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He L, Wang WL, Wu DX, Wang SY, Xiao X, Zhang HQ, Lee MY, Wu QY. Vacuum ultraviolet irradiation for reduction of the toxicity of wastewater towards mammalian cells: Removal mechanism, changes in organic compounds, and toxicity alternatives. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 182:108314. [PMID: 37979535 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Vacuum ultraviolet (VUV, 185 + 254 nm) irradiation performs well for oxidation of model pollutants. However, oxidation of pollutants does not necessarily lead to a reduction in toxicity. Currently, a comprehensive understanding of the effect of VUV irradiation on the toxicity of real wastewater is still lacking. In this study, the influence of VUV irradiation on the toxicity of secondary effluents to Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells was investigated. The induction units of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) and 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in cells continuously decreased with prolonged irradiation time. After 36 min of irradiation, the cytotoxicity and the genotoxicity of the secondary effluents were reduced by 57%-63% and 56%-61%, respectively. The UV (254 nm), •OH, and other substances generated during the VUV irradiation directly drive toxicity changes of wastewater. The contribution of •OH generated during VUV irradiation to the reductions in cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the secondary effluents reached 72%-78% and 77%-84%, respectively. Hydroxyl radicals generated during VUV irradiation played an important role in the detoxification. The relative signal intensity of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) > 500 Da was partially removed, whereas that of DOC < 500 Da was small changed. Since the content of DOC > 500 Da in the samples was much lower than that of DOC < 500 Da, the removal of total DOC was only 15.8%-20.0% after 36 min of irradiation. The UV254 values and the fluorescence intensity values for different molecular weights (MWs) were all reduced effectively by VUV irradiation. Electron-rich organic compounds of all MWs were all sensitive to VUV irradiation. There were mono-linear relationships between changes in chemical indexes and changes in cytotoxicity or genotoxicity. The total fluorescence intensity (Ex: 220-420 nm, Em: 280-560 nm) was identified as the best indicator of the reduction in toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu He
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - De-Xiu Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Shao-Yu Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - He-Qing Zhang
- Cscec Scimee Science & Technical Company Limited, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Min-Yong Lee
- National Institute of Environment Research, Ministry of Environment, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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2
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Li D, Ma XY, Zhang S, Wang YK, Han Y, Chen R, Wang XC, Ngo HH. Aquatic photolysis of high-risk chemicals of emerging concern from secondary effluent mediated by sunlight irradiation for ecological safety and the enhanced methods. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 238:120002. [PMID: 37148692 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural sunlight can reduce the chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) and biological effects from the discharged domestic wastewater. But the aquatic photolysis and biotoxic variations of specific CECs detected in secondary effluent (SE) were not clear. In this study, 29 CECs were detected in the SE, and 13 medium- and high-risk CECs were identified as target chemicals based on their ecological risk assessment. To comprehensively explore the photolysis properties of the identified target chemicals, the direct and self-sensitized photodegradation of the target chemicals, even the indirect photodegradation in the mixture, were investigated and compared with these photodegradation in the SE. Of the 13 target chemicals, only five chemicals (including dichlorvos (DDVP), mefenamic acid (MEF), diphenhydramine hydrochloride (DPH), chlorpyrifos (CPF), and imidacloprid (IMI)) underwent direct and self-sensitized photodegradation processes. The removal of DDVP, MEF, and DPH was attributed to self-sensitized photodegradation, which was mainly mediated by •OH; CPF and IMI primarily relied on direct photodegradation. Synergistic and/or antagonistic actions that occurred in the mixture improved/decreased the rate constants of five photodegradable target chemicals. Meanwhile, the biotoxicities (acute toxicity and genotoxicity) of the target chemicals (including individual chemicals and the mixture) were significantly reduced, which can explain the reduction of biotoxicities from SE. For the two refractory high-risk chemicals, atrazine (ATZ) and carbendazim (MBC), algae-derived intracellular dissolved organic matter (IOM) on ATZ, and IOM and extracellular dissolved organic matter (EOM) on MBC had slightly promotion for their photodegradation; while peroxysulfate, and peroxymonosulfate served as sensitizers were activated by natural sunlight and effectively improved their photodegradation rate, and then reduced their biotoxicities. These findings will promote the development of CECs treatment technologies based on sunlight irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Li
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Y Ma
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China.
| | - Shiying Zhang
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Yongkun K Wang
- School of Environment and Tourism, West Anhui University, Lùan 237000, PR China
| | - Yingnan Han
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Rong Chen
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
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Bai W, Takao Y, Kubo T. First evaluation of genotoxicity of strong bases and zwitterions in treated household effluents. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:126053. [PMID: 34492893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Various genotoxic substances in household effluents have not been sufficiently studied. The purpose of this study is to evaluate them using the umu test after dividing them based on the acid-base properties of their functional groups by solid-phase extraction cartridges. The results of the samples concentrated with reverse-phase cartridges showed that the substances with acid functional groups had stronger genotoxicity as 4.1-12.1 ng-4-NQO/mL without S9 enzyme and 17.4-51.8 ng-2-AA/mL with S9 enzyme, while the basic substances also showed a certain degree of toxicity. The results of dividing the effluents by acid-base properties using ion-exchange cartridges showed that chemical substances with strong acid functional groups did not demonstrate genotoxicity. It was found that the genotoxicity of chemicals with functional groups of weak acids was half of that of the total amount. The genotoxicity of the neutral substance was not strong, and the genotoxicity of the weak basic substances was negligible. The zwitterions and substances with strong basic functional groups showed about half the total genotoxicity. This is the first report that has investigated the genotoxicity of zwitterions in effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Bai
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
| | - Yuji Takao
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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Heng B, Zhang R, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Song Z, Liu C, Sun D, Qi F. Occurrence and risk assessment of volatile halogenated disinfection by-products in an urban river supplied by reclaimed wastewater. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 211:111912. [PMID: 33493727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.111912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The reuse of the sewage is an effective way to solve the shortage of water resources, but disinfection by-products (DBPs) caused by chlorination may bring potential ecological and health risks to the supplied water. In this study, the occurrence and potential ecological risk of DBPs in SH River in Beijing were evaluated. Four kinds of DBPs were detected in 84 samples by GC-MS, including THM, CH, CTC and TCAN, whose detection rates were 100%, 100%, 100% and 2.38%, respectively. Combining with the relevant standard limitation and corresponding threshold values in China, and the reported concentration in domestic and foreign literatures, the results showed that the number of samples which [THM], [CTC] and [CH] exceeded the threshold values in relevant standard for 23.81%, 100.00% and 89.29%, respectively. CTC showed the highest excess times than the threshold value with [CTC]max was 356.46 μg/L. In addition, the temporal and spatial characteristics of identified DBPs were studied. [THM], [CTC] and [CH] all exhibited the highest concentration in Aug., which was as the same as the variation trend of air and water temperature. With the increase of sampling distance, [THM] and [CTC] fluctuated greatly, and the background values in SH River were higher due to the supplement of the reclaimed water. [CH] and [TCAN] gradually decreased, which may be due to that they were more prone to volatilize in the channel and be degraded by aquatic microorganisms. In addition, the occurrence situation in S2 and S7, were in the order of CTC > CH > THM. Hence, the rank of the occurrence situation of identified DBPs was CTC > CH > THM > TCAN. Multivariate analysis showed that THM was significantly positively correlated with CTC and their sources were similar. Moreover, they were all affected by solution pH and DO. Potential ecological risk assessment indicated that the rank of identified DBPs ecological risk was CTC > THM > CH > TCAN. Among them, the risk level of CTC and THM were high in both daily and extreme situations. Therefore, the potential ecological risk caused by DBPs should be fully considered in the process of reclaimed water supplying landscape water, such as urban river. If a higher level of the ecological risk management is needed, THM, CTC and CH, especially CTC, should be considered firstly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Heng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Beijing Urban River and Lake Management Division, No. A1 Youyi Village, Beiwa Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Zhenbei Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yiping Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zilong Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Industrial Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, China
| | - Dezhi Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fei Qi
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
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5
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Shi Y, Li S, Wang L, Li J, Shen G, Wu G, Xu K, Ren H, Geng J. Characteristics of DOM in 14 AAO processes of municipal wastewater treatment plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 742:140654. [PMID: 32721750 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) such as chemical composition, molecular weight (MW) distribution and hydrophobic/hydrophilic distribution can affect wastewater treatment efficiency, effluent quality and ecological risk. Fluorescence spectroscopy could provide a quick estimate of DOM characteristics during the monitoring of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In this study, the characteristic and quantitative correlation of DOM from 14 anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (AAO) processes of WWTPs located in different provinces (municipalities) of China were investigated. The results showed that DOM of MW <1 kDa was the largest group of DOM in influent and secondary effluent, and DOM removal increased as the MW increased. Hydrophilic (HPI) fraction and hydrophobic acid (HPO-A) comprised the major portion of DOM in influent and secondary effluent and exhibited the lowest rate of removal. In addition, DOM concentrations in the northern provinces were higher than in the southern provinces, which were related to the water quality, economy and population. There were positive correlations between specific fluorescence intensity (SFI) and the MW <1 kDa, 1-5 kDa and <10 kDa fractions. The smaller the molecular weight, the better the correlation. Strong positive correlations between regional fluorescence proportion (fi) and HPI were found. SFI and fi may be explored as potential indicators of the MW fractions and the hydrophobic/hydrophilic distribution of DOM in AAO processes WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Shengnan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Liye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Juechun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Guochen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Gang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Ke Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Hongqiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jinju Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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Macêdo LPR, Dornelas ASP, Vieira MM, Ferreira JSDJ, Sarmento RA, Cavallini GS. Effects of lethal and sublethal concentrations of peracetic acid and active chlorine of calcium hypochlorite on Chironomus xanthus. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 256:127171. [PMID: 32470743 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater ecosystems are vulnerable to residual concentrations of chemical agents from anthropogenic activities, and the real impacts of such compounds can only be evaluated accurately using ecotoxicological tests. The assessment of ecotoxicological effects of peracetic acid (PAA) and the active chlorine of calcium hypochlorite (Ca(ClO)2) on the insect Chironomus xanthus Meigen (Diptera: Chironomidae) is highly relevant as there are few reports on its effects in fresh water ecosystems. To our best knowledge, this is the first study to assess the chronic toxicity of the compounds to C. xanthus. The toxicity bioassays for C. xanthus included the acute effect (CL50) and the chronic effects based on body length, head width, and cumulative emergence. The results obtained in the acute effect tests indicated that the active chlorine of Ca(ClO)2 is 14 fold more toxic than PAA to C. xanthus. In sublethal evaluations, the active chlorine of Ca(ClO)2 presented higher toxicity than PAA in terms of percentage emergence, body development, and head width. In general, the results showed lower PAA toxicity relative to the active chlorine of Ca(ClO)2, demonstrating that PAA is a promising substitute for chlorinated disinfectants. In addition, the study facilitates the establishment of reference values for the safe release of effluents treated with PAA into water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Priscilla Rodrigues Macêdo
- Multidisciplinar em Ensino, Educação, Química, Linguagens e Meio Ambiente, Instituto Federal do Pará, 68.629-020, Paragominas, Pará, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 77.402-970, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil
| | | | - Mayane Marques Vieira
- Curso de Química Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 77.402-970, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Joel Santiago de Jesus Ferreira
- Curso de Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 77.402-970, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Renato Almeida Sarmento
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 77.402-970, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Grasiele Soares Cavallini
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 77.402-970, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil; Curso de Química Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 77.402-970, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil.
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Chen Z, Yang B, Wen Q, Chen C. Evaluation of enhanced coagulation combined with densadeg-ultrafiltration process in treating secondary effluent: Organic micro-pollutants removal, genotoxicity reduction, and membrane fouling alleviation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 396:122697. [PMID: 32388183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Conventional coagulation is widely used as an ultrafiltration membrane pretreatment process in wastewater reclamation, however it shows little ability to reduce organic micro-pollutants (OMPs) and genotoxicity. In this research, powdered activated carbon (PAC) and potassium ferrate were used respectively with polyaluminum chloride (PACl) to enhance coagulation. Filtration experiments of coagulation (CUF), coagulation-adsorption (CAUF) and coagulation-oxidation (COUF) pretreatment combined with densadeg-ultrafiltration processes were conducted under their optimum doses. The effluent water quality of CAUF and COUF could meet the water reuse quality standard for scenic environment use, while total phosphorus in the conventional CUF discharge was higher than the standard. The average removal efficiency of the selected fourteen OMPs was significantly improved by 1.8 times through the CAUF process compared to the CUF process (31.2%), whereas the COUF process (38.4%) showed limited improvement. Prominent reduction of genotoxicity was observed in the CAUF and COUF processes, and the effluent of the CAUF process had the least genotoxicity of 1.0 ± 0.3 μg 4-Nitroquinoline-N-oxide (4-NQO)/L. Moreover, the average transmembrane pressure increasing rate followed the order of CUF (1.5 kPa/d) > COUF (1.1 kPa/d) > CAUF (0.6 kPa/d), indicated that the enhanced coagulation process could relieve membrane fouling effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (SKLUWRE, HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China; School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Boxuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (SKLUWRE, HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Qinxue Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (SKLUWRE, HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China.
| | - Chuxiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (SKLUWRE, HIT), Harbin, 150090, PR China
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8
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Du Y, Yang Y, Wang WL, Zhou YT, Wu QY. Surrogates for the removal by ozonation of the cytotoxicity and DNA double-strand break effects of wastewater on mammalian cells. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 135:105369. [PMID: 31841803 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) may contain various pollutants with potential toxic effects. Ozonation is widely applied to purify wastewater, which may influence the toxicity and water quality indices simultaneously. The main goal of this study was to reveal influence of ozonation on toxicity of WWTP effluents and to find the surrogates for toxicity changes. Cytotoxicity and DNA double-strand break (DSB) effect of WWTP effluents were measured based on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Changes of water quality parameters and molecular weight distribution of WWTP effluents were also measured. The organic extracts in WWTP effluents were shown to decrease the cell viability. Besides, an increased level of DNA DSBs was found in cells when exposed to the organic extracts. Ozonation significantly eliminated cytotoxicity and DNA DSB-based genotoxicity of WWTP effluents, with removal rates of 53-66% and 51-76% for cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, respectively, with 10 mg/L ozone dose. Although the DOC contents in WWTP effluents were hardly removed by ozonation, the chromophores and fluorophores were significantly eliminated. Organic matter in WWTP effluents mainly consists of fractions with molecular weight (MW) < 500 Da. Ozonation generally decreased the fluorescence intensity and UV254 values of all the MW fractions, but increased the DOC contents of the 100-500 Da fraction. During ozonation, the removal rates of UV254 and SUVA254 were significantly correlated to the removal rates of both cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. UV254 might be an ideal surrogate for cytotoxicity and genotoxicity reduction during wastewater ozonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Du
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China (ISTIC), Beijing 100038, China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu-Ting Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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9
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Bai W, Takao Y, Kubo T. Evaluation of genotoxicity potential of household effluents from onsite wastewater treatment systems using umu test. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2020; 83:36-44. [PMID: 31989873 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2020.1719447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Household effluents are predominantly treated by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Other treatment methods, which were examined in this study, are also used in the countryside. These treatment modes include (1) onsite toilet wastewater treatment system (OTWTS), (2) onsite wastewater treatment system (OWTS), (3) community wastewater treatment system (CWTS), and (4) onsite vault toilet (OVT). Household effluents consist of excrements and urine released from toilets as well as wastewater released from kitchens and bathrooms. In the present study, household effluents that were discharged from the residential areas having undergone similar treatment methodologies were compared using the umu test, an in vitro bioassay to assess genotoxicity potential. The different treatment methodologies were categorized based upon whether the two kinds of wastewater were mixed or not mixed and treated or not treated. Treated wastewater containing excrements and urine from the OTWTS exhibited the strongest genotoxicity potential compared to other effluents, whereas most of the kitchen and bathroom wastewater from OVT did not display genotoxicity. Data indicated that the genotoxicants in the effluents originated primarily from excrements and urine, and may increase an adverse environmental risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Bai
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuji Takao
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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10
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da Silva WP, Carlos TD, Cavallini GS, Pereira DH. Peracetic acid: Structural elucidation for applications in wastewater treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 168:115143. [PMID: 31590037 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Peracetic acid (PAA) is an oxidizer widely used for the sterilization of equipment in hospitals, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries and also for water and wastewater disinfection. Even with its increasing applications, there have been no previous theoretical studies that explain the experimental results based on its molecular behavior. In this context, this work used calculations based on the density functional theory (DFT) combined with experimental results to elucidate the decomposition mechanisms of PAA for predicting its stability and the possible products generated from its decomposition. The results obtained showed that the protonation of PAA promoted its spontaneous decomposition in acetic acid and molecular oxygen. The hydrolysis mechanism of PAA in acidic medium indicated that the low energy difference involved in the mechanism's stages is responsible for the equilibrium between PAA and H2O2. The structural and electronic comparison of PAA with H2O2 showed that the O-O bond length of PAA is longer than that of H2O2 and is also weaker, therefore may demonstrate greater efficiency in advanced oxidative processes by photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Pereira da Silva
- Chemistry Collegiate, Federal University of Tocantins, Campus Gurupi -Badejós, P.O. Box 66, 77 402-970, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Thayrine Dias Carlos
- Chemistry Collegiate, Federal University of Tocantins, Campus Gurupi -Badejós, P.O. Box 66, 77 402-970, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Grasiele Soares Cavallini
- Chemistry Collegiate, Federal University of Tocantins, Campus Gurupi -Badejós, P.O. Box 66, 77 402-970, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Douglas Henrique Pereira
- Chemistry Collegiate, Federal University of Tocantins, Campus Gurupi -Badejós, P.O. Box 66, 77 402-970, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil.
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11
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Rodrigues Macêdo LP, Pereira Dornelas AS, Vieira MM, Santiago de Jesus Ferreira J, Almeida Sarmento R, Cavallini GS. Comparative ecotoxicological evaluation of peracetic acid and the active chlorine of calcium hypochlorite: Use of Dugesia tigrina as a bioindicator of environmental pollution. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 233:273-281. [PMID: 31176128 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine plays a primary role in the disinfection of drinking water and wastewater due to its effectiveness as a biocide; however, there is evidence of the formation of toxic byproducts from its application, and this has promoted the search for alternatives. Alternative disinfectants can be effective in the inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms and are less damaging to human health and aquatic ecosystems. However, more information is needed on the effect of residual concentrations on the environment. This work compares the ecotoxicological effects of PAA disinfectants and the active chlorine of calcium hypochlorite in relation to the organism Dugesia tigrina (planaria), in terms of the acute effects: LC50, and chronic effects: feeding, locomotion, regeneration, reproduction and fertility. The results indicated that the active chlorine was more toxic than PAA, with LC50 (96 h) of 2.63 mg.L-1 and 3.16 mg.L-1, respectively. Sub-lethal exposure to active chlorine was more toxic when compared to PAA, and there was evidence of significantly reduced feeding and locomotion, causing a greater delay in regeneration and impairment in reproduction and fertility. The results allowed the comparison of the two disinfectants using half-life constants of the compounds and the lowest observed effect level (LOEC) of the oxidants. Chlorine represents a greater risk to the ecosystem for a longer period. The results obtained in this study can help in the establishment of discharge limits for PAA in water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mayane Marques Vieira
- Curso de Química Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 77.402-970, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil.
| | - Joel Santiago de Jesus Ferreira
- Curso de Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 77.402-970, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil.
| | - Renato Almeida Sarmento
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 77.402-970, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil.
| | - Grasiele Soares Cavallini
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 77.402-970, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil.
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12
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Fabbricino M, Yan M, Korshin GV. Effects of chlorination on the fluorescence of seawater: Pronounced changes of emission intensity and their relationships with the formation of disinfection byproducts. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 218:430-437. [PMID: 30481652 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chlorination of coastal (CS) and deep ocean (DO) seawater was accompanied by a prominent decrease (of up to 70%) of the intensity of its emission which was measured using a 315 nm excitation wavelength. Deconvolution of the emission spectra of CS and DO seawater showed that these spectra comprised three Gauss-shaped bands. The intensities of two of these bands decreased rapidly as the halogenation proceeded. For both DO and CS seawater, two stages of changes of their fluorescence were observed. The first stage in which the relative changes of the fluorescence intensity (ΔF/F) were between zero to 0.30 and 0.40 was not accompanied by the release of individual disinfection byproduct (DBP) species. For ΔF/F values above the corresponding thresholds, the relative changes of fluorescence intensity were well correlated with the concentrations of individual DBP species such as trihalomethanes and haloacetonitriles. R2 values for CHBr3, CHBr2Cl and CHBrCl2 formed in DO seawater were 0.83, 0.80 and 0.68, respectively while for CS seawater, the corresponding R2 values were 0.91, 0.93 and 0.92. The presented data demonstrate that the intrinsic chemistry of DBP formation and dissolved organic matter (DOM) halogenation in seawater can be well quantified based on the examination of changes of its fluorescence. This approach can also be employed for practical monitoring of changes of properties of marine DOM and generation of DBPs in desalination, marine aquaculture and other processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Fabbricino
- Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering Girolamo Ippolito, University of Naples Federico II, Via Claudio 21, Naples 80125, Italy
| | - Mingquan Yan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Gregory V Korshin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Box 352700, Seattle, WA 98195-2700, United States
