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Chitsaz M, Al Hello M, Burris DR, Francisco KL, Rodenburg LA. Source apportionment of polychlorinated biphenyls in the sediment of the Newtown Creek superfund site. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 357:141928. [PMID: 38615951 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a primary contaminant of potential concern at the Newtown Creek superfund site. Measurements of PCBs in hundreds of samples of sediment (surface and cores) within Newtown Creek and at nearby reference locations were obtained from the Remedial Investigation (RI) databases. This data set was analyzed using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF). A weight-of-evidence approach was used to attribute the PMF-generated fingerprints to sources. The PMF analysis generated eight factors (fingerprints or sources) that represent primary sources, such as Aroclors, as well as secondary sources, including the East River and Combined Sewer Outfalls (CSOs). In addition to the high-production volume Aroclors (1016/1242, 1248, 1254, and 1260), some less-widely used Aroclors (1232 and 1268) were found in Newtown Creek sediment. Aroclor 1268 is disproportionately abundant in the deepest sediments, while PCBs likely from CSOs are relatively more abundant in surface sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Chitsaz
- Department of Environmental Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA.
| | - Mohson Al Hello
- Department of Environmental Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA; Marine Sciences Center, University of Basrah, Iraq.
| | | | - Kelly L Francisco
- Department of Environmental Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA.
| | - Lisa A Rodenburg
- Department of Environmental Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA.
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2
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Neira C, Mendoza GF, Bradley A, Gossett R, Rouse GW, Levin LA. Waste barrel contamination and macrobenthic communities in the San Pedro Basin DDT dumpsite. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 203:116463. [PMID: 38776641 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Industrial waste barrels were discarded from 1947 to 1961 at a DDT dumpsite in the San Pedro Basin (SPB) in southern California, USA at ~890 m. The barrels were studied for effects on sediment concentrations of DDX, PCBs, PAHs and sediment properties, and on benthic macrofaunal assemblages, including metazoan meiofaunal taxa >0.3 mm. DDX concentration was highest in the 2-6 cm fraction of the 10-cm deep cores studied but exhibited no correlation with macrofaunal density, composition or diversity. Macrofaunal diversity was lowest and distinct in sediments within discolored halos surrounding the barrels. Low macrobenthos density and diversity, high dominance by Entoprocta, and numerical prevalence of large nematodes may result from the very low oxygen concentrations in bottom waters (< 4.4 μM). There is potential for macrofauna to remobilize DDX into the water column and ultimately the food web in the SPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Neira
- Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0206, United States of America.
| | - Guillermo F Mendoza
- Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0206, United States of America
| | - Angelica Bradley
- Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0206, United States of America
| | - Richard Gossett
- Physis Environmental Laboratories, 1904 E. Wright Circle, Anaheim, CA 92806-6028, United States of America
| | - Greg W Rouse
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0202, United States of America
| | - Lisa A Levin
- Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0206, United States of America
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3
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Gidley PT, Lotufo GR, Schmidt SN, Mayer P, Burgess RM. Quantitative thermodynamic exposure assessment of PCBs available to sandworms ( Alitta virens) in activated carbon remediated sediment during ongoing sediment deposition. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:814-823. [PMID: 38345076 PMCID: PMC11179148 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00405h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Marine mesoscale studies with sandworms (Alitta virens) were conducted to isolate important processes governing the exposure and bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) at contaminated sediment sites. Ex situ equilibrium sampling with silicone-coated jars, and in situ passive sampling with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) were used to determine the performance of an activated carbon (AC) amendment remedy applied to the bed sediment. A quantitative thermodynamic exposure assessment ('QTEA') was performed, showing that PCB concentrations in polymers at equilibrium with the surficial sediment were suited to measure and assess the remedy effectiveness with regard to PCB bioaccumulation in worms. In practice, monitoring the performance of sediment remedies should utilize a consistent and predictive form of polymeric sampling of the sediment. The present study found that ex situ equilibrium sampling of the surficial sediment was the most useful for understanding changes in bioaccumulation potential as a result of the applied remedy, during bioturbation and ongoing sediment and contaminant influx processes. The ultrathin silicone coatings of the ex situ sampling provided fast equilibration of PCBs between the sediment interstitial water and the polymer, and the multiple coating thicknesses were applied to confirm equilibrium and the absence of surface sorption artifacts. Overall, ex situ equilibrium sampling of surficial sediment could fit into existing frameworks as a robust and cost-effective tool for contaminated sediment site assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip T Gidley
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA.
| | - Guilherme R Lotufo
- US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA.
| | - Stine N Schmidt
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental & Resource Engineering, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental & Resource Engineering, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Robert M Burgess
- US Environmental Protection Agency, ORD/NHEERL/Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI, USA
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4
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Saba T. Using positive matrix factorization to unmix PAH fingerprints in contaminated sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1003. [PMID: 37500981 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11615-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Some of the challenges to apportioning PAH-related remedy costs at contaminated sediment sites include the lack of source samples, different PAH signatures associated with the same source, historical PAH sources long removed, mixing of urban sediment by boat traffic, and, in turn, PAHs mixing and weathering. Unmixing of PAH fingerprints in sediment sites to PAH source classes (petrogenic, pyrogenic, and runoff) is typically a first step to tracking PAH upland sources and ultimately, responsible parties. This work demonstrates using positive matrix factorization (PMF) as a method to unmix PAH fingerprints to its source classes.A large PAH dataset (over 700 samples) assembled from contaminated urban sediment sites was used as an input to PMF. Using a 3-factor PMF analysis, a petrogenic, pyrogenic, and runoff/weathered PAH end-member fingerprints were identified. Different numerical mixing percentages of the PMF-identified end-member sources were able to replicate the sediment-measured PAH fingerprints, with the percent contribution of each of the end members to each sediment sample calculated. The demonstrated work provides a method to satisfy the unmixing of PAH fingerprints to its source classes, as a step towards apportioning of PAH contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Saba
- Exponent, Inc, 1 Mill and Main, Suite 150, Maynard, MA, 01754, Maynard, USA.
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5
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Shaw EL, Urban NR. What can we learn from 28 years of monitoring of fish tissue polychlorinated biphenyls in Michigan's rivers? INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2023; 19:152-162. [PMID: 35446467 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are an important part of chemical legacies in the Laurentian Great Lakes basin. Used in industrial products worldwide, PCBs are now extensively monitored because of their potential toxicity to humans. Fish consumption is a major pathway for exposure. Edible portion (i.e., fish fillet) data from Michigan's fish tissue PCB monitoring program were evaluated using regression statistics, principal component analysis, and t-tests to answer three questions: (1) How do fish tissue total PCB concentrations vary across Michigan's rivers? (2) Are the PCB congener patterns uniformly distributed among tested sites and species? (3) Do monitoring methods limit our ability to discern trends in fish tissue PCB concentrations? Our results indicate that although contaminated sites have been successfully identified, based on higher PCB concentrations in samples from Areas of Concern (AOCs) compared to non-AOC sites, 77% of fish samples from 2010 to 2015 exceeded the safe fish tissue PCB concentration for unrestricted consumption (97 g/day) by sensitive populations. The PCB congener profiles vary among species and locations. Results demonstrate that these data are not useful for supplementing ongoing spatial and temporal trend analysis. Only 15 of the 83 species + waterbody pairs had adequate data for evaluating temporal trends with more than three data points. In general, the trends at each location varied based on the analytical method. Conclusions from this work can inform revisions to existing monitoring programs and improve our ability to protect human health. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:152-162. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Shaw
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - Noel R Urban
- Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
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6
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Rex KR, Chakraborty P. Legacy and new chlorinated persistent organic pollutants in the rivers of south India: Occurrences, sources, variations before and after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 437:129262. [PMID: 35897178 PMCID: PMC9233415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
During pre-pandemic time, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were investigated in the surface water of Periyar River (PR) and Bharathappuzha River (BR) in Ernakulam and Malappuram districts of Kerala, respectively and Adyar River (AR) and Cooum River (CR) in Chennai district of Tamil Nadu. After the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic, variation in OCPs and PCBs were evaluated for AR and CR. Dominance of β-HCH and γ-HCH in south Indian rivers indicate historical use of technical HCH and ongoing use of Lindane, respectively. In > 90 % sites, p,p'-DDT/ p,p'-DDE ratio was < 1, indicating past DDT usage. However during the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, elevated p,p'-DDT in AR and CR reflects localized use of DDT possibly for vector control. Similarly, during the first wave of pandemic, over a 100-fold increase in PCB-52 in these rivers of Chennai mostly via surface run-off and atmospheric deposition can be reasoned with open burning of dumped waste including added waste plastic in the solid waste stream. On contrary, a significant (p < 0.05) decline of dioxin-like PCBs level, suggests lesser combustion related activities by the formal and informal industrial sectors after the lockdown phase in Tamil Nadu. Eco-toxicological risk assessment indicated a higher risk for edible fish in PR due to endosulfan.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ronnie Rex
- Department of Civil Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Paromita Chakraborty
- Environmental Science and Technology Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu 603203, India.
