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Rex KR, Vinod PG, Praveen KS, Chakraborty P. Sediment-water exchange and risk assessment of pesticidal persistent organic pollutants in Bharathappuzha and Periyar Riverine region along the Arabian Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:144. [PMID: 38538830 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-01911-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Considering the extensive agricultural practices along the perennial rivers, viz. Periyar and Bharathappuzha of Kerala in the southwest coast of India, the first comprehensive surveillance of new and legacy organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in surface sediment was conducted. Further, the sediment-water exchange fluxes have been elucidated. Mean concentrations of total HCH, DDT and endosulfan were 0.84 ng/g, 0.42 ng/g and 0.30 ng/g for Bharathappuzha Riverine sediment (BRS) and 1.08 ng/g, 0.39 ng/g and 0.35 ng/g for Periyar Riverine sediment (PRS). The dominance α-HCH and β-HCH isomers in PRS and BRS reflect the ongoing use of technical HCH in Kerala. The calculated KSW in both rivers was very low in comparison with other Indian rivers. The average log K'OC for all the detected OCPs in both the rivers was lower than the predicted log KOC in equilibrium indicating the higher adherence of OCPs to sediment. Furthermore, fugacity fraction (fs/fw) was < 1.0 for all OCPs confirming the net deposition of OCPs into the sediment. Sediment concentrations for each of the OCPs in PRS and BRS did not surpass the threshold effect level and probable effect level as stipulated by the Canadian Council of Ministry of the Environment Guidelines. In addition, all the sites of both rivers had sediment quality guideline quotient (SQGQ) values below 0.1 indicating the absence of significant biological and ecological risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ronnie Rex
- Department of Civil Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
- Environmental Science and Technology Laboratory, Centre for Research in Environment, Sustainability Advocacy and Climate CHange (REACH), Directorate of Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - P G Vinod
- GeoVin Solutions Pvt. Ltd, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- Neuvo Chakra (OPC) Pvt. Ltd., Vasai, India
| | - K S Praveen
- Liquid Waste Management Division, Suchitwa Mission, Government of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Paromita Chakraborty
- Environmental Science and Technology Laboratory, Centre for Research in Environment, Sustainability Advocacy and Climate CHange (REACH), Directorate of Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
- UNESCO Chair on Ecohydrology and Applied Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, The University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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Peivasteh-roudsari L, Barzegar-bafrouei R, Sharifi KA, Azimisalim S, Karami M, Abedinzadeh S, Asadinezhad S, Tajdar-oranj B, Mahdavi V, Alizadeh AM, Sadighara P, Ferrante M, Conti GO, Aliyeva A, Mousavi Khaneghah A. Origin, dietary exposure, and toxicity of endocrine-disrupting food chemical contaminants: A comprehensive review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18140. [PMID: 37539203 PMCID: PMC10395372 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are a growing public health concern worldwide. Consumption of foodstuffs is currently thought to be one of the principal exposure routes to EDCs. However, alternative ways of human exposure are through inhalation of chemicals and dermal contact. These compounds in food products such as canned food, bottled water, dairy products, fish, meat, egg, and vegetables are a ubiquitous concern to the general population. Therefore, understanding EDCs' properties, such as origin, exposure, toxicological impact, and legal aspects are vital to control their release to the environment and food. The present paper provides an overview of the EDCs and their possible disrupting impact on the endocrine system and other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raziyeh Barzegar-bafrouei
- Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Kurush Aghbolagh Sharifi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Shamimeh Azimisalim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Karami
- Food Safety and Hygiene Division, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solmaz Abedinzadeh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shabnam Asadinezhad
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Behrouz Tajdar-oranj
- Food and Drug Administration of Iran, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahideh Mahdavi
- Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), P.O. Box 1475744741, Tehran, Iran
| | - Adel Mirza Alizadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
- Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Parisa Sadighara
- Food Safety and Hygiene Division, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Margherita Ferrante
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia,” Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Gea Oliveri Conti
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia,” Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Aynura Aliyeva
- Department of Technology of Chemistry, Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Technology of Chemistry, Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Baku, Azerbaijan
- Department of Fruit and Vegetable Product Technology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology – State Research Institute, 36 Rakowiecka St., 02-532, Warsaw, Poland
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3
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Saka D, Adu-Gyamfi J, Skrzypek G, Antwi EO, Heng L, Torres-Martínez JA. Disentangling nitrate pollution sources and apportionment in a tropical agricultural ecosystem using a multi-stable isotope model. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 328:121589. [PMID: 37030600 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Fertilizers increase agricultural productivity and farmers' income. However, intensive agriculture frequently overuses fertilizers, which in turn can contaminate surface and groundwater. In this study, hydrochemical and multi-isotope (δ15NNO3, δ18ONO3 and δ18OH2O) data have been combined to identify nitrate pollution sources in Ghana's Densu River Basin, trace the Nitrogen (N) biogeochemical processes in the basin and apportion the contribution of each pollution source. Surface water NO3- ranged from 0.3 to 10.6 mg/L (as N), while groundwater NO3- ranged from 0.9 to 34 mg/L. Hierarchical cluster analysis classified the water samples into three spatial categories: upstream, midstream, and downstream, reflecting river and land use patterns. The multi-isotope model considered five primary NO3- sources: atmospheric deposition, manure/sewage, NH4+ in fertilizers, other NO3- based fertilizers and soil N. Nitrification was identified as the major biogeochemical process upstream, whereas mixing of sources and denitrification dominate the midstream to downstream sections of the basin. Nitrate source apportioning using a MixSIAR model reveal that N fertilizers (40 %) and soil N (34 %) contribute the most to nitrate pollution upstream of the river. From the midstream to downstream sections, manure/sewage (43 %) become the dominant nitrate source, reflecting the transition from agriculture to peri-urban and urban land use. This study has shown that soil erosion and runoff contribute to nitrate pollution in the Densu River, at levels comparable to N fertilizers, and groundwater across the basin is impacted mainly by manure/sewage. The multi-isotope analyses allowed the partitioning of N sources in other ways not possible using only classical hydrochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Saka
- Regional Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, University of Energy and Natural Resources, P. O. Box SYI 214, Sunyani, Ghana; National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P. O. Box LG 80, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Joseph Adu-Gyamfi
- Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, P. O. Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Grzegorz Skrzypek
- West Australian Biogeochemistry Centre, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6000, Australia
| | - Eric Ofosu Antwi
- Regional Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, University of Energy and Natural Resources, P. O. Box SYI 214, Sunyani, Ghana
| | - Lee Heng
- Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, P. O. Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Juan Antonio Torres-Martínez
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterey, Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, 64149, Nuevo León, Mexico
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Lai Y, Chi K, Zhou W, Hsu Y, Weng Y. Detection of organochlorine pesticides in estuarine sediments of protected wetlands in Taiwan using high‐resolution gas chromatography/high‐resolution mass spectrometry and gas chromatography‐electron capture detector. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202200551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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Tongu SM, Sha’Ato R, Wase GA, Okonkwo JO, Vesuwe RN. Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in city drains in Makurdi, central Nigeria: Seasonal variations, source apportionment and risk assessment. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14324. [PMID: 36950572 PMCID: PMC10025036 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A study of seasonal variation, sources and potential risks of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in open city drains in Makurdi, Central Nigeria was carried out. OCPs and PCBs were quantified using gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. The total (∑8OCPs) concentrations (ngL-1) of OCPs in water was 2.99 with a mean ± SD of 0.75 ± 0.12 during wet season, while during dry season, the values were 11.43 and 2.86 ± 1.54 respectively. In sediment, the total concentration (ngg-1) of OCPs was 5270.66 with a mean ± SD of 1756.89 ± 450.01 during wet season and a total concentration of 5837.93 and the mean ± SD of 1945.98 ± 646.04, during dry season. Source apportionment of OCPs suggested historic application of the pollutants. The total (∑7PCBs) concentration (ngL-1) of PCBs in water was 0.24 with a mean ± SD of 0.03 ± 0.02 during wet season and a total concentration of 0.61 with a mean ± SD of 0.09 ± 0.11 during dry season. The total concentration (ngg-1) of PCBs in sediment was 37.88, mean ± SD of 5.41 ± 5.93 during wet season and a total of 47.07 and mean ± SD of 6.72 ± 7.27 during dry season. Ecological risk assessment based on effect range low (ERL) and effect range median (ERM) or threshold effect level (TEL) and probable effect level (PEL) that ecological risks were possible for some OCPs in this study, which calls for source control and remediation of the affected sites. Toxicity equivalency (TEQ) of PCB-118, the dioxin-like congener, indicated that it was most harmful to humans/mammals followed by birds, then fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvester M. Tongu
- Department of Chemistry, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi, PMB 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
- Corresponding author.
