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Zimmermann S, Revel M, Borowska E, Horn H. Degradation and mineralization of anti-cancer drugs Capecitabine, Bicalutamide and Irinotecan by UV-irradiation and ozone. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 356:141780. [PMID: 38604516 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The degradation of three anti-cancer drugs (ADs), Capecitabine (CAP), Bicalutamide (BIC) and Irinotecan (IRI), in ultrapure water by ozonation and UV-irradiation was tested in a bench-scale reactor and AD concentrations were measured through ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). A low-pressure mercury UV (LP-UV) lamp was used and degradation by UV (λ = 254 nm) followed pseudo-first order kinetics. Incident radiation in the reactor was measured via chemical actinometry using uridine. The quantum yields (φ) for the degradation of CAP, BIC and IRI were 0.012, 0.0020 and 0.0045 mol Einstein-1, respectively. Ozone experiments with CAP and IRI were conducted by adding ozone stock solution to the reactor either with or without addition of tert-butanol (t-BuOH) as radical quencher. Using this experimental arrangement, no degradation of BIC was observed, so a semi-batch setup was employed for the ozone degradation experiments of BIC. Without t-BuOH, apparent second order reaction rate constants for the reaction of the ADs with molecular ozone were determined to be 3.5 ± 0.8 ∙ 103 L mol-1 s-1 (CAP), 7.9 ± 2.1 ∙ 10-1 L mol-1 s-1 (BIC) and 1.0 ± 0.3 ∙ 103 L mol-1 s-1 (IRI). When OH-radicals (∙OH) were quenched, rate constants were virtually the same for CAP and IRI. For BIC, a significantly lower constant of 1.0 ± 0.5 ∙ 10-1 L mol-1 s-1 was determined. Of the tested substances, BIC was the most recalcitrant, with the slowest degradation during both ozonation and UV-irradiation. The extent of mineralization was also determined for both processes. UV irradiation was able to fully degrade up to 80% of DOC, ozonation up to 30%. Toxicity tests with Daphnia magna (D. magna) did not find toxicity for fully degraded solutions of the three ADs at environmentally relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Zimmermann
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Messika Revel
- UniLaSalle - Ecole des Métiers de L'Environnement, CYCLANN, Campus de Ker Lann, F-35170, Bruz, France
| | - Ewa Borowska
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Harald Horn
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany; DVGW Research Laboratories for Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Mello Souza D, Reichert JF, Ramos do Nascimento V, Figueiredo Martins A. Ozonation and UV photolysis for removing anticancer drug residues from hospital wastewater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2022; 57:635-644. [PMID: 35848127 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2022.2099195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates the use of UV light and the ozone process for doxorubicin, daunorubicin, epirubicin, and irinotecan degradation. The process was carried out using different pH values in hospital wastewater. The use of UV radiation reduces the concentration of anticancer drugs, but in all cases, this technology was not able enough to remove on the whole these contaminants from hospital wastewater. The best condition was achieved when using pH 9 for most of the analytes. Doxorubicin, daunorubicin, and epirubicin were degraded at 97.3%, 88.3%, and 99.0%, respectively. Irinotecan showed the lowest degradation, just 55.6%; a slightly higher degradation (63.8%) was obtained when pH 5 was used. Complete removal of doxorubicin, daunorubicin, epirubicin, and irinotecan was achieved when ozone treatment was used for all the pH studied. The results indicated that UV light and the ozone process can be used as a tertiary treatment to reduce the concentration of anticancer drugs in the effluents. Ozonation, therefore, proved to be more efficient than the photolysis process, when considering the percentual degradation of the original compounds in shorter timespans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darliana Mello Souza
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Asghar A, Lutze HV, Tuerk J, Schmidt TC. Influence of water matrix on the degradation of organic micropollutants by ozone based processes: A review on oxidant scavenging mechanism. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 429:128189. [PMID: 35077976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in aquatic environment has expedited scientific and regulatory efforts to retrofit existing wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The current strategy involves WWTPs upgrading with post-ozonation i.e., ozone (O3) and/or peroxone process (O3 +H2O2). Still, ozone-based degradation of OMPs faces several challenges. For example, the degradation mechanism and kinetics of OMPs could largely be affected by water matrix compounds which include inorganic ions and natural organic matter (NOM). pH also plays a decisive role in determining the reactivity of the oxidants (O3, H2O2, andHO•), stability and speciation of matrix constituents and OMPs and thus susceptibility of OMPs to the reactions with oxidants. There have been reviews discussing the impact of matrix components on the degradation of OMPs by advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Nevertheless, a review focusing on scavenging mechanisms, formation of secondary oxidants and their scavenging effects with a particular focus on ozonation and peroxone process is lacking. Therefore, in order to broaden the knowledge on this subject, the database 'Web of Science' was searched for the studies related to the 'matrix effect on the degradation of organic micropollutants by ozone based processes' over the time period of 2004-2021. The relevant literature was thoroughly reviewed and following conclusions were made: i) chloride has inhibitory effects if it exits at higher concentrations or as free chlorine i.e. HOCl/ClO-. ii) The inhibitory effects of chloride, bromide, HOBr/OBr- and HOCl/ClO- are dominant in neutral and alkaline conditions and may result in the formation of secondary oxidants (e.g., chlorine atoms or free bromine), which in turn contribute to pollutant degradation or form undesired oxidation by-products such as BrO3-, ClO3- and halogenated organic products. ii) NOM may induce inhibitory or synergetic effects depending on the type, chemical properties and concentration of NOM. Therefore, more efforts are required to understand the importance of pH variation as well as the effects of water matrix on the reactivity of oxidants and subsequent degradation of OMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anam Asghar
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen, Germany.