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7
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Wang T, He ZX, Yang J, Wu L, Qiu XW, Bao LJ, Zeng EY. Riverine transport dynamics of PBDEs and OPFRs within a typical e-waste recycling zone: Implications for sink-source interconversion. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 220:118677. [PMID: 35667171 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite ample evidence on spreading of e-waste derived hazardous materials, riverine transport of organic contaminants from e-waste recycling zones to surrounding areas has not been evaluated. To address this issue, passive and grab sampling methods were used to assess sediment-water diffusion and horizontal transport of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organophosphorus flame retardant (OPFRs) at upstream and downstream sites of two rivers in a typical e-waste recycling zone. Sediment acted as a source of BDE-17 with fluxes of 0.007-0.04 ng m-2 d-1 at all sampling sites. BDE-47 and BDE-99 reached equilibrium between overlying water and sediment porewater. Sediment interconverted from a sink at the upstream site to a source of OPFRs at the downstream site with a flux varying between -7.3 and 234 ng m-2 d-1. The amounts of OPFRs (11-45 g d-1) via horizontal riverine transport were greater than those of PBDEs (0.68-2 g d-1). The vertical sediment-water diffusion of PBDEs and OPFRs was not significant compared to horizontal riverine transport. The annual riverine outputs of PBDEs and OPFRs from the downstream sites were 250-330 g and 12,000-16,500 g, respectively, indicating the significance of riverine transport of organic contaminants from e-waste recycling zones to surrounding areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Zi-Xuan He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Liang Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xia-Wen Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
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8
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Jahnke JC, Martinez A, Hornbuckle KC. Distinguishing Aroclor and non-Aroclor sources to Chicago Air. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 823:153263. [PMID: 35066038 PMCID: PMC9116205 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Many polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners are found in both legacy Aroclor mixtures and modern materials, and both contribute to PCBs levels in ambient air. The various sources of PCBs make it difficult to quantify the relative importance of emissions from remaining legacy materials and emissions of PCBs released from production and use of modern products. To address this challenge, we utilized active and passive sampling, analytical methods optimized for PCBs, and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and cos theta to examine the chemical signature of PCBs in Chicago air. Here we report our findings for over 640 samples collected over 7 years and analyzed for all 209 congeners. We conclude that Aroclor sources (1254, 1016/1242, and 1260) are consistent and dominant contributors to Chicago air. However, non-Aroclors sources accounted for 13%-16% of the total PCBs measured. Our analysis indicates non-Aroclor sources explain 99% of PCB11, 90% of PCB 68, and 58-69% of congeners with 8 to 10 chlorines in Chicago air. All of these are known to be emitted from paints or silicone polymers. Additionally, we identified over 20 congeners that have non-Aroclor contributions of more than 50% including PCB 3 (4-monochlorobiphenyl, 83% non-Aroclor) as well as 7 congeners of unknown sources: PCBs 43, 46, 55, 89, 96, 137, and 139 + 140. Non-Aroclor emission sources contribute to the entire range of congeners from mono- to deca-chlorobiphenyls. We found evidence of highly localized non-Aroclor sources including a signature similar to that of green paint. We also found source signals similar to the PCB congeners volatilizing from and absorbing to neighboring Lake Michigan. The measured profiles vary from season to season: lower chlorinated congeners dominate in winter months while higher chlorinated congeners contribute more in summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C Jahnke
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Andres Martinez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Keri C Hornbuckle
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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9
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Rodenburg LA, Hermanson MR, Sumner AL. Effect of membrane filtration on the fate of polychlorinated biphenyls in wastewater treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132335. [PMID: 34563767 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Spokane River is impacted by levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) that have triggered fish consumption advisories and exceed water quality standards. Select wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) on the river have been upgraded from secondary (biological) treatment to tertiary treatment in the form of membrane filtration to address phosphorus contamination. Because membrane filtration is effective at removing particles, it is likely to reduce PCB concentrations in the effluent as well. In this work, PCBs measured in the influents and effluent of several WWTPs discharging to the river were examined. Implementation of membrane filtration reduced PCB concentrations in the effluent (and therefore PCB loads to the river) by 33% at a facility that produces recycled and virgin paper and by ∼55% at municipal WWTPs, compared to secondary (activated sludge) treatment. Largest reductions in concentrations in effluent and loads were achieved for higher molecular weight (MW) PCB congeners (i.e. those with six or more chlorines), homologs, and formulations. The more modest reductions in effluent concentrations achieved at the paper WWTP may be due to the mix of PCBs in the wastewater there: it contained primarily the low MW Aroclor 1242 (presumably from carbonless copy paper) and PCB 11 (3,3'-dichlorobiphenyl) possibly from pigments. PCBs that appear to be associated with silicone products such as caulk, tubing, and o-rings are relatively more abundant in the effluent of some plants compared to the influent, suggesting that these congeners arise from contamination during sampling or from within the plant itself. At some WWTPs, this contamination accounts for nearly a third of PCBs measured in the effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Rodenburg
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
| | - Michael R Hermanson
- Spokane County Environmental Services, 1116 W. Broadway Avenue, Spokane, WA, 99260, USA
| | - Amy L Sumner
- Spokane County Environmental Services, 1116 W. Broadway Avenue, Spokane, WA, 99260, USA
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10
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Wild S, Eulaers I, Covaci A, Bossi R, Hawker D, Cropp R, Southwell C, Emmerson L, Lepoint G, Eisenmann P, Nash SB. South polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki) as biovectors for long-range transport of persistent organic pollutants to Antarctica. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118358. [PMID: 34653585 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Migratory bird species may serve as vectors of contaminants to Antarctica through the local deposition of guano, egg abandonment, or mortality. To further investigate this chemical input pathway, we examined the contaminant burdens and profiles of the migratory South polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki) and compared them to the endemic Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae). A range of persistent organic pollutants were targeted in muscle and guano to facilitate differentiation of likely exposure pathways. A total of 56 of 65 targeted analytes were detected in both species, but there were clear profile and magnitude differences between the species. The South polar skua and Adélie penguin muscle tissue burdens were dominated by p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (mean 5600 ng g-1 lw and 330 ng g-1 lw respectively) and hexachlorobenzene (mean 2500 ng g-1 lw and 570 ng g-1 lw respectively), a chemical profile characteristic of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean region. Species profile differences, indicative of exposure at different latitudes, were observed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), with lower chlorinated congeners and deca-chlorinated PCB-209 detected in South polar Skua, but not in Adélie penguins. Notably, the more recently used perfluoroalkyl substances and the brominated flame retardants, hexabromocyclododecane and tetrabromobisphenol A, were detected in both species. This finding suggests local exposure, given the predicted slow and limited long-range environmental transport capacity of these compounds to the eastern Antarctic sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seanan Wild
- Griffith University, Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Southern Ocean Persistent Organic Pollutants Program, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Igor Eulaers
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Adrian Covaci
- University of Antwerp, Toxicological Centre, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Rossana Bossi
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Sciences, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Darryl Hawker
- Griffith University, School of Environment and Science, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Roger Cropp
- Griffith University, School of Environment and Science, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Colin Southwell
- Australian Antarctic Division (AAD), Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, 7050, Australia
| | - Louise Emmerson
- Australian Antarctic Division (AAD), Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tasmania, 7050, Australia
| | - Gilles Lepoint
- Laboratory of Oceanology, UR FOCUS, gMARE Centre, University of Liège, 3 15 Allée de la Chimiedu six Août, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pascale Eisenmann
- Griffith University, Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Southern Ocean Persistent Organic Pollutants Program, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Susan Bengtson Nash
- Griffith University, Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Southern Ocean Persistent Organic Pollutants Program, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia.
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11
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Contamination Features and Source Apportionment of Heavy Metals in the River Sediments around a Lead-Zinc Mine: A Case Study in Danzhai, Guizhou, China. J CHEM-NY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/9946026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial patterns, ecological risks, and sources of heavy metals (HMs), including Pb, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cd, Hg, and As in river sediments, were identified around a lead-zinc mine of Danzhai, Guizhou, China. The concentrations of selected HMs and their coefficient variations indicated that the river sediments around this typical lead-zinc mine were obviously contaminated with HMs. Anthropogenic activities had further enhanced the accumulation of HMs. The higher contents of the most common selected HMs were mainly distributed in the area close to the lead-zinc mine. Based on the combined evaluations of the single factor pollution index, geo-accumulation index, and potential ecological risk index, it indicated that the ecological risks of Hg, Cd, Zn, and Pb were high or extremely high, and of Mn, Cu, and As were slight or none in the sediments around this lead-zinc mine. It was found that lead-zinc mining and smelting activities, coal mining activities, and agricultural activities (livestock and poultry breeding) are the primary sources of selected HMs, based on the results of correlation analysis together with principal component analysis (PCA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. The pollution of HMs in the river sediments around a lead-zinc mine was predominantly caused by lead-zinc mining and smelting activities. Therefore, for environmental persistence, lead-zinc mining and smelting activities should be given careful consideration and under close surveillance.