| | - Rufus Sha’Ato
- Department of Chemistry, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi, PMB 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
| | - Geoffrey A. Wase
- Department of Chemistry, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi, PMB 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
| | - Jonathan O. Okonkwo
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Rebecca N. Vesuwe
- Department of Chemistry, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi, PMB 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, United Kingdom
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Shah ZU, Parveen S. Distribution and risk assessment of pesticide residues in sediment samples from river Ganga, India. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279993. [PMID: 36730256 PMCID: PMC9894440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Indiscriminate use of pesticides leads to their entry in to the bottom sediments, where they are absorbed in the sediment's particle and thus, may become the consistent source of aquatic pollution. The present work was carried out to evaluate pesticide residues in the sediment samples and associated human health risk of commonly used pesticides along the basin of river Ganga. Total of 16 pesticides were analyzed along three stretches of river Ganga. The concentration of pesticides in the upper stretch ranged from ND to 0.103 μg/kg, in the middle stretch ND to 0.112 μg/kg, and in the lower stretch ND to 0.105 μg/kg. Strong positive correlation was found between total organic carbon and total pesticide residues in sediment samples. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic values were estimated below the threshold limit suggesting no associated risk. Risks associated with the inhalation route of exposure were found to be higher than the dermal and ingestion routes. Children were found at higher risk at each site from multiple routes of exposure than adult population groups. Toxic unit values were found to be below the threshold value suggesting no risk associated with exposure of pesticides from sediments. However, long term effects on ecological quality due to consistent pesticide exposure must not be ignored. Therefore, the present study focuses on concrete efforts like lowering the irrational used of pesticides, tapping of agricultural and domestic drains, advice to farmers for appropriate use of pesticide doses, to reduce the threat of pesticide pollution in the river system and possible human health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeshan Umar Shah
- Department of Zoology, Limnology Research Laboratory, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Saltanat Parveen
- Department of Zoology, Limnology Research Laboratory, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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Shehu Z, Nyakairu GWA, Tebandeke E, Odume ON. Overview of African water resources contamination by contaminants of emerging concern. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 852:158303. [PMID: 36030854 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This review look at several classes of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in conventional and non-conventional water resources across the African continent's five regions. According to the review, pharmaceuticals, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, personal care products, pesticides, per- and polyfluoroalkyl compounds, and microplastics were found in conventional and non-conventional water resources. Most conventional water resources, such as rivers, streams, lakes, wells, and boreholes, are used as drinking water sources. Non-conventional water sources, such as treated wastewater (effluents), are used for domestic and agricultural purposes. However, CECs remain part of the treated wastewater, which is being discharged to surface water or used for agriculture. Thus, wastewater (effluent) is the main contributor to the pollution of other water resources. For African countries, the prevalence of rising emerging pollutants in water poses a severe environmental threat. There are different adverse effects of CECs, including the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, ecotoxicological effects, and several endocrine disorders. Therefore, this needs the urgent attention of the African Union, policymakers, Non-Governmental Organizations, and researchers to come together and tackle the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaccheus Shehu
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Chemistry, Gombe State University, P.M. B. 127, Gombe, Nigeria
| | | | - Emmanuel Tebandeke
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
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Arisekar U, Shakila RJ, Shalini R, Jeyasekaran G, Arumugam N, Almansour AI, Keerthana M, Perumal K. Bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticide residues (OCPs) at different growth stages of pacific white leg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei): First report on ecotoxicological and human health risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136459. [PMID: 36150495 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide residues (PRs) in farmed shrimps are concerning food safety risks. Globally, India is a major exporter of pacific white leg shrimp (P. vannamei). This study was undertaken to analyze PRs in the water, sediments, shrimps, and feed at different growth stages to evaluate the ecotoxicological and human health risks. PRs in the seawater and sediments ranged from not detected (ND) to 0.027 μg/L and 0.006-12.39 μg/kg, and the concentrations were within the maximum residual limits (MRLs) and sediment quality guidelines prescribed by the World Health Organization and Canadian Environment Guidelines, respectively. PRs in shrimps at three growth stages viz. Postlarvae, juvenile, and adults, ranged from ND to 0.522 μg/kg, below the MRLs set by Codex Alimentarius Commission and European Commission. Most of the PRs in water, sediments, and shrimps did not vary significantly (p > 0.05) from days of culture (DOC-01) to DOC-90. The hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard ratio (HR) were found to be < 1, indicating that consumption of shrimps has no noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks. PRs in shrimp feed ranged from ND to 0.777 μg/kg and were found to be below the MRLs set by EC, which confirms that the feed fed is safe for aquaculture practices and does not biomagnify in animals. The risk quotient (RQ) and toxic unit (TU) ranged from insignificant level (ISL) to 0.509 and ISL to 0.022, indicating that PRs do not pose acute and chronic ecotoxicity to aquatic organisms. The study suggested no health risk due to PRs in shrimps cultured in India and exported to the USA, China, and Japan. However, regular monitoring of PRs is recommended to maintain a sustainable ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulaganathan Arisekar
- Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Tuticorin, 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Robinson Jeya Shakila
- Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Tuticorin, 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Rajendran Shalini
- Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Tuticorin, 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Natarajan Arumugam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman I Almansour
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muruganantham Keerthana
- Department of Fisheries and Fishermen Welfare, Department of Fisheries (AD Office), Thoothukudi, 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karthikeyan Perumal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 151W. Woodruff Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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Hussein MA, Hammad OS, Tharwat AE, Darwish WS, Sayed-Ahmed A, Zigo F, Farkašová Z, Rehan IF. Health risk assessment of organochlorine pesticide residues in edible tissue of seafood. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1042956. [PMID: 36544552 PMCID: PMC9761600 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1042956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish is one of the most valuable foods with high-quality animal protein. However, aquaculture, or ingesting contaminated food, allows organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) to enter the fish's body, and therefore, it negatively impacted public health. One-hundred and twenty random samples of Clupea harengus (C. harengus), Mugil cephalus (M. cephalus), Sardinella aurita (S. aurita), Oreochromis niloticus (O. niloticus), Neptunus pelagicus (N. pelagicus) and Sepia savigngi (S. savigngi) (n = 20 each) were collected from local markets in Mansoura city, Egypt. Samples were checked to see whether any residues of OCPs with the application of risk assessment due to their consumption by Mansoura citizens. The findings indicated that summation hexachlorocyclohexane (∑HCH) in examined seafood samples ranged from 0.27 ± 0.13 in N. pelagicus to 61.61 ± 52.03 μg.kg-1 in S. aurita. Also, the γ-HCH isomer was considered the more prominent among isomers. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was found in five different species, with mean values of 2.03 ± 1.85, 1.5.7 ± 1.17, 0.94 ± 0.87, 0.35 ± 0.06, and 0.18 ± 0.06 μg.kg-1 in C. harengus, S. aurita, M. cephlaus, O. niloticus, and S. savigngi. Moreover, summation of Heptachlors (∑HPTs) was 10.19 ± 7.63, 1.27 ± 0.26, 2.58 ± 0.11, 0.95 ± 0.12, 0.21 ± 0.11 and 0.32 ± 0.03 μg.kg-1 of wet weight in examined C. harengus, M. cephlaus, S. aurita, O. niloticus, N. pelagicus, and S. savigngi. Aldrin and dieldrin residues were 3.75 ± 1.31 and 4.86 ± 1.33 μg.kg-1 in C. harengu, meanwhile they were 1.61 ± 0.77 and 0.78 ± 0.04 μg.kg-1in M. cephalus. Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (pp-DDE) was dominant in all examined species within different concentrations 5.08 ± 4.12, 0.98 ± 0.10, 3.07 ± 0.91, 0.93 ± 0.27, 0.08 ± 0.01 and 0.35 ± 0.02 μg.kg-1 in C. harengus, M. cephlaus, S. aurita, O. niloticus, N. pelagicus and S. savigngi, respectively. We concluded that all examined seafood samples were lower than the recommended maximum residue limit. Also, the estimated daily intake was less than the permitted daily intake. Non-carcinogenic indices of target hazard quotient and hazard index for OCPs in all examined species were less than 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Hussein
- Department of Food Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Omnya S. Hammad
- Department of Food Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E. Tharwat
- Department of Food Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Wageh S. Darwish
- Department of Food Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Sayed-Ahmed
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin Alkom, Egypt
| | - František Zigo
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Husbandry, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Farkašová
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Husbandry, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ibrahim F. Rehan
- Department of Husbandry and Development of Animal Wealth, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin Alkom, Egypt
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University Yagotoyama, Nagoya-shi, Japan
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Al Haj Ishak Al Ali R, Mondamert L, Halwani J, Jandry J, Nassif N, Shaban A, Berjeaud JM, Labanowski J. Temporal evolution of organochlorine and organophosphate pesticide residues in wells in the Akkar Region (Lebanon). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 195:121. [PMID: 36399221 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10671-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Akkar plain is the second largest agricultural area in Lebanon. This region produces huge amount of regular crops such as maize, fruits, and vegetables. In order to protect the crops, farmers use large quantities of many pesticides (including authorized and prohibited molecules) without respecting the recommended doses. In this work, we wanted to study the evolution of OCP and OPP residues at 3-year intervals in water wells in the Akkar region. Twenty OCPs and 8 OPPs were monitored in eight wells in different villages in the plain and mountains of Akkar. Solid phase extraction (SPE) method was used for pesticide extraction, followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The results revealed an increasing concentration of OCPs and OPPs in groundwater over the last 3 years (between 2017 and 2019-2020). This increase in contamination is due to the uncontrolled and still unregulated (by the authorities) use of pesticides, and also to the introduction of new crops. The concentrations found in groundwater confirm that some banned pesticides are still widely used. The calculation of the theoretical pesticide intake suggests that pesticide concentrations in Akkar represent a greater health risk for the population consuming well water during the rainy season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roukaya Al Haj Ishak Al Ali
- Institute of Chemistry, Materials and Natural Resources of Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7285, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Leslie Mondamert
- Institute of Chemistry, Materials and Natural Resources of Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7285, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Jalal Halwani
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Joelle Jandry
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Sciences, Lebanese University, Dekwaneh, Lebanon
| | - Nadine Nassif
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Sciences, Lebanese University, Dekwaneh, Lebanon
| | - Amin Shaban
- Lebanese National Council for Scientific Research (CNRS-L), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jean-Marc Berjeaud
- Ecology and Biology of Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Jérôme Labanowski
- Institute of Chemistry, Materials and Natural Resources of Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7285, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.
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De Rosa E, Montuori P, Triassi M, Masucci A, Nardone A. Occurrence and Distribution of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) from Sele River, Southern Italy: Analysis of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Organochlorine Pesticides in a Water-Sediment System. TOXICS 2022; 10:662. [PMID: 36355953 PMCID: PMC9697341 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10110662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations, possible sources, and ecological risk of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were studied by analyzing water column (DP), suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediment samples from 10 sites on the Sele River. Total PCBs concentration ranged from 2.94 to 54.4 ng/L and 5.01 to 79.3 ng/g in the seawater and sediment samples, with OCPs concentration in the range of 0.51 to 8.76 ng/L and 0.50 to 10.2 ng/g, respectively. Pollutants loads in the seaside were measured in approximately 89.7 kg/year (73.2 kg/year of PCBs and 16.5 kg/year of OCPs), indicating that the watercourse could be an important cause of contamination to the Tyrrhenian Sea. Statistical analysis indicates that all polychlorinated biphenyls analytes are more probable to derive from surface runoff than an atmospheric deposition. The results explain that higher concentrations of these pollutants were built in sediment samples rather than in the other two phases, which are evidence of historical loads of PCBs and OCPs contaminants. The Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs), the Ecological Risk Index (ERI) and the Risk Quotient (RQ) show that the Sele river and its estuary would reputedly be a zone possibly at risk.