| | - Holger V Lutze
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Sciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Karolinenpl. 5, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany; IWW Water Centre, Moritzstraße 26, 45476 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Jochen Tuerk
- Institut für Energie, und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany; IWW Water Centre, Moritzstraße 26, 45476 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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Zhang S, Ye C, Li J, Yu X, Feng M. Treatment-driven removal efficiency, product formation, and toxicity evolution of antineoplastic agents: Current status and implications for water safety assessment. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 206:117729. [PMID: 34624659 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Antineoplastic compounds, designed for chemotherapeutic anticancer therapy, have become emerging contaminants of global concern over the past decade due to their ubiquitous occurrence, environmental persistence, and multiple adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems. Increasing efforts have been devoted to developing efficient strategies for remediating water containing these micropollutants. In this study, the physicochemical properties, natural attenuation, and chemical reactivity with aqueous oxidizing species of five antineoplastic drugs with the highest environmental prevalence (i.e., tamoxifen, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, 5-fluorouracil, and methotrexate) were summarized. The removal performance, transformation products (TPs) of varying structures, overall reaction pathways, and toxicity evolution during different treatments were evaluated and discussed. Additionally, the biodegradability and multi-endpoint toxicity of each TP were predicted using in silico QSAR software. Depending on their distinct inherent structures, the reactivity of the antineoplastics with oxidizing species varied, with hydroxyl radicals exhibiting unparalleled merits in rapid oxidation. Complete elimination of these contaminants was observed during oxidative treatments, but with inadequate mineralization. Notably, the increase in toxicity within multiple processes was determined based on both experimental bioassays and theoretical predictions. This may be attributed to the adverse effects induced by the large number of identified and unknown TPs individually and in combination. Together with the environmental persistence and low biodegradability of most TPs, these results necessitate the application of efficient post-treatments in conjunction with a more thorough water safety evaluation (e.g., using high-throughput screening) of the mixtures of treated water and wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqi Zhang
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Chengsong Ye
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Jianguo Li
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Xin Yu
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Mingbao Feng
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China.
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Clark JA, Yang Y, Ramos NC, Hillhouse HW. Selective oxidation of pharmaceuticals and suppression of perchlorate formation during electrolysis of fresh human urine. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 198:117106. [PMID: 33933918 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Urine comprises only a small (~1%) volumetric fraction of municipal wastewater, but represents a dominant source of pharmaceuticals, many of which may pass through conventional wastewater treatment and pose risks to aquatic ecosystems. Point-source treatment of source-separated urine presents a unique opportunity to degrade pharmaceuticals before dilution with wastewater, and electrochemical advanced oxidation processes are one increasingly investigated option. However, they often lead to the formation of oxidation byproducts including chlorate, perchlorate at very high concentrations. Here, we show that the high urea content of fresh human urine suppresses the formation of oxychlorides by inhibiting formation of HOCl/OCl‒ during electrolysis, while still enabling pharmaceutical degradation due to the slow rate of urea oxidation by •OH. This results in improved performance compared to equivalent treatment of hydrolyzed aged urine. This electrochemical oxidation scheme is shown to degrade the model contaminants cyclophosphamide and sulfamethoxazole with surface-area-to-volume-normalized pseudo-first-order rate constants greater than 0.08 cm/min in authentic fresh human urine. It results in ~100 × decrease in pharmaceutical concentrations in 2 h while generating ~1000 × lower oxychloride byproduct concentrations in synthetic fresh urine than synthetic hydrolyzed aged urine matrixes. Importantly, this proof-of-principle shows that simple and safe electrochemical methods can be used for point-source-remediation of pharmaceuticals in fresh human urine (before storage and hydrolysis), without formation of significant oxychloride byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Clark
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Clean Energy Institute, Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-1750, USA
| | - Yuhang Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-2120, USA
| | - Nathanael C Ramos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Clean Energy Institute, Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-1750, USA
| | - Hugh W Hillhouse
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Clean Energy Institute, Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-1750, USA.
