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Zhang L, Yan W, Kohtani S, Fukuyoshi S, Hu M, Nagao S, Tang N. Promotive effects of marine-derived dimethyl sulfoxide on the photodegradation of phenanthrene in the atmosphere. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171938. [PMID: 38527541 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), a versatile medium, is a particular component in the marine atmosphere that possibly causes polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to degrade differently than they do in the continental atmosphere. In this study, phenanthrene (Phe) was used as a model PAH in batch photochemical experiments to investigate the chemical actions of DMSO and the underlying mechanisms. The photodegradation of Phe in aqueous solutions with DMSO volume fractions from 0 % to 100 % was initiated by ultraviolet (UV) radiation and promoted by singlet oxygen, which was consistent with pseudo-first-order kinetics. Phe photodegraded faster in a mixture of DMSO and water than in water or DMSO alone, and the rate constant showed a unimodal distribution over the DMSO fraction range, peaking at 33 % DMSO (0.0333 ± 0.0009 min-1) and 40 % DMSO (0.0199 ± 0.0005 min-1) under 254 nm and 302 nm UV radiation, respectively. This interesting phenomenon was attributed to the competition of DMSO for UV radiation and singlet oxygen and changes in dissolved oxygen and free water contents caused by the interaction between DMSO and water molecules. In addition, 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (9,10-PhQ) with high cytotoxicity was the main photodegradation product of Phe under various conditions. The photodegradation rate of Phe in the mixtures of DMSO and water was comparable to its reaction rate with OH radicals, suggesting that 9,10-PhQ can be rapidly generated in the marine atmosphere, driven by a mechanism different from that in the continental or urban atmosphere. Under the presented experimental conditions, UV intensity and DMSO fraction were the primary factors that affected the photodegradation rate of Phe and 9,10-PhQ and altered their integrated toxicity. The findings of this study support the conclusion that the marine atmosphere is an essential field in the atmospheric transport of PAHs, in which DMSO is an important component that affects their photodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation of Lakes and Rivers and Algal Utilization of Hubei Province, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Key Laboratory of Intelligent Health Perception and Ecological Restoration of Rivers and Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Wenwen Yan
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation of Lakes and Rivers and Algal Utilization of Hubei Province, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China.
| | - Shigeru Kohtani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hyogo Medical University, 1-3-6 Minatojima, Kobe 650-8530, Japan.
| | - Shuichi Fukuyoshi
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Seiya Nagao
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; College of Energy and Power, Shenyang Institute of Engineering, Shenyang 110136, China.
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Zhang L, Yang L, Kashiwakura K, Zhao L, Chen L, Han C, Nagao S, Tang N. Autumn and spring observations of PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in China and Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123139. [PMID: 38103715 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The transboundary transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs (NPAHs) aggravated by the East Asian winter monsoon is a major atmospheric environmental issue in East Asia. To thoroughly elucidate the role of the East Asian monsoon on regional PAH and NPAH pollution in East Asia, PM2.5-bound PAHs and NPAHs were investigated concurrently at five sites in Beijing and Shenyang in China and Tsukuba, Kanazawa, and Wajima in Japan in autumn (November 2018) and spring (March 2019). During both autumn and spring sampling periods, the concentrations of PM2.5, PAHs, and NPAHs at sites in China were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than those at sites in Japan, and showed an opposite temporal variation, with higher concentrations during the autumn sampling period due to intensive emissions and unfavourable weather conditions. During the sampling periods, PAHs at the Beijing and Shenyang sites had mixed sources of traffic emissions and coal and biomass combustion, while those at the Tsukuba, Kanazawa, and Wajima sites were mainly characterized by domestic traffic emissions. In addition, NPAHs at the five sites were jointly affected by primary combustion sources and atmospheric generation, with a greater contribution of atmospheric generation to the Beijing and Shenyang sites. Based on backwards trajectory clustering and concentration-weighted trajectory analysis, external contributions to PM2.5, PAHs, and NPAHs at each site were relatively stable during the two sampling periods, and potential source areas were mainly distributed in domestic cities and nearby sea areas. Therefore, the apparent temporal differences in the characteristics and sources of pollutants between sites in the two countries indicate that transboundary pollution dominated by the East Asian winter monsoon was unobvious in autumn and spring. The results of the study provide a time-specific solution for the effective management of regional air pollution during the East Asian winter monsoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Key Laboratory of Intelligent Health Perception and Ecological Restoration of Rivers and Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Lu Yang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | | | - Lixia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lijiang Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Chong Han
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Seiya Nagao
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; College of Energy and Power, Shenyang Institute of Engineering, Shenyang 110136, China.