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12
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Rex KR, Chakraborty P. Legacy and new chlorinated persistent organic pollutants in the rivers of south India: Occurrences, sources, variations before and after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 437:129262. [PMID: 35897178 PMCID: PMC9233415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
During pre-pandemic time, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were investigated in the surface water of Periyar River (PR) and Bharathappuzha River (BR) in Ernakulam and Malappuram districts of Kerala, respectively and Adyar River (AR) and Cooum River (CR) in Chennai district of Tamil Nadu. After the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic, variation in OCPs and PCBs were evaluated for AR and CR. Dominance of β-HCH and γ-HCH in south Indian rivers indicate historical use of technical HCH and ongoing use of Lindane, respectively. In > 90 % sites, p,p'-DDT/ p,p'-DDE ratio was < 1, indicating past DDT usage. However during the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, elevated p,p'-DDT in AR and CR reflects localized use of DDT possibly for vector control. Similarly, during the first wave of pandemic, over a 100-fold increase in PCB-52 in these rivers of Chennai mostly via surface run-off and atmospheric deposition can be reasoned with open burning of dumped waste including added waste plastic in the solid waste stream. On contrary, a significant (p < 0.05) decline of dioxin-like PCBs level, suggests lesser combustion related activities by the formal and informal industrial sectors after the lockdown phase in Tamil Nadu. Eco-toxicological risk assessment indicated a higher risk for edible fish in PR due to endosulfan.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ronnie Rex
- Department of Civil Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Paromita Chakraborty
- Environmental Science and Technology Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu 603203, India.
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13
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Song Y, Wang X, Jia R, Liu N, Zhao Q, Pan Z, Zhang T, Sun S. Determination of pesticides and their degradation products in sediment samples by accelerated solvent extraction and solid-phase extraction with high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. ANAL SCI 2022; 38:1339-1346. [PMID: 35882771 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-022-00165-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
A new sensitive and selective methods was developed to quantify different types of pesticides and their degradation products in sediment. The method developed was optimized and modified based on the accelerated solvent extraction, followed by the solid-phase extraction clean-up technique. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used for analysis. The influence of various parameters on the extraction process was investigated, including the extraction temperature, extraction solvent, purification column and purification solvent, etc. Under the optimal conditions, the relative recoveries of the pesticides and their degradation products ranged from 80 to 106% for spiked blank sediment and environmental sediment samples with relative standard deviations of 1-9%. The method displayed low method detection limits for both sediment matrices and achieved good linearity over the tested range of concentrations. The physical and chemical properties of sediment showed that high content of sediment water content and humic acid would affect the extraction efficiency of sample pretreatment. The method was applied to environmental sediment to quantify pesticide residues in the samples. Based on the instrument and method performance validation results, the developed methods can be applied in environmental pesticide residue analysis, thus providing a scientific method for the detection of sediment samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Song
- Shandong Province City Water Supply and Drainage Water Quality Monitoring Center, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- Shandong Province City Water Supply and Drainage Water Quality Monitoring Center, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruibao Jia
- Shandong Province City Water Supply and Drainage Water Quality Monitoring Center, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Na Liu
- Shandong Province City Water Supply and Drainage Water Quality Monitoring Center, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Zhao
- Shandong Province City Water Supply and Drainage Water Quality Monitoring Center, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangbin Pan
- Shandong Province City Water Supply and Drainage Water Quality Monitoring Center, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianxu Zhang
- Shandong Province City Water Supply and Drainage Water Quality Monitoring Center, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaohua Sun
- Shandong Province City Water Supply and Drainage Water Quality Monitoring Center, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Metabolomics: A New Approach in the Evaluation of Effects in Human Beings and Wildlife Associated with Environmental Exposition to POPs. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10070380. [PMID: 35878286 PMCID: PMC9320281 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10070380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Human beings and wild organisms are exposed daily to a broad range of environmental stressors. Among them are the persistent organic pollutants that can trigger adverse effects on these organisms due to their toxicity properties. There is evidence that metabolomics can be used to identify biomarkers of effect by altering the profiles of endogenous metabolites in biological fluids or tissues. This approach is relatively new and has been used in vitro studies mainly. Therefore, this review addresses those that have used metabolomics as a key tool to identify metabolites associated with environmental exposure to POPs in wildlife and human populations and that can be used as biomarkers of effect. The published results suggest that the metabolic pathways that produce energy, fatty acids, and amino acids are commonly affected by POPs. Furthermore, these pathways can be promoters of additional effects. In the future, metabolomics combined with other omics will improve understanding of the origin, development, and progression of the effects caused by environmental exposure.
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15
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Seasonal Changes in Pesticide Residues in Water and Sediments from River Tano, Ghana. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2022:8997449. [PMID: 35535351 PMCID: PMC9078842 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8997449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Pollution due to pesticide residues has been reported in the downstream of the Tano Basin in the rainy season and has been attributed to the anthropogenic activities upstream. However, data on the seasonal variations in pesticide residues in the upstream of Tano Basin are limited. Seasonal variations in 13 organochlorine pesticide residues, 8 organophosphorus pesticide residues, and 5 synthetic pesticide residues in water and sediment samples of River Tano upstream were assessed through extraction and Varian CP-3800 gas chromatography equipped with a CombiPAL Auto sampler set at ionization mode electron impact methods. Significantly higher pesticide residues were detected in water and sediment samples in the rainy season than the dry season. Permethrin (rainy: 0.007 ± 0.01 mg/kg; dry: 0.008 ± 0.02 mg/kg) and profenofos (rainy: 0.021 ± 0.02 mg/kg; dry: 0.026 ± 0.01 mg/kg) showed higher dry season concentrations in the sediment samples. Two isomers of lindane (δ-HCH = 0.059 ± 0.24 μg/L; γ-HCH = 0.002 ± 0.01 μg/L) were detected in the water in the rainy season, but 3 were detected in the sediment samples (δ-HCH = 0.004 ± 0.12 mg/kg; γ-HCH = 0.003 ± 0.01 mg/kg; aldrin = 0.001 ± 0.01 mg/kg) suggesting possible illegal use. The detected pesticide residual levels in both water and sediment samples were lower than the maximum residual levels in water and sediment. The Chemical Control and Management Centre of the Environmental Protection Agency should check possible faking and adulteration of banned organochlorine pesticides.
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16
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Mohamed AO, Abdelbagi AO, Ishag AESA, Abdalla AM, Hammad AMA, Hur JH. Insecticide residues in Khor Abuhabel sediments and soil of South Kordofan State, Sudan. ARABIAN JOURNAL OF GEOSCIENCES 2022; 15:499. [DOI: 10.1007/s12517-022-09769-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Magna EK, Koranteng SS, Donkor A, Gordon C. Organochlorine Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Sediment Impacted by Cage Aquaculture in the Volta Basin of Ghana. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 82:119-130. [PMID: 34796371 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-021-00904-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Seventeen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and seven indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) residues in 80 sediment samples from four cage aquaculture farms on the Volta Basin were determined to find out the extent of their contamination as well as their risk to biota in the aquatic ecosystem. The extracted residues of the OCPs and PCBs were analysed on a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector and mass spectrometer, respectively. Eleven (11) OCPs: methoxychlor, δ-HCH, o,p'-DDD, α-endosulphan, β-HCH, o,p-DDE, p,p-DDE, p,p'-DDT, β-endosulphan, endrin, and heptachlor and seven (7) PCBs: PCB 18, PCB 28, PCB 52, PCB 101, PCB 138, PCB 153, and PCB 180 were detected in the sediments from the farms. The OCPs level ranged < LOD - 33.0 µg/kg. δ-HCH (8.154 ± 0.414 µg/kg), α-endosulphan (6.000 ± 1.414 µg/kg), o,p'-DDD (2.010 ± 1.46 µg/kg), endrin (13.867 ± 8.716 µg/kg), and α-endosulphan (0.503 ± 0.398 µg/kg) were predominant with frequencies of detection 100%, 45%, 68%, 92%, and 25% in fish farms A, B, C, D and controls, respectively. PCBs concentrations ranged 0.042-5.320 ng/g wet weight. PCB 153 recorded the highest concentration of 3.328 ± 1.700 ng/g in farm D. PCB 18 and PCB 180 dominated the profiles in the sediment from all the farms. The ecotoxicological risk of the OCPs and PCBs in the surface sediment using the SQGs indicated that ∑HCH in the sediment from all the farms except that the controls may pose a health risk to the benthic organisms. Therefore, a comprehensive remedial intervention is required to arrest the situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Kaboja Magna
- Institute for Environment and Sanitation Studies, University of Ghana, P. O. Box 209, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Samuel Senyo Koranteng
- Institute for Environment and Sanitation Studies, University of Ghana, P. O. Box 209, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Christopher Gordon
- Institute for Environment and Sanitation Studies, University of Ghana, P. O. Box 209, Accra, Ghana
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18
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Taufeeq A, Baqar M, Sharif F, Mumtaz M, Ullah S, Aslam S, Qadir A, Majid M, Jun H. Assessment of organochlorine pesticides and health risk in tobacco farming associated with River Barandu of Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:38774-38791. [PMID: 33742378 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13142-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse pesticide pollution through tobacco fields is a serious threat to both natural integrities and living beings because tobacco is known as a pesticide-intensive crop. Upsurge in the knowledge of detrimental impacts caused by organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) has made them a burning issue particularly in developing countries. Pakistan is a country famous for its agro-based economy and simultaneously is the second most significant pesticide consumer in South Asian countries. The studied area is tobacco hub of the country. Thus, the present work is aimed to investigate the contamination profile that highlights the ecological and health risk posed by OCPs in River Barandu, located in the proximity of tobacco farming region. ΣOCP levels in sediments ranged between 32.918 and 98.810 ng/g and in water between 0.340 and 0.935 μg/L. Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and heptachlor were the most prevailing pesticides in both matrices of the river. Isomeric composition of DDTs and HCHs highlighted that the β-HCH and p,p'-DDT were dominant isomers in water, while α-HCH and p,p'-DDT in sediment compartment. Enantiomeric compositions of HCH and DDT indicate both recent and historic uses of these compounds in the area. Indirect contamination through nearby tobacco clusters has been depicted through spatial analysis. Ecological risk assessment based upon the risk quotient (RQ) method revealed that α-endosulfan, dieldrin, heptachlor, and ∑HCHs represent a very high level of ecological risks. The OCPs' lifetime carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks associated with dermal exposure to river's water were considered nominal for surrounding populations. However, detailed ecological and health risk studies are recommended considering the bio-accumulating nature of these contaminants in the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammara Taufeeq
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Mujtaba Baqar
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Faiza Sharif
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Mehvish Mumtaz
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Sami Ullah
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Aslam
- Allama Iqbal Medical College, Jinnah Hospital, Lahore, 54550, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qadir
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Muzaffar Majid
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Huang Jun
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Distribution of organochlorine pesticide pollution in water, sediment, mollusk, and fish at Saguling Dam, West Java, Indonesia. Toxicol Res 2021; 38:149-157. [PMID: 35419272 PMCID: PMC8960551 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-021-00094-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to determine the distribution of organochlorine pesticide pollution in water, sediments, mollusks, and fish at Saguling Dam as baseline data of organochlorine pollution. Samples were obtained from 12 locations, with 9 and 3 sampling points inside and outside the dam, respectively. Measurement of organochlorine residues was carried out using methods of extraction, purification, evaporation, and gas chromatography. Results showed the presence of several types of organochlorine compounds, namely, lindane, aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and endosulfan. Aldrin was dominant in water (2-37 μg/L) and sediments (2-1438 μg/L), while DDT and heptachlor were dominant organochlorine compounds in mollusks (13-2758 µg/L) and fish (11-104 μg/L), respectively. Sediments demonstrated higher organochlorine concentrations than water, mollusk, and fish. The distribution of organochlorine was affected by land use around the Citarum watershed and pollutant input from tributaries.