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Yadav A, Rene ER, Mandal MK, Dubey KK. Threat and sustainable technological solution for antineoplastic drugs pollution: Review on a persisting global issue. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128285. [PMID: 33297229 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the past 20 years, the discharge of pharmaceuticals and their presence in the aquatic environment have been continuously increasing and this has caused serious public health and environmental concerns. Antineoplastic drugs are used in chemotherapy, in large quantities worldwide, for the treatment of continuously increasing cancer cases. Antineoplastic drugs also contaminate water sources and possess mutagenic, cytostatic and eco-toxicological effects on microorganisms present in the aquatic environment as well as on human health. Due to the recalcitrant nature of antineoplastic drugs, the commonly used wastewater treatment processes are not able to eliminate these drugs. Globally, various anticancer drugs are being consumed during chemotherapy in hospitals and households by out-patients. These anti-cancer agents enter the water bodies in their original form or as metabolites via urine and faeces of the out-patients or the patients admitted in hospitals. Due to its high lipid solubility, the antineoplastic drugs accumulate in the fatty tissues of the organisms. These drugs enter through the food chain and cause adverse health effects on humans due to their cytotoxic and genotoxic properties. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) elucidated new regulations for the management of hazardous pharmaceuticals in the water environment. In this paper, the role of antineoplastic agents as emerging water contaminants, its transfer through the food chain, its eco-toxicological properties and effects, technological solutions and management aspects were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankush Yadav
- Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, 123031, Haryana, India
| | - Eldon R Rene
- Department of Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611AX, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Mrinal Kanti Mandal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, NIT Durgapur, Durgapur, 713209, West Bengal, India
| | - Kashyap Kumar Dubey
- Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, 123031, Haryana, India; Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Ai C, Wu X, Ke Y, Lei Y, Shao X. Synthesis and Photocatalytic Sterilization Performance of SA/TiO 2. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2020; 30:3378-3387. [PMID: 32421080 PMCID: PMC7223452 DOI: 10.1007/s10904-020-01491-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The photocatalyst sorbic acid (SA)/titanium dioxide (TiO2) was successfully synthesized by sol–gel method and characterized. The composite exhibited regularly spherical particles with the size of 50 nm and the specific surface area of 90.3 m2 g−1, furthermore, it showed mesoporous structure and significantly improved dispersion. SA was grafted on TiO2 surface by –COOTi and TiO2 existed as pure anatase phase in the composite. The addition of SA made the band gap of TiO2 increased from 3.03 to 3.35 eV, which indicting that the composite exhibited a strong response to the ultraviolet light. The optimum preparation parameters of the catalyst were as follows: n(Ti):n(SA) = 1:0.05, ethanol 60 mL, glacial acetic acid 40 mL, hydrothermal temperature 180 °C, hydrothermal time 12 h. The composite could reach the 4.31 log reduction of E. coli, with the optimum catalyst dosage of 0.7 g L−1, irradiated by UV light for 60 min. SA/TiO2 was an environmentally friendly, non-toxic and safe sterilized nanocomposite material appropriate for future bactericidal applications, providing a new way to effectively increase the dispersion of TiO2 particles to achieve superior photocatalytic sterilization efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiling Ai
- 1College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian China
| | - Xuefang Wu
- 1College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian China
| | - Yuting Ke
- 1College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian China
| | - Yingjie Lei
- 2Department of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384 China
| | - Xiangwen Shao
- 1College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian China
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Graumans MHF, Hoeben WFLM, Russel FGM, Scheepers PTJ. Oxidative degradation of cyclophosphamide using thermal plasma activation and UV/H 2O 2 treatment in tap water. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 182:109046. [PMID: 31884193 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.109046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing concern about pharmaceuticals entering the aquatic environment. Many of these compounds cannot be removed completely in sewage treatment plants. To remove these unwanted medicines from water, oxidative degradation techniques may complement the current purification steps. In this paper we studied the effect of advanced oxidation on the cytostatic drug cyclophosphamide (CP) by comparing thermal plasma activation with UV/H2O2 treatment. Plasma activated water (PAW) contains highly reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) as a result of electric gas discharges in air over water. CP solutions in tap water were oxidized over a period of 120 min and subsequently analyzed by LC-MS/MS to measure the compound degradation. Plasma activation was applied at 50, 100, or 150 W electric power input and UV/H2O2 treatment was carried out by the addition of H2O2 and placing an UV-C source above the test solution for immediate irradiation. The oxidative degradation of CP in PAW resulted in a complete degradation within 80 min at 150 W. CP was also completely degraded within 60 min applying UV/H2O2 oxidation. Both treatment techniques do induce different structural changes, demonstrating that CP is completely degraded in tap water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martien H F Graumans
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Wilfred F L M Hoeben
- Department of Electrical Energy Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Frans G M Russel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Paul T J Scheepers
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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9
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Jureczko M, Kalka J. Cytostatic pharmaceuticals as water contaminants. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 866:172816. [PMID: 31758938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Due to the growing problem of cancer diseases, cytostatic drugs have become a great environmental threat. Their main sources are hospital effluents, household discharge and drug manufacturers. As these compounds are not removed during wastewater treatment with sufficient efficiency, they are found in the surface, ground and drinking water in quantities up to 2.12 × 10-4 mg/l. The current knowledge about their harmful influence on humans does not indicate a significant risk to the health of water consumers, although it points to certain groups of risk (children and lactating women) in particular. In aquatic organisms, anticancer drugs in detected concentrations can cause chronic toxicity and have a detrimental impact on their genetic material. The acute toxicity effect is less likely. The HC5 value calculated by us (the concentration at which 5% of the species is potentially affected) equalling 2.1 × 10-4 mg/l shows that anticancer drugs are real hazardous contaminants for the environment. It indicates that effective elimination of cytostatics from water still requires intensive research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelina Jureczko
- Environmental Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2 Str., 44-100, Gliwice, Poland; The Biotechnology Centre, The Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8 Str., 44-100, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Joanna Kalka
- Environmental Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2 Str., 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
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Simultaneous and systematic analysis of cytostatic drugs in wastewater samples by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1110-1111:124-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Blaney L, Lawler DF, Katz LE. Transformation kinetics of cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide by ozone and hydroxyl radicals using continuous oxidant addition reactors. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 364:752-761. [PMID: 30428451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The detection of pharmaceuticals in water and wastewater has triggered human and ecological health concerns. As highly toxic compounds, chemotherapy agents (CAs), such as the cyclophosphamide (CYP) and ifosfamide (IFO) structural isomers, represent a unique threat. This research elucidated the fate of CYP and IFO during ozonation and advanced oxidation by hydroxyl radicals (HO•). Novel semi-batch reactors were used to determine the second-order rate constants for CYP and IFO with O3 and HO•. These reactors provided independent control of the oxidant exposure through continuous and constant aqueous ozone and peroxone (O3-H2O2) addition. The rate constants for transformation of CYP and IFO by ozone were 2.58 ± 0.40 M-1s-1 and 6.95 ± 0.21 M-1s-1, respectively, indicating that ozone alone is not suitable for treating CAs. Transformation of CYP and IFO by hydroxyl radicals was fast, with rate constants of 2.69(±0.17)×109 M-1s-1 and 2.73(±0.16)×109 M-1s-1, respectively. The major transformation products formed by O3 and HO attack consisted of the 4-hydroxy-, 4-keto-, dechloroethyl-, and imino- derivatives of CYP and IFO. Low yields of the active metabolites of the CAs, namely phosphoramide mustard and isophosphoramide mustard, were detected. These findings suggest that treated water may retain the ability to alkylate DNA and confer toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Blaney
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Engineering 314, Baltimore, MD, 21250-0002, USA.