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Li Y, Bai X, Ren Y, Gao R, Ji Y, Wang Y, Li H. PAHs and nitro-PAHs in urban Beijing from 2017 to 2018: Characteristics, sources, transformation mechanism and risk assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129143. [PMID: 35594669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their nitrated derivatives (NPAHs) attract continuous attention due to their distinct carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. To investigate the characteristics, sources, formation mechanism and health risk assessment of PAHs and NPAHs, PM2.5 were collected at an urban site in Beijing from 2017 to 2018. The highest PAHs and NPAHs concentrations were 77.92 ± 54.62 ng/m3 and 963.71 ± 695.06 pg/m3 in the winter campaign, which were several times larger than those in other seasonal campaigns. Distinct diurnal variations of nocturnal levels higher than daytime levels were shown for PAHs and NPAHs. Source analysis indicated that besides vehicle exhaust, biomass burning and coal combustion were important sources of PAHs and NPAHs in the fall and winter campaigns. Secondary formation in atmosphere was another source of NPAHs especially in the spring and summer campaigns. NO2 and RH could positively influence the heterogeneous formation of NPAHs when RH was less than 60%. Quantum calculation results confirmed the formation pathway of 2N-FLA from the OH/NO3-initiated oxidation of FLA. The results of health risk assessment showed the potential health risks for the residents, especially in the winter campaign. These results indicated that PAHs and NPAHs still deserve attention following with the decrease concentrations of particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Xurong Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yanqin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Rui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yafei Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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Chemical Characteristics of Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions in Different Types of Asian Dust in Wajima, a Background Site in Japan. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13081210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Two Asian dust (AD) events were observed in March 2021 (AD1: 16 March 2021 00:00 UTC~17 March 2021 12:00 UTC and AD2: 28 March 2021 00:00 UTC~31 March 2021 12:00 UTC). To determine the chemical characteristics of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) in different types of Asian dust, the total suspended particulates (TSP) were collected at Kanazawa University Wajima Air Monitoring Station (KUWAMS), a background site in Japan from 27 February to 4 March, 2021. Based on the lidar observations and the backwards trajectory analysis results, AD events were divided into two types: ADN (aerosols were mainly mineral dust) and ADP (aerosols were mixtures of spherical particles). During ADs, the concentrations of the TSP and WSII increased, with the highest TSP concentration in ADN (38.6 μg/m3) and the highest WSII concentration in ADP (5.82 μg/m3). The increase in (cations)/(anions) during AD indicates that the input of AD aerosol buffered the aerosol acidity. Additionally, a significant increase in Cl depletion, along with ADN events, was found (Cl depletion = 73.8%). To comprehensively analyse the different types of ADs on WSIIs, we refer to the previous data from 2010 to 2015 at KUWAMS. As a result, the increased Cl depletion was caused by the heterogeneous reaction of HNO3 with sea salt when the air mass passed over the Japanese Sea. Additionally, the chemical form of SO42− was highly dependent on the source and pathway, while SO42− mainly came from natural soil dust in ADN and from anthropogenic emissions in ADP. The enhancement of secondary NO3− was observed in AD via the heterogeneous hydrolysis of N2O5.
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Wang Y, Zhang H, Zhang X, Bai P, Neroda A, Mishukov VF, Zhang L, Hayakawa K, Nagao S, Tang N. PM-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitro-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Ambient Air of Vladivostok: Seasonal Variation, Sources, Health Risk Assessment and Long-Term Variability. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052878. [PMID: 35270572 PMCID: PMC8910546 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Total suspended particles (TSP) were collected in Vladivostok, Russia, which is a typical port city. This study investigated the concentration, potential sources, and long-term variation in particle PAHs and NPAHs in the atmosphere of Vladivostok. The PAH and NPAH concentrations were higher in winter than in summer (PAHs: winter: 18.6 ± 9.80 ng/m3 summer: 0.54 ± 0.21 ng/m3; NPAHs: winter: 143 ± 81.5 pg/m3 summer: 143 ± 81.5 pg/m3). The diagnostic ratios showed that PAHs and NPAHs mainly came from vehicle emissions in both seasons, while heating systems were the main source of air pollution in winter. The TEQ assessment values were 2.90 ng/m3 and 0.06 ng/m3 in winter and summer, respectively, suggesting a significant excess cancer risk in the general population in winter. The ILCR values conveyed a potential carcinogenic risk because the value was between 1 × 10−5 and 1 × 10−7 and ingestion was a main contributor in Vladivostok. However, it is worth noting that the concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs showed an overall downward trend from 1999 to 2020. An important reason for this is the cogenerations project implemented by the Far Eastern Center for Strategic Research on Fuel and Energy Complex Development in 2010. This research clarified the latest variations in PAHs and NPAHs to provide continuous observation data for future chemical reaction or model prediction research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan; (Y.W.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (P.B.)
| | - Hao Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan; (Y.W.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (P.B.)
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan; (Y.W.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (P.B.)
| | - Pengchu Bai
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan; (Y.W.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (P.B.)
| | - Andrey Neroda
- Pacific Oceanological Institute, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.N.); (V.F.M.)
| | - Vassily F. Mishukov
- Pacific Oceanological Institute, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia; (A.N.); (V.F.M.)
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan; (L.Z.); (K.H.); (S.N.)
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan; (L.Z.); (K.H.); (S.N.)
| | - Seiya Nagao
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan; (L.Z.); (K.H.); (S.N.)
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan; (L.Z.); (K.H.); (S.N.)