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20
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Safari M, Ahmadfazeli A, Vatandoost H, Karimaee M, Panahi D, Shokri M, Moradian M, Soleimani Z. Investigating on the Residue of Organophosphate Pesticides in the Water of the Hablehrood River, Garmsar, Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2021; 14:250-260. [PMID: 33644238 PMCID: PMC7903355 DOI: 10.18502/jad.v14i3.4558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Organophosphate pesticides are of concern to the drinking water supply and high risks on human health. Methods An occurrence survey was performed in the spring and summer of 2016 for 6 months to assess the prevalence of organophosphate pesticides in the Hablehrood River that is located in Semnan Province. Besides, 10 kinds of organophosphate pesticides were sampled in 5 stations. Moreover, were measured by Gas Chromatography (GC) was supported by an electron capture detector (ECD) and Turbochrom software. In all stations, Diazinon was detected in the spring and summer, but Malathion only in the spring. Results The highest concentration of Diazinon was observed at the Mahmoud Abad station in spring (0.94ppb) and the Bonekooh station in the summer (0.93ppb). The highest and lowest concentrations of Malathion were detected in Mahmoud Abad (0.35ppb), and Gache station, respectively. Conclusion The concentration of pesticides in BoneKooh and Mahmood Abad was higher than the standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Safari
- Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Ahmadfazeli
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Vatandoost
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Karimaee
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Davood Panahi
- Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mohammadali Shokri
- Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Moradian
- Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Zahra Soleimani
- Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Tyagi S, Siddarth M, Mishra BK, Banerjee BD, Urfi AJ, Madhu SV. High levels of organochlorine pesticides in drinking water as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes: A study in north India. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 271:116287. [PMID: 33388674 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are well known synthetic pesticides widely used in agricultural practices and public health program. Higher toxicity, slow degradation, and bioaccumulation are the significant challenges of OCPs. Due to its uses in agricultural and public health, contamination of drinking water and water table also increases day by day. Contaminated drinking water has become a significant issue and alarming signal for public health globally. The purpose of this study was to assess the recent trend of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) level in drinking water and blood samples of the North Indian population and also to find out its association with glucose intolerance, lipid metabolism, and insulin resistance, which are known risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A case-control study was conducted on 130 Non-Glucose intolerance (NGT), 130 pre-diabetes and 130 recently diagnosed T2DM subjects of the age group of 30-70 years. Patients consuming drinking water from the same source for at least ten years were included in this study for blood and water samples collection. Significantly higher levels of α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, p,p'-DDE, and o,p'-DDT were found in groundwater samples. However, in tap water samples, the level of α-HCH was found to be slightly higher than the permissible limit of 0.001. Among all recruited subjects consuming contaminated groundwater, 42% had T2DM, 38% pre-diabetes, and the remaining 20% were found normal. We also observed that OCP contamination in groundwater is higher than tap and filter water. The levels of β-HCH, p,p'-DDE, and o,p'-DDT were higher in the pre-diabetes and T2DM group than the NGT group. With an increase of OCPs level in groundwater, the blood OCPs level tends to increase T2DM risk. It depicts that the elevated OCPs level in consumed groundwater may contribute to increased risk for the development of T2DM after a certain period of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipra Tyagi
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, North Campus, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Manushi Siddarth
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit and Central Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, UCMS (University of Delhi), Dilshad Garden, Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Brijesh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Endocrinology, UCMS (University of Delhi), Dilshad Garden, Delhi, 110095, India
| | - Basu Dev Banerjee
- Environmental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, UCMS (University of Delhi), Dilshad Garden, Delhi, 110095, India.
| | - Abdul Jamil Urfi
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, North Campus, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Sri Venkata Madhu
- Department of Endocrinology, UCMS (University of Delhi), Dilshad Garden, Delhi, 110095, India
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Edjere O, Ukpebor JE, Emebu S, Okieimen FE. Preliminary Studies of Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs) in Sediment, Water and Fish Samples from Ethiope River, Abraka Axis, Southern Nigeria. INTERNATIONAL LETTERS OF NATURAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.56431/p-f4t732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Selected persistent organochlorine pollutants, including DDT and its metabolites, hexachlorobenzene, dieldrin, Aldrin, heptachlor, HCH as well as some of their isomers were determined in water, sediment and fish samples from the Ethiope River in Southern Nigeria. Twenty organochlorine pesticides were detected in both seasons from October 2012 – September 2013. Results revealed ∑HCH to be 0.620µg/L (water), 33 ng/g (sediment) and 29.00 ng/g (fish) for the rainy season while concentrations of 0.170 µg/L (water), 14 ng/g (sediment) and 28.00 ng/g (fish) were obtained for the dry season. 0.05–0.15 ng/g for aldrin, 0.12–5.8 ng/g for dieldrin, 0.22–0.64 ng/g for endrin, 0.24–6.37 ng/g for endosulfan and 0.21–8.81 ng/g for ΣDDT (p, p` -DDD, p, p` -DDE, p, p` -DDT). Among the OCPs, ∑HCH, endosulfan and PDDT were the most dominant compounds in the river sediments. γ- HCH was the most frequent detected compound in all the samples from this river. Among the cyclodiene compounds, aldrin was in abundance in most of the sediments, water and fish samples. γ-HCH, γ-HCH and HCB contributed this highest value for the water, sediment and fish sample respectively in the rainy season while aldrin, endrin and HCB were the highest contributors to the ΣOCPs to the mean of water, sediment and fish respectively. Hazard quotient and bioaccumulation analysis carried out on the fish sample revealed that the fishes were heavily contaminated with values >1 for both seasons which possess a possibility for ecological concern.
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Edjere O, Ukpebor JE, Emebu S, Okieimen FE. Preliminary Studies of Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs) in Sediment, Water and Fish Samples from Ethiope River, Abraka Axis, Southern Nigeria. INTERNATIONAL LETTERS OF NATURAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.80.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Selected persistent organochlorine pollutants, including DDT and its metabolites, hexachlorobenzene, dieldrin, Aldrin, heptachlor, HCH as well as some of their isomers were determined in water, sediment and fish samples from the Ethiope River in Southern Nigeria. Twenty organochlorine pesticides were detected in both seasons from October 2012 – September 2013. Results revealed ∑HCH to be 0.620µg/L (water), 33 ng/g (sediment) and 29.00 ng/g (fish) for the rainy season while concentrations of 0.170 µg/L (water), 14 ng/g (sediment) and 28.00 ng/g (fish) were obtained for the dry season. 0.05–0.15 ng/g for aldrin, 0.12–5.8 ng/g for dieldrin, 0.22–0.64 ng/g for endrin, 0.24–6.37 ng/g for endosulfan and 0.21–8.81 ng/g for ΣDDT (p, p` -DDD, p, p` -DDE, p, p` -DDT). Among the OCPs, ∑HCH, endosulfan and PDDT were the most dominant compounds in the river sediments. γ- HCH was the most frequent detected compound in all the samples from this river. Among the cyclodiene compounds, aldrin was in abundance in most of the sediments, water and fish samples. γ-HCH, γ-HCH and HCB contributed this highest value for the water, sediment and fish sample respectively in the rainy season while aldrin, endrin and HCB were the highest contributors to the ΣOCPs to the mean of water, sediment and fish respectively. Hazard quotient and bioaccumulation analysis carried out on the fish sample revealed that the fishes were heavily contaminated with values >1 for both seasons which possess a possibility for ecological concern.
