1
|
da Silva LM, de Souza RC, Santos TAC, Palmieri MJ, Vieira LFA. Eco(geno)toxicity of an acaricidal formulation containing chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, and fenthion on different plant models and Artemia salina L. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-35019-6. [PMID: 39317902 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-35019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
The mixture of pesticides is widely employed in cattle farming to combat ectoparasite resistance, such as ticks. The commercial formulation COLOSSO FC30, which contains three active ingredients (Cypermethrin, Chlorpyrifos, and Fenthion), stands out due to its efficiency. However, animals exposed to this product may become vectors of potentially toxic molecules, possibly causing contamination in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. In light of this, this study evaluated the eco(geno)toxic potential of the commercial formulation COLOSSO FC30, using plants (Allium cepa L., Lactuca sativa L., Raphanus sativus L., Pennisetum glaucum L., and Triticum aestivum L.) and Artemia salina L. as model organisms. In the phytotoxicity test, the species were ranked in order of sensitivity to the commercial formulation as follows: P. glaucum > L. sativa > T. aestivum > R. sativus. The most sensitive parameters were root length (RL) and shoot length (SL) of seedlings. In the cytogenotoxicity test with A. cepa, cell division was decreased at concentrations from 0.351 mL L-1 in the meristematic region and root F1. Chromosomal aberrations and micronucleus were observed at all concentrations. In the test with A. salina, the IC50 after 24 h of exposure was 0.01207 mL L-1 of the commercial formulation. The results highlight the need for further research and regulations to understand and minimize the potential environmental impacts of COLOSSO FC30.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marcel José Palmieri
- Departament of Ecology, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Application of an Ecotoxicological Battery Test to the Paddy Field Soils of the Albufera Natural Park. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10070375. [PMID: 35878280 PMCID: PMC9324136 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10070375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Albufera Natural Park (ANP) (Valencia, Spain) is one of the most important wetland areas of the Mediterranean coast subject to high anthropogenic pressure, on whose soils a battery of bioassays has never been applied to evaluate the ecotoxicological risk. The present study determined available and water-soluble heavy metal content in four paddy soils used in the ANP, and the ecotoxicological effect on these soils was evaluated by performing the bioassays regulated in Spanish Royal Decree 9/2005. Soil properties and extractable Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn (EDTA pH = 7) were analyzed in soils. These elements and macro- and micronutrients were also assessed in soil leachate. A test battery covering the following was needed: acute toxicity test in Eisenia foetida (OECD TG 207); mineralization tests of nitrogen (OECD TG 2016) and carbon (OECD TG 217); growth inhibition test in Raphidocelis subcapitata (OECD TG 201); mobility inhibition test in Daphnia magna (OECD TG 202). The soils found in the most anthropized areas to the north of the ANP (Massanassa and Alfafar) demonstrated a higher concentration of available heavy metals than in the southern ones (Sueca and Sollana). The aqueous leachate of the studied soils contained very low concentrations, which would be related to soil properties. Despite the high concentration of available potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the Massanassa and Alfafar soils, the studied soils showed no toxicity during the performed battery bioassays. Therefore, soils can be considered non-toxic despite the obtained PTEs available concentration.
Collapse
|
3
|
Bres P, Beily ME, Young BJ, Gasulla J, Butti M, Crespo D, Candal R, Komilis D. Performance of semi-continuous anaerobic co-digestion of poultry manure with fruit and vegetable waste and analysis of digestate quality: A bench scale study. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 82:276-284. [PMID: 30509590 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Poultry manure (PM) can contain ammonium and ammonia nitrogen, which may inhibit the anaerobic process. The aim of this work was to evaluate the performance of anaerobic digestion of PM co-digested with fruit and vegetable waste. Two semi-continuous bench scale (19L) stirred tank reactors were used. The operating conditions were: 34.5 °C, 2 gVS/L.d (organic load rate), 28 d of hydraulic retention time and 100 revolutions per m (1 h × 3 times by day) for the agitation. The reactors were fed PM and a mixture of PM and fruit and vegetable waste (FVW) at equal proportions (based on wet weight). The performance of the anaerobic process was assessed through biogas and methane yields, reduction of organic matter, release of nitrogen compounds and the monitoring of stability indicators (pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA), total (TA) and partial (PA) alkalinity). Moreover, the digestate quality was evaluated to determine potential risk and benefits from its application as biofertilizer. Toxicity was assessed using Daphnia magna immobilization tests. Results showed that biogas and methane yields from PM-FVW were 31% and 32% higher than PM alone, respectively. Values of organic matter, pH, alpha (PA/TA) and VFA revealed that stability was approached in PM and PM-FVW. The co-digestion of PM with FVW led to the highest methane and biogas yields, lower FAN and TAN concentrations, and a better digestate quality compared to mono-digestion of this manure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Bres
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola (IMYZA), Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Eugenia Beily