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12
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Du S, Rodenburg L, Patterson N, Chu C, Riker CD, Yu CH, Fan ZT. Concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls in serum from New Jersey biomonitoring study: 2016-2018. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 261:127730. [PMID: 32763647 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The first statewide New Jersey Biomonitoring (NJBM) of serum polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was conducted from 2016 to 2018. Forty ortho-substituted PCBs were measured in serum samples collected from 920 NJ residents in compliance with the CDC method. The lipid adjusted geometric mean (GM) of ∑40PCB concentration for all the 920 measured subjects was 65.5 ng/g lipid (95% CIs: 56.9-75.4 ng/g lipid). Age stratified serum concentration showed that the lowest GM (33.3 ng/g lipid) was observed in the 20-39 years age group (n = 282), followed by a concentration of 76.05 ng/g lipid (n = 382) in the 40-59 years age group, and the highest GM (168.4 ng/g lipid) was found in the 60-74 years age group (n = 256). A survey regression model revealed that ∑40PCBs was significantly associated with age, moderately associated with geographic region, and not significantly associated with sex. The comparison of serum PCB levels in NJBM with the sequential National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data suggested that the serum PCBs in NJ adults declined 52-59% at all age groups over the last decade. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) suggests that ongoing and recent exposure to lower molecular weight PCBs contributes about 15% to total serum PCB levels and more in younger subjects, while higher molecular weight PCBs contribute 52% of the total serum PCB levels and more in older subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyan Du
- Environmental and Chemical Laboratory Services, Public Health & Environmental Laboratories, New Jersey Department of Health, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA
| | - Lisa Rodenburg
- Department of Environmental Science, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Norman Patterson
- Environmental and Chemical Laboratory Services, Public Health & Environmental Laboratories, New Jersey Department of Health, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA
| | - Christopher Chu
- Environmental and Chemical Laboratory Services, Public Health & Environmental Laboratories, New Jersey Department of Health, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA
| | - C David Riker
- Environmental and Chemical Laboratory Services, Public Health & Environmental Laboratories, New Jersey Department of Health, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA
| | - Chang Ho Yu
- Environmental and Chemical Laboratory Services, Public Health & Environmental Laboratories, New Jersey Department of Health, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA
| | - Zhihua Tina Fan
- Environmental and Chemical Laboratory Services, Public Health & Environmental Laboratories, New Jersey Department of Health, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA.
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13
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Chitsaz M, Fennell DE, Rodenburg LA. Sources of polychlorinated biphenyls to Upper Hudson River sediment post-dredging. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 259:127438. [PMID: 32585460 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Upper Hudson River (UHR) has been contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) since the 1940s due to the manufacture of capacitors at two plants near Hudson Falls and Fort Edward, NY by General Electric (GE). Dredging of portions of the UHR was conducted from 2009 to 2015 as a partial remedy for this contamination. In 2017, the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation undertook a comprehensive post-dredging survey of sediment contamination in the UHR. Thousands of samples were collected, and 130 of these were analyzed for PCBs using EPA method 1668A. This data set was analyzed using Positive Matrix Factorization. Six factors were observed. One factor resembled the dominant Aroclors used by GE with little alteration. Three factors represented different pathways and/or extents of microbial dechlorination. One factor resembled a mixture of microbial dechlorination products and a higher molecular weight Aroclor used by GE. The congener patterns of the dechlorination factors suggest that removal of chlorines at the ortho position does occur in the UHR sediment, in agreement with several laboratory studies showing that such ortho dechlorination is possible. This ortho dechlorination could theoretically lead to complete dechlorination of PCBs to biphenyl in UHR sediment. Only one factor was not attributable to GE. It represents inputs of PCBs from tributaries and urban areas and explains 1.7% of the PCB mass in the sediments. The small contribution from the non-GE PCB source suggests that recontamination of the sediment after dredging was minor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Chitsaz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Donna E Fennell
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Lisa A Rodenburg
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
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14
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McCarthy RA, Gupta AS, Kubicek B, Awad AM, Martinez A, Marek RF, Hornbuckle KC. Signal Processing Methods to Interpret Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Airborne Samples. IEEE ACCESS : PRACTICAL INNOVATIONS, OPEN SOLUTIONS 2020; 8:147738-147755. [PMID: 33335823 PMCID: PMC7742762 DOI: 10.1109/access.2020.3013108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The main contribution of this interdisciplinary work is a robust computational framework to autonomously discover and quantify previously unknown associations between well-known (target) and potentially unknown (non-target) toxic industrial air pollutants. In this work, the variability of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) data is evaluated using a combination of statistical, signal processing, and graph-based informatics techniques to interpret the raw instrument signal from gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) data sets. Specifically, minimum mean-squared techniques from the adaptive signal processing literature are extended to detect and separate coeluted (overlapped) peaks in the raw instrument signal. A graph-based visualization is provided which bridges two complementary approaches to quantitative pollution studies: (i) peak-cognizant target analysis (limits data analysis to few well-known compounds) and (ii) chemometric analysis (statistical large-scale data analysis) that is agnostic of specific compounds. Further, peak fitting techniques based on L2 error minimization are employed to autonomously calculate the amount of each PCB present with a normalized mean square error of -18.4851 dB. Graph-based visualization of associations between known and unknown compounds are developed through principal component analysis and both fuzzy c-means (FCM) and k-means clustering techniques are implemented and compared. The efficiency of these methods are compared using 150 air samples analyzed for individual PCBs with GC/MS/MS against traditional target-only techniques that perform analysis across only the known (target) PCBs. Parameter optimization techniques are employed to evaluate the relative contribution of PCB signals against ten potential source signals representing legacy signatures from historical manufacture of Aroclors and modern sources of PCBs produced as by products of pigment and polymer manufacturing. Aroclors 1232, 1254, 1016, and 1221 as well as non-Aroclor 3, 3', dichlorobiphenyl (PCB 11) were found in many of the samples as unique source signals that describe PCB mixtures in air samples collected from Chicago, IL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A McCarthy
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Ananya Sen Gupta
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Bernice Kubicek
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Andrew M Awad
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Andres Martinez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Rachel F Marek
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Keri C Hornbuckle
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
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15
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Zhao S, Jones KC, Li J, Sweetman AJ, Liu X, Xu Y, Wang Y, Lin T, Mao S, Li K, Tang J, Zhang G. Evidence for Major Contributions of Unintentionally Produced PCBs in the Air of China: Implications for the National Source Inventory. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:2163-2171. [PMID: 31851493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were not widely manufactured or used in China before they became the subject of international bans on production. Recent work has shown that they have reached China associated with imported wastes and that there are considerable unintentional sources of PCBs that have only recently been identified. As such, it was hypothesized that the source inventory and profile of PCBs may be different or unique in China, compared to countries where they were widely used and which have been widely studied. For the first time in this study, we undertook a complete analysis of 209 PCB congeners and assessed the contribution of unintentionally produced PCBs (UP-PCBs) in the atmosphere of China, using polyurethane foam passive air samplers (PUF-PAS) deployed across a wide range of Chinese locations. ∑209 PCBs ranged from 9 to 6856 pg/m3 (median: 95 pg/m3) during three deployments in 2016-2017. PCB 11 was one of the most detected congeners, contributing 33 ± 19% to ∑209 PCBs. The main sources to airborne PCBs in China were estimated and ranked as pigment/painting (34%), metallurgical industry/combustion (31%), e-waste (23%), and petrochemical/plastic industry (6%). For typical Aroclor-PCBs, e-waste sources were dominated (>50%). Results from our study indicate that UP-PCBs have become the controlling source in the atmosphere of China, and an effective control strategy is urgently needed to mitigate emissions from multiple industrial sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre , Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YQ , U.K
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Andrew J Sweetman
- Lancaster Environment Centre , Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YQ , U.K
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guiyang 550002 , China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Tian Lin
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment , Shanghai Ocean University , Shanghai 201306 , China
| | - Shuduan Mao
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Kechang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Jiao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , China
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Roy MA, Sant KE, Venezia OL, Shipman AB, McCormick SD, Saktrakulkla P, Hornbuckle KC, Timme-Laragy AR. The emerging contaminant 3,3'-dichlorobiphenyl (PCB-11) impedes Ahr activation and Cyp1a activity to modify embryotoxicity of Ahr ligands in the zebrafish embryo model (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:113027. [PMID: 31421573 PMCID: PMC7027435 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
3,3'-dichlorobiphenyl (PCB-11) is an emerging PCB congener widely detected in environmental samples and human serum, but its toxicity potential is poorly understood. We assessed the effects of three concentrations of PCB-11 on embryotoxicity and Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) pathway interactions in zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio). Wildtype AB or transgenic Tg(gut:GFP) strain zebrafish embryos were exposed to static concentrations of PCB-11 (0, 0.2, 2, or 20 μM) from 24 to 96 h post fertilization (hpf), and gross morphology, Cytochrome P4501a (Cyp1a) activity, and liver development were assessed via microscopy. Ahr interactions were probed via co-exposures with PCB-126 or beta-naphthoflavone (BNF). Embryos exposed to 20 μM PCB-11 were also collected for PCB-11 body burden, qRT-PCR, RNAseq, and histology. Zebrafish exposed to 20 μM PCB-11 absorbed 0.18% PCB-11 per embryo at 28 hpf and 0.61% by 96 hpf, and their media retained 1.36% PCB-11 at 28 hpf and 0.84% at 96 hpf. This concentration did not affect gross morphology, but altered the transcription of xenobiotic metabolism and liver development genes, impeded liver development, and increased hepatocyte vacuole formation. In co-exposures, 20 μM PCB-11 prevented deformities caused by PCB-126 but exacerbated deformities in co-exposures with BNF. This study suggests that PCB-11 can affect liver development, act as a partial agonist/antagonist of the Ahr pathway, and act as an antagonist of Cyp1a activity to modify the toxicity of compounds that interact with the Ahr pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika A Roy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Biotechnology Training Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Karilyn E Sant
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Olivia L Venezia
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Alix B Shipman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Stephen D McCormick
- US Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, S.O. Conte Anadromous Fish Research Laboratory, Turners Falls, MA 01376, USA
| | - Panithi Saktrakulkla
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Keri C Hornbuckle
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Alicia R Timme-Laragy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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17
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Olise FS, Ogundele LT, Olajire MA, Owoade OK, Oloyede FA, Fawole OG, Ezeh GC. Biomonitoring of environmental pollution in the vicinity of iron and steel smelters in southwestern Nigeria using transplanted lichens and mosses. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:691. [PMID: 31667628 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7810-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study identified specific emission sources of atmospheric pollution in the vicinity of two secondary iron and steel smelting factories in Osun state, southwestern Nigeria, using transplanted biomonitors. A total of 120 biomonitors consisting of lichen and moss were grown under a controlled environment and later transplanted to the surroundings of each factory for monitoring of air pollutants for 3 months in both wet and dry seasons. The elemental contents (K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb and Sr) of the biomonitors were determined by X-ray florescence (XRF) spectroscopy. The source identification was performed by applying positive matrix factorization (PMF) receptor modelling approach using the elemental data set from the two smelters. Among the measured elements, Fe had the highest average concentration in the lichen and moss samples as well as in both seasons. The average concentrations of Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As and Br were low. The varying average elemental concentrations of lichen and moss reflect the pattern of impact of smelting on atmospheric airborne pollution around the factories. The four factors resolved by PMF and their respective contributions were metal processing (39.0%), Fe source (28.0%), crustal/soil (22.0%) and road dust (11.0%) for moss and Fe source (34.0%), crustal/soil (26.0%), coal combustion (25.0%) and road dust (15.0%) for lichen. The study showcases lichen and moss as cheaper and yet efficient uninterrupted monitoring tools of air pollution sources associated with iron and steel smelting industrial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix S Olise
- Environmental Research Laboratory (ERL), Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Lasun T Ogundele
- Environmental Research Laboratory (ERL), Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
- Department of Physics, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria.