| | - Desmond F Lawler
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Program, 301 East Dean Keeton Street, Stop C1786, Austin, TX, 78712-1173, USA
| | - Lynn E Katz
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Program, 301 East Dean Keeton Street, Stop C1786, Austin, TX, 78712-1173, USA
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de Sousa Filho IA, Lobo TM, Grisolia CK, Weber IT, Osugi ME. Toxicological study of the degradation products of antineoplastic agent etoposide in commercial formulation treated by heterogeneous photocatalysis using SrSnO 3. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:4224-4233. [PMID: 29464595 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1524-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Etoposide is an antineoplastic agent used for treating lung cancer, testicular cancer, breast cancer, pediatric cancers, and lymphomas. It is a pollutant due to its mutagenic and carcinogenic potential. Disposal of waste from this drug is still insufficiently safe, and there is no appropriate waste treatment. Therefore, it is important to use advanced oxidative processes (AOPs) for the treatment and disposal of medicines like this. The use of strontium stannate (SrSnO3) as a catalyst in heterogeneous photocatalysis reactions has emerged as an alternative for the removal of organic pollutants. In our study, SrSnO3 was synthesized by the combustion method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman, UV-Vis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques, obtaining a surface area of 3.28 m2 g-1 with cubic and well-organized crystallinity and a band gap of 4.06 eV. The experimental conditions optimized for degradation of an etoposide solution (0.4 mg L-1) were pH 5 and catalyst concentration of 1 g L-1. The results showed that the degradation processes using SrSnO3 combined with H2O2 (0.338 mol L-1) obtained total organic carbon removal from the etoposide solution, 97.98% (± 4.03 × 10-3), compared with TiO2, which obtained a mineralization rate of 72.41% (± 6.95 × 10-3). After photodegradation, the degraded solution showed no toxicity to zebrafish embryos through embryotoxicity test (OECD, 236), and no genotoxicity using comet assay and micronucleus test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idio Alves de Sousa Filho
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília-UnB, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, CEP-70910-000, Brazil.
| | - Tatiane Martins Lobo
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília-UnB, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, CEP-70910-000, Brazil
| | - Cesar Koppe Grisolia
- Instituto de Ciências Biologia, Departamento de Genética e Morfologia, Universidade de Brasília-UnB, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, CEP-70910-000, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Távora Weber
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília-UnB, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, CEP-70910-000, Brazil
| | - Marly Eiko Osugi
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília-UnB, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, CEP-70910-000, Brazil
- Unesp, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologias Alternativas para Detecção, Avaliação Toxicológica e Remoção de Micropoluentes e Radioativos (INCT-DATREM), Instituto de Química, Caixa Postal 355, Araraquara, SP, 14800-900, Brazil
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Zandipak R, Sobhan Ardakani S, Shirzadi A. Synthesis and application of nanocomposite Fe3O4@SiO2@CTAB–SiO2 as a novel adsorbent for removal of cyclophosphamide from water samples. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2019.1566262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Zandipak
- Department of the Environment, College of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - S. Sobhan Ardakani
- Department of the Environment, College of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - A. Shirzadi
- Department of the Environment, College of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
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14
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Alinejad A, Akbari H, Ghaderpoori M, Jeihooni AK, Adibzadeh A. Catalytic ozonation process using a MgO nano-catalyst to degrade methotrexate from aqueous solutions and cytotoxicity studies in human lung epithelial cells (A549) after treatment. RSC Adv 2019; 9:8204-8214. [PMID: 35518667 PMCID: PMC9061523 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00320g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceutical compounds which enter the environment are classified as emerging pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolazim Alinejad
- Health Research Center
- Lifestyle Institute
- Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Hamed Akbari
- Health Research Center
- Lifestyle Institute
- Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Mansour Ghaderpoori
- Nutrition Health Research Center
- Lorestan University of Medical Sciences
- Khorramabad
- Iran
| | | | - Amir Adibzadeh
- Health Research Center
- Lifestyle Institute
- Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences
- Tehran
- Iran
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15
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Ochoa-Chavez AS, Pieczyńska A, Fiszka Borzyszkowska A, Espinoza-Montero PJ, Siedlecka EM. Electrochemical degradation of 5-FU using a flow reactor with BDD electrode: Comparison of two electrochemical systems. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 201:816-825. [PMID: 29554628 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the electrochemical degradation process of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in aqueous media was performed using a continuous flow reactor in an undivided cell (system I), and in a divided cell with a cationic membrane (Nafion® 424) (system II). In system I, 75% of 5-FU degradation was achieved (50 mg L-1) with a applied current density japp = 150 A m-2, volumetric flow rate qv = 13 L h-1, after 6 h of electrolysis (kapp = 0.004 min-1). The removal efficiency of 5-FU was higher (95%) when the concentration was 5 mg L-1 under the same conditions. Nitrates (22% of initial amount of N), fluorides (27%) and ammonium (10%) were quantified after 6 h of electrolysis. System II, 77% of 5-FU degradation was achieved (50 mg L-1) after 6 h of electrolysis (kapp = 0.004 min-1). The degradation rate of 5-FU was complete when the concentration was 5 mg L-1 under the same conditions. Nitrates (29% of initial amount of N), fluorides (25%) and ammonium (5%) were quantified after 6 h of electrolysis. In addition, the main organic byproducts identified by mass spectroscopy were aliphatic compound with carbonyl and carboxyl functionalities. Due to, the mineralization of 5-FU with acceptable efficiency of 88% found in system II (japp of 200 A m-2), this system seems to be more promising in the cytostatic drug removal. Moreover the efficiency of 5-FU removal in diluted solutions is better in system II than in system I.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Ochoa-Chavez
- Escurla Politécnica Nacional, Departamento de Ingeniería Civil y Ambiental, Centro de Investigación y Control Ambiental, Ladrón de Guevara E11-253, P.O. Box 17-01-2759, Quito, Ecuador
| | - A Pieczyńska
- University of Gdansk, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Technology, 80 308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - A Fiszka Borzyszkowska
- University of Gdansk, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Technology, 80 308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - P J Espinoza-Montero
- Escurla Politécnica Nacional, Departamento de Ingeniería Civil y Ambiental, Centro de Investigación y Control Ambiental, Ladrón de Guevara E11-253, P.O. Box 17-01-2759, Quito, Ecuador
| | - E M Siedlecka
- University of Gdansk, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Environmental Technology, 80 308 Gdansk, Poland.