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13
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Ignatev A, Tuhkanen T. Monitoring WWTP performance using size-exclusion chromatography with simultaneous UV and fluorescence detection to track recalcitrant wastewater fractions. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 214:587-597. [PMID: 30286425 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A trial monitoring of a typical full-scale municipal WWTP in Central Finland was aimed to explore applicability of high performance liquid chromatography - size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) with simultaneous UV and fluorescence detection as a tool for advanced routine monitoring of wastewater treatment. High, intermediate, and low molecular weight (MW) fractions of untreated wastewater (influent) and treated wastewater (secondary effluent) were characterized in terms of UV absorbance at 254 nm (UVA254) and specific fluorescence representing tyrosine-like, tryptophan-like, and humic/fulvic-like compounds. The activated sludge treatment removed 97 ± 1% of BOD, 93 ± 2% of COD, 71 ± 7% of DOC, and 24 ± 7% of TN, while the overall reduction of UVA254 was 50 ± 6%. Total fluorescence signal declined by ∼80% for tyrosine-like, by 60-70% for tryptophan-like, and by 7-36% for humic/fulvic-like compounds. Low and intermediate MW humic/fulvic-like compounds fluorescing at λex/λem = 390/500 nm demonstrated recalcitrant behavior. Protein-like and humic/fulvic-like fractions of low MW < 1 kDa accounted for 60-65% of total UVA254 and 50-70% of total fluorescence of whole influent and effluent samples. Strong linear correlations were observed between wastewater BOD, COD, DOC, UVA254 and tyrosine-like, tryptophan-like fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Ignatev
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Tuula Tuhkanen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
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14
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Domínguez Henao L, Turolla A, Antonelli M. Disinfection by-products formation and ecotoxicological effects of effluents treated with peracetic acid: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 213:25-40. [PMID: 30212717 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Peracetic acid (PAA) has gained increasing attention over the last decades as a suitable and environmentally-friendly alternative to chlorine-based compounds for wastewater disinfection, claiming limited disinfection by-products (DBPs) formed and no persistent residues in the environment. The present work aims at presenting a comprehensive and updated review of the ecotoxicological effects of effluents treated with PAA, to be ascribed to residual PAA and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and DBP formation. Modest concentrations of DBPs have been observed after PAA treatment, mainly carboxylic acids, which are not recognized as genotoxic. Moreover, there is no evidence of any endocrine disruption potential of PAA in human health or in the ecotoxicological studies. The associated H2O2 fraction can potentially minimize the formation of halogenated DBPs and also contribute to the acute toxic effects of treated effluents. Effluents disinfected with PAA at concentrations typical of the wastewater treatment field have displayed limited toxic, mutagenic and genotoxic effects on different aquatic organisms, particularly low compared to chlorine-based disinfectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Domínguez Henao
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA) - Environmental Section, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Turolla
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA) - Environmental Section, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Manuela Antonelli
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA) - Environmental Section, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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15
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Zhu X, Li M, Ma D, Chen L. Changes of biotoxicity in food waste fermentation wastewater treated by a membrane bioreactor system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:18728-18736. [PMID: 29707749 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1857-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The biotoxicity of industrial effluents has attracted much concern in the wastewater treatment process. This research performed the biological treatment of the wastewater generated from food waste fermentation by anaerobic/anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic-membrane bioreactor (A3-MBR) system aiming at the meet of discharge standards and elimination of ecological risks to aquatic environment. The results showed that the A3-MBR could effectively remove pollutants such as COD, TN, ammonia, and TP in the wastewater. The study of biotoxicity revealed that the acute toxicity was mainly contained in the polar and mid-polar fractions of the wastewater, and the remained acute toxicity was less than 0.6 TU, much lower than the secondary effluent of domestic wastewater treatment plant. The genotoxicity was found abundantly in the polar fractions and less in mid-polar fractions, and a relatively low genotoxicity (0.086 μg 4-NQO/L) was obtained in the final effluent of the treatment system. The fulvic acid-like compounds and humic acid-like compounds were the main cause of the acute toxicity, while the aromatic proteins and soluble microbial by-products mainly resulted in the genotoxicity in the wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobiao Zhu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Mengqi Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Beijing General Municipal Engineering Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100082, China
| | - Dehua Ma
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lujun Chen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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16
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Liu R, Tian C, Hu C, Qi Z, Liu H, Qu J. Effects of bromide on the formation and transformation of disinfection by-products during chlorination and chloramination. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 625:252-261. [PMID: 29289773 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The presence of bromide ion (Br-) complicates the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) during chlorination and chloramination greatly. To better illustrate the role of Br-, Br- was introduced at different time intervals, i.e., 0min, 5min, 30min, and 24h, after dosing with chlorine (Cl2) or chloramine (NH2Cl), and the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles, and haloacetones was investigated during these two disinfection scenarios. Ammonia rapidly reacts with chlorine and forms low-reactivity NH2Cl, and this effect inhibits the formation of these DBPs greatly. Br- promotes the formation of THMs, HAAs, and dichloroacetone (DCP) during chlorination, and the later bromide is introduced, i.e., the higher TCl2→Br- is, the more significant the formation of THMs and HAAs observed. Bromide incorporation factors (BIF) increase upon the introduction of Br-, and lower TCl2→Br- is related to higher BIF values. Additionally, Br- inhibits the formation of dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) and trichloroacetone (TCP), owing to its catalytic degradation effect towards them. In the chloramination process, Br- shows similar effects towards the formation of THMs and HAAs, except that higher TNH2Cl→Br- inhibits their formation. Br- greatly inhibits the formation of DCP, TCP, and DCAN, and the formed haloacetones rapidly degrade upon the introduction of Br-. The results of UV and EEM spectral analysis indicate that the reducing Br- may improve rather than inhibit the oxidation of both the reactive components (DOC1) and the slowly reactive sites (DOC2) within HA, possibly owing to its buffering effect towards chlorine. In chlorination of source water with Br- present, Br- promotes the formation of most DBPs and enhances the incorporation of Br atoms therein, and in this case, DBP formation may be remarkably decreased by dosing with ammonia to transform chlorination to chloramination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Chuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; China Academy of Urban Planning & Design, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Chengzhi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Zenglu Qi
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Huijuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jiuhui Qu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
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17
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Han H, Miao H, Zhang Y, Lu M, Huang Z, Ruan W. Carbonaceous and nitrogenous disinfection byproduct precursor variation during the reversed anaerobic-anoxic-oxic process of a sewage treatment plant. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 65:335-346. [PMID: 29548405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors in wastewater during the reversed anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (A2/O) process, as well as their molecular weight (MW) and polarity-based fractions, were characterized with UV scanning, fluorescence excitation emission matrix, Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Their DBP formation potentials (DBPFPs) after chlorination were further tested. Results indicated that the reversed A2/O process could not only effectively remove the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved total nitrogen in the wastewater, but also affect the MW distribution and hydrophilic-hydrophobic properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM). The accumulation of low MW and hydrophobic (HPO) DOM was possibly due to the formation of soluble microbial product-like (SMP-like) matters in the reversed A2/O treatment, especially in the anoxic and aerobic processes. Moreover, DOM in the wastewater displayed a high carbonaceous disinfection byproduct formation potential (C-DBPFP) in the fractions of MW>100kDa and MW<5kDa, and revealed an increasing tendency of nitrogenous disinfection byproduct formation potential (N-DBPFP) with decrease of MW. For polarity-based fractions, the HPO fraction of wastewater showed significantly higher C-DBPFP and N-DBPFP than hydrophilic and transphilic fractions. Therefore, although the reversed A2/O process could remove most DBP precursors by DOC reduction, it led to the enhancement of DBPFP with the formation and accumulation of low MW and HPO DOM. In addition, strong correlations between C-DBPFPs and SUVA, and between N-DBPFPs and DON/DOC, were observed in the wastewater, which might be helpful for DBPFP prediction in wastewater and reclaimed water chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Han
- School of Environmental & Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Hengfeng Miao
- School of Environmental & Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou 215009, China.
| | - Yajing Zhang
- School of Environmental & Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Minfeng Lu
- School of Environmental & Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhenxing Huang
- School of Environmental & Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Wenquan Ruan
- School of Environmental & Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou 215009, China.