| | - Mudasiru A Olajire
- Environmental Research Laboratory (ERL), Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Oyediran K Owoade
- Environmental Research Laboratory (ERL), Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Fatai A Oloyede
- Department of Botany, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Olusegun G Fawole
- Environmental Research Laboratory (ERL), Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Godwin C Ezeh
- Center for Energy Research and Development (CERD), Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
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18
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Rodenburg LA, Delistraty DA. Alterations in fingerprints of polychlorinated biphenyls in benthic biota at the Portland Harbor Superfund Site (Oregon, USA) suggest metabolism. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 223:74-82. [PMID: 30771650 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand the sources and fate of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in several species of benthic biota, including clams (Corbicula fluminea), oligochaetes (Lumbriculus variegatus), and mussels (Margaritifera falcata and Anodonta nuttalliana) at the Portland Harbor Superfund Site (PHSS), their congener fingerprints were examined. First, diagnostic ratios of congeners known to be metabolizable vs. recalcitrant in the cytochrome P450 (CYP) pathway were significantly lower in biota than in its co-located sediment, indicating metabolism may have occurred. Next, the congener patterns were analyzed using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF). The dominant fingerprint (by mass) in benthic biota is related to Aroclor 1260 but displays differences in the fingerprint that are consistent with weathering via absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This fingerprint is similar to one isolated from PCBs in fish from Washington State, indicative of common metabolic pathways and consistent with CYP metabolism. When metabolism is taken into account, the spatial distribution of the PMF-isolated PCB fingerprints in biota matches well with those from co-located sediment samples, suggesting that the same mix of sources at one location partitions into biota and sediment. In accordance to their higher hydrophobicity, higher molecular weight (MW) PCB formulations were proportionately more abundant in biota than in sediment, although low MW PCBs (e.g., PCBs 4 and 11) do bioaccumulate in benthic organisms and should not be ignored in risk assessment efforts. Finally, fingerprinting suggests potential reasons why lab-based and field-based biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) differ substantially for bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Rodenburg
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm, Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Damon A Delistraty
- Washington State Department of Ecology, North 4601 Monroe Street, Spokane, WA 99205, USA
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19
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Wang S, Cai LM, Wen HH, Luo J, Wang QS, Liu X. Spatial distribution and source apportionment of heavy metals in soil from a typical county-level city of Guangdong Province, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 655:92-101. [PMID: 30469072 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The contents of ten heavy metals (Cr, Hg, As, Pb, Ni, Cd, Ti, Cu, Zn and V) in 413 topsoil samples from Puning City, Guangdong Province, China were investigated. Obvious enrichment of Hg, As, Pb, Cd and Zn were presented, and the contents of Hg and As in 5.8% and 3.4% samples respectively were higher than the guideline values recommended by the Chinese Environmental Quality Standard for Soils. Chromium and V were presented no enrichment and no pollution. According to one-way analysis of variance, the mean contents of Hg, Pb, Cu and Zn in land for construction were significantly higher than farmland and natural vegetation, but the land use had no obvious effect on other heavy metals. Furthermore, the potential sources of ten heavy metals were identified and apportioned in combination with geostatistics, correlation analysis and positive matrix factorization model. The results were following as: a) Pb, Zn and Cu mainly origin from vehicle emission and atmosphere deposition, and the hotspots approximately distributed in the areas of intensive traffic and near main roads; b) Hg and Cd were derived to industrial activities related to pharmaceutical industries, the textile and dyeing industries and e-waste recycling industries, and high-value areas were mainly concentrated in the northeast of the urban area where the industrial parks have been distributed; c) Soil parent material (Jurassic shale) was the main source of Cr, Ni, V and Ti; d) As mainly came from agricultural inputs such as pesticides or herbicides, livestock and fertilizers. Meanwhile, the contributions of four sources were 33.08%, 24.04%, 27.11% and 15.77% of the total contribution, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Resources and Exploration Technologies, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China; College of Resources and Environment, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China; Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Li-Mei Cai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Resources and Exploration Technologies, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China; College of Resources and Environment, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China; Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Han-Hui Wen
- No. 940 Branch of Geology Bureau for Nonferrous Metals of Guangdong Provinces, Qingyuan 511500, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Resources and Exploration Technologies, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China
| | - Qiu-Shuang Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Resources and Exploration Technologies, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China
| | - Xie Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Resources and Exploration Technologies, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China
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Capozzi SL, Jing R, Rodenburg LA, Kjellerup BV. Positive Matrix Factorization analysis shows dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls during domestic wastewater collection and treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 216:289-296. [PMID: 30384297 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent, toxic and bioaccumulative pollutants. One of the few pathways via which they break down is microbial dechlorination, which has been shown to occur in sewers. Questions remain about where within sewers this process takes place and which conditions encourage dechlorination. These issues were examined using a large data set on PCBs in influent and effluents from a main and bypass outfall from a wastewater treatment facility in the Mid-Atlantic region of the USA. A data set containing 64 chromatographic peaks representing 103 PCB congeners measured in 74 whole water samples was analyzed by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF). PMF resolved four factors, three of which represented Aroclors 1242, 1254, and 1260. The remaining factor represented an advanced dechlorination regime of PCBs characterized by high proportions of PCBs 4 and 19 and comprised about 35% of the PCBs in the treated effluent, among the highest levels of dechlorination observed in previous studies. Concentrations of dechlorination products were not correlated with total suspended solids, indicating they were mostly dissolved and explaining the poor removal via sedimentation during the treatment process. The factors representing Aroclors were positively correlated with total influent flow, but the dechlorination signal was not, suggesting that the dechlorination signal arises from different locations and/or processes than the Aroclors. Even though treatment and dechlorination reduced the dioxin-like toxicity of the PCB mixture, this effect might be offset by the incomplete removal of dechlorination products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staci L Capozzi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States; Geosyntec Consultants, Columbia, MD 21046, United States
| | - Ran Jing
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Lisa A Rodenburg
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Birthe Veno Kjellerup
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States.