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16
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Overview of experimental and computational methods for the determination of the pKa values of 5-fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, imatinib and methotrexate. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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17
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Governo M, Santos MSF, Alves A, Madeira LM. Degradation of the cytostatic 5-Fluorouracil in water by Fenton and photo-assisted oxidation processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:844-854. [PMID: 27757752 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7827-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytostatics are part of the forefront research topics due to their high prescription, high toxicity, and the lack of effective solutions to stop their entrance and spread in the environment. Among them, 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu) has received particular attention because is one of the most prescribed active substances in chemotherapy worldwide. The degradation of 5-Fu by advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) is a poorly addressed topic, and this work brings valuable inputs concerning this matter. Herein, the efficacy of Fenton's process in the degradation of 5-Fu is explored for the first time; the study of the main variables and its successful application to the treatment of real wastewaters is demonstrated. Moreover, hydrogen peroxide-based and photo-assisted techniques (direct photolysis, photodegradation with H2O2 and photo-Fenton) are also investigated for purposes of comparison. Under the best operation conditions obtained (T = 30 °C, [Fe2+]0 = 0.5 mM; [H2O2]0 = 240 mM and pH = 3 for [5-Fu]0 = 0.38 mM), 5-Fu was completely eliminated after 2 h of Fenton's reaction and about 50 % of mineralization was reached after 8 h. The best performance was obtained by the photo-Fenton process, with 5-Fu mineralization level as high as 67 %, using an iron dose within the legal limits required for direct water discharge. Toxicity (towards Vibrio fischeri) of the effluents that resulted from the application of the above-mentioned AOPs was also evaluated; it was found that the degradation products generated from the photo-assisted processes are less toxic than the parent compound, putting into evidence the relevance of such technologies for degradation of cytostatics like 5-Fu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Governo
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mónica S F Santos
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Arminda Alves
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís M Madeira
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
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18
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Wang J, Wang S. Removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) from wastewater: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 182:620-640. [PMID: 27552641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 552] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) are emerging pollutants which might pose potential hazards to environment and health. These pollutants are becoming ubiquitous in the environments because they cannot be effectively removed by the conventional wastewater treatment plants due to their toxic and recalcitrant performance. The presence of PPCPs has received increasing attention in recent years, resulting in great concern on their occurrence, transformation, fate and risk in the environments. A variety of technologies, including physical, biological and chemical processes have been extensively investigated for the removal of PPCPs from wastewater. In this paper, the classes, functions and the representatives of the frequently detected PPCPs in aquatic environments were summarized. The analytic methods for PPCPs were briefly introduced. The removal efficiency of PPCPs by wastewater treatment plants was analyzed and discussed. The removal of PPCPs from wastewater by physical, chemical and biological processes was analyzed, compared and summarized. Finally, suggestions are made for future study of PPCPs. This review can provide an overview for the removal of PPCPs from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, INET, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Radioactive Waste Treatment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
| | - Shizong Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, INET, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Radioactive Waste Treatment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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19
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Fiszka Borzyszkowska A, Pieczyńska A, Ofiarska A, Nikiforow K, Stepnowski P, Siedlecka E. Bi-B-TiO2-based photocatalytic decomposition of cytostatic drugs under simulated sunlight treatments. Sep Purif Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Ferre-Aracil J, Valcárcel Y, Negreira N, de Alda ML, Barceló D, Cardona SC, Navarro-Laboulais J. Ozonation of hospital raw wastewaters for cytostatic compounds removal. Kinetic modelling and economic assessment of the process. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 556:70-79. [PMID: 26971211 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of the ozone consumption for the pretreatment of hospital wastewater has been analysed in order to determine the reaction rate coefficients between the ozone and the readily oxidisabled organic matter and cytostatic compounds. The wastewater from a medium size hospital was treated with ozone and peroxone methodologies, varying the ozone concentration, the reaction time and the hydrogen peroxide doses. The analysis shows that there are four cytostatic compounds, i.e. irinotecan, ifosfamide, cyclophosphamide and capecitabine, detected in the wastewaters and they are completely removed with reasonably short times after the ozone treatment. Considering the reactor geometry, the gas hydrodynamics, the mass transfer of ozone from gas to liquid and the reaction of all oxidisable compounds of the wastewater it is possible to determine the chemical ozone demand, COzD, of the sample as 256mgO3L(-1) and the kinetic rate coefficient with the dissolved organic matter as 8.4M(-1)s(-1). The kinetic rate coefficient between the ozone and the cyclophosphamide is in the order of 34.7M(-1)s(-1) and higher for the other cytostatics. The direct economic cost of the treatment was evaluated considering this reaction kinetics and it is below 0.3€/m(3) under given circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ferre-Aracil
- Universitat Politècnica de València - EPSA, Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering. Institute for Industrial, Radiophysical and Environmental Safety (ISIRYM), Pl. Ferrandiz i Carbonell, 03801 Alcoi, Alicante, Spain
| | - Y Valcárcel
- Environmental Health and Ecotoxicology Research Group, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avd. Atenas s/n, Móstoles, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain
| | - N Negreira
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, (Spain)
| | - M López de Alda
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, (Spain)
| | - D Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, (Spain); Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - S C Cardona
- Universitat Politècnica de València - EPSA, Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering. Institute for Industrial, Radiophysical and Environmental Safety (ISIRYM), Pl. Ferrandiz i Carbonell, 03801 Alcoi, Alicante, Spain
| | - J Navarro-Laboulais
- Universitat Politècnica de València - EPSA, Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering. Institute for Industrial, Radiophysical and Environmental Safety (ISIRYM), Pl. Ferrandiz i Carbonell, 03801 Alcoi, Alicante, Spain.
