic cerebellar slice cultures, respectively. Their effect on spontaneous remyelination was then investigated following cuprizone-mediated demyelination of the corpus callosum. FINDINGS A number of novel small molecules able to promote oligodendroglial cell differentiation were identified and a subset was found to foster human oligodendrogenesis as well as myelination ex vivo. Among them the steroid danazol and the anthelminthic parbendazole were found to increase myelin repair. INTERPRETATION We provide evidence that early cellular processes involved in differentiation decisions are applicable for the identification of regeneration promoting drugs and we suggest danazol and parbendazole as potent therapeutic candidates for demyelinating diseases. FUNDING This work was supported by the Jürgen Manchot Foundation, Düsseldorf; Research Commission of the Medical Faculty of Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf; Christiane and Claudia Hempel Foundation; Stifterverband/Novartisstiftung; James and Elisabeth Cloppenburg, Peek and Cloppenburg Düsseldorf Stiftung and International Progressive MS Alliance (BRAVEinMS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Manousi
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Peter Göttle
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Laura Reiche
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Qiao-Ling Cui
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3K9, Canada
| | - Luke M Healy
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3K9, Canada
| | - Rainer Akkermann
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Joel Gruchot
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Jessica Schira-Heinen
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Jack P Antel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3K9, Canada
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Patrick Küry
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany.
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19
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Puhl DL, Funnell JL, Nelson DW, Gottipati MK, Gilbert RJ. Electrospun Fiber Scaffolds for Engineering Glial Cell Behavior to Promote Neural Regeneration. Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 8:4. [PMID: 33383759 PMCID: PMC7823609 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrospinning is a fabrication technique used to produce nano- or micro- diameter fibers to generate biocompatible, biodegradable scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Electrospun fiber scaffolds are advantageous for neural regeneration because they mimic the structure of the nervous system extracellular matrix and provide contact guidance for regenerating axons. Glia are non-neuronal regulatory cells that maintain homeostasis in the healthy nervous system and regulate regeneration in the injured nervous system. Electrospun fiber scaffolds offer a wide range of characteristics, such as fiber alignment, diameter, surface nanotopography, and surface chemistry that can be engineered to achieve a desired glial cell response to injury. Further, electrospun fibers can be loaded with drugs, nucleic acids, or proteins to provide the local, sustained release of such therapeutics to alter glial cell phenotype to better support regeneration. This review provides the first comprehensive overview of how electrospun fiber alignment, diameter, surface nanotopography, surface functionalization, and therapeutic delivery affect Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system and astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia in the central nervous system both in vitro and in vivo. The information presented can be used to design and optimize electrospun fiber scaffolds to target glial cell response to mitigate nervous system injury and improve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devan L. Puhl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA; (D.L.P.); (J.L.F.); (D.W.N.); (M.K.G.)
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Jessica L. Funnell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA; (D.L.P.); (J.L.F.); (D.W.N.); (M.K.G.)
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Derek W. Nelson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA; (D.L.P.); (J.L.F.); (D.W.N.); (M.K.G.)
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Manoj K. Gottipati
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA; (D.L.P.); (J.L.F.); (D.W.N.); (M.K.G.)
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, 460 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ryan J. Gilbert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA; (D.L.P.); (J.L.F.); (D.W.N.); (M.K.G.)
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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20
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Role of cholesterol metabolism in the anticancer pharmacology of selective estrogen receptor modulators. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 73:101-115. [PMID: 32931953 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are a class of compounds that bind to estrogen receptors (ERs) and possess estrogen agonist or antagonist actions in different tissues. As such, they are widely used drugs. For instance, tamoxifen, the most prescribed SERM, is used to treat ERα-positive breast cancer. Aside from their therapeutic targets, SERMs have the capacity to broadly affect cellular cholesterol metabolism and handling, mainly through ER-independent mechanisms. Cholesterol metabolism reprogramming is crucial to meet the needs of cancer cells, and different key processes involved in cholesterol homeostasis have been associated with cancer progression. Therefore, the effects of SERMs on cholesterol homeostasis may be relevant to carcinogenesis, either by contributing to the anticancer efficacy of these compounds or, conversely, by promoting resistance to treatment. Understanding these aspects of SERMs actions could help to design more efficacious therapies. Herein we review the effects of SERMs on cellular cholesterol metabolism and handling and discuss their potential in anticancer pharmacology.