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18
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Chai Q, Hu A, Qian Y, Ao X, Liu W, Yang H, Xie YF. A comparison of genotoxicity change in reclaimed wastewater from different disinfection processes. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 191:335-341. [PMID: 29045934 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Effluents before disinfection from four wastewater reclamation plants were treated with chlorine (Cl2), ozone (O3), chlorine dioxide (ClO2), medium-pressure ultraviolet (MPUV) and four different combinations of the above, to evaluate the effect of disinfection processes on the genotoxicity removal by the SOS/umu test. Results showed that the genotoxicity increased after MPUV irradiation (10-100 mJ/cm2), but declined when adopting other disinfection processes. The effectiveness of genotoxicity reduction by five chemical disinfectants was identified as: O3 > pre-ozonation with Cl2 ≈ ClO2 > combination of ClO2 and Cl2 > Cl2. The sequential combination of MPUV, Cl2 and O3 reduced the genotoxicity to a level similar to the source water. The influence of differential disinfection process varied on iodinated wastewater, which is closely related to the competitive reactions between disinfectants, iodine and dissolved organic matters. The removal of genotoxic pollutants and the formation of genotoxic disinfection by-products are the two major factors that lead to the change in genotoxicity during disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwan Chai
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Allen Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yukun Qian
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiuwei Ao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Yuefeng F Xie
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Environmental Engineering Programs, The Pennsylvania State University, Middletown, PA 17057, USA
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19
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Chen Z, Li M, Wen Q. Comprehensive evaluation of three sets of advanced wastewater treatment trains for treating secondary effluent: Organic micro-pollutants and bio-toxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 189:426-434. [PMID: 28957760 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The environmental presence of organic micro-pollutants (OMPs) has posed increasing risks on aquatic organism and human health. The performance of three commonly used advanced wastewater treatment trains, coagulation-sand filter, coagulation-biological aerated filter (BAF) and ozonation-biological activated carbon (BAC), in removing fifteen residual contaminants and bio-toxicity of the effluent from a local municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) were investigated. Relatively high level of OMPs (0.69-14.71 μg/L), genotoxicity (22.64 μg 4-NQO/L) and estrogenic activity (1.4 μg E2/L) were observed from the secondary effluent (SE). Limited OMPs and bio-toxicity reduction was achieved during coagulation with 20 mg/L of polymeric aluminium and sand filter. Ozonation exhibited high advantage in OMPs, genotoxicity and estrogenic activity reduction. More than 80% of removal was achieved for most OMPs after ozonation with normalized dose of 1.25 mg O3/mg DOC, and the removal of OMPs was consistent well with the second reaction kinetics constants of OMPs with ozone. Based on Pearson correlation analysis, spectroscopy indicators such as UV254 and total fluorescence (TF) exhibited a high positive correlation with genotoxicity reduction, while estrogenic activity was related well with OMPs variation. To sum up, spectroscopic indicators showed a high potential to indicate the OMPs and bio-toxicity of SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (SKLUWRE, HIT), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Mo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (SKLUWRE, HIT), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Qinxue Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (SKLUWRE, HIT), Harbin 150090, China.
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Sun J, Zhang R, Qin L, Zhu H, Huang Y, Xue Y, An S, Xie X, Li A. Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity reduction of the polluted urban river after ecological restoration: a field-scale study of Jialu River in northern China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:6715-6723. [PMID: 28091988 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8352-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To further treat the reclaimed municipal wastewater and rehabilitate the aquatic ecosystem of polluted urban rivers, an 18.5-km field-scale ecological restoration project was constructed along Jialu River, a polluted urban river which receives only reclaimed municipal wastewater from Zhengzhou City without natural upland water dilution. This study investigated the potential efficiency of water quality improvement, as well as genotoxicity and cytotoxicity reduction along the ecological restoration project of this polluted urban river. Results showed that the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) of the reclaimed municipal effluent were reduced by more than 45 and 70%, respectively, meeting the Chinese surface water environmental quality standard level IV, while the total phosphorus and metal concentrations had no significant reduction along the restoration project, and Pb concentrations in all river water samples exceeded permissible limit in drinking water set by WHO (2006) and China (GB5749-2006). The in vitro SOS/umu assay showed 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide equivalent (4-NQO-EQ) values of reclaimed municipal wastewater of 0.69 ± 0.05 μg/L in April and 0.68 ± 0.06 μg/L in December, respectively, indicating the presence of genotoxic compounds. The results of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and hepatic cell apoptosis in zebrafish after a chorionic long-term (21 days) in vivo exposure also demonstrated that the reclaimed municipal wastewater caused significant DNA oxidative damage and cytotoxicity. After the ecological purification of 18.5-km field-scale restoration project, the genotoxicity assessed by in vitro assay was negligible, while the DNA oxidative damage and cytotoxicity in exposed fish were still significantly elevated. The mechanisms of DNA oxidative damage and cytotoxicity caused by the reclaimed municipal wastewater need further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, China
| | - Long Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haixiao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingang Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Changzhou Environmental Monitoring Center, Changzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuqing An
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianchuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Zeng S, Huang Y, Sun F, Li D, He M. Probabilistic ecological risk assessment of effluent toxicity of a wastewater reclamation plant based on process modeling. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 100:367-376. [PMID: 27219046 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The growing use of reclaimed wastewater for environmental purposes such as stream flow augmentation requires comprehensive ecological risk assessment and management. This study applied a system analysis approach, regarding a wastewater reclamation plant (WRP) and its recipient water body as a whole system, and assessed the ecological risk of the recipient water body caused by the WRP effluent. Instead of specific contaminants, two toxicity indicators, i.e. genotoxicity and estrogenicity, were selected to directly measure the biological effects of all bio-available contaminants in the reclaimed wastewater, as well as characterize the ecological risk of the recipient water. A series of physically based models were developed to simulate the toxicity indicators in a WRP through a typical reclamation process, including ultrafiltration, ozonation, and chlorination. After being validated against the field monitoring data from a full-scale WRP in Beijing, the models were applied to simulate the probability distribution of effluent toxicity of the WRP through Latin Hypercube Sampling to account for the variability of influent toxicity and operation conditions. The simulated effluent toxicity was then used to derive the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) in the recipient stream, considering the variations of the toxicity and flow of the upstream inflow as well. The ratio of the PEC of each toxicity indicator to its corresponding predicted no-effect concentration was finally used for the probabilistic ecological risk assessment. Regional sensitivity analysis was also performed with the developed models to identify the critical control variables and strategies for ecological risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yunqing Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fu Sun
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Dan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Miao He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Sun YX, Hu HY, Shi CZ, Yang Z, Tang F. Changes in the components and biotoxicity of dissolved organic matter in a municipal wastewater reclamation reverse osmosis system. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2016; 37:2149-2156. [PMID: 26803912 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1144795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and the biotoxicity of these components were investigated in a municipal wastewater reclamation reverse osmosis (mWRRO) system with a microfiltration (MF) pretreatment unit. The MF pretreatment step had little effect on the levels of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the secondary effluent, but the addition of chlorine before MF promoted the formation of organics with anti-estrogenic activity. The distribution of excitation emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence constituents exhibited obvious discrepancies between the secondary effluent and the reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate. Using size exclusion chromatography, DOM with low molecular weights of approximately 1.2 and 0.98 kDa was newly formed during the mWRRO. The normalized genotoxicity and anti-estrogenic activity of the RO concentrate were 32.1 ± 10.2 μg4-NQO/mgDOC and 0.36 ± 0.08 mgTAM/mgDOC, respectively, and these values were clearly higher than those of the secondary effluent and MF permeate. The florescence volume of Regions I and II in the EEM spectrum could be suggested as a surrogate for assessing the genotoxicity and anti-estrogenic activity of the RO concentrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xue Sun