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Mbusnum KG, Malleret L, Deschamps P, Khabouchi I, Asia L, Lebarillier S, Menot G, Onguene R, Doumenq P. Persistent organic pollutants in sediments of the Wouri Estuary Mangrove, Cameroon: Levels, patterns and ecotoxicological significance. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 160:111542. [PMID: 33181915 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The anthropogenic impact in the Wouri Estuary Mangrove located in the rapidly developing urban area of Douala, Cameroon, Africa, was studied. A set of 45 Persistent Organic Pollutant were analysed in surficial mangrove sediments at 21 stations. Chlorinated Pesticides (CLPs), Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) have concentrations ranging from 2.2 - 27.4, and 83 - 544 ng/g, respectively. The most abundant CLPs were endosulfan, alachlor, heptachlor, lindane (γ-HCH) and DDT, which metabolites pattern revealed recent use. Selected PAHs diagnostic ratios show pyrolytic input predominantly. The sum of 7 carcinogenic PAHs (ΣC-PAHs) represented 30 to 50% of Total PAHs (TPAHs). According to effect-based sediment quality guidelines, the studied POPs levels imply low to moderate predictive biological toxicity. This study contributes to depict how far water resources are shifting within what is now termed the Anthropocene due to increasing local pressures in developing countries or African countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Mbusnum
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LCE, France; LMI DYCOFAC (IRD, Université de Yaoundé 1, IRGM), IRD, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Pierre Deschamps
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Collège de France, CEREGE, France; LMI DYCOFAC (IRD, Université de Yaoundé 1, IRGM), IRD, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | | | | | - Guillemette Menot
- Université de Lyon, Ens de Lyon, CNRS, LGL-TPE, France; LMI DYCOFAC (IRD, Université de Yaoundé 1, IRGM), IRD, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Loha KM, Lamoree M, de Boer J. Pesticide residue levels in vegetables and surface waters at the Central Rift Valley (CRV) of Ethiopia. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:546. [PMID: 32719898 PMCID: PMC7385018 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08452-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Seven pesticides, profenofos, metalaxyl, λ-cyhalothrin, 4,4'-DDT, 4,4'-DDE, and α- and β-endosulfan, were determined in vegetables (tomato, onion) from 20 locations and surface waters from 12 locations in the Central Rift Valley (CRV) of Ethiopia. Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) and solid phase extraction (SPE) methods were used for the vegetables and water, respectively. In 2.5% of the tomato samples, profenofos was detected above European maximum residue limits (MRLs), in 12.5% of the samples metalaxyl, and in 2.5% α- and β-endosulfan. In 5% of the onion samples, profenofos was detected above European MRLs, in 7.5% of the onion samples metalaxyl, and in 5% λ-cyhalothrin. In surface water, profenofos was detected at the highest concentration of 2300 μg/L in the Bulbula River, 890 μg/L near the agricultural land north of Lake Ziway (ANLZ-1), 1700 μg/L in the floriculture effluent (FE-1), and 900 μg/L in tap water at the Batu Drinking Water (BDW) supply. These results show that the levels of pesticides are in several cases substantially elevated, and emphasize the need of regular pesticide monitoring programs for surface waters and vegetables in the Ethiopian CRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumelachew Mulu Loha
- Department of Environment & Health, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marja Lamoree
- Department of Environment & Health, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob de Boer
- Department of Environment & Health, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Pesticides are applied in agricultural fields for controlling pest population to achieve crop protection. But they cause damage to nontarget organisms and affect the quality of environment including water, air and soil. The present study has been designed to test the efficiency of Pseudomonas stutzerion the degradation of malathion. The bacterial strain was subjected to 50, 100, 150 and 200 ppm of malathion in minimal broth for 30 hours and changes in orthophosphate levels, pH and turbidity were monitored for every six hours. Efficiency of free and immobilized cells were compared for orthophosphate release. Influence of different sugars on degradation was also compared. Degradation of 150 ppm of malathion was confirmed with UV-Visible spectrophotometric analysis and HPLC analysis. The data were subjected to two way analysis of variance and the results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali S
- PG Department of Microbiology, The American College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Surendran A
- PG & Research Department of Zoology, The American College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thatheyus A.J
- PG & Research Department of Zoology, The American College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Olisah C, Okoh OO, Okoh AI. Occurrence of organochlorine pesticide residues in biological and environmental matrices in Africa: A two-decade review. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03518. [PMID: 32154427 PMCID: PMC7056722 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), essentially for the control of insects and the cultivation of food crops, has led to the pollution of ecosystems. Despite being banned several years ago in the developed world, extensive use remains ongoing on the African continent. This review summarizes the occurrence, distributions, sources, and trends of OCPs in seven environmental matrices (atmosphere, water, sediments, soils, biota, human fluids and food products) in Africa. Findings in this review revealed that α-HCH, β-HCH dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDTs), and endosulfans were the most persistent OCP residues in the African environment, particularly DDTs in breast milk samples occurring in levels above the WHO stipulated limits, thus indicating a call for concern. Also, there was paucity of data available on OCP concentrations in ambient air. Future research efforts should prioritize testing these pollutants in the atmosphere, especially in countries where they are used more frequently. While most POP analysis studies used gas chromatography coupled to electron capture detector or mass spectrometer, it is recommended that further studies should use more sensitive analytical techniques such as gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), or gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS). These instruments allow for the detection of secondary and tertiary metabolites, especially those found in water, biota and food products, which are critical vectors of OCPs to human and animal bodies. Training of farmers and other domestic users on the handling of pesticides is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chijioke Olisah
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Alice 5700, South Africa
- SAMRC, Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Omobola O. Okoh
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Alice 5700, South Africa
- SAMRC, Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Anthony I. Okoh
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Alice 5700, South Africa
- SAMRC, Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
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K'oreje KO, Okoth M, Van Langenhove H, Demeestere K. Occurrence and treatment of contaminants of emerging concern in the African aquatic environment: Literature review and a look ahead. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 254:109752. [PMID: 31733478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Awareness about the rising detection and reported (eco)toxicological effects of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs, e.g. pharmaceuticals and personal care products - PPCPs - and modern pesticides) in the aquatic environment is growing. CECs are increasingly reported in the African aquatic environment, although the amount of data available is still limited. In this work, a comprehensive review is presented on the occurrence of CECs in wastewater, sludge, surface water, sediment, groundwater and drinking water of Africa. Further attention is given to the performance of wastewater stabilization ponds (WSPs) and trickling filters (TF) with respect to CECs removal. For the first time, we also look at the state of knowledge on the performance of point-of-use technologies (POUs) regarding the removal of CECs in drinking water. Generally, CECs in Africa occur at the same order of magnitude as in the Western world. However, for particular groups of compounds and at specific locations such as informal settlements, clearly higher concentrations are reported in Africa. Whereas antiretroviral and antimalarial drugs are rarely detected in the Western world, occurrence patterns in Africa reveal concentrations up to >100 μg L-1. Removal efficiencies of WSPs and TFs focus mainly on PPCPs and vary significantly, ranging from no removal (e.g. carbamazepine) to better than 99.9% (e.g. paracetamol). Despite the rising adoption of POUs, limited but promising information is available on their performance regarding CECs treatment in drinking water, particularly for the low-cost devices (e.g. ceramic filters and solar disinfection - SODIS) being adopted in Africa and other developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Otieno K'oreje
- Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium; Water Resources Authority (WRA), P.O. Box 45250, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Science, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya.
| | - Maurice Okoth
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Science, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya; Kenya Methodist University, P.O. Box 267-60200, Meru, Kenya.
| | - Herman Van Langenhove
- Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Kristof Demeestere
- Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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A reliable LC-MS/MS-based method for trace level determination of 50 medium to highly polar pesticide residues in sediments and ecological risk assessment. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:7981-7996. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Xu L, Miao X, Li H, Liang J, Yang Z. Ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplet for determination of organochlorine compounds in sediment. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abbas T, Wadhawan T, Khan A, McEvoy J, Khan E. Iron turning waste media for treating Endosulfan and Heptachlor contaminated water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 685:124-133. [PMID: 31174112 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the application of iron turning waste for the degradation of heptachlor and endosulfan. In batch experiments, 2.5 g of iron turning waste efficiently removed 96% of heptachlor and 85% of endosulfan in 200 mL of water (20 μg/L for each pesticide) in ten minutes. By increasing the iron turning dose from 1 g to 2.5 g, pseudo second order removal rates of heptachlor and endosulfan increased 1.5-fold and 1.37-fold, respectively. Among the minerals in groundwater, calcium and potassium lowered heptachlor removal (8-10%), whereas their effect on endosulfan removal was minimal. Endosulfan removal increased 16%, when water pH was raised from 4 to 10. The effect of water pH on heptachlor removal was minimal. The removal of heptachlor and endosulfan dropped to 55% and 46%, respectively, when the initial concentration was 1 μg/L. In a continuous flow system, iron turning worked better in combination with sand media. Water flow rate (5-15 mL/min) had a limited effect on the removal of both pesticides (initial concentration of 2 μg/L) which increased with increasing iron turning dose (100-150 g) for endosulfan. Heptachlor removal remained stable (100%) regardless of the iron turning amount (100-150 g) used in a filtration column. Iron turning based filter completely removed heptachlor throughout the filtration period (600 h), whereas endosulfan removal dropped from 100% to 88-90% after 300 h. Endosulfan and heptachlor were degraded into nonanal and heptanal, respectively. Iron turning waste was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) before and after its reactions with both pesticides. XRD and XPS analyses revealed that virgin iron turning waste consisted of zerovalent iron (Fe0) and iron oxides, and Fe0 was transformed to magnetite (Fe3O4) after reacting with both pesticides. Based on detected degradation by-products, the removal mechanism and degradation pathways for both pesticides were elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tauqeer Abbas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108-6050, USA.
| | | | - Asad Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - John McEvoy
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
| | - Eakalak Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4015, USA.