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21
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de Medina P, Diallo K, Huc-Claustre E, Attia M, Soulès R, Silvente-Poirot S, Poirot M. The 5,6-epoxycholesterol metabolic pathway in breast cancer: Emergence of new pharmacological targets. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:3248-3260. [PMID: 32696532 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic pathways have emerged as cornerstones in carcinogenic deregulation providing new therapeutic strategies for cancer management. Recently, a new branch of cholesterol metabolism has been discovered involving the biochemical transformation of 5,6-epoxycholesterols (5,6-ECs). The 5,6-ECs are metabolized in breast cancers to the tumour promoter oncosterone whereas, in normal breast tissue, they are metabolized to the tumour suppressor metabolite, dendrogenin A (DDA). Blocking the mitogenic and invasive potential of oncosterone will present new opportunities for breast cancer treatment. The reactivation of DDA biosynthesis, or its use as a drug, represents promising therapeutic approaches such as DDA-deficiency complementation, activation of breast cancer cell re-differentiation and breast cancer chemoprevention. This review presents current knowledge of the 5,6-EC metabolic pathway in breast cancer, focusing on the 5,6-EC metabolic enzymes ChEH and HSD11B2 and on 5,6-EC metabolite targets, the oxysterol receptor (LXRβ) and the glucocorticoid receptor. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Oxysterols, Lifelong Health and Therapeutics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.16/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe de Medina
- UMR-1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Team "Cholesterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovations"; Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, The French Network for Nutrition and Cancer Research (NACRe Network), INSERM-Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Khadijetou Diallo
- UMR-1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Team "Cholesterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovations"; Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, The French Network for Nutrition and Cancer Research (NACRe Network), INSERM-Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Emilie Huc-Claustre
- UMR-1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Team "Cholesterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovations"; Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, The French Network for Nutrition and Cancer Research (NACRe Network), INSERM-Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Mehdi Attia
- UMR-1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Team "Cholesterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovations"; Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, The French Network for Nutrition and Cancer Research (NACRe Network), INSERM-Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Régis Soulès
- UMR-1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Team "Cholesterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovations"; Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, The French Network for Nutrition and Cancer Research (NACRe Network), INSERM-Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Sandrine Silvente-Poirot
- UMR-1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Team "Cholesterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovations"; Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, The French Network for Nutrition and Cancer Research (NACRe Network), INSERM-Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Marc Poirot
- UMR-1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Team "Cholesterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovations"; Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, The French Network for Nutrition and Cancer Research (NACRe Network), INSERM-Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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22
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Goldberg DC, Fones L, Vivinetto AL, Caufield JT, Ratan RR, Cave JW. Manipulating Adult Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells with G-Quadruplex Ligands. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1504-1518. [PMID: 32315155 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
G-quadruplexes are pervasive nucleic acid secondary structures in mammalian genomes and transcriptomes that regulate gene expression and genome duplication. Small molecule ligands that modify the stability of G-quadruplexes are widely studied in cancer, but whether G-quadruplex ligands can also be used to manipulate cell function under normal development and homeostatic conditions is largely unexplored. Here we show that two related G-quadruplex ligands (pyridostatin and carboxypyridostatin) can reduce proliferation of adult neural stem cell and progenitor cells derived from the adult mouse subventricular zone both in vitro and in vivo. Studies with neurosphere cultures show that pyridostatin reduces proliferation by a mechanism associated with DNA damage and cell death. By contrast, selectively targeting RNA G-quadruplex stability with carboxypyridostatin diminishes proliferation through a mechanism that promotes cell cycle exit and the production of oligodendrocyte progenitors. The ability to generate oligodendrocyte progenitors by targeting RNA G-quadruplex stability, however, is dependent on the cellular environment. Together, these findings show that ligands that can selectively stabilize RNA G-quadruplexes are an important, new class of molecular tool for neural stem and progenitor cell engineering, whereas ligands that target DNA G-quadruplexes have limited utility due to their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Goldberg
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, New York 10605, United States
| | - Lilah Fones
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, New York 10605, United States
| | - Ana L. Vivinetto
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, New York 10605, United States
| | - Joseph T. Caufield
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, New York 10605, United States
| | - Rajiv R. Ratan
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, New York 10605, United States
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - John W. Cave
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, New York 10605, United States
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York 10996, United States
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23
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Yao H, Cai H, Li D. Thermostabilization of Membrane Proteins by Consensus Mutation: A Case Study for a Fungal Δ8-7 Sterol Isomerase. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:5162-5183. [PMID: 32105736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Membrane proteins are generally challenging to work with because of their notorious instability. Protein engineering has been used increasingly to thermostabilize labile membrane proteins such as G-protein-coupled receptors for structural and functional studies in recent years. Two major strategies exist. Scanning mutagenesis systematically eliminates destabilizing residues, whereas the consensus approach assembles mutants with the most frequent residues among selected homologs, bridging sequence conservation with stability. Here, we applied the consensus concept to stabilize a fungal homolog of the human sterol Δ8-7 isomerase, a 26.4 kDa protein with five transmembrane helices. The isomerase is also called emopamil-binding protein (EBP), as it binds this anti-ischemic drug with high affinity. The wild-type had an apparent melting temperature (Tm) of 35.9 °C as measured by the fluorescence-detection size-exclusion chromatography-based thermostability assay. A total of 87 consensus mutations sourced from 22 homologs gained expression level and thermostability, increasing the apparent Tm to 69.9 °C at the cost of partial function loss. Assessing the stability and activity of several systematic chimeric constructs identified a construct with an apparent Tm of 79.8 °C and two regions for function rescue. Further back-mutations of the chimeric construct in the two target regions yielded the final construct with similar apparent activity to the wild-type and an elevated Tm of 88.8 °C, totaling an increase of 52.9 °C. The consensus approach is effective and efficient because it involves fewer constructs compared with scanning mutagenesis. Our results should encourage more use of the consensus strategy for membrane protein thermostabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 333 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Hongmin Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 333 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Dianfan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 333 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China.
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24
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Han F, Zhou MM. Small Molecules with Big Promises for Curing Demyelinating Diseases. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 26:468-470. [PMID: 31002801 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Myelin regeneration by myelinating oligodendrocytes is key to neuronal damage repair for treatment of neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis. In this issue of Cell Chemical Biology, Allimuthu et al. (2019) report new small molecule inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis enzymes that enhance oligodendrocyte formation and subsequent remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangbin Han
- Bethune Institute of Epigenetic Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Ming-Ming Zhou
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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