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 9201192, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-76-34-4455
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Degrendele C, Kanduč T, Kocman D, Lammel G, Cambelová A, Dos Santos SG, Horvat M, Kukučka P, Holubová Šmejkalová A, Mikeš O, Nuñez-Corcuera B, Přibylová P, Prokeš R, Saňka O, Maggos T, Sarigiannis D, Klánová J. NPAHs and OPAHs in the atmosphere of two central European cities: Seasonality, urban-to-background gradients, cancer risks and gas-to-particle partitioning. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 793:148528. [PMID: 34328964 PMCID: PMC8434474 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as nitrated- and oxygenated-PAHs (NPAHs and OPAHs) could be even more toxic and harmful for the environment and humans than PAHs. We assessed the spatial and seasonal variations of NPAHs and OPAHs atmospheric levels, their cancer risks and their gas-to-particle partitioning. To this end, about 250 samples of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and 50 gaseous samples were collected in 2017 in central Europe in the cities of Brno and Ljubljana (two traffic and two urban background sites) as well as one rural site. The average particulate concentrations were ranging from below limit of quantification to 593 pg m-3 for Σ9NPAHs and from 1.64 to 4330 pg m-3 for Σ11OPAHs, with significantly higher concentrations in winter compared to summer. In winter, the particulate levels of NPAHs and OPAHs were higher at the traffic site compared to the urban background site in Brno while the opposite was found in Ljubljana. NPAHs and OPAHs particulate levels were influenced by the meteorological parameters and co-varied with several air pollutants. The significance of secondary formation on the occurrence of some NPAHs and OPAHs is indicated. In winter, 27-47% of samples collected at all sites were above the acceptable lifetime carcinogenic risk. The gas-particle partitioning of NPAHs and OPAHs was influenced by their physico-chemical properties, the season and the site-specific aerosol composition. Three NPAHs and five OPAHs had higher particulate mass fractions at the traffic site, suggesting they could be primarily emitted as particles from vehicle traffic and subsequently partitioning to the gas phase along air transport. This study underlines the importance of inclusion of the gas phase in addition to the particulate phase when assessing the atmospheric fate of polycyclic aromatic compounds and also when assessing the related health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tjaša Kanduč
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Slovenia
| | - David Kocman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Saul Garcia Dos Santos
- Área de Contaminación Atmosférica, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Milena Horvat
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Slovenia
| | - Petr Kukučka
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | | | - Ondřej Mikeš
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | - Beatriz Nuñez-Corcuera
- Área de Contaminación Atmosférica, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | | | - Roman Prokeš
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Saňka
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Maggos
- Atmospheric Chemistry & Innovative Technologies Laboratory, NCSR "Demokritos", Greece
| | - Denis Sarigiannis
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; HERACLES Research Centre on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Thessaloniki, Greece; University School of Advanced Study, Pavia, Italy
| | - Jana Klánová
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
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Shimada K, Mizukoshi M, Chan CK, Kim YP, Lin NH, Matsuda K, Itahashi S, Nakashima Y, Kato S, Hatakeyama S. Disentangling the contribution of the transboundary out-flow from the Asian continent to Tokyo, Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117280. [PMID: 34438477 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the contribution of transboundary air pollutants (TAPs) transported from China to Tokyo using the Pb(0.5<Dp < 1)/Cu(2.5<Dp < 10) index. We conducted intensive observations over four seasons during 2014-2015 and analyzed ionic components and thirteen elements in size-segregated aerosols collected at the top of a 30-m-high tower in a hilly forested area of the Field Museum Tamakyuryo (FM Tama), in a western suburb of Tokyo. In order to evaluate if the Pb(0.5<Dp < 1)/Cu(2.5<Dp < 10) ratio can be applied in Tokyo as the megacity, the annual average concentration of Pb at Cape Hedo, Kumamoto city, on the west side of Japan, was higher than that of Pb at Tokyo, on the east side; this result indicates that TAPs affect western Japan more than eastern Japan. We inferred the main source of Cu to be braking abrasion from cars at local scale on the basis of its enrichment factor and size distribution. From the Pb(0.5<Dp < 1)/Cu(2.5<Dp < 10) ratio and sulfate concentration, we inferred that the highest contribution of TAPs to the total mass concentration in Tokyo occurred in spring, when TAPs accounted for 55%, 72%, and 53% of the total mass concentration in the 0.1 < Dp < 0.5, 0.5 < Dp < 1, and 1 < Dp < 2.5 fractions, respectively. These results can contribute to assessment of TAPs in Tokyo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kojiro Shimada
- Global Innovation Research Organization, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; School of Creative Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan; Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Marine Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213 Japan.
| | - Manatsu Mizukoshi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Chak K Chan
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue 83, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yong Pyo Kim
- Global Innovation Research Organization, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Department of Chemical. Engineering & Materials Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea; Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Neng-Huei Lin
- Global Innovation Research Organization, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Department of Atmospheric Science and Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chung-Li 32001, Taiwan
| | - Kazuhide Matsuda
- Global Innovation Research Organization, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Syuichi Itahashi
- Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 1646 Abiko, Abiko, Chiba 270-1194, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nakashima
- Global Innovation Research Organization, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Shungo Kato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1, Minami-oosawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Shiro Hatakeyama
- Global Innovation Research Organization, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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Zhang L, Yang L, Bi J, Liu Y, Toriba A, Hayakawa K, Nagao S, Tang N. Characteristics and unique sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2.5 at a highland background site in northwestern China ☆. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 274:116527. [PMID: 33508715 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs (NPAHs) in PM2.5 were first observed at a background site (Yuzhong site: YZ site) in the northwestern highlands of China in five seasonal campaigns. Compared with major northwestern cities, PAHs and NPAHs at the YZ site were at a lower level but showed consistent seasonal differences. The PAH and NPAH concentrations peaked in the winter campaigns, which were 36.11 ± 6.54 ng/m3 and 418.11 ± 123.55 pg/m3, respectively, in winter campaign 1 and 28.97 ± 10.07 ng/m3 and 226.89 ± 133.54 pg/m3, respectively, in winter campaign 2. These values were approximately a dozen times larger those in other campaigns. The diagnostic ratios indicate that vehicle emissions were the primary source of the PAHs throughout the five campaigns, and coal and biomass combustion also contributed during the winter, summer, and fall campaigns. Among NPAHs, 2-nitrofluoranthene and 2-nitropyrene were generated through OH radical-initiated reactions during atmospheric transport, while 1-nitropyrene came from combustion sources. There is an observation worth pondering, which is that the ratio between pyrene and fluoranthene increased abnormally in the spring and fall campaigns, which is presumably caused by the burning of Tibetan barley straw in the northwestern highlands. The backward trajectories over Tibetan areas in Qinghai and southwestern Gansu are consistent with this hypothesis. In addition, this study reported for the first time that the burning of Tibetan barley straw has become a seasonal contributor to air pollution in northwestern China and is participating in the atmospheric transport of air pollutants driven by the monsoon in East Asia, which urgently requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Lu Yang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Jianrong Bi
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Yuzhi Liu
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Akira Toriba
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan.