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21
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Česen M, Kosjek T, Busetti F, Kompare B, Heath E. Human metabolites and transformation products of cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide: analysis, occurrence and formation during abiotic treatments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:11209-11223. [PMID: 26920534 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study describes a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analytical method for the analysis of cytostatic cyclophosphamide (CP), ifosfamide (IF) and their selected metabolites/transformation products (TPs): carboxy-cyclophosphamide (carboxy-CP), keto-cyclophosphamide (keto-CP) and 3-dechloroethyl-ifosfamide/N-dechloroethyl-cyclophosphamide (N-decl-CP) in wastewater (WW). Keto-cyclophosphamide, CP and IF were extracted with Oasis HLB and N-decl-CP and carboxy-CP with Isolute ENV+ cartridges. Analyte derivatization was performed by silylation (metabolites/TPs) and acetylation (CP and IF). The recoveries and LOQs of the developed method were 58, 87 and 103 % and 77.7, 43.7 and 6.7 ng L(-1) for carboxy-CP, keto-CP and N-decl-CP, respectively. After validation, the analytical method was applied to hospital WW and influent and effluent samples of a receiving WW treatment plant. In hospital WW, levels up to 2690, 47.0, 13,200, 2100 and 178 ng L(-1) were detected for CP, IF, carboxy-CP, N-decl-CP and keto-CP, respectively, while in influent and effluent samples concentrations were below LOQs. The formation of TPs during abiotic treatments was also studied. Liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry was used to identify CP and IF TPs in ultrapure water, treated with UV and UV/H2O2. UV treatment produced four CP TPs and four IF TPs, while UV/H2O2 resulted in five CPs and four IF TPs. Besides already known TPs, three novel TPs (CP-TP138a, imino-ifosfamide and IF-TP138) have been tentatively identified. In hospital WW treated by UV/O3/H2O2, none of the target metabolites/TPs resulted above LOQs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjeta Česen
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tina Kosjek
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Francesco Busetti
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre (CWQRC), Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Boris Kompare
- Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Hajdrihova 28, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ester Heath
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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22
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Li W, Nanaboina V, Chen F, Korshin GV. Removal of polycyclic synthetic musks and antineoplastic drugs in ozonated wastewater: Quantitation based on the data of differential spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 304:242-250. [PMID: 26555374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the degradation behavior of polycyclic musks (PMs) and antineoplastic drugs (ADs) and the absorbance spectra of effluent organic matter (EfOM) in municipal wastewater by ozone. Specific ozone doses used in the experiments ranged from 0 to 1mg O3/mg dissolved organic matter (DOC). The examined PMs included galaxolide, tonalide, celestolide, traseolide and phantolide. ADs included busulfan, chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, dacarbazine, flutamide, ifosfamide, tamoxifen and methotrexate. Strong monotonic albeit nonlinear correlations were found to exist between relative changes of EfOM absorbance at 254 nm (i.e. ΔA254/A(0)254) and the degradation of the selected PMs and ADs. This result was interpreted based on the concept of the simultaneous oxidation of EfOM and, on the other hand, PMs and ADs. This interpretation showed that PMs were degraded primarily via OH radical attack, with tonalide and phantolide being less reactive compared with the other PMs. ADs such as cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide and busulfan were also determined to undergo oxidation by OH radicals. Comparison of the behavior of the radical probe para-chlorobenzoic acid and the examined ADs and PMs allowed evaluating corresponding reaction rate constants for reactions between these species and OH radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road 159, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Venkateswarlu Nanaboina
- Sri Lakshmi Bhargavi Pharma Pvt. Ltd., 3GF & 3,4,5FF, SDF Block-2, EPIP, TSIIC, Pashmylaram, Patancheru Mandal, Medak District, Telangana 502305, India
| | - Fang Chen
- School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Gregory V Korshin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Box 352700 University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-2700, United States
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23
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Mendoza A, Zonja B, Mastroianni N, Negreira N, López de Alda M, Pérez S, Barceló D, Gil A, Valcárcel Y. Drugs of abuse, cytostatic drugs and iodinated contrast media in tap water from the Madrid region (central Spain):A case study to analyse their occurrence and human health risk characterization. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 86:107-118. [PMID: 26571428 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This work analyses the presence of forty-eight emerging pollutants, including twenty-five drugs of abuse and metabolites, seventeen cytostatic drugs and six iodinated contrast media, in tap water from the Madrid Region. Analysis of the target compounds in the tap water was performed by means of (on-line or off-line) solid-phase extraction followed by analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A preliminary human health risk characterization was undertaken for each individual compound and for different groups of compounds with a common mechanism of action found in tap water. The results of the study showed the presence of eight out of the twenty-five drugs of abuse and metabolites analysed, namely, the cocainics cocaine and benzoylecgonine, the amphetamine-type stimulants ephedrine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and methamphetamine, the opioid methadone and its metabolite 2-ethylene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine and, finally caffeine at concentrations ranging from 0.11 to 502 ng L(-1). Four out of the six analysed iodinated contrast media, namely, diatrizoate, iohexol, iomeprol and iopromide, were detected in at least one sample, with concentration values varying between 0.4 and 5 ng L(-1). Cytostatic compounds were not detected in any sample. Caffeine was the substance showing the highest concentrations, up to 502 ng L(-1), mainly in the drinking water sampling point located in Madrid city. Among the other drugs of abuse, the most abundant compounds were cocaine and benzoylecgonine, detected at concentrations ranging from 0.11 to 86 ng L(-1) and from 0.11 to 53 ng L(-1), respectively. Regarding iodinated contrast media, iohexol was the most ubiquitous and abundant compound, with a frequency of detection of 100% and concentrations from 0.5 to 5.0 ng L(-1) in basically the same range in all sampling points. Taking into account the results and types of treatment applied, ozonisation plus granular activated carbon filtration appears to be efficient in the removal of cocaine and benzoylecgonine. For the amphetamine-type stimulants, opioids and caffeine, ozonisation plus granular activated carbon filtration and ultrafiltration plus reverse osmosis showed higher removal efficiency than sand filtration. The human health risk characterization performed indicates that the lifetime consumption of the tap waters analysed has associated a negligible human health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mendoza