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21
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McFarland K, Hare MP. Restoring oysters to urban estuaries: Redefining habitat quality for eastern oyster performance near New York City. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207368. [PMID: 30444890 PMCID: PMC6239315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Restoring and conserving coastal resilience faces increasing challenges under current climate change predictions. Oyster restoration, in particular, faces threats from alterations in precipitation, warming water temperatures, and urbanization of coastlines that dramatically change salinity patterns, foster the proliferation and spread disease, and disrupt habitat connectivity, respectively. New York City (NYC) coastal waters, once home to a booming oyster fishery for eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica), are now nearly devoid of live oyster reefs. Oyster restoration in urban estuaries is motivated by the synergistic ecosystem benefits this native keystone species can deliver. Recent surveys have documented substantial remnant populations of adult oysters in the upper low salinity zone of the Hudson/Raritan Estuary (HRE) near Tarrytown, NY. This study assessed fitness-related performance across the HRE salinity gradient to evaluate habitat suitability on an estuarine scale. Oysters were hatchery-produced from wild, moderate-salinity broodstock, then outplanted for measurement of growth, survival, reproduction and disease prevalence over two years. Survival was generally higher in the lower salinity river sites and in the higher salinity Jamaica Bay sites relative to mesohaline NYC harbor sites. Growth rate was highest in Jamaica Bay and had high variation among other sites. Surprisingly, the highest proportion of individuals with sex-differentiated gametes and the highest average gonad maturation index was found at a low salinity site. Consistent with the advanced gametogenesis measured in experimental animals at low salinity, annual wild recruitment was documented near the low salinity remnant population in each of five monitored years. These results suggest that the remnant HRE oyster population is a robust, self-sustaining population that can be leveraged to support restoration of subpopulations in other parts of the estuary, but further research is required to determine if the mesohaline and near-ocean reaches of the HRE can support the full oyster life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine McFarland
- Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Matthew P. Hare
- Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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22
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Ma Y, Hao S, Zhao H, Fang J, Zhao J, Li X. Pollutant transport analysis and source apportionment of the entire non-point source pollution process in separate sewer systems. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 211:557-565. [PMID: 30092536 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding pollutant transport process and source apportionment is critical to urban stormwater pollution mitigation. Previous studies have investigated transport and sources of road deposited sediments (RDS) and sewer sediments individually, and most of these studies focused on stormwater pollution in combined sewer systems. However, studies about pollutant transport and source apportionment of the entire urban non-point source pollution process in separate sewer systems are lacking. This study analyzed particle size distribution and chemical pollutants in five media during the entire pollutant process including RDS, roof runoff, road runoff, sewer sediments, and sewer runoff. The outcomes found that mass percentage of fine particles became greater during pollutant transport in stormwater runoff. According to transport characteristics, particles were grouped into three types: particles <20 μm, 20-105 μm, and >105 μm. Particles <20 μm had the highest mobility capacity and particles >105 μm had the lowest mobility capacity, while mobility capacity of particles 20-105 μm was uncertain. Pollutant concentrations in road runoff were significantly influenced by rainfall intensity and pollutant concentrations in sewer runoff could become lower during rainy seasons ignoring rainfall intensity. RDS was the main contributor of heavy metals while organic matter and nutrients were primarily contributed by sewer sediments. Roof runoff, road runoff and sewer sediments contributed 5.35%, 69.24% and 25.41% particles to urban receiving water, respectively. Based on the outcomes, several suggestions were given for stormwater management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Shaonan Hao
- Water Group, Ramboll Studio Dreiseitl, 39 Middle Dongsanhuan Road, Beijing, 100022, China
| | - Hongtao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Jinxiu Fang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jiang Zhao
- China Eco-city Academy, 9 Shouti South Road, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xuyong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
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Capozzi SL, Rodenburg LA, Krumins V, Fennell DE, Mack EE. Using positive matrix factorization to investigate microbial dehalogenation of chlorinated benzenes in groundwater at a historically contaminated site. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 211:515-523. [PMID: 30086528 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated benzenes are common groundwater contaminants in the United States, so demonstrating whether they undergo degradation in the subsurface is important in determining the best remedy for this contamination. The purpose of this work was to use a new data mining approach to investigate chlorinated benzene degradation pathways in the subsurface. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was used to analyze long-term measurements of chlorinated benzene concentrations in groundwater at a contaminated site in New Jersey. A dataset containing 597 groundwater samples and 5 chlorinated benzenes and benzene collected from 144 wells over 20 years was investigated using PMF2 software. Despite the heterogeneity of this dataset, PMF analysis revealed patterns indicative of microbial dechlorination in the groundwater and provided insight about where dechlorination is occurring, to what extent, and under which geochemical conditions. PMF resolved a factor indicative of a source of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene and 1,2-dichlorobenzene and two factors representing stages of dechlorination, one more advanced than the other. The PMF results indicated that virtually all of the 1,2-dichlorobenzene at the site arises from its use onsite, not from the dechlorination of trichlorobenzenes. Factors were further interpreted using ancillary data such as geochemical indicators and field parameters also measured in the samples. Analysis suggested that the partial and advanced dechlorination signals occur under different subsurface physical conditions. The results provided field validation of the current understanding of anaerobic dechlorination of chlorinated benzenes in the subsurface developed from laboratory studies. PMF is thereby shown to be a useful tool for investigating chlorinated benzene dechlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staci L Capozzi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States.
| | - Lisa A Rodenburg
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Valdis Krumins
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Donna E Fennell
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - E Erin Mack
- Corporate Remediation Group, E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, DE, 19805, United States
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24
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Guan Q, Wang F, Xu C, Pan N, Lin J, Zhao R, Yang Y, Luo H. Source apportionment of heavy metals in agricultural soil based on PMF: A case study in Hexi Corridor, northwest China. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 193:189-197. [PMID: 29131977 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hexi Corridor is the most important base of commodity grain and producing area for cash crops. However, the rapid development of agriculture and industry has inevitably led to heavy metal contamination in the soils. Multivariate statistical analysis, GIS-based geostatistical methods and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) receptor modeling techniques were used to understand the levels of heavy metals and their source apportionment for agricultural soil in Hexi Corridor. The results showed that the average concentrations of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were lower than the secondary standard of soil environmental quality; however, the concentrations of eight metals (Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Ti, V and Zn) were higher than background values, and their corresponding enrichment factor values were significantly greater than 1. Different degrees of heavy metal pollution occurred in the agricultural soils; specifically, Ni had the most potential for impacting human health. The results from the multivariate statistical analysis and GIS-based geostatistical methods indicated both natural sources (Co and W) and anthropogenic sources (Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Ti, V and Zn). To better identify pollution sources of heavy metals in the agricultural soils, the PMF model was applied. Further source apportionment revealed that enrichments of Pb and Zn were attributed to traffic sources; Cr and Ni were closely related to industrial activities, including mining, smelting, coal combustion, iron and steel production and metal processing; Zn and Cu originated from agricultural activities; and V, Ti and Mn were derived from oil- and coal-related activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Guan
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education) and Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Feifei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education) and Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Chuanqi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education) and Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ninghui Pan
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education) and Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jinkuo Lin
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education) and Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education) and Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education) and Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Haiping Luo
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education) and Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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25
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Neira C, Vales M, Mendoza G, Hoh E, Levin LA. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in recreational marina sediments of San Diego Bay, southern California. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 126:204-214. [PMID: 29421090 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.10.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations were determined in surface sediments from three recreational marinas in San Diego Bay, California. Total PCB concentrations ranged from 23 to 153, 31-294, and 151-1387ngg-1 for Shelter Island Yacht Basin (SIYB), Harbor Island West (HW) and Harbor Island East (HE), respectively. PCB concentrations were significantly higher in HE and PCB group composition differed relative to HW and SIYB, which were not significantly different from each other in concentration or group composition. In marina sediments there was a predominance (82-85%) of heavier molecular weight PCBs with homologous groups (6CL-7CL) comprising 59% of the total. In HE 75% of the sites exceeded the effect range median (ERM), and toxicity equivalence (TEQ dioxin-like PCBs) values were higher relative to those of HW and SIYB, suggesting a potential ecotoxicological risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Neira
- Integrative Oceanography Division, Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Melissa Vales
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Guillermo Mendoza
- Integrative Oceanography Division, Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eunha Hoh
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lisa A Levin
- Integrative Oceanography Division, Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, USA
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26
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Rodenburg LA, Dewani Y, Häggblom MM, Kerkhof LJ, Fennell DE. Forensic Analysis of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxin and Furan Fingerprints to Elucidate Dechlorination Pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:10485-10493. [PMID: 28796943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans (PCDD/Fs) are persistent organic pollutants whose main removal process in the environment is due to biodegradation, and particularly anaerobic reductive dechlorination. Since PCDD/F congeners that are substituted in the lateral 2, 3, 7, and 8 positions are the most toxic, removal of these chlorines is advantageous, but previous studies have only demonstrated their removal under laboratory conditions. We evaluated a concentration data set of PCDD/F congeners with four or more chlorines along with all 209 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners in surface water, treated and untreated wastewater, landfill leachate, and biosolids (NY CARP data set) to determine whether peri and peri/lateral dechlorination of PCDD/Fs occurs in these environments. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) applied to the data set revealed a factor indicative of the microbial dechlorination of PCBs, and this factor also contained a variety of non-2,3,7,8 substituted PCDD/F congeners. These results suggest that dechlorination of PCDD/Fs at the lateral positions is facile if not preferred in these environments. The relative lack of tetra- and penta-chlorinated PCDD/Fs suggested that dechlorination proceeds to PCDD/F congeners with less than four chlorines. The PMF results were confirmed by examining three samples that contained >90% PCB dechlorination products from the Fresh Kills Landfill and the Hudson River. Even without factor analysis, these samples demonstrated almost identical PCDD/F congener patterns. This study suggests that PCDD/Fs are reductively dechlorinated to nontoxic non-2,3,7,8 PCDD/F congeners in sewers and landfills as well as in the sediment of the Upper Hudson River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Rodenburg