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola (IMYZA), Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Brian Jonathan Young
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola (IMYZA), Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Javier Gasulla
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola (IMYZA), Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano Butti
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Instituto de Ingeniería Rural (IIR), Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diana Crespo
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola (IMYZA), Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roberto Candal
- Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental (3IA), CONICET, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dimitrios Komilis
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bhatti SS, Kumar V, Kumar A, Gouzos J, Kirby J, Singh J, Sambyal V, Nagpal AK. Potential ecological risks of metal(loid)s in riverine floodplain soils. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 164:722-731. [PMID: 30176561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The quality of soils under different land uses is getting deteriorated throughout the world due to various anthropogenic activities. This deterioration is highly complex in riverine floodplain areas due to contamination by multiple point and non-point sources and change in seasons. Therefore, a study was conducted to analyze seasonal (pre and post-monsoon) variations in physico-chemical characteristics, contents of metal(loid)s (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb and Zn) in riverine floodplain soils under three land uses (agricultural, riverbank and roadside) from areas around the rivers Beas and Sutlej in Punjab, India. Further, analysis was done to assess the ecological and genotoxic risks (Allium cepa genotoxicity assay) posed by metal(loid)s in these soils. It was observed that soil samples under the three land uses were slightly alkaline (pre-monsoon) to acidic (post-monsoon) in nature with sandy texture and low soil organic matter. The levels of most metal(loid)s increased in post-monsoon soil samples under the three land uses, which was attributed to increase in soil organic matter, silt and clay contents in post-monsoon samples due to precipitation, flooding and sedimentation. The ecological Risk Index (58.3-104.5) and Modified Risk Index (145.2-178.9) calculated to analyze the level of ecological risks of metal(loid)s revealed that As, Cd and Sb posed moderate to considerable ecological risks in the agricultural and roadside soils in both seasons. Allium cepa genotoxicity assay indicated that the metal(loid)s in studied soils can cause genotoxic effects in biological systems. Therefore, various steps such as reduction in use of agrochemicals, promotion of organic agricultural methods and decontamination of soils using techniques such as phytoremediation etc must be taken to ensure reduction and containment of metal(loid)s in such riverine floodplain areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Singh Bhatti
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India.
| | - Vaneet Kumar
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Anupama Kumar
- CSIRO Land and Water, Environmental Contaminant Mitigation and Biotechnology Program, Waite Campus, Waite Rd, SA 5064, Australia
| | - John Gouzos
- CSIRO Land and Water, Environmental Contaminant Mitigation and Biotechnology Program, Waite Campus, Waite Rd, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Jason Kirby
- CSIRO Land and Water, Environmental Contaminant Mitigation and Biotechnology Program, Waite Campus, Waite Rd, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Jaswinder Singh
- Department of Zoology, Khalsa College Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Vasudha Sambyal
- Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Avinash Kaur Nagpal
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cai C, Gong P, Wang Y, Wang M, Zhang B, Wang B, Liu H. Investigating the environmental risks from the use of spray-dried cephalosporin mycelial dreg (CMD) as a soil amendment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 359:300-306. [PMID: 30045001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cephalosporin mycelial dreg (CMD) is a by-product of the pharmaceutical industry. Spray-drying is widely used for the dewatering process prior to the application of CMD as a soil amendment. However, the potential environmental behaviors and risks of spray-dried CMD amendment remain unclear. Here, a lab-scale incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the salinity, phytotoxicity, introduced antibiotics, heavy metals and the potential impacts of resistance genes in CMD-amended soil. Spray-dried CMD amendment generally increased soil salinity and only high dosed soils showed phytotoxic effects at the end of the incubation period, implying the physiological damage to plant growth. The introduced antibiotics quickly degraded over time, indicating a relatively low environmental persistence. Heavy metal slightly increased in soil receiving spray-dried CMD, and regulations should be developed to avoid metal accumulation. A decreased diversity and distinct patterns of β-lactam resistance genes as well as a dose-effect of their enrichment were observed in CMD-amended soil, which might be partially explained by the specific metals and introduced antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance genes in soil may be a valuable tool for evaluating the environmental risk associated with use of CMD as a soil amendment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Picheng Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Yue Wang