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Seiya Nagao
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan; Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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Zhang H, Yang L, Zhang X, Xing W, Wang Y, Bai P, Zhang L, Li Y, Hayakawa K, Toriba A, Tang N. Characteristics and Health Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitro-PAHs in Xinxiang, China in 2015 and 2017. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18063017. [PMID: 33804117 PMCID: PMC8002061 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples were collected in the summer and winter of 2015 and 2017 in Xinxiang, China. Nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and three nitro-PAHs (NPAHs) in PM2.5 were detected via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The PAHs concentration in summer and winter decreased from 6.37 ± 1.30 ng/m3 and 96.9 ± 69.9 ng/m3 to 4.89 ± 2.67 ng/m3 and 49.8 ± 43.4 ng/m3 from 2015 to 2017. NPAHs decreased in winter (from 1707 ± 708 pg/m3 to 1192 ± 1113 pg/m3), but increased in summer from 2015 (336 ± 77.2 pg/m3) to 2017 (456 ± 312 pg/m3). Diagnostic ratios of PAHs indicated that petroleum combustion was the main emission source in summer, and pollutants originating from the combustion of petroleum, coal and biomass dominated in winter. The 2-nitrofluoranthene (2-NFR)/2-nitropyrene (2-NP) ratio in this study demonstrated that the OH radical pathway was the main pathway for the formation of 2-NP and 2-NFR. The mean total benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent concentrations (BaPeq) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values decreased from 2013 to 2017. The high value of total BaPeq in the winter of 2017 in Xinxiang revealed that a high-risk of cancer remained for residents. The results of this study demonstrate that the decreases in PAHs and NPAHS concentrations from 2015 to 2017. Combined with reducing gaseous pollutants concentration, the reduction in this study might be attributable to emissions reductions by implementing the air pollution control regulations in Xinxiang city in 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (H.Z.); (L.Y.); (X.Z.); (W.X.); (Y.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Lu Yang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (H.Z.); (L.Y.); (X.Z.); (W.X.); (Y.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (H.Z.); (L.Y.); (X.Z.); (W.X.); (Y.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Wanli Xing
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (H.Z.); (L.Y.); (X.Z.); (W.X.); (Y.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (H.Z.); (L.Y.); (X.Z.); (W.X.); (Y.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Pengchu Bai
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (H.Z.); (L.Y.); (X.Z.); (W.X.); (Y.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (L.Z.); (K.H.)
| | - Ying Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China;
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (L.Z.); (K.H.)
| | - Akira Toriba
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan;
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (L.Z.); (K.H.)
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-76-234-4455
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10
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Zhang H, Zhang L, Yang L, Zhou Q, Zhang X, Xing W, Hayakawa K, Toriba A, Tang N. Impact of COVID-19 Outbreak on the Long-Range Transport of Common Air Pollutants in KUWAMS. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2021; 69:237-245. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c20-00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Lu Yang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Quanyu Zhou
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Wanli Xing
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University
| | - Akira Toriba
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
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11
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Zhou Q, Zhang L, Yang L, Zhang X, Xing W, Hu M, Chen B, Han C, Toriba A, Hayakawa K, Tang N. Long-term variability of inorganic ions in TSP at a remote background site in Japan (Wajima) from 2005 to 2015. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 264:128427. [PMID: 33002800 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Eleven years (2005-2015) of data from long-term monitoring at a Japanese remote background site in Wajima, were analyzed to investigate temporal trends and sources. Water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) were analyzed for aerosol chemical composition. The total WSIIs concentration was 7.93 ± 3.93 μg/m3, accounting for 42.3% of TSP mass, ranged from 11.4 to 93.9%. SO42- is the most abundant ion, contributing a total WSII mass from 18.0 to 79.8%, and non-sea-salt (nss-) SO42- contributed from 63.6% to 99.6% of total SO42-, which was related to human activities on the Asian continent and the effects of marine precursors in spring and summer, respectively. NO3- and NH4+ contribute 6.3 and 7.4% of the total WSIIs and were affected by long-range transport and local sources as well. The increasing trend of Na+ and Cl- indicates the increased influence of sea salt, which is caused by more frequent strong winds. K+ is mainly produced from biomass burning with a stable seasonal variation, Ca2+ as the characteristic ion of dust has the highest concentration in spring. Mg2+ comes from minerals and marine sources during spring and summer, respectively. This work describes in detail the annual change trend of the WSIIs of atmospheric particles in the Wajima area, seasonal characteristics, and source contributions, provide a comprehensive understanding of long-term variation in atmospheric particulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanyu Zhou
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Lu Yang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Wanli Xing
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Min Hu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chong Han
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Akira Toriba
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan; Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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12