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University , 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Yashika Dewani
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University , 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Max M Häggblom
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University , 76 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Lee J Kerkhof
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University , 71 Dudley Rd, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Donna E Fennell
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University , 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
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Praipipat P, Meng Q, Miskewitz RJ, Rodenburg LA. Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Polychlorinated Biphenyls in New Jersey 1997-2011. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:1195-1202. [PMID: 28051297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the Delaware River currently exceed the Water Quality Criteria of 16 pg/L for the sum of PCBs due in part to atmospheric deposition. The purpose of this work was to use a source apportionment tool called Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) to identify the sources of PCBs to the atmosphere in this area and determine whether their concentrations are declining over time. The data set was compiled by the Delaware Atmospheric Deposition Network (DADN) from samples taken in Camden, NJ from 1999 to 2011 and New Brunswick, NJ from 1997 to 2011. The PMF analysis revealed four resolved factors at each site. The factors that dominate the PCB burden in the atmosphere at both Camden and New Brunswick resemble Aroclor 1242. These factors declined in concentration during some portions of the monitoring period, but this decline slowed or stopped during 2003-2011. None of the factors displayed consistent declines in concentration throughout the monitoring periods, and some factors actually increased in concentration during some periods. This suggests natural attenuation alone will not control atmospheric PCB concentrations, and additional efforts are needed to control PCB atmospheric emissions as well as the numerous other sources of PCBs to the estuary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornsawai Praipipat
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University , 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Qingyu Meng
- School of Public Health, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Robert J Miskewitz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University , 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Lisa A Rodenburg
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University , 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
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28
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Rodenburg LA, Ralston DK. Historical sources of polychlorinated biphenyls to the sediment of the New York/New Jersey Harbor. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 169:450-459. [PMID: 27889511 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Using dated sediment cores, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener concentrations in the New York/New Jersey Harbor and Lower Hudson River were investigated using Positive Matrix Factorization. Of the seven factors resolved, six represent Aroclors in various stages of weathering. Factor 1 resembles Aroclor 1242 and is consistent with the Upper Hudson River PCB signal associated with the General Electric capacitor plants near Hudson Falls, NY. This factor is the dominant source of PCBs in the upper layers of the sediment core collected in the Lower Hudson River. Factor 2 (Aroclor 1248) was the dominant PCB component in the core depths corresponding with around 1970, but it has decreased more rapidly since its peak (estimated half-life of about 5 years) than factor 1 (half-life of about 14 years), suggesting that PCBs from the Upper Hudson have delayed the recovery of the Harbor from PCB contamination. The seventh factor, comprised of PCBs 206, 208, and 209, was greatest in concentration in the deepest core slices and is thought be associated with inadvertent production of PCBs during the manufacture of titanium dioxide and/or with foundry waxes containing PCBs. PCB 11, which is thought to be associated with the use of color organic pigments, was examined separately and was detected in sediment throughout the Harbor. Its maximum concentrations generally occurred at the same depth as the maximum total PCB concentrations, suggesting that PCB 11 concentrations decreased after the mid-1970s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Rodenburg
- Department of Environmental Science, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - David K Ralston
- Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
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29
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Jiang Y, Chao S, Liu J, Yang Y, Chen Y, Zhang A, Cao H. Source apportionment and health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil for a township in Jiangsu Province, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 168:1658-1668. [PMID: 27932041 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Human activities contribute greatly to heavy metal pollution in soils. Concentrations of 15 metal elements were detected in 105 soil samples collected from a typical rural-industrial town in southern Jiangsu, China. Among them, 7 heavy metals-lead, copper, zinc, arsenic, chromium, cadmium, and nickel-were considered in the health risk assessment for residents via soil inhalation, dermal contact, and/or direct/indirect ingestion. Their potential sources were quantitatively apportioned by positive matrix factorization using the data set of all metal elements, in combination with geostatistical analysis, land use investigation, and industrial composition analysis. Furthermore, the health risks imposed by sources of heavy metal in soil were estimated for the first time. The results indicated that Cr, Cu, Cd, Pb, Ni, and Co accumulated in the soil, attaining a mild pollution level. The total hazard index values were 3.62 and 6.11, and the total cancer risks were 9.78 × 10-4 and 4.03 × 10-4 for adults and children, respectively. That is, both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks posed by soil metals were above acceptable levels. Cr and As require special attention because the health risks of Cr and As individually exceeded the acceptable levels. The ingestion of homegrown produce was predominantly responsible for the high risks. The potential sources were apportioned as: a) waste incineration and textile/dyeing industries (28.3%), b) natural sources (45.4%), c) traffic emissions (5.3%), and d) electroplating industries and livestock/poultry breeding (21.0%). Health risks of four sources accounted for 23.5%, 32.7%, 7.4%, and 36.4% of the total risk, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxue Jiang
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; College of Resource Science & Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Sihong Chao
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; College of Resource Science & Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianwei Liu
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; College of Resource Science & Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; College of Resource Science & Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjiao Chen
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; College of Resource Science & Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Aichen Zhang
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; College of Resource Science & Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbin Cao
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; College of Resource Science & Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
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30
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Risso F, Magherini A, Ottonelli M, Magi E, Lottici S, Maggiolo S, Garbarino M, Narizzano R. A comprehensive approach to actual polychlorinated biphenyls environmental contamination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:8770-8780. [PMID: 26805927 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6108-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) pollution is due to complex mixtures with high number of congeners, making the determination of total PCBs in the environment an open challenge. Because the bulk of PCBs production was made of Aroclor mixtures, this analysis is usually faced by the empirical mixture identification via visual inspection of the chromatogram. However, the identification reliability is questionable, as patterns in real samples are strongly affected by the frequent occurrence of more than one mixture. Our approach is based on the determination of a limited number of congeners chosen to enable objective criteria for Aroclor identification, summing up the advantages of congener-specific analysis with the ones of total PCBs determination. A quantitative relationship is established between congeners and any single mixture, or mixtures combination, leading to the identification of the actual contamination composition. The approach, due to its generality, allows the use of different sets of congeners and any technical mixture, including the non-Aroclor ones. The results confirm that PCB environmental pollution in northern Italy is based on Aroclor. Our methodology represents an important tool to understand the source and fate of the PCBs contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Risso
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection-Liguria (ARPAL), Via Bombrini 8, 16149, Genoa, Italy.
| | - A Magherini
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection-Liguria (ARPAL), Via Bombrini 8, 16149, Genoa, Italy
| | - M Ottonelli
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy
| | - E Magi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy
| | - S Lottici
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection-Liguria (ARPAL), Via Bombrini 8, 16149, Genoa, Italy
| | - S Maggiolo
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection-Liguria (ARPAL), Via Bombrini 8, 16149, Genoa, Italy
| | - M Garbarino
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection-Liguria (ARPAL), Via Bombrini 8, 16149, Genoa, Italy
| | - R Narizzano
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection-Liguria (ARPAL), Via Bombrini 8, 16149, Genoa, Italy.
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31
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Lee DH, Kim JH, Mendoza JA, Lee CH, Kang JH. Characterization and source identification of pollutants in runoff from a mixed land use watershed using ordination analyses. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:9774-9790. [PMID: 26850099 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6155-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
While identification of critical pollutant sources is the key initial step for cost-effective runoff management, it is challenging due to the highly uncertain nature of runoff pollution, especially during a storm event. To identify critical sources and their quantitative contributions to runoff pollution (especially focusing on phosphorous), two ordination methods were used in this study: principal component analysis (PCA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF). For the ordination analyses, we used runoff quality data for 14 storm events, including data for phosphorus, 11 heavy metal species, and eight ionic species measured at the outlets of subcatchments with different land use compositions in a mixed land use watershed. Five factors as sources of runoff pollutants were identified by PCA: agrochemicals, groundwater, native soils, domestic sewage, and urban sources (building materials and automotive activities). PMF identified similar factors to those identified by PCA, with more detailed source mechanisms for groundwater (i.e., nitrate leaching and cation exchange) and urban sources (vehicle components/motor oils/building materials and vehicle exhausts), confirming the sources identified by PCA. PMF was further used to quantify contributions of the identified sources to the water quality. Based on the results, agrochemicals and automotive activities were the two dominant and ubiquitous phosphorus sources (39-61 and 16-47 %, respectively) in the study area, regardless of land use types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hoon Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, 100-715, South Korea
| | - Jin Hwi Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, 100-715, South Korea
| | - Joseph A Mendoza
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, 100-715, South Korea
| | - Chang Hee Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 499-728, South Korea
| | - Joo-Hyon Kang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, 100-715, South Korea.