- School of Geographical Sciences, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, 150025, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Huiling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hosseini SS, Lakzian A, Halajnia A, Hammami H. The effect of olive husk extract compared to the edta on Pb availability and some chemical and biological properties in a Pb-contaminated soil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2018; 20:643-649. [PMID: 29039991 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2017.1365352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
It was found that using chelating agents increases the efficiency of heavy metal extraction, however, they may have negative effects on soil ecosystem quality. A pot experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in order to evaluate the effect of EDTA and Olive Husk Extract (OHE) on some chemical and biological properties of the Pb-contaminated soil. The experimental treatments included EDTA (2 g Na2EDTA salt per kg soil), OHE (2 g TDS of OHE per kg soil) and control (without the chelating agent). The results revealed that the EDTA and OHE treatments increased the Pb availability by 17.7% and 5.5% in comparison to the control treatment, respectively. Although EDTA was more effective in increasing the Pb availability but decreased the soil biological quality index (SBQI). The EDTA treatment significantly decreased the dehydrogenase (DH) activity and germination index (GI). The OHE application significantly increased the available-P, available-K, total N and organic carbon content by 339.92%, 40.79%, 20.9%, and 29.7% compared with control treatment, respectively. Furthermore, OHE considerably increased SBQI from 18.96 to 53.48. Compared to the control treatment higher values of soil respiration activity, DH activity, and carbon availability index (CAI) were observed in OHE treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Sajjad Hosseini
- a Department of Soil Science , Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Amir Lakzian
- a Department of Soil Science , Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Akram Halajnia
- a Department of Soil Science , Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Hossein Hammami
- b Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding , College of Agriculture, University of Birjand , Birjand , Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Da Ros C, Libralato G, Ghirardini AV, Radaelli M, Cavinato C. Assessing the potential phytotoxicity of digestate from winery wastes. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 150:26-33. [PMID: 29268111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, digestate from winery wastes was investigated focusing on phytotoxicity using macrophytes and evaluating the potential contribution of ammonium and copper. Spreading of digestate on soil could represent a suitable approach to recycle nutrients and organic matter, creating an on site circular economy. In this study, digestate quality was evaluated considering both chemical-physical characteristics and biological toxicity applying germination test. The effluent did not meet the entire amendment quality standard defined by Italian law (Decree 75/2010 germination index > 60% with solution of 30% v/v of digestate), but bio-stimulation was observed at low doses (3.15-6.25% v/v) for S. alba and S. saccharatum. The beneficial concentration agreed with Nitrate Directive dose and suggested that limited addition of digestate could have several positive effects on soil characteristics and on crop growth. Specific test using ammonium and copper solutions showed that these pollutants were not directly correlated to observed phytotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Da Ros
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Libralato
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia ed. 7, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Volpi Ghirardini
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy.
| | - Marta Radaelli
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy.
| | - Cristina Cavinato
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jakubus M. Estimation of phosphorus bioavailability from composted organic wastes. CHEMICAL SPECIATION & BIOAVAILABILITY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09542299.2016.1227687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Jakubus
- Department of Soil Science and Land Protection, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pivato A, Vanin S, Raga R, Lavagnolo MC, Barausse A, Rieple A, Laurent A, Cossu R. Use of digestate from a decentralized on-farm biogas plant as fertilizer in soils: An ecotoxicological study for future indicators in risk and life cycle assessment. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 49:378-389. [PMID: 26724231 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, the number of decentralized farm biogas plants has increased significantly in the EU. This development leads not only to an increasing amount of biogas produced, but also to a higher amount of digestate obtained. One of the most attractive options to manage the digestate is to apply it as biofertiliser to the soil, because this gives the opportunity of recovering the nutrients, primarily nitrogen and phosphorus, and of attenuating the loss of organic matter suffered by soils under agricultural exploitation. Studies have claimed that digestates can present a residual biodegradability, and contain complex organic elements, salts or pathogenic bacteria that can damage terrestrial organisms. However few ecotoxicological studies have been performed to evaluate the ecological impact of digestate application on soil. In this study, the use of digestate as biofertiliser in agriculture was assessed by a battery of ecotoxicological tests considering the potential pollutants present in the digestate as a whole by using the "matrix-based" approach (also known as "whole effluent toxicity" for eluates or wastewater effluents). The direct and indirect tests included