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32
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Ogbeide O, Uhunamure G, Okundaye F, Ejeomo C. First report on probabilistic risk assessment of pesticide residues in a riverine ecosystem in South-South Nigeria. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 231:546-561. [PMID: 31151015 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the ecological and human health risk associated with concentrations of legacy organochlorine pesticide residues in Ikpoba River, a major River in the heart of Benin City, a Nigerian urban town located in Edo State. Standard methods were used to collect, extract and analyze samples, while risk assessment was carried out using standard models and indices. Results showed varying pesticide concentrations in both sediment and water samples with α-HCH (0.24 ± 0.11 μg L-l), predominant in water, whereas dieldrin (0.99 ± 0.33 μg kg-l) was the highest concentration in sediment. Compared to the Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs), this study concentrations of pesticides in sediments were below the values of effect range medium, effect range low, probable effect level and threshold effects level, suggesting low environmental hazard to benthic organisms. However, on exposure to contaminated sediments, probabilistic ecological risk assessment using Monte Carlo techniques showed potential risk to algae, daphnid and fish. Human health risk estimates using dermal and ingestion exposure deterministic and probabilistic routes revealed a potential risk to adults and children exposed to contaminated water and sediment. Estimates for detected pesticides exceeded the threshold level, indicating potential cancer effects for both children and adults who rely on the resources of the river. This study highlights the need for concerted efforts to curb the threat of pesticides and other contaminants in the aquatic environment by all relevant stakeholders in Nigeria and Africa as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozekeke Ogbeide
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State. (Qwa Qwa campus), Free State, South Africa; Afromountane Research Unit (ARU) University of the Free State. (Qwa Qwa campus), Free State, South Africa; Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology. Faculty of Life Sciences. University of Benin. Benin City, Nigeria.
| | - Grace Uhunamure
- Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology. Faculty of Life Sciences. University of Benin. Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Fabulous Okundaye
- Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology. Faculty of Life Sciences. University of Benin. Benin City, Nigeria
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Mohammed S, Lamoree M, Ansa-Asare OD, de Boer J. Review of the analysis of insecticide residues and their levels in different matrices in Ghana. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 171:361-372. [PMID: 30616153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This review reports on how Ghanaian scientists analyse insecticide residues in various matrices in their laboratories as well as the levels of insecticides found in Ghana. It covers different sample preparation methods such as solid-liquid and liquid-liquid extraction. The main technique used for this analysis was gas chromatography (GC) with various detectors such as electron capture, flame photometric, nitrogen phosphorus, and mass spectrometric detection. Liquid chromatography (LC) with mass spectrometric detection was sometimes used to determine the levels of very polar insecticide residues. From the articles reviewed 74% of the insecticides detected were organochlorines with DDTs, lindanes, and endosulfans as most abundant ones. Levels of the insecticides of interest analysed, varied from below the detection limits to clearly above the safety limits. The lowest detected concentration of insecticide residues reported in fruits and vegetables was δ-lindane in pawpaw (0.06 mg/kg) while the highest was fenvalerate (25.6 mg/kg). Insecticide residues reported in sediment were predominantly organochlorines with concentrations ranging from 9.68 ng/kg to 10.98 µg/kg. Endosulfan and its metabolites were the main insecticides found in water bodies with concentrations ranging from 0.036 µg/L to 62.3 µg/L. DDT and its metabolites were the dominant insecticides found in human fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saada Mohammed
- Vrije Universiteit, Dep. Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; CSIR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 38, Achimota, Ghana.
| | - Marja Lamoree
- Vrije Universiteit, Dep. Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jacob de Boer
- Vrije Universiteit, Dep. Environment & Health, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Bruce-Vanderpuije P, Megson D, Reiner EJ, Bradley L, Adu-Kumi S, Gardella JA. The state of POPs in Ghana- A review on persistent organic pollutants: Environmental and human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 245:331-342. [PMID: 30447476 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ghana is one of the top pesticide users and highest persistent organic pollutant (POP) emitters in sub-saharan Africa. Despite recent increases in published data, there is limited information on how POP concentrations have changed, post ratification of the Stockholm Convention. As a result, this review aims to address these knowledge gaps by collating available data that reported POPs in Ghanaian environmental matrices, identify spatial and temporal trends, and establish potential health risks. It is worth noting that Ghana has not developed its own regulatory standards for POPs, but adapts United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) standards. Results obtained showed concentrations in excess of USEPA regulatory standards for per- and poly-fluoroalkyl sulphonates (PFASs) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD) in water, polychlorinated and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs and PBDD/Fs) in e-waste soils, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in aquatic organisms and dairy products. The published studies do not cover major regions nationwide. The inconsistency in methods and analytes measured, along with data scarcity in some regions, makes it challenging to identify temporal trends. However, the data did indicate decreasing concentrations of some legacy POPs in soil/sediment and aquatic organisms, with increasing concentrations of some POPs in water, fish, fruits and vegetables. Studies that performed health risks assessments were limited although the data indicated risks to e-waste workers, some farmers and vulnerable sub-populations. This review identified potential human health risks from POPs in the Ghanaian environment and the need for more consistent and widespread monitoring program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pennante Bruce-Vanderpuije
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - David Megson
- School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Eric J Reiner
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, Laboratory Services Branch, Toronto, ON, M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Lee Bradley
- School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Sam Adu-Kumi
- Environmental Protection Agency, P. O. Box MB 326, Ministries Post Office, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joseph A Gardella
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
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Ndunda EN, Madadi VO, Wandiga SO. Organochlorine pesticide residues in sediment and water from Nairobi River, Kenya: levels, distribution, and ecological risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:34510-34518. [PMID: 30311117 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3398-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Production and use of most organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) was banned through the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants. However, appreciable amounts are still detected in the environment due to their persistence, illegal use, and releases from contaminated soils and obsolete stocks. The present study investigated the levels of OCP residues in Nairobi River. Sediment and water samples were collected from three sites along the river and screened for 17 OCPs using gas chromatography electron capture detector (GC-ECD). Mean pesticide residues ranged from 0.01 to 41.9 μg kg-1 in sediment and below detection limit to 39.7 ng L-1 in water. In sediment α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, heptachlor epoxide, and p,p'-DDD were detected in all samples, while α-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, heptachlor epoxide, endosulfan I, and endrin were detected in all water samples. Levels of OCPs in water were below the WHO maximum allowable limits for surface water. However, values higher than the sediment quality guidelines for sediment samples in Racecourse Road Bridge and Outering Road Bridge were reported, thus confirming the toxicity to aquatic organisms. Consequently, as these compounds are known to bio-accumulate in fatty tissues, continued use of the river water poses a health risk to animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth N Ndunda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Department of Physical Sciences, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Machakos University, P.O. Box 136-90100, Machakos, Kenya.
| | - Vincent O Madadi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Shem O Wandiga
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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Barion A, Balsaa P, Werres F, Neuhaus U, Schmidt TC. Stability of organochlorine pesticides during storage in water and loaded SPE disks containing sediment. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 210:57-64. [PMID: 29986224 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
With regard to the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the required investigation of the whole water sample including suspended particulate matter (SPM), a storage stability study was conducted to determine the suitable storage time and conditions of 21 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) spiked in water samples and pre-concentrated on solid-phase extraction disks (SPE disks). Furthermore, this work demonstrates the behaviour of three different certified sediment reference materials (CRMs) contaminated with OCPs in water samples as well as loaded on SPE disks under different temperature conditions and storage time periods. Extracts collected on SPE disks were stored for 3, 14 and 30 days at both 4 °C and -18 °C in darkness covered in (a) freezer bags and (b) aluminum foil. With few exceptions the results of these tests demonstrate stability of OCPs up to 30 days at -18 °C. The recoveries for most substances range between 84% and 133%. Furthermore, the stability of OCPs in water samples additionally spiked with CRM up to 500 mg and stored at a temperature of 4 °C in darkness up to 56 days was investigated. The addition of sodium azide enhanced the stability of some substances during storage, especially the endosulfans (I, II) but most substances were stable regardless of sodium azide addition over the entire storage period. An important conclusion of this study is that the storage of loaded SPE disks is an appropriate alternative to storing water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Barion
- IWW WaterCentre, Moritzstraße 26, 45476 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany; Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Peter Balsaa
- IWW WaterCentre, Moritzstraße 26, 45476 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Friedrich Werres
- IWW WaterCentre, Moritzstraße 26, 45476 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Ursula Neuhaus
- IWW WaterCentre, Moritzstraße 26, 45476 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- IWW WaterCentre, Moritzstraße 26, 45476 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany; Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany; Center for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.
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Affum AO, Acquaah SO, Osae SD, Kwaansa-Ansah EE. Distribution and risk assessment of banned and other current-use pesticides in surface and groundwaters consumed in an agricultural catchment dominated by cocoa crops in the Ankobra Basin, Ghana. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 633:630-640. [PMID: 29597160 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The existence of pesticides, such as organochlorine pesticides, parathion-ethyl, methamidophos which is banned globally and some current-use non-banned pesticides of organophosphorus and synthetic pyrethroids in freshwater sources is an ecological and public health concern in many countries, including Ghana. Prompted by this concern, the exposure levels and risk assessment of these pesticides to humans and non-target organisms via groundwater and surface water sources in an agricultural catchment dominated by cocoa crops in the Ankobra Basin, Ghana, were investigated. The individual concentrations of the banned pesticides in the surface water and groundwater samples varied from < LOD to 0.110 μg/L and < LOD to 0.055 μg/L, respectively, while the concentrations of the non-banned pesticides ranged from < LOD to 0.925 μg/L and < LOD to 2 μg/L, respectively. The mean concentrations of chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, p,p'-DDT and pirimiphos-methyl in some water sources exceeded the EU limit of 0.1 μg/L. Some surface water sources were more contaminated with DDTs, endrin, dieldrin, methoxychlor, chlorpyrifos, and HCH isomers than were freshwater sources in river basins in some countries of the world. Chlorpyrifos, p,p'-DDT and methoxychlor were ubiquitous in both water sources. The hydrochemical and compositional profiles of the pesticides indicate that water-exchange and secondary porosities in the bedrock likely contributed to the occurrence of the pesticides in the water sources. The pesticides were of low risk to humans that consume the water, but considering the US EPA safe limit for carcinogenic effects of 10-6, the high levels of DDTs, β-HCH, and dieldrin in some of the surface water and groundwater sources may cause cancer in children or infants. The toxicity of pesticide mixtures to surface water non-target organisms decreased in the order of fish > Daphnia magna > algae. The pesticides in the water sources were anthropogenic in origin and recently used. DDT and HCH in the water were of technical-grade origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrews Obeng Affum
- Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Research Centre, National Chemistry and Environmental Research Centre, , Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Samuel Osafo Acquaah
- Chemistry Department, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Shiloh Dede Osae
- Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Research Centre, National Chemistry and Environmental Research Centre, , Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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Chaza C, Sopheak N, Mariam H, David D, Baghdad O, Moomen B. Assessment of pesticide contamination in Akkar groundwater, northern Lebanon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:14302-14312. [PMID: 28265872 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8568-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
According to its high production and value, Akkar is considered as the second agricultural region in Lebanon. Groundwater constitutes the principal source of water in Akkar including drinking water of local inhabitants in Akkar. As such, the contamination of groundwater by organic pollutants can impact directly the population health. In this study, we evaluated the contamination status of groundwater in this region. Three classes of pesticides including 19 organochlorine (OC) pesticides, 8 organophosphorus (OP) pesticides, and 6 organonitrogen (ON) pesticides were monitored in 15 groundwater samples collected from different villages on the Akkar plain. Samples were extracted by using solid phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed high contamination of Akkar groundwater by OCs with levels that can reach 58.9 μg/L. They were detected in the majority of the sample and represent 95-100% of ∑pesticides. Our results showed the recent use of these molecules with an average level of 0.3 and 0.39 μg/L for ∑HCHs and DDTs, respectively. Their concentrations were higher than those observed in the same region in 2014 and other regions elsewhere. OPs were also detected at high levels and among them, methylparathion was the predominant OP detected (44.6 μg/L). For ONs, lower levels were measured in all samples with a mean value of 5.6 μg/L. As a conclusion of this work, groundwater on the plain of Akkar was remarkably contaminated by the studied pesticides; indefinitely, more efforts should be taken to manage the pesticide use in this region, assess, and reduce their effects on human health. In the future, the application of organic farming can be a great solution to the groundwater contamination problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chbib Chaza
- Faculté de santé publique section III, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Eau et de l'Environnement (L.S.E.E), Université Libanaise, Tripoli, Lebanon
- Equipe Physico-Chimie de l'Environnement, LASIR UMR CNRS 8516, Université de Lille, Bâtiment C8, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Net Sopheak
- Equipe Physico-Chimie de l'Environnement, LASIR UMR CNRS 8516, Université de Lille, Bâtiment C8, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France.