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Yang L, Zhou Q, Zhang H, Zhang X, Xing W, Wang Y, Bai P, Yamauchi M, Chohji T, Zhang L, Hayakawa K, Toriba A, Tang N. Atmospheric Behaviour of Polycyclic and Nitro-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions in Winter in Kirishima, a Typical Japanese Commercial City. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:E688. [PMID: 33466956 PMCID: PMC7830530 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Kirishima is a typical Japanese commercial city, famous for frequent volcanic activity. This is the first study to determine the characteristics of PM2.5-bound polycyclic and nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs and NPAHs) and water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) in this city. In this study, the non-volcanic eruption period was taken as the target and daily PM2.5 samples were collected from 24 November to 21 December 2016. The daily concentrations in PM2.5 of ƩPAHs, ƩNPAHs, and ƩWSIIs ranged from 0.36 to 2.90 ng/m3, 2.12 to 22.3 pg/m3, and 1.96 to 11.4 μg/m3, respectively. Through the results of the diagnostic ratio analyses of the PAHs, NPAHs, and WSIIs and the backward trajectory analysis of the air masses arriving in Kirishima, the emission sources of PAHs, NPAHs, and WSIIs in PM2.5 in Kirishima were influenced by the coal burning that came from the East Asian continent, although there was no influence from volcanic emission sources during the sampling period. The total benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)-equivalent concentration was lower than many other cities but the health risks in Kirishima were nonetheless notable. These findings are very important for future research on PM samples during the inactive Asian monsoon and volcanic eruption periods, to further understand the characteristics of air pollutants in Kirishima, and to contribute to the improvement in health of residents and a reduction in the atmospheric circulation of air pollutants in East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (L.Y.); (Q.Z.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (W.X.); (Y.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Quanyu Zhou
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (L.Y.); (Q.Z.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (W.X.); (Y.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Hao Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (L.Y.); (Q.Z.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (W.X.); (Y.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (L.Y.); (Q.Z.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (W.X.); (Y.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Wanli Xing
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (L.Y.); (Q.Z.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (W.X.); (Y.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (L.Y.); (Q.Z.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (W.X.); (Y.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Pengchu Bai
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (L.Y.); (Q.Z.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.); (W.X.); (Y.W.); (P.B.)
| | - Masahito Yamauchi
- National Institute of Technology, Kagoshima College, Hayatocho, Kirishima 899-5193, Japan; (M.Y.); (T.C.)
| | - Tetsuji Chohji
- National Institute of Technology, Kagoshima College, Hayatocho, Kirishima 899-5193, Japan; (M.Y.); (T.C.)
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (L.Z.); (K.H.)
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (L.Z.); (K.H.)
| | - Akira Toriba
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan;
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (L.Z.); (K.H.)
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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13
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Yang L, Zhang X, Xing W, Zhou Q, Zhang L, Wu Q, Zhou Z, Chen R, Toriba A, Hayakawa K, Tang N. Yearly variation in characteristics and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitro-PAHs in urban shanghai from 2010-2018. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 99:72-79. [PMID: 33183718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study encompassed the regular observation of nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and three nitro-PAHs (NPAHs) in particulate matter (PM) in Shanghai in summer and winter from 2010 to 2018. The results showed that the mean concentrations of ƩPAHs in summer decreased by 24.7% in 2013 and 18.1% in 2017 but increased by 10.2% in 2015 compared to the data in 2010. However, the mean concentrations of ƩPAHs in winter decreased by 39.7% from 2010 (12.8 ± 4.55 ng/m3) to 2018 (7.72 ± 3.33 ng/m3), and the mean concentrations of 1-nitropyrene in winter decreased by 79.0% from 2010 (42.3 ± 16.1 pg/m3) to 2018 (8.90 ± 2.09 pg/m3). Correlation analysis with meteorological conditions revealed that the PAH and NPAH concentrations were both influenced by ambient temperature. The diagnostic ratios of PAHs and factor analysis showed that they were mainly affected by traffic emissions with some coal and/or biomass combustion. The ratio of 2-nitrofluoranthene to 2-nitropyrene was near 10, which indicated that the OH radical-initiated reaction was the main pathway leading to their secondary formation. Moreover, backward trajectories revealed different air mass routes in each sampling period, indicating a high possibility of source effects from the northern area in winter in addition to local and surrounding influences. Meanwhile, the mean total benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent concentrations in Shanghai in winter decreased by 50.8% from 2010 (1860 ± 645 pg/m3) to 2018 (916 ± 363 pg/m3). These results indicated the positive effects of the various policies and regulations issued by Chinese authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Wanli Xing
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Quanyu Zhou
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Qing Wu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhijun Zhou
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Renjie Chen
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Akira Toriba
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, 920-1192, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan; Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, 920-1192, Kanazawa, Japan.