plant bioassays with Lepidium sativum, earthworm bioassays with Eisenia fetida, aquatic organisms (Artemia sp. and Daphnia magna) and luminescent bacteria bioassays (Vibrio fischeri). Direct tests occurred to be more sensitive than indirect tests. The earthworm bioassays did not show serious negative effects for concentrations up to 15% (dry weight/dry weight percent, w/w dm) and the plant bioassays showed no negative effect, but rather a positive one for concentrations lower than 20% (w/w dm), which encourages the use of digestate as a biofertiliser in agriculture provided that proper concentrations are used. The indirect tests, on the eluate, with the using aquatic organisms and luminescent bacteria showed an LC50 value of 13.61% volume/volume percent, v/v) for D. magna and no toxicity for Artemia sp. and V. fischeri. The ecotoxicological parameters obtained from the experimental activity have been analyzed so that they could serve in both ecological risk assessment (ERA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) to assess the risks and impacts of using digestate as a biofertiliser in agriculture. An interim effect factor of 1.17E-3m(3)/kg-in-soil is advocated and can be used in life cycle impact assessment modelling of terrestrial ecotoxicity. A predicted non effect concentration for soil organisms was defined at 341 mg-digestate/kg-soil and can be used for the dose-response assessment step in ERA. Although these values are recommended for use in ERA and LCA applications, it should be stressed that they underlie important uncertainties, which should be reduced by increasing the number of toxicological tests, in particular of chronic studies conducted at different trophic levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Pivato
- DII - Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo n 9, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Stefano Vanin
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Roberto Raga
- DII - Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo n 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Lavagnolo
- DII - Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo n 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Alberto Barausse
- DII - Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo n 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Antonia Rieple
- DII - Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo n 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Alexis Laurent
- Division for Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU). 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Raffaello Cossu
- DII - Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo n 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Heavy metals bioaccumulation in Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) cultivated in areas under intensive agriculture, Punjab, India. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:173. [PMID: 27026870 PMCID: PMC4766173 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-1777-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) is one of the main fodder crops of Punjab, India. But due to the heavy metal contamination of agricultural soils by anthropogenic activities, there is rise in metal bioaccumulation in crops like Berseem. In addition to human influence, heavy metal contents in soil are highly dependent on soil characteristics also. Therefore a study was conducted in areas having intensive agricultural practices to analyze physico-chemical characteristics of soils under Berseem cultivation and heavy metal bioaccumulation in Berseem. The studied soils were alkaline, sandy in texture and low in soil organic matter. Among the studied heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Cd, Co and Pb) in soil and Berseem, Cr content in Berseem was found to be above maximum permissible limits. Soil to Berseem metal bioaccmulation factor (BAF) was above 1 for Cr, Cu, Cd and Co in many samples and highest BAF was found for Co (4.625). Hence it can be concluded that Berseem from studied areas was unsafe for animal consumption.
Collapse
|
11
|
Han J, Kim J, Kim M, Moon DH, Sung JS, Hyun S. Chemical extractability of As and Pb from soils across long-term abandoned metallic mine sites in Korea and their phytoavailability assessed by Brassica juncea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:1270-1278. [PMID: 25138557 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3441-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The chemical extractability of As and Pb (by 5 mM CaCl2, 0.1 M HCl, 0.05 M NH4 (H2PO4), and aqua regia) from soils and their phytoavailability (by Brassica juncea) were assessed using 16 soil samples collected as a function of distance from mine pits across three long-term abandoned metallic mine sites. The total concentrations of As and Pb (17-41,000 and 27-10,047 mg kg(-1), respectively) decreased with increasing separation distance from the mine pits along a declining slope. However, the percentage of chemically leachable As and Pb mass (e.g., by 5 mM CaCl2, 0.1 M HCl, or 0.05 M NH4(H2PO4)) relative to total mass (e.g., by aqua regia) tended to increase exponentially with distance, indicating more chemically labile fractions present in less contaminated downgradient soils. Among soil components, extractable As concentrations were best described by coupling DCB-Al with other Al and Fe oxides. For Pb concentration, pH coupled to DCB-Al or Ox-Al provided a good predictive relationship. The inhibitory growth and uptake by plants were best correlated with the extractable concentrations by 5 mM CaCl2 and 0.1 M HCl. In conclusion, the chemical extractability and phytoavailability of As and Pb are highly influenced by the relative labile fraction in abandoned mine soils, and its distribution in soils is essentially correlated with sampling distance from mine pits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junho Han