- Research Group in Environmental Health and Ecotoxicology (ToxAmb), Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda. Tulipán, s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; Department of Occupational Health and Safety, University Hospital of Fuenlabrada, Camino del Molino, s/n, 28942 Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain.
| | - B Zonja
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Mastroianni
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Negreira
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M López de Alda
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Pérez
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H(2)O Building, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - A Gil
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Psychology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Immunology and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda. Atenas, s/n, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Y Valcárcel
- Research Group in Environmental Health and Ecotoxicology (ToxAmb), Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda. Tulipán, s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine and Surgery, Psychology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Immunology and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda. Atenas, s/n, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
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24
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Česen M, Kosjek T, Laimou-Geraniou M, Kompare B, Širok B, Lambropolou D, Heath E. Occurrence of cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide in aqueous environment and their removal by biological and abiotic wastewater treatment processes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 527-528:465-73. [PMID: 25981944 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cytostatic drug residues in the aqueous environment are of concern due to their possible adverse effects on non-target organisms. Here we report the occurrence and removal efficiency of cyclophosphamide (CP) and ifosfamide (IF) by biological and abiotic treatments including advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Cyclophosphamide was detected in hospital wastewaters (14-22,000 ng L(-1)), wastewater treatment plant influents (19-27 ng L(-1)) and effluent (17 ng L(-1)), whereas IF was detected only in hospital wastewaters (48-6800 ng L(-1)). The highest removal efficiency during biological treatment (attached growth biomass in a flow through bioreactor) was 59 ± 15% and 35 ± 9.3% for CP and IF, respectively. Also reported are the removal efficiencies of both compounds from wastewater using hydrodynamic cavitation (HC), ozonation (O3) and/or UV, either individually or in combination with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Hydrodynamic cavitation did not remove CP and IF to any significant degree. The highest removal efficiencies: 99 ± 0.71% for CP and 94 ± 2.4% for IF, were achieved using UV/O3/H2O2 at 5 g L(-1) for 120 min. When combined with biological treatment, removal efficiencies were >99% for both compounds. This is the first report of combined biological and AOP treatment of CP and IF from wastewater with a removal efficiency >99%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjeta Česen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tina Kosjek
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maria Laimou-Geraniou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Boris Kompare
- Department of Environmental Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Hajdrihova 28, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Brane Širok
- Laboratory for Hydraulic Machines, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 6, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dimitra Lambropolou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ester Heath
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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25
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Li W, Tanumihardja J, Masuyama T, Korshin G. Examination of the kinetics of degradation of the antineoplastic drug 5-fluorouracil by chlorine and bromine. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 282:125-132. [PMID: 24958676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.05.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the degradation of the widely used antineoplastic drug 5-fluorouracil (5FU) by chlorine and bromine. 5FU was determined to interact readily with free chlorine and bromine but was stable in the presence of chloramine. The removal of 5FU followed a second-order kinetic pattern. Apparent rates (kapp) of 5FU removal by chlorine and bromine were strongly pH dependent and had maximum 14.8M(-1)s(-1) and 1.9×10(3)M(-1)s(-1)kapp values, respectively at pH 7. Modeling of the dependence of the kapp values vs. pH indicated the presence of a relatively acidic (pK 6.4 vs. 8.5 of 5FU per se) 5FU intermediate generated in the presence of halogen species. Spectrophotometric measurements confirmed the increased acidity of 5FU chlorination products and allowed proposing a degradation pathway of 5FU by chlorine. This pathway suggests that 5FU chlorination proceeds via chlorine incorporation at the 6th carbon in the heterocyclic ring of 5FU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- College of Forest Resources and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road 159, Nanjing 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Nankai University), Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Jessica Tanumihardja
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Box 352700, Seattle, WA 98195-2700, United States
| | - Takaaki Masuyama
- Water Environment Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1-M1-4, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Gregory Korshin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Box 352700, Seattle, WA 98195-2700, United States
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26