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14
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Wilson J, Octaviani M, Bandowe BAM, Wietzoreck M, Zetzsch C, Pöschl U, Berkemeier T, Lammel G. Modeling the Formation, Degradation, and Spatiotemporal Distribution of 2-Nitrofluoranthene and 2-Nitropyrene in the Global Atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:14224-14234. [PMID: 33112146 PMCID: PMC7676291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common atmospheric pollutants and known to cause adverse health effects. Nitrated PAHs (NPAHs) are formed in combustion activities and by nitration of PAHs in the atmosphere and may be equally or more toxic, but their spatial and temporal distribution in the atmosphere is not well characterized. Using the global EMAC model with atmospheric chemistry and surface compartments coupled, we investigate the formation, abundance, and fate of two secondarily formed NPAHs, 2-nitrofluoranthene (2-NFLT) and 2-nitropyrene (2-NPYR). The default reactivity scenario, the model with the simplest interpretation of parameters from the literature, tends to overestimate both absolute concentrations and NPAH/PAH ratios at observational sites. Sensitivity scenarios indicate that NO2-dependent NPAH formation leads to better agreement between measured and predicted NPAH concentrations and that photodegradation is the most important loss process of 2-NFLT and 2-NPYR. The highest concentrations of 2-NFLT and 2-NPYR are found in regions with strong PAH emissions, but because of continued secondary formation from the PAH precursors, these two NPAHs are predicted to be spread across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Wilson
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mega Octaviani
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Marco Wietzoreck
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Cornelius Zetzsch
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Bayreuth
Centre for Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, 95448 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Berkemeier
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Research
Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
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15
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Yang L, Zhang L, Zhang H, Zhou Q, Zhang X, Xing W, Takami A, Sato K, Shimizu A, Yoshino A, Kaneyasu N, Matsuki A, Hayakawa K, Toriba A, Tang N. Comparative Analysis of PM 2.5-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Nitro-PAHs (NPAHs), and Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions (WSIIs) at Two Background Sites in Japan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8224. [PMID: 33172174 PMCID: PMC7664402 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Daily PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm) samples were simultaneously collected at two background sites (Wajima Air Monitoring Station (WAMS) and Fukue-Jima Atmosphere and Aerosol Monitoring Station (FAMS)) in Japan in the East Asian winter and summer monsoon periods of 2017 and 2019, to compare the characteristics of air pollutants among different regions and to determine the possible variation during the long-range transport process. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitro-PAHs (NPAHs), and water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) were analyzed. Despite the PM2.5 concentrations at FAMS (8.90-78.5 µg/m3) being higher than those at WAMS (2.33-21.2 µg/m3) in the winter monsoon period, the average concentrations of ∑PAHs, ∑NPAHs, and ∑WSIIs were similar between the two sites. Diagnostic ratios indicated PAHs mainly originated from traffic emissions and mostly aged, whereas NPAHs were mostly secondarily formed during long-range transport. WSIIs at WAMS were mainly formed via the combustion process and secondary reactions, whereas those at FAMS mainly originated from sea salt and dust. Backward trajectories revealed the air masses could not only come from Asian continental coastal regions but also distant landlocked areas in the winter monsoon period, whereas most came from the ocean in the summer monsoon period. These findings can provide basic data for the establishment of prediction models of transboundary air pollutants in East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (L.Y.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (Q.Z.); (X.Z.); (W.X.)
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (L.Y.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (Q.Z.); (X.Z.); (W.X.)
| | - Hao Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (L.Y.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (Q.Z.); (X.Z.); (W.X.)
| | - Quanyu Zhou
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (L.Y.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (Q.Z.); (X.Z.); (W.X.)
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (L.Y.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (Q.Z.); (X.Z.); (W.X.)
| | - Wanli Xing
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (L.Y.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (Q.Z.); (X.Z.); (W.X.)
| | - Akinori Takami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan; (A.T.); (K.S.); (A.S.); (A.Y.)
| | - Kei Sato
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan; (A.T.); (K.S.); (A.S.); (A.Y.)
| | - Atsushi Shimizu
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan; (A.T.); (K.S.); (A.S.); (A.Y.)
| | - Ayako Yoshino
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan; (A.T.); (K.S.); (A.S.); (A.Y.)
| | - Naoki Kaneyasu
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan;
| | - Atsushi Matsuki
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (A.M.); (K.H.)
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (A.M.); (K.H.)
| | - Akira Toriba
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; (A.M.); (K.H.)
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
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16
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Zhang L, Zhang X, Xing W, Zhou Q, Yang L, Nakatsubo R, Wei Y, Bi J, Shima M, Toriba A, Hayakawa K, Tang N. Natural aeolian dust particles have no substantial effect on atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): A laboratory study based on naphthalene. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114454. [PMID: 32247922 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Natural aeolian dust (AD) particles are potential carriers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmosphere. The heterogeneous interaction between them may lead to worsened air quality and enhanced cytotoxicity and carcinogenicity of ambient particulates in downwind areas, and this topic requires in-depth exploration. In this study, AD samples were collected from four Asian dust sources, and their physical properties and compositions were determined, showing great regional differences. The physical and chemical interactions of different AD particles with naphthalene (Nap; model PAH) were observed in aqueous systems. The results showed that AD particles from the Loess Plateau had weak adsorption to Nap, which was fitted by the Langmuir isotherm. There was no obvious adsorption to Nap found for the other three AD samples. This difference seemed to depend mainly on the specific surface area and/or the total pore volume. In addition, the Nap in the aqueous solution did not undergo chemical reactions under dark conditions and longwave ultraviolet (UV) radiation but degraded under shortwave UV radiation, and 2-formylcinnamaldehyde and 1,4-naphthoquinone were the first-generated products. The degradation of Nap in the aqueous solution was probably initiated by photoionization, and the reaction rate constant (between 1.44 × 10-4 min-1 and 8.55 × 10-4 min-1) was much lower than that of Nap with hydroxyl radicals. Instead of inducing or promoting the chemical change in Nap, the AD particles slowed photodegradation due to the extinction of radiation. Therefore, it is inferred that natural AD particles have no substantial effect on the transportation and transformation of PAHs in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Wanli Xing
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Quanyu Zhou
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Lu Yang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Ryohei Nakatsubo
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Suma-ku, Kobe 654-0037, Japan.