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kumpiene J, Bert V, Dimitriou I, Eriksson J, Friesl-Hanl W, Galazka R, Herzig R, Janssen J, Kidd P, Mench M, Müller I, Neu S, Oustriere N, Puschenreiter M, Renella G, Roumier PH, Siebielec G, Vangronsveld J, Manier N. Selecting chemical and ecotoxicological test batteries for risk assessment of trace element-contaminated soils (phyto)managed by gentle remediation options (GRO). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 496:510-522. [PMID: 25108253 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
During the past decades a number of field trials with gentle remediation options (GRO) have been established on trace element (TE) contaminated sites throughout Europe. Each research group selects different methods to assess the remediation success making it difficult to compare efficacy between various sites and treatments. This study aimed at selecting a minimum risk assessment battery combining chemical and ecotoxicological assays for assessing and comparing the effectiveness of GRO implemented in seven European case studies. Two test batteries were pre-selected; a chemical one for quantifying TE exposure in untreated soils and GRO-managed soils and a biological one for characterizing soil functionality and ecotoxicity. Soil samples from field studies representing one of the main GROs (phytoextraction in Belgium, Sweden, Germany and Switzerland, aided phytoextraction in France, and aided phytostabilization or in situ stabilization/phytoexclusion in Poland, France and Austria) were collected and assessed using the selected test batteries. The best correlations were obtained between NH4NO3-extractable, followed by NaNO3-extractable TE and the ecotoxicological responses. Biometrical parameters and biomarkers of dwarf beans were the most responsive indicators for the soil treatments and changes in soil TE exposures. Plant growth was inhibited at the higher extractable TE concentrations, while plant stress enzyme activities increased with the higher TE extractability. Based on these results, a minimum risk assessment battery to compare/biomonitor the sites phytomanaged by GROs might consist of the NH4NO3 extraction and the bean Plantox test including the stress enzyme activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jurate Kumpiene
- Luleå University of Technology, Waste Science & Technology, SE-97187 Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Valérie Bert
- INERIS, Technologies and Sustainable and Clean Processes, Parc Technologique Alata, BP2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Ioannis Dimitriou
- Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, Department of Crop Production Ecology, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Eriksson
- Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, Department of Soil and Environment, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang Friesl-Hanl
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Health and Environment Department, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Rafal Galazka
- Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation - State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Rolf Herzig
- Phytotech Foundation and AGB, Quartiergasse 12, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jolien Janssen
- Hasselt University, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Petra Kidd
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiológicas de Galicia (IIAG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Michel Mench
- INRA, UMR1202 BIOGECO, F-33610 Cestas, France and Univ. Bordeaux, BIOGECO, UMR 1202, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Ingo Müller
- Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology, Pillnitzer Platz 3, 01326 Dresden Pillnitz, Germany
| | - Silke Neu
- Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology, Pillnitzer Platz 3, 01326 Dresden Pillnitz, Germany
| | - Nadège Oustriere
- INRA, UMR1202 BIOGECO, F-33610 Cestas, France and Univ. Bordeaux, BIOGECO, UMR 1202, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Markus Puschenreiter
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna - BOKU, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Giancarlo Renella
- University of Florence, Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences, P.le delle Cascine 28, I-50144 Florence, Italy
| | - Pierre-Hervé Roumier
- INRA, UMR1202 BIOGECO, F-33610 Cestas, France and Univ. Bordeaux, BIOGECO, UMR 1202, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Grzegorz Siebielec
- Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation - State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jaco Vangronsveld
- Hasselt University, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Agoralaan Building D, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Manier
- INERIS, Expertise and Assays in Ecotoxicology, Parc Technologique Alata, BP2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Gurung A, Kang WC, Shin BS, Cho JS, Oh SE. Development of an Online Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria Biosensor for the Monitoring of Water Toxicity. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 174:2585-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1210-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
15
|