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32
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Khairy M, Barrett K, Lohmann R. Changing sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans in sediments and ecological risk for nekton in the lower Passaic River and Newark Bay, New Jersey, USA. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:550-562. [PMID: 26315691 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were measured in sediments (surface and deeper sediments) and porewater of the lower Passaic River and Newark Bay (New Jersey, USA) to apportion their sources and conduct an ecological risk assessment. Positive matrix factorization was applied to identify sources of PCDD/Fs. Five source profiles were extracted from the positive matrix factorization model applied to the sediment samples including chloranil, combustion, polychlorinated biphenyl impurities, mixed urban sources, and the historical contamination from the former Diamond Alkali plant. The ecological risk assessment was estimated using several lines of evidence depending on site-specific data (blue crab and fish samples representing different feeding habits and positions in the trophic wood web of the river). Porewater concentrations gave the best estimates of lipid concentrations especially in the blue crab samples (with an average factor difference of 3.8). Calculated hazard quotients (HQs) for the fish samples and blue crab were >1 based on the no-effect concentration and tissue screening concentration approaches. At the same time, calculated porewater toxic units were >1. Sediment concentrations exceeded the published sediment quality guidelines for the protection of fish and benthic species, indicating the existence of significant risk to the aquatic life in the Passaic River. Accordingly, further actions and control measures are needed to reduce the emission of PCDD/Fs from ongoing sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Khairy
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Kirk Barrett
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Manhattan College, Riverdale, New York, USA
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
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Anezaki K, Nakano T, Kashiwagi N. Estimation of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Sources in Industrial Port Sediments Using a Bayesian Semifactor Model Considering Unidentified Sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:765-771. [PMID: 26716388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Using the chemical balance method, and considering the presence of unidentified sources, we estimated the origins of PCB contamination in surface sediments of Muroran Port, Japan. It was assumed that these PCBs originated from four types of Kanechlor products (KC300, KC400, KC500, and KC600), combustion and two kinds of pigments (azo and phthalocyanine). The characteristics of these congener patterns were summarized on the basis of principal component analysis and explanatory variables determined. A Bayesian semifactor model (CMBK2) was applied to the explanatory variables to analyze the sources of PCBs in the sediments. The resulting estimates of the contribution ratio of each kind of sediment indicate that the existence of unidentified sources can be ignored and that the assumed seven sources are adequate to account for the contamination. Within the port, the contribution ratio of KC500 and KC600 (used as paints for ship hulls) was extremely high, but outside the port, the influence of azo pigments was observable to a limited degree. This indicates that environmental PCBs not derived from technical PCBs are present at levels that cannot be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Anezaki
- Environmental and Geological Research Department, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Hokkaido Research Organization , N19W12, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0819 Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakano
- Research Center for Environmental Preservation, Osaka University , 2-4 Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Kashiwagi
- The Institute of Statistical Mathematics , 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8562, Japan
- SOKENDAI , Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa, 240-0193, Japan
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34
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Vorkamp K. An overlooked environmental issue? A review of the inadvertent formation of PCB-11 and other PCB congeners and their occurrence in consumer products and in the environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 541:1463-1476. [PMID: 26490526 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are banned from production and use in most countries as they are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) of concern for environment and health. Recent research has pointed at a new environment issue resulting from the inadvertent formation of PCBs in certain processes, in particular the pigment production. PCB-11 is a major by-product in these processes, but PCB-28, PCB-52, PCB-77 as well as the nonachlorinated PCBs and PCB-209 have been found in pigments and consumer products as well. In addition to environmental emissions via point sources, in particular related to industrial and municipal wastewater, atmospheric transport seems to be important for the global distribution of PCB-11. Thus, PCB-11 has also been detected in the polar regions. Worldwide air concentrations appear relatively uniform, but maxima have been found in urban and industrialised areas. Data on the uptake and accumulation of PCB-11 in the food chain are still inconclusive: Although food web studies do not show biomagnification, PCB-11 has been detected in humans. The human exposure might originate from the direct contact to consumer products as well as from the omnipresence of PCB-11 in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Vorkamp
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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Khairy M, Muir D, Teixeira C, Lohmann R. Spatial Distribution, Air-Water Fugacity Ratios and Source Apportionment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the Lower Great Lakes Basin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:13787-13797. [PMID: 25915412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) continue to be contaminants of concern across the Great Lakes. It is unclear whether current concentrations are driven by ongoing primary emissions from their original uses, or whether ambient PCBs are dominated by their environmental cycling. Freely dissolved PCBs in air and water were measured using polyethylene passive samplers across Lakes Erie and Ontario during summer and fall, 2011, to investigate their spatial distribution, determine and apportion their sources and to asses their air-water exchange gradients. Average gaseous and freely dissolved ∑29 PCB concentrations ranged from 5.0 to 160 pg/m(3) and 2.0 to 55 pg/L respectively. Gaseous concentrations were significantly correlated (R(2) = 0.80) with the urban area within a 3-20 km radius. Fugacity ratios indicated that the majority of PCBs are volatilizing from the water thus acting as a secondary source for the atmosphere. Dissolved PCBs were probably linked to PCB emissions from contaminated sites and areas of concern. Positive matrix factorization indicated that although volatilized Aroclors (gaseous PCBs) and unaltered Aroclors (dissolved PCBs) dominate in some samples, ongoing non-Aroclor sources such as paints/pigments (PCB 11) and coal/wood combustion showed significant contributions across the lower Great Lakes. Accordingly, control strategies should give further attention to PCBs emitted from current use sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Khairy
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island , 215 South Ferry Road, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, United States
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University , 21511 Moharam Bek, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Derek Muir
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada , Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Camilla Teixeira
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada , Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island , 215 South Ferry Road, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, United States
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Martinez A, Spak SN, Petrich NT, Hu D, Carmichael GR, Hornbuckle KC. Atmospheric dispersion of PCB from a contaminated Lake Michigan harbor. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2015; 122:791-798. [PMID: 26594127 PMCID: PMC4649934 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal (IHSC) in East Chicago is an industrial waterway on Lake Michigan and a source of PCBs to Lake Michigan and the overlying air. We hypothesized that IHSC is an important source of airborne PCBs to surrounding communities. We used AERMOD to model hourly PCB concentrations, utilizing emission fluxes from a prior study and hourly meteorology provided by the State of Indiana. We also assessed dispersion using hourly observed meteorology from a local airport and high resolution profiles simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting model. We found that emissions from IHSC waters contributed about 15% of the observed ΣPCB concentrations close to IHSC when compared on an hourly basis and about 10% of observed annual concentrations at a nearby school. Concentrations at the school due to emissions from IHSC ranged from 0 to 18,000 pg m-3, up to 20 times higher than observed background levels, with an annual geometric mean (GSD) of 19 (31) pg m-3. Our findings indicate that IHSC is an important source of PCBs to East Chicago, but not the only source. Four observed enriched PCB3 samples suggest a nearby non-Aroclor source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Martinez
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Scott N. Spak
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- School of Urban and Regional Planning, Public Policy Center, The University of Iowa, IA, USA
| | - Nicholas T. Petrich
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Dingfei Hu
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Gregory R. Carmichael
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Keri C. Hornbuckle
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Rodenburg LA, Krumins V, Curran JC. Microbial dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls, dibenzo-p-dioxins, and -furans at the Portland Harbor Superfund site, Oregon, USA. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:7227-7235. [PMID: 26010118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Portland Harbor (Oregon, USA) has been declared a "Superfund" site because it is impacted by a variety of contaminants, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans (PCDD/Fs). Using data collected in the remedial investigation, concentrations of PCBs and PCDD/Fs in sediment and water were examined using positive matrix factorization to look for evidence that PCBs and PCDD/Fs are dechlorinated by anaerobic bacteria. This process has long been known to occur in sediments. Recently, it has been recognized that PCB and PCDD/F dechlorination may also occur in other anaerobic environments, such as in landfills, sewers, and groundwater. The results indicate that a factor related to the dechlorination of PCBs and PCDD/Fs was present in the water but not in the sediment. Spatial patterns in dechlorination products suggest that they come primarily from groundwater. Dechlorination products comprise 22% of the PCBs in the water. The Portland Harbor therefore represents the third major US watershed in which PCBs appear to undergo dechlorination in an environment other than sediment, suggesting that the microbial dechlorination of PCBs and PCDD/Fs is more common than previously assumed. In addition, the Portland Harbor is impacted by PCBs generated inadvertently during the production of pigments, such as PCB 11, which alone exceeded the 64 pg/L federal water quality standard for the sum of PCBs in two of 120 whole water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Rodenburg
- †Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Valdis Krumins
- †Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Joanna Crowe Curran
- ‡Northwest Hydraulic Consultants, 16300 Christensen Road, Suite 350, Seattle, Washington 98188-3422, United States
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Guo J, Capozzi SL, Kraeutler TM, Rodenburg LA. Global distribution and local impacts of inadvertently generated polychlorinated biphenyls in pigments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:8573-80. [PMID: 24965012 DOI: 10.1021/es502291b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The non-Aroclor congener 3,3'-dichlorobiphenyl (PCB 11) has been recently detected in air, water, sediment, and biota. It has been known since at least the 1970s that this congener is produced inadvertently during the production of certain organic pigments. PCB 11 was previously measured at parts-per-billion (ppb) levels in various printed materials obtained in the US. In this work, PCB 11 was detected in samples of common consumer goods including magazines, advertisements, maps, postcards, brochures, napkins, and garments from 26 countries in five continents at concentrations ranging from 0.27 to 86 ppb. Leaching tests confirmed that PCB 11 could be released from these materials into water. We also examined whether the known sources of PCB 11 were large enough to account for the levels of PCB 11 measured in the air, water, soil and sediment of the Delaware River Basin. A mass flow analysis suggests that the outflows and sequestration of PCB 11 in the basin total between 30 and 280 kg y(-1). If PCB 11 concentrations in pigments were at the maximum average (125 ppm) allowed under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), the estimated input of PCB 11 to the Delaware River Basin would be on the order of 42 kg y(-1). Despite the large uncertainty in these numbers, the results suggest that pigments may plausibly account for the levels of PCB 11 measured in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Guo
- Department of Environmental Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
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Balasubramani A, Howell NL, Rifai HS. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in industrial and municipal effluents: concentrations, congener profiles, and partitioning onto particulates and organic carbon. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 473-474:702-713. [PMID: 24412916 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater effluent samples were collected in the summer of 2009 from 16 different locations which included municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants and petrochemical industrial outfalls in the Houston area. The effluent samples were analyzed for all 209 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) congeners using high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) using the USEPA method 1668A. The total PCBs (∑209) concentration in the dissolved medium ranged from 1.01 to 8.12 ng/L and ranged from 2.03 to 31.2 ng/L in the suspended medium. Lighter PCB congeners exhibited highest concentrations in the dissolved phase whereas, in the suspended phase, heavier PCBs exhibited the highest concentrations. The PCB homolog concentrations were dominated by monochlorobiphenyls through hexachlorobiphenyls, with dichlorobiphenyls exhibiting the highest concentration amongst them at most of the effluent outfalls, in the suspended phase. Both total suspended solids (TSS) and various organic carbon fractions played an important role in the distribution of the suspended fractions of PCBs in the effluents. The log Koc values determined in the effluents suggest that effluent PCB loads might have more risk and impact than what standard partitioning models predict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Balasubramani
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, W455, Engineering Building 2, Houston, TX 77204-4003, USA.
| | - Nathan L Howell
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, W455, Engineering Building 2, Houston, TX 77204-4003, USA.
| | - Hanadi S Rifai
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, W455, Engineering Building 2, Houston, TX 77204-4003, USA.