| | - Hamzeh Mariam
- Faculté de santé publique section III, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Eau et de l'Environnement (L.S.E.E), Université Libanaise, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Dumoulin David
- Equipe Physico-Chimie de l'Environnement, LASIR UMR CNRS 8516, Université de Lille, Bâtiment C8, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Ouddane Baghdad
- Equipe Physico-Chimie de l'Environnement, LASIR UMR CNRS 8516, Université de Lille, Bâtiment C8, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Baroudi Moomen
- Faculté de santé publique section III, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Eau et de l'Environnement (L.S.E.E), Université Libanaise, Tripoli, Lebanon
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Wang Y, Zhang S, Cui W, Meng X, Tang X. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides in surface water from the Yongding River basin, China: Seasonal distribution, source apportionment, and potential risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 618:419-429. [PMID: 29136593 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The presence of 17 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 15 persistent organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in surface water of the Yongding River Basin was analyzed through GC/MS/MS during the spring and summer at 46 sampling sites. The goal was to investigate their seasonal distribution, possible sources, and potential risk. Our results showed that the total PAH concentration in surface water of Yongding River Basin ranged from 41.60 to 1482.60ng/L with a mean value of 137.85ng/L in the spring, and from 53.53 to 506.53ng/L with a mean value of 124.43ng/L in the summer. The total OCP concentration ranged from <0.08 to 197.71ng/L with a mean value of 7.69ng/L in the spring, and from <0.08 to 93.58ng/L with a mean value of 7.92ng/L in the summer. Moreover, the total PAH concentration was slightly lower in the spring than in the summer, whereas the total OCP concentration was similar between seasons. Source analysis indicated that combustion sources and petroleum sources both contributed to the presence of PAHs. Historical environmental residues and long range atmospheric transport were the major sources of HCH and DDT contamination. The concentrations of total PAHs and single PAHs including benz(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, benz(b)fluoranthene, and benz(k)fluoranthene in surface water at some sampling sites exceeded the water environmental quality standards of China and several other countries or organizations. This indicated a potential threat to human health from the consumption of aquatic organisms due to PAH bioaccumulation. The concentrations of α-HCH, p,p'-DDE, and p,p'-DDD at several sampling sites exceeded the limit for human health specified in the ambient water quality criteria developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency, which indicated that these pollutants provide potential hazards to the residents around the sampling sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhen Wang
- Water Environmental Monitoring Center of Haihe River Basin, Haihe River Water Concervancy Commission, Ministry of Water Resources, Tianjin 300170, China; Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Shilu Zhang
- Water Environmental Monitoring Center of Haihe River Basin, Haihe River Water Concervancy Commission, Ministry of Water Resources, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Wenyan Cui
- Water Environmental Monitoring Center of Haihe River Basin, Haihe River Water Concervancy Commission, Ministry of Water Resources, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Xianzhi Meng
- Water Environmental Monitoring Center of Haihe River Basin, Haihe River Water Concervancy Commission, Ministry of Water Resources, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Xianqiang Tang
- Basin Water Environmental Research Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan 430010, China.
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Riaz G, Tabinda AB, Baqar M, Mahmood A, Mumtaz M, Qadir A, Yasar A, Safaei Khorram M. Human Health Risk Surveillance Through the Determination of Organochlorine Pesticides by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography in Water, Sediments, and Fish from the Chenab River, Pakistan. ANAL LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2017.1372467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ghazala Riaz
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amtul Bari Tabinda
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mujtaba Baqar
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Adeel Mahmood
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mehvish Mumtaz
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Abdul Qadir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah Yasar
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mahdi Safaei Khorram
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Guangzhou, China
- NTT Institute of High-Technology, Nhuyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Zhang Q, Zhang L, Wang H, Jiang Q, Zhu X. Simultaneous efficient removal of oxyfluorfen with electricity generation in a microbial fuel cell and its microbial community analysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 250:658-665. [PMID: 29220810 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.11.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The performance of a microbial fuel cell (MFC) to degrade oxyfluorfen was investigated. Approximately 77% of 50 mg/L oxyfluorfen was degraded within 24 h by anodic biofilm. The temperature, pH, and initial oxyfluorfen concentration had a significant effect on oxyfluorfen degrading, and a maximum degradation rate of 94.95% could theoretically be achieved at 31.96 °C, a pH of 7.65, and an initial oxyfluorfen concentration of 120.05 mg/L. Oxyfluorfen was further catabolized through various microbial metabolism pathways. Moreover, the anodic biofilm exhibited multiple catabolic capacities to 4-nitrophenol, chloramphenicol, pyraclostrobin, and sulfamethoxazole. Microbial community analysis indicated that functional bacteria Arcobacter, Acinetobacter, Azospirillum, Azonexus, and Comamonas were the predominant genera in the anodic biofilm. In terms of the efficient removal of various organic compounds and energy recovery, the MFC seemed to be a promising approach for the treatment of environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 00049, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu 610041, China; Shenyang Academy of Environmental Science, Shenyang 110167, China
| | - Han Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 00049, China
| | - Qinrui Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 00049, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 00049, China.
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42
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Hexachlorocyclohexanes, Cyclodiene, Methoxychlor, and Heptachlor in Sediment of the Alvarado Lagoon System in Veracruz, Mexico. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides are used in agricultural areas and health campaigns, which reach the coastal environment through rivers, drains, runoffs, and atmospheric transport. In aquatic environments, they are adsorbed by particles of organic matter, depositing themselves in sediments in the bottom of these bodies, in which benthic organisms of commercial interest for human consumption inhabit. The objective of this research was to evaluate the concentration of organochlorine pesticides in sediment from the Alvarado lagoon system in Veracruz, Mexico. In 20 out of 41 sampling sites analyzed, 11 banned organochlorine pesticides were identified, such as hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), lindane, aldrin, dieldrin, and endrin. The highest concentrations were as follows: aldrin: 46.05 ng g−1; β-HCH: 42.11 ng g−1; α-HCH: 38.44 ng g−1; gamma γ-HCH (lindane): 34.20 ng g−1; δ-HCH: 31.61 ng g−1; methoxychlor: 29.40 ng g−1; heptachlor epoxide: 25.70 ng g−1; heptachlor: 24.11 ng g−1; dieldrin: 22.13 ng g−1; endrin: 21.23 ng g−1; endrin aldehyde: 12.40 ng g−1. Concentrations reported are prohibited in international standards. There is a strong need to further evaluate, with scientific studies, the level of concentration reported by impact of compounds widely used in agricultural livestock activities.