- a Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , Beijing Technology and Business University , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- b Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment , Tsinghua University , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Zhen Shi
- a Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , Beijing Technology and Business University , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Yang
- a Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , Beijing Technology and Business University , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Tang
- b Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment , Tsinghua University , Beijing , People's Republic of China
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Sun YX, Yang Z, Ye T, Shi N, Tian Y. Evaluation of the treatment of reverse osmosis concentrates from municipal wastewater reclamation by coagulation and granular activated carbon adsorption. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:13543-13553. [PMID: 27032632 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6525-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) from municipal wastewater reclamation reverse osmosis (mWRRO) contains elevated concentrations of contaminants which pose potential risks to aquatic environment. The treatment of ROC from an mWRRO using granular activated carbon (GAC) combined pretreatment of coagulation was optimized and evaluated. Among the three coagulants tested, ferric chloride (FeCl3) presented relatively higher DOC removal efficiency than polyaluminium chloride and lime at the same dosage and coagulation conditions. The removal efficiency of DOC, genotoxicity, and antiestrogenic activity concentration of the ROC could achieve 16.9, 18.9, and 39.7 %, respectively, by FeCl3 coagulation (with FeCl3 dosage of 180.22 mg/L), which can hardly reduce UV254 and genotoxicity normalized by DOC of the DOM with MW <5 kDa. However, the post-GAC adsorption column (with filtration velocity of 5.7 m/h, breakthrough point adsorption capacity of 0.22 mg DOC/g GAC) exhibited excellent removal efficiency on the dominant DOM fraction of MW <5 kDa in the ROC. The removal efficiency of DOC, UV254, and TDS in the ROC was up to 91.8, 96, and 76.5 %, respectively, by the FeCl3 coagulation and post-GAC adsorption. Also, the DOM with both genotoxicity and antiestrogenic activity were completely eliminated by the GAC adsorption. The results suggest that GAC adsorption combined pretreatment of FeCl3 coagulation as an efficient method to control organics, genotoxicity, and antiestrogenic activity in the ROC from mWRRO system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xue Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhe Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Ye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Na Shi
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
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Chung CM, Tobino T, Cho K, Yamamoto K. Alleviation of membrane fouling in a submerged membrane bioreactor with electrochemical oxidation mediated by in-situ free chlorine generation. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 96:52-61. [PMID: 27019465 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The control of membrane fouling is still the biggest challenge that membrane bioreactor (MBR) for wastewater treatment faces with. In this report, we evince that an in-situ electrochemical free chlorine generation is effective for membrane fouling mitigation. An electrochemical oxidation (EO) apparatus with perforated Ti/IrO2 anodes and Ti/Pt cathodes was integrated into a conventional MBR with microfiltration module (EO-MBR). The membrane fouling characteristics of EO-MBR fed with synthetic wastewater were monitored for about 2 months in comparison to control MBRs. In the EO-MBR at a direct current density of 0.4 mA/cm(2), the frequency of membrane fouling when the trans-membrane pressure (TMP) reached 30 kPa was effectively reduced by 40% under a physical membrane cleaning regime. The evolution patterns of TMP together with hydraulic resistance analysis based on resistance-in-series model indicated that the electrochemically generated active chlorine alleviated the physically irremovable membrane fouling. Further analysis on extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of sludge cake layer (SCL) revealed significant reductions of protein contents in soluble EPS and fluorescence emission intensities from humic acids and other fluorophores in bound EPS, which in-turn would decrease the hydrophobic accumulation of organic foulants on membrane pores. The chlorine dosage from the EO apparatus was estimated to be 4.7 mg Cl2/g MLVSS/day and the overall physicochemical properties (bio-solids concentration, floc diameter, zeta-potential) as well as the microbial activity in terms of specific oxygen utilization rate and removal efficiency of dissolved organic carbon (>97%) were not affected significantly. A T-RFLP (terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism) analysis suggested noticeable shifts in microbial community both in mixed liquor and sludge cake layer. Consequently, our electrochemical chlorination would be an efficient fouling control strategy in membrane-based water treatment processes where additional electricity consumption and cathodic scale deposition are not of serious concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Min Chung
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tobino
- Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kangwoo Cho
- Center for Water Resource Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul 130-650, South Korea.
| | - Kazuo Yamamoto
- Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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25
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Wu Q, Li C, Wang W, He T, Hu H, Du Y, Wang T. Removal of fluorescence and ultraviolet absorbance of dissolved organic matter in reclaimed water by solar light. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 43:118-127. [PMID: 27155416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Storing reclaimed water in lakes is a widely used method of accommodating changes in the consumption of reclaimed water during wastewater reclamation and reuse. Solar light serves as an important function in degrading pollutants during storage, and its effect on dissolved organic matter (DOM) was investigated in this study. Solar light significantly decreased the UV254 absorbance and fluorescence (FLU) intensity of reclaimed water. However, its effect on the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) value of reclaimed water was very limited. The decrease in the UV254 absorbance intensity and FLU excitation-emission matrix regional integration volume (FLU volume) of reclaimed water during solar light irradiation was fit with pseudo-first order reaction kinetics. The decrease of UV254 absorbance was much slower than that of the FLU volume. Ultraviolet light in solar light had a key role in decreasing the UV254 absorbance and FLU intensity during solar light irradiation. The light fluence-based removal kinetic constants of the UV254 and FLU intensity were independent of light intensity. The peaks of the UV254 absorbance and FLU intensity with an apparent molecular weight (AMW) of 100Da to 2000Da decreased after solar irradiation, whereas the DOC value of the major peaks did not significantly change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyuan Wu
- Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chao Li
- Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenlong Wang
- Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tao He
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Hongying Hu
- Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Ye Du
- Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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26
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Hu HY, Du Y, Wu QY, Zhao X, Tang X, Chen Z. Differences in dissolved organic matter between reclaimed water source and drinking water source. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 551-552:133-142. [PMID: 26874770 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) significantly affects the quality of reclaimed water and drinking water. Reclaimed water potable reuse is an effective way to augment drinking water source and de facto reuse exists worldwide. Hence, when reclaimed water source (namely secondary effluent) is blended with drinking water source, understanding the difference in DOM between drinking water source (dDOM) and reclaimed water source (rDOM) is essential. In this study, composition, transformation, and potential risk of dDOM from drinking water source and rDOM from secondary effluent were compared. Generally, the DOC concentration of rDOM and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) content in reclaimed water source were higher but rDOM exhibited a lower aromaticity. Besides, rDOM comprises a higher proportion of hydrophilic fractions and more low-molecular weight compounds, which are difficult to be removed during coagulation. Although dDOM exhibited higher specific disinfection byproducts formation potential (SDBPFP), rDOM formed more total disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during chlorination including halomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) due to high DOC concentration. Likewise, in consideration of DOC basis, rDOM contained more absolute assimilable organic carbon (AOC) despite showing a lower specific AOC (normalized AOC per unit of DOC). Besides, rDOM exhibited higher biotoxicity including genotoxicity and endocrine disruption. Therefore, rDOM presents a greater potential risk than dDOM does. Reclaimed water source needs to be treated carefully when it is blended with drinking water source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ying Hu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Ye Du
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Xin Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xin Tang