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Wang J. Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs) Impact on Water Quality and Environmental Ecosystem in the Harlem River. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/jep.2014.513131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Yu J, Wang T, Han S, Wang P, Zhang Q, Jiang G. Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls in an urban riparian zone affected by wastewater treatment plant effluent and the transfer to terrestrial compartment by invertebrates. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 463-464:252-7. [PMID: 23811358 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in a riparian zone affected by the effluent from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). River water, sediment, aquatic invertebrates and samples from the surrounding terrestrial compartment such as soil, reed plants and several land based invertebrates were collected. A relatively narrow range of δ(13)C values was found among most invertebrates (except butterflies, grasshoppers), indicating a similar energy source. The highest concentration of total PCBs was observed in zooplankton (151.1 ng/g lipid weight), and soil dwelling invertebrates showed higher concentrations than phytophagous insects at the riparian zone. The endobenthic oligochaete Tubifex tubifex (54.28 ng/g lw) might be a useful bioindicator of WWTP derived PCBs contamination. High bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) were observed in collected aquatic invertebrates, although the biota-sediment/soil accumulation factors (BSAF) remained relatively low. Emerging aquatic insects such as chironomids could carry waterborne PCBs to the terrestrial compartment via their lifecycles. The estimated annual flux of PCBs for chironomids ranged from 0.66 to 265 ng⋅m(-2)⋅y(-1). Although a high prevalence of PCB-11 and PCB-28 was found for most aquatic based samples in this riparian zone, the mid-chlorinated congeners (e.g. PCB-153 and PCB-138) became predominant among chironomids and dragonflies as well as soil dwelling invertebrates, which might suggest a selective biodriven transfer of different PCB congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
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Saba T, Su S. Tracking polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) congener patterns in Newark Bay surface sediment using principal component analysis (PCA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 260:634-643. [PMID: 23831929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
PCB congener data for Newark Bay surface sediments were analyzed using PCA and PMF, and relationships between the outcomes from these two techniques were explored. The PCA scores plot separated the Lower Passaic River Mouth samples from North Newark Bay, thus indicating dissimilarity. Although PCA was able to identify subareas in the Bay system with specific PCB congener patterns (e.g., higher chlorinated congeners in Elizabeth River), further conclusions reading potential PCB source profiles or potential upland source areas were not clear for the PCA scores plot. PMF identified five source factors, and explained the Bay sample congener profiles as a mix of these Factors. This PMF solution was equivalent to (1) defining an envelope that encompasses all samples on the PCA scores plot, (2) defining source factors that plot on that envelope, and (3) explaining the congener profile for each Bay sediment sample (inside the scores plot envelope) as a mix of factors. PMF analysis allowed identifying characteristic features in the source factor congener distributions that allowed tracking of source factors to shoreline areas where PCB inputs to the Bay may have originated. The combined analysis from PCA and PMF showed that direct discharges to the Bay are likely the dominant sources of PCBs to the sediment. Review of historical upland activities and regulatory files will be needed, in addition to the PCA and PMF analysis, to fully reconstruct the history of operations and PCB releases around the Newark Bay area that impacted the Bay sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Saba
- Exponent, Inc., 1 Clock Tower Place, Suite 150, Maynard, MA 01754, USA.
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Gao S, Chen J, Shen Z, Liu H, Chen Y. Seasonal and spatial distributions and possible sources of polychlorinated biphenyls in surface sediments of Yangtze Estuary, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 91:809-816. [PMID: 23434079 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The surface sediment samples taken from 30 sites of the Yangtze Estuary in both the flood and dry seasons were analyzed to reveal the spatial and seasonal distributions of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Samples collected in the flood season showed higher PCB concentrations, larger PCB fluctuations and higher portions of large grain sediments in the inner estuary area compared with those collected in the dry season, indicating significant seasonal variations of PCBs. The effects of the physicochemical characteristics (TOC and grain size) of surface sediments on the distributions of PCBs were also investigated. Masked by various other factors, the TOC contents and sediment grain sizes did not exhibit a strong influence on the distributions of PCBs. Analysis of the PCB homolog and congener distribution patterns revealed a predominant proportion of light PCBs with 2-3 chlorines. According to the PCB homolog profiles and principal component analysis (PCA) of source contributions, non-point sources including atmospheric deposition and surface runoff associated with stormwater were suggested to be the major sources of PCBs in the surface sediments of the Yangtze Estuary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuohan Gao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Rodenburg LA, Meng Q. Source apportionment of polychlorinated biphenyls in Chicago air from 1996 to 2007. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:3774-3780. [PMID: 23472634 DOI: 10.1021/es305024p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
While the overall atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) levels in many urban areas are declining, it is not clear whether this decline is due to control strategies or merely due to natural attenuation. To investigate this issue, Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was used to identify the dominant sources of gas-phase PCBs in the atmosphere of Chicago, IL using a data set collected from 1996 to 2007 by the Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (IADN). Both the older PMF2 software and the newer EPA-sponsored PMF 3.0 software were employed. Both models resolved 5 factors, but they yielded somewhat different results in terms of the congener patterns of the factors and their temporal variation. The PMF2 software resolved factors that better resembled the original Aroclor formulations. While it is possible to apply an exponential decay model to this data set and derive statistically significant rate constants that indicate that ΣPCBs and some of the resolved factors are declining in Chicago air, examining plots of the 365-day moving average concentrations shows that they do not decrease in a fashion consistent with exponential decay. Instead, they display periods of decline as well as periods of increase. Thus an exponential decay model is not appropriate, and long-term time trends identified from this 12-year data set cannot be used to predict the future trends in PCB concentrations in the air of Chicago. Two of the five resolved factors resemble low MW Aroclors, and declined from 1996 to 2007. The other three factors, which represent the majority of the mass in the data set, are either not declining or actually increasing over time. Thus past efforts to eliminate PCBs from the Great Lakes ecosystem have been only marginally effective, if at all. Additional effort is needed to identify and eliminate atmospheric PCB sources in Chicago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Rodenburg
- Department of Environmental Science, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States.
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Yang B, Zhou L, Xue N, Li F, Li Y, Vogt RD, Cong X, Yan Y, Liu B. Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils of Huanghuai Plain, China: comparison of three receptor models. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013. [PMID: 23178888 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Receptor models are useful tools to identify sources of a specific pollutant and to estimate the quantitative contributions of each source based on environmental data. This paper reports on similarities and differences in results achieved when testing three receptor models for estimating the sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils from Huanghuai Plain, China. The three tested models are Principal Component Analysis with Multiple Linear Regression (PCA-MLR), Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and Unmix. Overall source contributions as well as modeled ∑PAHs concentrations compared well among models. All three models apportioned three common PAH sources: wood/biomass burning, fossil fuel combustion and traffic emission, which contributed on average 27.7%, 53.0% and 19.3% by PCA-MLR, 36.9%, 27.2% and 16.3% by PMF, and 47.8%, 21.1% and 18.3% by Unmix to the total sum of PAHs (∑PAHs), respectively. Moreover, the spatial evolution of the common sources were well correlated among models (r=0.83-0.99, p<0.001). In addition, the PMF and Unmix models allowed segregating an additional source from the fossil fuel combustion source, with 19.6% and 11.8% contributions to ∑PAHs, respectively. The current findings further validate that different receptor models provide divergent source profiles, which are mainly attributed to both the model itself and/or the underlying dataset. It is therefore generally recommended to apply multiple techniques to determine the source apportionment in order to minimize individual-method weaknesses and thereby to strengthen the conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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Rodenburg LA, Du S, Lui H, Guo J, Oseagulu N, Fennell DE. Evidence for dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans in wastewater collection systems in the New York metropolitan area. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:6612-20. [PMID: 22568653 DOI: 10.1021/es300560q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) are persistent organic pollutants targeted by the Stockholm Convention. Both contain aromatic chlorines and are subject to microbial dechlorination. Dechlorination of PCBs in sewers in the Delaware River basin was recently reported. In this work, two data sets on concentrations of PCBs and PCBs+PCDD/Fs in wastewater treatment plant influents and effluents were analyzed to look for evidence that these compounds undergo dechlorination in the sewers of the New York/New Jersey Harbor area. The two data sets come from the Contamination Assessment and Reduction Project (CARP) and were analyzed via Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF). Analysis of the data set containing only PCB concentrations suggests that PCBs are dechlorinated in the sewers of the NY/NJ Harbor via the same pathways observed in the sewers of the Delaware River basin and that advanced dechlorination of PCB mixtures is more likely to occur in combined sewers vs separate sanitary sewers. When the combined data set of PCBs+PCDD/Fs was analyzed, the factor containing PCB dechlorination products also contained high proportions of 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HpCDD), a known product of the dechlorination of octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD), and other known dechlorination products of PCDD/Fs. Despite being the most abundant PCDD/F congener in all of the samples in the database, OCDD was a minor component in the dechlorination factor. This provides the first evidence that PCDD/Fs may be dechlorinated in sewers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Rodenburg
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States.
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47
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Wang P, Zhang QH, Wang T, Chen WH, Ren DW, Li YM, Jiang GB. PCBs and PBDEs in environmental samples from King George Island and Ardley Island, Antarctica. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ra00462j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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