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43
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Feng L, Zhang S, Zhu G, Li M, Liu J. Determination of trace polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in water samples through large-volume stir bar sorptive extraction method with thermal desorption gas chromatography. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:4583-4590. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Feng
- College of Chemical Engineering; Zhejiang University of Technology; Hangzhou China
- Zhejiang Environmental Monitoring Center; Hangzhou China
| | - Shengjun Zhang
- Zhejiang Environmental Monitoring Center; Hangzhou China
| | - Guohua Zhu
- Zhejiang Environmental Monitoring Center; Hangzhou China
| | - Mufei Li
- Zhejiang Environmental Monitoring Center; Hangzhou China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Zhejiang Environmental Monitoring Center; Hangzhou China
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Wang W, Bai J, Zhang G, Wang X, Jia J, Cui B, Liu X. Depth-distribution, possible sources, and toxic risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in different river sediment cores affected by urbanization and reclamation in a Chinese delta. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 230:1062-1072. [PMID: 28764122 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sediment cores were collected in urban (0-50 cm), rural (0-40 cm) and reclamation-affected river (0-40 cm) environments in the Pearl River Delta. Concentrations of 16 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were determined in all collected samples to identify the depth-distribution, possible sources and ecotoxicological risks of OCPs in river sediments affected by urbanization and reclamation in a Chinese delta. The results showed that the top 10 cm of rural river sediments had slightly lower concentrations of the 16 OCPs compared to urban and reclamation-affected rivers, whereas the 30-40 cm sediment layers in the rural river showed higher levels of the 16 OCPs. However, higher OCPs levels were observed in the 20-30 cm sediment layers in the urban river than in the rural and reclamation-affected rivers. The principal OCPs in most deeper sediment layers were hexachlorobezene (HCB), the combination of aldrin, endrin and dieldrin (ΣDRINs) and the combination of α-HCH, β-HCH and γ-HCH (ΣHCHs). The predominant OCPs in surface sediments were HCB, ΣDRINs and the combination of p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE (ΣDDTs). Generally, OCP concentrations decreased with depth along sediment profiles at most sampling sites in the three types of rivers. The source analyses indicated that some sampling sites were still suffering from the recent use of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and aldrin. According to the soil quality thresholds of China, the levels of HCHs and DDTs at most sampling sites were below class Ⅰ criteria. Based on the sediment quality guideline quotient (SQGQ), the combined ecotoxicological risk of OCPs (γ-HCH, dieldrin, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDT) in surface sediments (0-10 cm) was higher than deeper sediments, and the rural river sediments exhibited a higher combined ecotoxicological risk than the sediments in urban and reclamation-affected rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Junhong Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
| | - Guangliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Jia Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Baoshan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Xinhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
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Singh T, Singh DK. Phytoremediation of organochlorine pesticides: Concept, method, and recent developments. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2017; 19:834-843. [PMID: 28699783 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2017.1290579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Rapid increase in industrialization of world economy in the past century has resulted in significantly high emission of anthropogenic chemicals in the ecosystem. The organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are a great risk to the global environment and endanger the human health due to their affinity for dispersion, transportation over long distances, and bioaccumulation in the food chain. Phytoremediation is a promising technology that aims to make use of plants and associated bacteria for the treatment of groundwater and soil polluted by these contaminants. Processes known to be involved in phytoremediation of OCPs include phytoaccumulation, rhizoremediation, and phytotransformation. Vegetation has been accounted to considerably amplify OCP elimination from soil, in contrast to non-planted soil, attributable to both, uptake within plant tissues and high microbial degradation of OCP within the root zone. Developing transgenic plants is a promising approach to enhance phytoremediation capabilities. Recent advances in the application of phytoremediation technique for OCPs, including uptake by plants and plant-microbe association in the rhizosphere for the enhanced degradation and mineralization of these pollutants, is presented in this review. Additionally, some attempts to improve this technique using transgenesis and role of certain enzymes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Singh
- a Department of Zoology , University of Delhi , Delhi , India
| | - Dileep K Singh
- a Department of Zoology , University of Delhi , Delhi , India
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Aamir M, Khan S, Niu L, Zhu S, Khan A. Occurrence, enantiomeric signature and ecotoxicological risk assessment of HCH isomers and DDT metabolites in the sediments of Kabul River, Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2017; 39:779-790. [PMID: 27356508 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-016-9847-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) metabolites were analyzed in sediments of three different depths (0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm) collected from Kabul River, Pakistan, in February 2014. The occurrence levels, enantiomer fractions and potential ecological risk of these organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were evaluated. The total concentrations of ∑HCHs and ∑DDTs in surface sediments ranged from 4.9-23.9 ng g-1 and from 6.4-18.8 ng g-1 (dry weight basis), respectively. The vertical contamination profile of DDTs was found in order of 20-30 cm >10-20 cm >0-10 cm, indicated that the residue levels of DDTs gradually decreased after it was banned. The ratios of β-HCH/HCHs ranged from 0.04 to 0.73 (69 % of samples below 0.5) suggesting the fresh input of HCHs, while isomeric ratios of α-HCH/γ-HCH (ranged from 0.02 to 7.94), with 76 % of samples less than 3, indicating the cocktail use of technical grade HCH and lindane in the study area. The ratio of (DDE + DDD)/DDTs (ranged from 0.42 to 0.90) indicated long-term biodegradation of parent DDT. The enantiomer of α-HCH was generally racemic or close to racemic for most of the samples, with enantiomeric fraction (EF) value <0.5 for some of the samples indicated the preferential biodegradation of (+)-α-HCH enantiomer, while for o,p'-DDT the EF values >0.5 indicated the depletion of (-)-o,p'-DDT enantiomer in most of the samples. According to sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), HCH contamination is the main concern for ecotoxicological risk in Kabul River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aamir
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
- IJRC-PTS, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Sardar Khan
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan.
| | - Lili Niu
- IJRC-PTS, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Siyu Zhu
- IJRC-PTS, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Anwarzeb Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
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Yuan H, Liu E, Zhang E, Luo W, Chen L, Wang C, Lin Q. Historical records and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in sediment from a representative plateau lake, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 173:78-88. [PMID: 28110018 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The PAH and OCP concentrations in sediment cores collected from a deep lake were measured and evaluated chronologically. The results indicated that the PAH and OCP concentrations significantly increased from the 1950s to the 1990s and subsequently decreased to recent years. Integrated molecular diagnostic ratios indicated that the predominant petrogenic sources occurred from the 1950s-1980s. Petroleum and fuel combustion dominated the source of contamination more recently as a result of energy structure changes in this region. Additionally, HCHs and DDTs were the dominant OCP compounds, making up a majority of the total OCPs present (>85%). HCHs accounted for a larger ratio of the OCPs between the 1950s and 1980s, suggesting that HCHs were the dominant POPs in this period. DDTs then became dominant in the 1980s and later. High α/γ-HCH ratios suggested that the emission and conversion of local technical HCHs were the predominant HCHs source. The ratios of (DDE + p,p'-DDD)/DDTs and p,p'-DDT/DDTs indicated that the DDTs mainly originated from historical input. In addition, the dramatic decrease since the 1980s may be the result of China's banning of DDTs. However, DDTs were still present in the 1990s, suggesting DDTs were still used in this region and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hezhong Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 210044 Nanjing, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210008 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Enfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210008 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Enlou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210008 Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Wenlei Luo
- College of Geographical Surveying and Rural-Urban Planning, Jiangsu Normal University, 221116 Xuzhou, PR China
| | - Liang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 210044 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 210044 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Qi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210008 Nanjing, PR China
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Pan HW, Lei HJ, He XS, Xi BD, Han YP, Xu QG. Levels and distributions of organochlorine pesticides in the soil-groundwater system of vegetable planting area in Tianjin City, Northern China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2017; 39:417-429. [PMID: 27975327 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-016-9899-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To study the influence of long-term pesticide application on the distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the soil-groundwater system, 19 soil samples and 19 groundwater samples were collected from agricultural area with long-term pesticide application history in Northern China. Results showed that the composition of OCPs changed significantly from soil to groundwater. For example, ∑DDT, ∑HCH, and ∑heptachlor had high levels in the soil and low levels in the groundwater; in contrast, endrin had low level in the soil and high level in the groundwater. Further study showed that OCP distribution in the soil was significantly influenced by its residue time, soil organic carbon level, and small soil particle contents (i.d. <0.0002 mm). Correlation analysis also indicates that the distribution of OCPs in the groundwater was closely related to the levels of OCPs in the soil layer, which may act as a pollution source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wei Pan
- School of Water Conservancy, North China University of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, 450045, Henan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, No. 8 Dayangfang, Beiyuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Hong-Jun Lei
- School of Water Conservancy, North China University of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, 450045, Henan, China
| | - Xiao-Song He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, No. 8 Dayangfang, Beiyuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Bei-Dou Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, No. 8 Dayangfang, Beiyuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Yu-Ping Han
- School of Water Conservancy, North China University of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, 450045, Henan, China
| | - Qi-Gong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, No. 8 Dayangfang, Beiyuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100012, China
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Cui L, Wei L, Wang J. Residues of organochlorine pesticides in surface water of a megacity in central China: seasonal-spatial distribution and fate in Wuhan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:1975-1986. [PMID: 27798806 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7956-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Surface water quality closely correlating with human health suffered increasing organochlorine pesticide (OCP) pollution due to the intensive anthropogenic activities in megacities. In the present study, 112 water samples collected from 14 lakes and 11 drinking water source sites in Wuhan were detected for the residues of OCPs in November 2013 and July 2014, respectively. The ΣOCPs ranged from 5.61 to 13.62 ng L-1 in summer with the maximum value in Yezhi Lake and 3.18 to 7.73 ng L-1 in winter with the highest concentration in Yandong Lake. Except dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), OCP concentrations in summer were significantly higher than those in winter mostly due to the non-point source pollution including land runoff in summer. Source apportionment of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and DDTs revealed the historical use of technical HCH and lindane and the new input of DDT, respectively. The spatial distribution of OCPs was not uniform in the surface water of Wuhan because of the significant influence of land development and fishery. The risk assessments showed the heptachlor, and heptachlor epoxide in most sampling sites exceeded the threshold set by the European Union, indicating the possible adverse effects for aquatic lives. Negligible non-carcinogenic risks for drinking and bathing as well as carcinogenic risks for bathing were found in the surface water. However, the total carcinogenic risks of all OCPs (∑Rs) caused by drinking in summer were higher than the safe level of 10-7 in all sampling sites. It was implied that the surface water in Wuhan was not safe for directly drinking without effective purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Cui
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liangfu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Chakraborty P, Khuman SN, Selvaraj S, Sampath S, Devi NL, Bang JJ, Katsoyiannis A. Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in River Brahmaputra from the outer Himalayan Range and River Hooghly emptying into the Bay of Bengal: Occurrence, sources and ecotoxicological risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 219:998-1006. [PMID: 27503054 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
River Brahmaputra (RB) from the outer Himalayan Range and River Hooghly (RH), a distributary of River Ganga, are the two largest transboundary perennial rivers supplying freshwater to the northeastern and eastern states of India. Given the history of extensive usage of organochlorine pesticides and increasing industrialization along the banks of these rivers we investigated selected organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the surface water of River Brahmaputra and River Hooghly. Geomean of ΣOCPs (53 ng L-1) and Σ19PCBs (108 ng L-1) was higher in RH compared with geomean of ΣOCPs (24 ng L-1) and Σ19PCBs (77 ng L-1) in RB. Among OCPs, γ-HCH showed maximum detection frequency in both the rivers reflecting ongoing lindane usage. DDT and endosulfan residues were observed at specific locations where past or ongoing sources exist. Elevated concentrations of heavier congeners (penta-hepta) were observed in those sites along RH where port and industrial activities were prevalent including informal electronic waste scrap processing units. Furthermore along River Hooghly PCB-126 was high in the suburban industrial belt of Howrah district. PCBs were found to be ubiquitously distributed in RB. Atmospheric transport of tri- and tetra-PCB congeners from the primary source regions might be a major contributor for PCBs in RB. Heavier congeners (penta-nona) in the urban centers of RB were likely due to industrial wastewater runoff from the oil refineries in the Brahmaputra valley. Σ19PCBs concentrations in this study exceeded the USEPA recommended limit for freshwater. Ecotoxicological risk assessment showed the possibility of adverse impact on the organisms in the lower trophic level due to DDT and lindane contamination. Impact of endosulfan on fishes might be of considerable concern for aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paromita Chakraborty
- SRM Research Institute, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Civil Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | | | - Sakthivel Selvaraj
- SRM Research Institute, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Srimurali Sampath
- SRM Research Institute, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - John J Bang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, USA
| | - Athanasios Katsoyiannis
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) at FRAM - High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment, NO-9296, Tromsø, Norway
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