| | - Yongjie Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environment Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Jianrong Bi
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Masayuki Shima
- Department of Public Health, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan.
| | - Akira Toriba
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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Zhang L, Morisaki H, Wei Y, Li Z, Yang L, Zhou Q, Zhang X, Xing W, Hu M, Shima M, Toriba A, Hayakawa K, Tang N. PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons inside and outside a primary school classroom in Beijing: Concentration, composition, and inhalation cancer risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 705:135840. [PMID: 31972919 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 samples were collected inside and outside a primary school classroom in Beijing in 2015 and analysed for 11 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 10 nitro-PAHs (NPAHs). In the sampling period in the heating season (namely, the heating period), the median concentrations of indoor and outdoor PAHs were 223 ng/m3 and 264 ng/m3, respectively, and those of indoor and outdoor NPAHs were 3.61 ng/m3 and 5.12 ng/m3, respectively. The concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs were consistently higher in the heating period than those (indoor PAHs: 8.75 ng/m3, outdoor PAHs: 8.95 ng/m3, indoor NPAHs: 0.25 ng/m3, outdoor NPAHs: 0.40 ng/m3) in the sampling period in the non-heating season (namely, the non-heating period). In both periods, total PAHs and total NPAHs in indoor PM2.5, as well as most individual PAHs and NPAHs, were positively correlated with the outdoor PAH and NPAH concentrations (p < 0.05). This finding suggests that indoor PAHs and NPAHs are largely dependent on outdoor inputs. It is inferred from the diagnostic ratios that PAHs and NPAHs in indoor and outdoor PM2.5 were affected jointly by coal combustion and vehicular emission in the heating period and mainly derived from vehicle exhaust in the non-heating period. Both indoor and outdoor PM2.5 showed considerable benzo[a]pyrene equivalent toxicity (BaPeq), especially in the heating period. Benzo[c]fluorene (BcFE) had relatively low concentrations but large contributions to BaPeq in both periods. This is the first report of PM2.5-bound BcFE inside and outside classrooms in Beijing. This result indicates that neglecting PAHs with low abundance but high toxicity leads to a significant underestimation of the overall PAH toxicity. The inhalation cancer risk (CR) of PAHs and NPAHs in PM2.5 during the primary school year exceeded the acceptable level as defined by the U.S. EPA, emphasizing its impact on the lifetime CR in schoolchildren.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Morisaki
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yongjie Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environment Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environment Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Quanyu Zhou
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Wanli Xing
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Masayuki Shima
- Department of Public Health, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Akira Toriba
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Common Air Pollutants at Wajima, a Remote Background Site in Japan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17030957. [PMID: 32033127 PMCID: PMC7036938 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background: Background sites are mainly affected by long-range-transported air pollutants, resulting in potential adverse effects on local atmospheric environments. A 4–5 year observational study was conducted to illustrate the air pollution profile at the Kanazawa University Wajima air monitoring station (KUWAMS), an ideal remote background site in Japan. Methods: Nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the particulate phase and various air pollutants were continuously monitored for 4–5 years. Diagnostic ratios of PAHs and back-trajectory analysis were applied to trace the possible sources of the air pollutants collected at the sampling site. Results: The atmospheric concentration of PAHs in the atmosphere at the site decreased from 2014 to 2019, benefit from the predominant air pollution control policy in China and Japan. Common air pollutants including sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), ozone, methane (CH4), and non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) were detected in low concentrations from 2016 to 2019, while ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM2.5, PM with a diameter less than 2.5 μm) were present in high levels that exceeded the Japanese standards. Most air pollutants peaked in spring and showed evident diurnal variations in spring and summer. Conclusions: This is the first study to clarify the atmospheric behaviors of multiple air pollutants at a background site in Japan. Significant external air pollutant impact and unneglectable air pollution were demonstrated at KUWAMS, indicating the importance of studying atmospheric pollution at remote sites.