Galende MA, Becerril JM, Gómez-Sagasti MT, Barrutia O, Garbisu C, Hernández A. Agro-industrial wastes as effective amendments for ecotoxicity reduction and soil health improvement in aided phytostabilization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:10036-44. [PMID: 24870283 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2752-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aided phytostabilization is a technology that uses metal tolerant plants and organic and/or inorganic amendments to reduce soil metal bioavailability, while improving soil health. Our objective was to determine the effects of the application of amendments [sheep manure (SHEEP), poultry litter (POULTRY), cow slurry (COW), and paper mill sludge mixed with poultry litter (PAPER)], together with the growth of a metallicolous Festuca rubra L. population, on (i) chemical and microbial indicators of soil health and (ii) soil ecotoxicity, during the aided phytostabilization of a Zn/Pb contaminated mine soil. Amendment application led to an increase in soil pH, organic matter content, and inorganic salts, resulting in a decrease in Pb and Zn CaCl2-extractable concentrations in soil, which, in turn, contributed to lower ecotoxicity and a stimulation of plant growth and soil microbial communities. The factor most affecting the metal extractability was probably soil pH. POULTRY was the best amendment in terms of increasing plant growth, chlorophylls content, and soil microbial biomass and activity, but resulted in higher levels of phytoavailable Pb and Zn. SHEEP and PAPER were more effective at reducing metal CaCl2-extractability and, consequently, led to lower values of metal accumulation in plant tissues, thereby reducing the risk of metals entering into the food chain. When combined with the application of organic amendments, the metallicolous F. rubra population studied here appears an excellent candidate for aided phytostabilization. Our results indicate that the application of organic amendments is essential for the short-term recovery of highly contaminated metalliferous soils during aided phytostabilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María A Galende
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hou J, Liu GN, Xue W, Fu WJ, Liang BC, Liu XH. Seed germination, root elongation, root-tip mitosis, and micronucleus induction of five crop plants exposed to chromium in fluvo-aquic soil. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2014; 33:671-6. [PMID: 24318542 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the toxic effects of chromium (Cr) on cabbage (Brassica oleracea), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), wheat (Triticum aestivum), and corn (Zea mays), and identify the sensitive plant species and appropriate bioassays for potential use in phytotoxicity assessment of Cr in soil. Results showed that seed germination might not be a sensitive assay for assessing Cr toxicity because at most of the Cr levels there were no toxic effects. Root elongation was more sensitive to Cr than seed germination. The lowest concentration of adverse effect (LOAEC) of lettuce was 20 mg Cr/kg(-1) soil, and that of the other 4 species was 50 mg Cr/kg(-1) soil. The mitotic index fluctuated with increasing Cr concentration, thus it was insufficient to assess toxicity of Cr in soil. However, micronucleus assay showed that 5 mg Cr/kg(-1) soil caused a significant increase in micronucleus frequency in cabbage, cucumber, and lettuce. For wheat and corn, however, the LOAEC was 20 and 50 mg/Cr/kg(-1) soil, respectively. Furthermore, the analysis of Cr accumulation showed that lettuce significantly accumulated Cr for all the tested concentrations. However, corn and wheat significantly accumulated Cr only with the highest tested dose. This may explain the higher inhibitory effects of Cr on root growth. It can be concluded that root elongation and micronucleus assay are good indicators to assess the phytotoxicity of Cr in soil. Lettuce is the most sensitive species for indicating the toxicity of Cr in soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing- Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gil-Díaz M, Alonso J, Rodríguez-Valdés E, Pinilla P, Lobo MC. Reducing the mobility of arsenic in brownfield soil using stabilised zero-valent iron nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2014; 49:1361-1369. [PMID: 25072767 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2014.928248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) as a new tool for the treatment of polluted soils and groundwater has received considerable attention in recent years due to its high reactivity, in situ application and cost-effectiveness. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effectiveness of using a commercial stabilised suspension of nZVI to immobilise As in brownfield soil and to investigate its impact on Fe availability in the treated soil. The phytotoxicities of the soil samples were also evaluated using a germination test with two plant species: barley (Hordeum vulgare L) and common vetch (Vicia sativa L). Two doses of the commercial nZVI suspension were studied, 1% and 10%, and two soil-nanoparticle interaction times, 72 h and 3 mo, were used to compare the stabilities of the soils treated with nZVI. The As availability was evaluated using a sequential extraction procedure and the toxicity characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP) test. The application of nZVI significantly decreased the availability of As in the soil. The immobilisation of As was more effective and more stable over time with the 10% dose than with the 1% dose of the commercial nZVI suspension. The application of nZVI did not induce an important increase in Fe mobility because the Fe leachability was less than 2 mg L(-1) over the time period studied. The lower availability of As in the soil led to a decrease in the phytotoxicity of the soil to barley and vetch germination. Thus, the proposed nanotechnology could be a potential alternative for the in situ remediation of As-polluted soils and could be combined with remediation processes where plants are involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mar Gil-Díaz