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Lin AYC, Hsueh JHF, Hong PKA. Removal of antineoplastic drugs cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, and 5-fluorouracil and a vasodilator drug pentoxifylline from wastewaters by ozonation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:508-515. [PMID: 25087496 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the ozonation of the antineoplastic drugs cyclophosphamide (CP), ifosfamide (IF), and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and of the vasodilator pentoxifylline (PEN) in distilled water, in pharmaceutical wastewater, and in hospital effluent at pH 5-11. Under an alkaline pH of 11, all of the target compounds rapidly degraded through the attack of hydroxyl radicals, which resulted in their complete removal within 5 min at an ozone supply rate of 3 g O3/h. Under acidic pH conditions, such as pH 5.6, CP and IF exhibited slower removal rates; however, compounds with unsaturated C-C bonds, such as 5-FU and PEN, were still removed at rapid rates under acidic conditions. Although the parent compounds were removed within minutes, the resulting ozonation byproducts were resistant to further ozonation and possessed increased Microtox acute toxicity. In distilled water, the resulting ozonation products exhibited minimal mineralization but high acute toxicity, whereas in naturally buffered pharmaceutical and hospital effluents, the byproducts were more amenable to removal and detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, Republic of China,
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27
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Booker V, Halsall C, Llewellyn N, Johnson A, Williams R. Prioritising anticancer drugs for environmental monitoring and risk assessment purposes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 473-474:159-70. [PMID: 24369294 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Anticancer drugs routinely used in chemotherapy enter wastewater through the excretion of the non-metabolised drug following administration to patients. This study considers the consumption and subsequent behaviour and occurrence of these chemicals in aquatic systems, with the aim of prioritising a selection of these drugs which are likely to persist in the environment and hence be considered for environmental screening programmes. Accurate consumption data were compiled from a hospital survey in NW England and combined with urinary excretion rates derived from clinical studies. Physical-chemical property data were compiled along with likely chemical fate and persistence during and after wastewater treatment. A shortlist of 15 chemicals (from 65) was prioritised based on their consumption, persistency and likelihood of occurrence in surface waters and supported by observational studies where possible. The ecological impact of these 'prioritised' chemicals is uncertain as the measured concentrations in surface waters generally fall below standard toxicity thresholds. Nonetheless, this prioritised sub-list should prove useful for developing environmental screening programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Booker
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Crispin Halsall
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
| | - Neville Llewellyn
- Centre of Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Andrew Johnson
- Centre of Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8B, UK
| | - Richard Williams
- Centre of Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8B, UK
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28
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Zhang J, Chang VWC, Giannis A, Wang JY. Removal of cytostatic drugs from aquatic environment: a review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 445-446:281-98. [PMID: 23337605 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cytostatic drugs have been widely used for chemotherapy for decades. However, many of them have been categorized as carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic compounds, triggering widespread concerns about their occupational exposure and ecotoxicological risks to the environment. This review focuses on trace presence, fate and ecotoxicity of various cytostatic compounds in the environment, with an emphasis on the major sources contributing to their environmental concentrations. Past records have documented findings mainly on hospital effluents though little effort has been directed to household discharges. There is also a lack in physico-chemical data for forecasting the chemodynamics of cytostatics in natural waters along with its human metabolites and environmental transformation products. In this light, obtaining comprehensive ecotoxicity data is becoming pressingly crucial to determine their actual impacts on the ecosystem. Literature review also reveals urinary excretion as a major contributor to various cytostatic residues appeared in the water cycle. As such, engaging urine source-separation as a part of control strategy holds a rosy prospect of addressing the "emerging" contamination issue. State-of-the-art treatment technologies should be incorporated to further remove cytostatic residues from the source-separating urine stream. The benefits, limitations and trends of development in this domain are covered for membrane bio-reactor, reverse/forward osmosis and advanced oxidation processes. Despite the respective seeming advantages of source separation and treatment technology, a combined strategy may cost-effectively prevent the cytostatic residues from seeping into the environment. However, the combination calls for further evaluation on the associated technological, social-economic and administrative issues at hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiefeng Zhang
- Division of Environmental and Water Resources, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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29
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Vo Duy S, Fayad P, Barbeau B, Prévost M, Sauvé S. Using a novel sol–gel stir bar sorptive extraction method for the analysis of steroid hormones in water by laser diode thermal desorption/atmospheric chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2012; 101:337-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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D’Hondt M, Vangheluwe E, Van Dorpe S, Boonen J, Bauters T, Pelfrene B, Vandenbroucke J, Robays H, De Spiegeleer B. Stability of extemporaneously prepared cytarabine, methotrexate sodium, and methylprednisolone sodium succinate. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2012; 69:232-40. [DOI: 10.2146/ajhp110208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jente Boonen
- Drug Quality and Registration Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Hugo Robays
- Department of Pharmacy, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent
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31
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Llewellyn N, Lloyd P, Jürgens M, Johnson A. Determination of cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide in sewage effluent by stable isotope-dilution liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:8519-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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32
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Zhu B, Hu Y, Kennedy S, Milne N, Morris G, Jin W, Gray S, Duke M. Dual function filtration and catalytic breakdown of organic pollutants in wastewater using ozonation with titania and alumina membranes. J Memb Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2010.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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