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Bandowe BAM, Meusel H. Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) in the environment - A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 581-582:237-257. [PMID: 28069306 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) are derivatives of PAHs with at least one nitro-functional group (-NO2) on the aromatic ring. The toxic effects of several nitro-PAHs are more pronounced than those of PAHs. Some nitro-PAHs are classified as possible or probable human carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Nitro-PAHs are released into the environment from combustion of carbonaceous materials (e.g. fossil fuels, biomass, waste) and post-emission transformation of PAHs. Most studies on nitro-PAHs are about air (gas-phase and particulate matter), therefore less is known about the occurrence, concentrations, transport and fate of nitro-PAHs in soils, aquatic environment and biota. Studies on partition and exchange of nitro-PAHs between adjacent environmental compartments are also sparse. The concentrations of nitro-PAHs cannot easily be predicted from the intensity of anthropogenic activity or easily related to those of PAHs. This is because anthropogenic source strengths of nitro-PAHs are different from those of PAHs, and also nitro-PAHs have additional sources (formed by photochemical conversion of PAHs). The fate and transport of nitro-PAHs could be considerably different from their related PAHs because of their higher molecular weights and considerably different sorption mechanisms. Hence, specific knowledge on nitro-PAHs is required. Regulations on nitro-PAHs are also lacking. We present an extensive review of published literature on the sources, formation, physico-chemical properties, methods of determination, occurrence, concentration, transport, fate, (eco)toxicological and adverse health effects of nitro-PAHs. We also make suggestions and recommendations about data needs, and future research directions on nitro-PAHs. It is expected that this review will stimulate scientific discussion and provide the basis for further research and regulations on nitro-PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Falkenplatz 16, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Hannah Meusel
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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20
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Hayakawa K, Tang N, Toriba A. Recent analytical methods for atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology; Kanazawa University; Japan
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology; Kanazawa University; Japan
| | - Akira Toriba
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences; Kanazawa University; Japan
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21
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Hayakawa K. Environmental Behaviors and Toxicities of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitropolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2016; 64:83-94. [PMID: 26833435 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c15-00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM) has been collected at four cities in Japan starting in the late 1990s, at five or more major cities in China, Korea and Russia starting in 2001 and at the Noto Peninsula starting in 2004. Nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and eleven nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) were determined by HPLC with fluorescence and chemiluminescence detections, respectively. Annual concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs were in the order, China>Russia≫Korea=Japan, with seasonal change (winter>summer). During the observation period, concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs in Japanese cities significantly decreased but the increases in the PAH concentration were observed in Chinese and Russian cities. Concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs were higher in the Northern China than those in the Southern China. At the Noto peninsula, which is in the main path of winter northwest winds and a year-round jet stream that blow from the Asian continent to Japan, the concentrations were high in winter and low in summer every year. A cluster analysis and back trajectory analysis indicated that PAHs and NPAHs were long-range transported from Northeastern China, where coal burning systems such as coal-heating boilers are considered to be the major contributors of PAHs and NPAHs. A dramatic change in atmospheric concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs in East Asia suggests the rapid and large change of PM2.5 pollution in East Asia. Considering the adverse health effects of PM2.5, continuous monitoring of atmospheric PAHs and NPAHs is necessary in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences/Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University
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22
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Jadoon WA, Sakugawa H. Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Their potential health risks and sources at three non-urban sites in Japan. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2016; 51:884-899. [PMID: 27314274 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2016.1191300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This investigation was undertaken to monitor particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentrations in order to determine their emission sources and potential human health risks in remote and rural areas of Japan. Seventeen PAHs in aerosol samples collected in remote (Kamihaya), coastal (Hiki) and inland (Higashi-Hiroshima) areas of Japan during 2013-2014 were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Total PAH (Σ17PAH) concentrations in aerosol samples were in the range of 0.08-6.51 ng m(-3), 0.09-4.74 ng m(-3), and 0.21-6.53 ng m(-3) at Kamihaya, Hiki, and Higashi-Hiroshima sites, with mean concentrations of 1.63, 1.18, and 2.43 ng m(-3), respectively. Significant seasonal variation in concentrations occurred at Hiki and Higashi-Hiroshima, while no significant variation occurred at Kamihaya. Ambient air temperature greatly affected PAH concentrations in Higashi-Hiroshima, but had only moderate effects in Kamihaya and Hiki. Wind direction also influenced the concentrations of PAHs. Vehicle exhaust, industrial emissions, biomass combustion, and domestic heating and cooking were identified as the main PAH emission sources using principal component analysis. Backward trajectory calculations showed that domestically generated PAHs were significant in Kamihaya and Hiki, while in Higashi-Hiroshima concentrations were mainly influenced by long-range transport. The incremental lifetime lung cancer risk had values of 3.38 × 10(-5) and 1.84 × 10(-5) at Higashi-Hiroshima and Hiki, which are greater than the US EPA acceptable level (10(-6)). Typically, 5-6-ring PAHs contributed 95% to this overall health risk, of which benzo(a)pyrene was the largest contributor, followed by dibenz(a,h)anthracene at both residential sites. Clearly, stricter guidelines for PAHs need to be implemented at these sites to protect the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar A Jadoon
- a Graduate School of Biosphere Science , Hiroshima University , Higashi Hiroshima , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakugawa
- a Graduate School of Biosphere Science , Hiroshima University , Higashi Hiroshima , Japan
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MORISAKI H, NAKAMURA S, TANG N, TORIBA A, HAYAKAWA K. Benzo[ c]fluorene in Urban Air: HPLC Determination and Mutagenic Contribution Relative to Benzo[ a]pyrene. ANAL SCI 2016; 32:233-6. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.32.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi MORISAKI
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Shiho NAKAMURA
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Ning TANG
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Akira TORIBA
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Kazuichi HAYAKAWA
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
- Institute of Natural and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University
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Hayakawa K, Tang N, Kameda T, Toriba A. Atmospheric Behaviors of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in East Asia. Genes Environ 2014. [DOI: 10.3123/jemsge.2014.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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