- a IMIDRA, Instituto Madrileño de Investigación y Desarrollo Rural, Agrario y Alimentación, Finca "El Encín", Alcalá de Henares , Madrid , Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hale SE, Jensen J, Jakob L, Oleszczuk P, Hartnik T, Henriksen T, Okkenhaug G, Martinsen V, Cornelissen G. Short-term effect of the soil amendments activated carbon, biochar, and ferric oxyhydroxide on bacteria and invertebrates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:8674-8683. [PMID: 23802136 DOI: 10.1021/es400917g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the secondary ecotoxicological effects of soil amendment materials that can be added to contaminated soils in order to sequester harmful pollutants. To this end, a nonpolluted agricultural soil was amended with 0.5, 2, and 5% of the following four amendments: powder activated carbon (PAC), granular activated carbon, corn stover biochar, and ferric oxyhydroxide powder, which have previously been proven to sequester pollutants in soil. The resulting immediate effects (i.e., without aging the mixtures before carrying out tests) on the springtail Folsomia candida, the earthworm species Aporectodea caliginosa and Eisenia fetida, the marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri, a suite of ten prokaryotic species, and a eukaryote (the yeast species Pichia anomalia) were investigated. Reproduction of F. candida was significantly increased compared to the unamended soil when 2% biochar was added to it. None of the treatments caused a negative effect on reproduction. All amendments had a deleterious effect on the growth of A. caliginosa when compared to the unamended soil, except the 0.5% amendment of biochar. In avoidance tests, E. fetida preferred biochar compared to all other amendments including the unamended soil. All amendments reduced the inhibition of luminescence to V. fischeri, i.e., were beneficial for the bacteria, with PAC showing the greatest improvement. The effects of the amendments on the suite of prokaryotic species and the eukaryote were variable, but overall the 2% biochar dose provided the most frequent positive effect on growth. It is concluded that the four soil amendments had variable but never strongly deleterious effects on the bacteria and invertebrates studied here during the respective recommended experimental test periods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Hale
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Anwar K, Ejaz S, Ashraf M, Altaf I, Anjum AA. Cytotoxic, phytotoxic, and mutagenic appraisal to ascertain toxicological potential of particulate matter emitted from automobiles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:4817-4830. [PMID: 23296974 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1431-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Vehicular air pollution is a mounting health issue of the modern age, particularly in urban populations of the developing nations. Auto-rickshaws are not considered eco-friendly as to their inefficient engines producing large amount of particulate matter (PM), thus posing significant environmental threat. The present study was conducted to ascertain the cytotoxic, phytotoxic, and mutagenic potential of PM from gasoline-powered two-stroke auto-rickshaws (TSA) and compressed natural gas-powered four-stroke auto-rickshaws (FSA). Based on the increased amount of aluminum quantified during proton-induced X-ray emission analysis of PM from TSA and FSA, different concentrations of aluminum sulfate were also tested to determine its eco-toxicological potential. The MTT assay demonstrated significant (p < 0.001) dose-dependent cytotoxic effects of different concentrations of TSA, FSA, and aluminum sulfate on BHK-21 cell line. LC50 of TSA, FSA, and aluminum sulfate was quantified at 16, 11, and 23.8 μg/ml, respectively, establishing PM from FSA, a highly cytotoxic material. In case of phytotoxicity screening using Zea mays, the results demonstrated that all three tested materials were equally phytotoxic at higher concentrations producing significant reduction (p < 0.001) in seed germination. Aluminum sulfate proved to be a highly phytotoxic agent even at its lowest concentration. Mutagenicity was assessed by fluctuation Salmonella reverse mutation assay adopting TA100 and TA98 mutant strains with (+S9) and without (-S9) metabolic activation. Despite the fact that different concentrations of PM from both sources, i.e., TSA and FSA were highly mutagenic (p < 0.001) even at lower concentrations, the mutagenic index was higher in TSA. Data advocate that all tested materials are equally ecotoxic, and if the existing trend of atmospheric pollution by auto-rickshaws is continued, airborne heavy metals will seriously affect the normal growth of local inhabitants and increased contamination of agricultural products, which will amplify the dietary intake of the toxic elements and could result in genetic mutation or long-term health implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khaleeq Anwar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Abdul Qadir Jilani Road, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Foucault Y, Durand MJ, Tack K, Schreck E, Geret F, Leveque T, Pradere P, Goix S, Dumat C. Use of ecotoxicity test and ecoscores to improve the management of polluted soils: case of a secondary lead smelter plant. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 246-247:291-299. [PMID: 23328625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