- Southwest Branch of State Grid Corporation of China, Chengdu 610094, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Yang Y, Lu Y, Wu QY, Hu HY, Chen YH, Liu WL. Evidence of ATP assay as an appropriate alternative of MTT assay for cytotoxicity of secondary effluents from WWTPs. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 122:490-496. [PMID: 26410194 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Biological tests are effective and comprehensive methods to assess toxicity of environmental pollutants to ensure the safety of reclaimed water. In this study, the canonical MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of dissolved organic matters (DOMs) of secondary effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). It was surprising that most concentrated DOMs treated HepG2 cells yielded much higher signal compared with vehicle control regardless of difference of treatment technologies and seasons. However, there was actually no obvious enhancement of the cell proliferation by microscopy. In order to find out potential reason for the discrepancy, another three assays were performed. The results of ATP assay and flow cytometry showed expected toxicity, which was consistent with microscopy and previous studies, while DNA assay did not exhibit apparent change in treated cells. The possible mechanisms of abnormal MTT signal could be that some materials in secondary effluents isolated by solid extraction with HLB resin directly reacted with MTT and/or enhanced the activity of mitochondrial dehydrogenase. Therefore, the MTT assay is not suitable to assess cytotoxicity of complex mixtures such as secondary effluents, while ATP assay is an optional sensitive method. This study also suggests the importance of choosing both suitable extraction methods and detection assays for toxicity evaluation of component-unknown environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yun Lu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Ying-Hua Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Wan-Li Liu
- School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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Li R, Gao B, Ma D, Rong H, Sun S, Wang F, Yue Q, Wang Y. Effects of chlorination operating conditions on trihalomethane formation potential in polyaluminum chloride-polymer coagulated effluent. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 285:103-108. [PMID: 25497022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, coagulation performance of polyaluminum chloride (PAC) and PAC-lignin acrylamide (PAC+LAM) in reservoir water treatment was contrastively analyzed. Effects of operating conditions including chlorine dose, contact time and pH on the formation potential of trihalomethanes (THMs) during chlorination in coagulated effluent were also investigated. Comparing with PAC, PAC+LAM achieved higher efficiency in the removal of THMs precursors. TTHM yield in unfiltered water samples (UW) was greater than that of filtered water (FW) due to the residual dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the suspended particles or micro flocs. Meanwhile, operating conditions during chlorination had a significant influence on THMs formation potential. With chlorine dose rising, mass ratio of CHCl3 to TTHM increased, whereas that of CHBr2Cl decreased due to higher Cl2/Br(-) molar ratio. TTHM and CHCl3 levels rose with the increase of pH. Under a given chlorination condition, there was a minor effect of contact time on THM speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, No. 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan 250100, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoyu Gao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, No. 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan 250100, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Defang Ma
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, No. 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan 250100, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Rong
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, No. 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan 250100, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenglei Sun
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, No. 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan 250100, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, No. 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan 250100, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinyan Yue
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, No. 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan 250100, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, No. 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan 250100, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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29
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Harkness JS, Dwyer GS, Warner NR, Parker KM, Mitch WA, Vengosh A. Iodide, bromide, and ammonium in hydraulic fracturing and oil and gas wastewaters: environmental implications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:1955-63. [PMID: 25587644 DOI: 10.1021/es504654n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The expansion of unconventional shale gas and hydraulic fracturing has increased the volume of the oil and gas wastewater (OGW) generated in the U.S. Here we demonstrate that OGW from Marcellus and Fayetteville hydraulic fracturing flowback fluids and Appalachian conventional produced waters is characterized by high chloride, bromide, iodide (up to 56 mg/L), and ammonium (up to 420 mg/L). Br/Cl ratios were consistent for all Appalachian brines, which reflect an origin from a common parent brine, while the I/Cl and NH4/Cl ratios varied among brines from different geological formations, reflecting geogenic processes. There were no differences in halides and ammonium concentrations between OGW originating from hydraulic fracturing and conventional oil and gas operations. Analysis of discharged effluents from three brine treatment sites in Pennsylvania and a spill site in West Virginia show elevated levels of halides (iodide up to 28 mg/L) and ammonium (12 to 106 mg/L) that mimic the composition of OGW and mix conservatively in downstream surface waters. Bromide, iodide, and ammonium in surface waters can impact stream ecosystems and promote the formation of toxic brominated-, iodinated-, and nitrogen disinfection byproducts during chlorination at downstream drinking water treatment plants. Our findings indicate that discharge and accidental spills of OGW to waterways pose risks to both human health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Harkness
- Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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Sun YX, Gao Y, Hu HY, Tang F, Yang Z. Characterization and biotoxicity assessment of dissolved organic matter in RO concentrate from a municipal wastewater reclamation reverse osmosis system. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 117:545-551. [PMID: 25277967 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate from municipal wastewater reclamation reverse osmosis (mWRRO) system containing organic compounds may associate with toxic risk, and its discharge might pose an environmental risk. To identify a basis for the selection of feasible technology in treating RO concentrates, the characteristics and biotoxicity of different fractions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in RO concentrates from an mWRRO system were investigated. The results indicated that the hydrophilic neutrals (HIN), hydrophobic acids (HOA) and hydrophobic bases (HOB) accounted for 96% of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of the total DOM in the RO concentrate. According to the SEC chromatograph detected at 254 nm wavelength of UV, the DOM with molecular weight (MW) 1-3 kDa accounted for the majority of the basic and neutral fractions. The fluorescence spectra of the excitation emission matrix (EEM) indicated that most aromatic proteins, humic/fulvic acid-like and soluble microbial by-product-like substances existed in the fractions HOA and hydrophobic neutrals (HON). The genotoxicity and anti-estrogenic activity of the RO concentrate were 1795.6 ± 57.2 μg 4-NQOL(-1) and 2.19 ± 0.05 mg TAM L(-1), respectively. The HIN, HOA, and HOB contributed to the genotoxicity of the RO concentrate, and the HIN was with the highest genotoxic level of 1007.9 ± 94.8 μg 4-NQOL(-1). The HOA, HON, and HIN lead to the total anti-estrogenic activity of the RO concentrate, and HOA occupied approximately 60% of the total, which was 1.3 ± 0.17 mg TAM L(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xue Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, PR China.
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Fang Tang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Zhe Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, PR China
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Tang X, Wu QY, Zhao X, Huang H, Shi XJ, Hu HY. A fingerprint analysis method for characterization of dissolved organic matter in secondary effluents of municipal wastewater treatment plant. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:14211-14218. [PMID: 25056751 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3336-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in wastewater and reclaimed water is related to water quality, safety, and treatability. In this study, DOM was characterized through a fingerprint analysis method for DOM characterization using resin fractionation followed by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Resin fractionation was used in the first step to divide the DOM in water samples into six resin fractions, namely, hydrophobic acids (HOA), hydrophobic bases (HOB), hydrophobic neutrals (HON), hydrophilic acids (HIA), hydrophilic bases (HIB), and hydrophilic neutrals (HIN). SEC analysis was then performed to separate each resin fraction into several (n) subfractions with different molecular weights (MW). Thus, the total DOM in the water sample was fractionated into 6n subfractions. After quantification of each subfraction by dissolved organic carbon (DOC), a fingerprint graph was constructed to express the distribution of DOM in the subfractions. The fingerprint analysis method was applied to a secondary effluent sample during ozonation. Ozonation (dose of 10 mg L(-1)) removed the DOC only by 8 % and reduced UV254 of the sample by 36 %. Fingerprint graphs also revealed that the resin fractions changed quite limitedly but transformation of subfractions occurred notably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Genotoxicity in wastewater and reclaimed water now is gaining increased attention because of genotoxins' potential damage to the ecosystem and human health. The effect of ozonation on genotoxicity in reclaimed water was investigated. It was found that ozonation decreased the genotoxicy dramatically in three tertiary treatment plants. In the further batch ozonation experiment in laboratory, secondary effluent sample used exhibited the genotoxicity of (41.1 ± 4.1) μg 4NQO/L. Ozonation with a dose of 10 mg O3/L completely removed the genotoxicity in secondary effluent. However, after ozonation, the dissolved organic carbon value of the sample didn't change much but the specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) value dropped sharply. With the help of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ozonation was found to change chemical aliphatic carbon and C-O of the dissolved organic matter, which might be the reason of the significant decreases of SUVA and genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Qianyuan Wu
- Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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Tang X, Wu QY, Huang H, Hu HY, Li Q. Removal potential of anti-estrogenic activity in secondary effluents by coagulation. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:2562-7. [PMID: 24148974 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Anti-estrogenic activity in wastewater is gaining increased attention because of its endocrine-disrupting function. In this study, the level and removal efficiency by coagulation of anti-estrogenic activity in secondary effluents of domestic wastewater treatment plants were studied. Anti-estrogenic activity was detected in secondary effluent samples at a tamoxifen (TAM) equivalent concentration level of 0.38-0.94 mg-TAML(-1). Dissolved organic matters (DOM) with the molecular weight (MW) less than 3000 Da in hydrophobic acids (HOA) and hydrophobic neutrals (HON) fractions of the secondary effluent were the key fractions related to anti-estrogenic activity. Coagulation with FeCl(3) and polyaluminium chloride (PAC) can remove the anti-estrogenic activity of the secondary effluents, but the removal efficiency was limited. The removal efficiency using FeCl(3) coagulant was higher than that induced by PAC. Dissolved organic carbon was continuously removed with increased coagulant dose (0-120 mg L(-1) FeCl(3) or 0-60 mg L(-1) PAC). However, the removal of anti-estrogenic activity was not enhanced further when the coagulant concentration was beyond a critical value (30 mg L(-1) FeCl(3) or 10 mg L(-1) PAC). The highest removal of anti-estrogenic activity was about 36% by FeCl(3) and 20% by PAC. Size exclusion chromatography results indicated difficulty in removing DOM with MW less than 3000 Da in the secondary effluent during coagulation even at a high coagulant concentration, which led to low removal efficiency of anti-estrogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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Garaj-Vrhovac V, Oreščanin V, Gajski G, Gerić M, Ruk D, Kollar R, Radić Brkanac S, Cvjetko P. Toxicological characterization of the landfill leachate prior/after chemical and electrochemical treatment: a study on human and plant cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:939-945. [PMID: 23790829 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this research, toxicological safety of two newly developed methods for the treatment of landfill leachate from the Piškornica (Croatia) sanitary landfill was investigated. Chemical treatment procedure combined chemical precipitation with CaO followed by coagulation with ferric chloride and final adsorption by clinoptilolite. Electrochemical treatment approach included pretreatment with ozone followed by electrooxidation/electrocoagulation and final polishing by microwave irradiation. Cell viability of untreated/treated landfill leachate was examined using fluorescence microscopy. Cytotoxic effect of the original leachate was obtained for both exposure periods (4 and 24 h) while treated samples showed no cytotoxic effect even after prolonged exposure time. The potential DNA damage of the untreated/treated landfill leachate was evaluated by the comet assay and cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay using either human or plant cells. The original leachate exhibited significantly higher comet assay parameters compared to negative control after 24 h exposure. On the contrary, there was no significant difference between negative control and chemically/electrochemically treated leachate for any of the parameters tested. There was also no significant increase in either CBMN assay parameter compared to the negative control following the exposure of the lymphocytes to the chemically or electrochemically treated landfill leachate for both exposure periods while the original sample showed significantly higher number of micronuclei, nucleoplasmic bridges and nuclear buds for both exposure times. Results suggest that both methods are suitable for the treatment of such complex waste effluent due to high removal efficiency of all measured parameters and toxicological safety of the treated effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Garaj-Vrhovac
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Mutagenesis Unit, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Tian C, Liu R, Liu H, Qu J. Disinfection by-products formation and precursors transformation during chlorination and chloramination of highly-polluted source water: significance of ammonia. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:5901-5910. [PMID: 23911224 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated the different trends of disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation between chlorination and chloramination. However, the reactions between precursors and disinfectants are widely assumed to be "black box" and the reasons for abovementioned difference are not well illustrated. This study focused on source water with high levels of natural organic matter (NOM) and bromide, and compared the transformation of NOM specific characteristics and the ratios of specific DBPs as an equivalent of chlorine to total organic halogen (TOX) among three disinfection scenarios of chlorination, chloramination and chlorine-chloramine sequential treatment (Cl2-NH2Cl process). A three-reaction-phrases model was proposed thereafter to illustrate the major reactions involved in, i.e., stage-I: rapid consumption of fast reactive sites (DOC1), which transformed to slow reactive sites (DOC2) and measured DBPs, i.e., trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, etc; stage-II: oxidation and/or halogenation of DOC2 into unknown TOX (UTOX) intermediates; stage-III: oxidation of UTOX intermediates into measured DBPs. The effect of ammonia was also quantified. Ammonia is observed to inhibit the formation of measured DBPs by 68-92%, 94-99%, and 92-95% of that in chlorination in Stage-I, II, and III, respectively, and the formation of UTOX is reduced by 2-80%, 60-94%, and 82-93% accordingly. These effects lead to the steady accumulation of DBPs intermediates such as UTOX, and to the elevated UTOX/TOX during chloramination and Cl2-NH2Cl process thereafter. The results illustrate the mechanism of ammonia participating in DBPs formation, and are valuable to fill in the gap between the transformation of precursors and the formation of different DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Grammou A, Samaras P, Papadimitriou C, Papadopoulos AI. A test for adequate wastewater treatment based on glutathione S transferase isoenzyme profile. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 90:46-51. [PMID: 23313117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Discharge to the environment of treated or non-treated municipal wastewater imposes several threats to coastal and estuarine ecosystems which are difficult to assess. In our study we evaluate the use of the isoenzyme profile of glutathione S transferase (GST) in combination with the kinetic characteristics of the whole enzyme and of heme peroxidase, as a test of adequate treatment of municipal wastewater. For this reason, Artemia nauplii were incubated in artificial seawater prepared by wastewater samples, such as secondary municipal effluents produced by a conventional activated sludge unit and advanced treated effluents produced by the employment of coagulation, activated carbon adsorption and chlorination as single processes or as combined ones. Characteristic changes of the isoenzyme pattern and the enzymes' kinetic properties were caused by chlorinated secondary municipal effluent or by secondary non-chlorinated effluent. Advanced treatment by combination of coagulation and/or carbon adsorption resulted to less prominent changes, suggesting more adequate treatment. Our results suggest that GST isoenzyme profile in combination with the kinetic properties of the total enzyme family is a sensitive test for the evaluation of the adequateness of the treatment of reclaimed wastewater and the reduction of potentially harmful compounds. Potentially, it may offer a 'fingerprint' characteristic of a particular effluent and probably of the treatment level it has been subjected.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Grammou
- School of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Pignata C, Fea E, Rovere R, Degan R, Lorenzi E, de Ceglia M, Schilirò T, Gilli G. Chlorination in a wastewater treatment plant: acute toxicity effects of the effluent and of the recipient water body. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2012; 184:2091-103. [PMID: 21638065 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2102-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent on the toxicity of the recipient water body and the effectiveness of the disinfection treatment applied (sodium hypochloride) to assure the compliance of both microbiological and toxicological emission limits. No toxicity was found in the majority of samples collected from the recipient river, upstream and downstream of the WWTP, using three different toxicity tests (Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna, and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata). Only three samples presented toxic unit (TU) values with V. fischeri, and one presented TU with P. subcapitata. The influent toxicity ranged from slightly toxic to toxic (TU = 0.68-4.47) with V. fischeri, while only three samples presented TU values with the other tests. No toxicity was found in the absence of chlorination, while the mean toxicity was 3.42 ± 4.12 TU with chlorination in the effluent. Although no toxicity or very slight toxicity was found in the receiving water, its residual toxicity was higher than the US EPA Quality Standard in two samples. Escherichia coli concentration had a lower mean value in the chlorinated effluent: 13,993 ± 12,037 CFU/100 mL vs. 62,857 ± 80,526 CFU/100 mL for the not chlorinated effluent. This difference was shown to be significant (p < 0.05). E. coli in ten chlorinated samples was higher than the limit established by European and Italian Legislation. The mean highest trihalomethanes (THMs) value was found in the influent samples (2.79 ± 1.40 μg/L), while the mean highest disinfection by-products (DBPs) was found in the effluent samples (1.85 ± 2.25 μg/L). Significant correlations were found between toxicity, sodium hypochlorite, THMs, DBPs, E. coli, and residual chlorine. In conclusion, this study highlighted that the disinfection of wastewater effluents with sodium hypochlorite determines the increase of the toxicity, and sometimes is not enough to control the E. coli contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pignata
- Department of Public Health and Microbiology, University of Torino, Via Santena 5bis, 10126, Torino, Italy.
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