With the rise of sustainable development, rehabilitation of brownfield sites located in urban areas has become a major concern. Management of contaminated soils in relation with environmental and sanitary risk concerns is therefore a strong aim needing the development of both useful tools for risk assessment and sustainable remediation techniques. For soils polluted by metals and metalloids (MTE), the criteria for landfilling are currently not based on ecotoxicological tests but on total MTE concentrations and leaching tests. In this study, the ecotoxicity of leachates from MTE polluted soils sampled from an industrial site recycling lead-acid batteries were evaluated by using both modified Escherichia coli strains with luminescence modulated by metals and normalized Daphnia magna and Alivibrio fischeri bioassays. The results were clearly related to the type of microorganisms (crustacean, different strains of bacteria) whose sensitivity varied. Ecotoxicity was also different according to sample location on the site, total concentrations and physico-chemical properties of each soil. For comparison, standard leaching tests were also performed. Potentially phytoavailable fraction of MTE in soils and physico-chemical measures were finally performed in order to highlight the mechanisms. The results demonstrated that the use of a panel of microorganisms is suitable for hazard classification of polluted soils. In addition, calculated eco-scores permit to rank the polluted soils according to their potentially of dangerousness. Influence of soil and MTE characteristics on MTE mobility and ecotoxicity was also highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yann Foucault
- Université de Toulouse, INP-ENSAT, Avenue de l'Agrobiopôle, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Shakir L, Ejaz S, Ashraf M, Qureshi NA, Anjum AA, Iltaf I, Javeed A. Ecotoxicological risks associated with tannery effluent wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 34:180-191. [PMID: 22522427 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The problem of water pollution acquires greater relevance in the context of a developing agrarian economy like Pakistan. Even though, the leather industry is a leading economic sector in Pakistan, there is an increasing environmental concern regarding tanneries because they produce large amounts of potentially toxic wastewater containing both trivalent and hexavalent chromium, which are equally hazardous for human population, aquaculture and agricultural activities in the area. Therefore, we defined the scope of the present study as to employ different bioassays to determine the eco-toxic potential of tannery effluent wastewater (TW) and its chromium based components, i.e., potassium dichromate (K(2)Cr(2)O(7)) and chromium sulfate Cr(2)(SO(4))(3). Particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis of TW was carried out to determine the concentration of chromium in TW and then equal concentrations of hexavalent (K(2)Cr(2)O(7)) and trivalent chromium Cr(2)(SO(4))(3) were obtained for this study. Cytotoxicity assay, artemia bioassay and phytotoxicity assay was utilized to investigate the eco-toxicological potential of different concentrations of TW, K(2)Cr(2)O(7) and Cr(2)(SO(4))(3). All the dilutions of TW, K(2)Cr(2)O(7) and Cr(2)(SO(4))(3) presented concentration dependent cytotoxic effects in these assays. The data clearly represents that among all three tested materials, different dilutions of K(2)Cr(2)O(7) caused significantly more damage (P<0.001) to vero cell, brine shrimp and germination of maize seeds. Interestingly, the overall toxicity effects of TW treated groups were subsequent to K(2)Cr(2)O(7) treated group. Based on biological evidences presented in this article, it is concluded that hexavalent chromium (K(2)Cr(2)O(7)) and TW has got significant eco-damaging potential clearly elaborating that environmental burden in district Kasur is numerous and high levels of chromium is posing a considerable risk to the human population, aquaculture and agricultural industry that can obliterate ecosystem surrounding the tanneries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lubna Shakir
- Angiogenesis and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; School of Pharmacy, Hajvery University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sohail Ejaz
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Angiogenesis and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Naureen Aziz Qureshi
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Aftab Ahmad Anjum
- Department of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Imran Iltaf
- Quality Operations Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aqeel Javeed
- Angiogenesis and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chapman EEV, Hedrei Helmer S, Dave G, Murimboh JD. Utility of bioassays (lettuce, red clover, red fescue, Microtox, MetSTICK, Hyalella, bait lamina) in ecological risk screening of acid metal (Zn) contaminated soil. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 80:161-71. [PMID: 22444727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess selected bioassays and ecological screening tools for their suitability in a weight of evidence risk screening process of acidic metal contaminated soil. Intact soil cores were used for the tests, which minimizes changes in pH and metal bioavailability that may result from homogenization and drying of the soil. Soil cores were spiked with ZnCl(2) or CaCl(2). Leachate collected from the soil cores was used to account for the exposure pathways through pore water and groundwater. Tests assessed included MetSTICK in soil cores and Microtox in soil leachate, lettuce (Lactuca sativa), red fescue (Festuca rubra) and red clover (Trifolium pratense) in the soil cores and lettuce and red clover in soil leachate, Hyallella azteca in soil leachate, and an ecological soil function test using Bait Lamina in soil cores. Microtox, H. azteca, lettuce and red fescue showed higher sensitivity to low pH than to Zn concentrations and are therefore not recommended as tests on intact acidic soil cores and soil leachate. The Bait Lamina test appeared sensitive to pH levels below 3.7 but should be investigated further as a screening tool in less acidic soils. Among the bioassays, the MetSTICK and the T. pratense bioassays in soil cores were the most sensitive to Zn, with the lowest nominal NOEC of 200 and 400mg Zn/kg d.w., respectively. These bioassays were also tolerant of low pH, which make them suitable for assessing hazards of metal contaminated acid soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Emily V Chapman
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Box 461 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|