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Dhandapani P, Srinivasan V, Parthipan P, AlSalhi MS, Devanesan S, Narenkumar J, Rajamohan R, Ezhilselvi V, Rajasekar A. Development of an environmentally sustainable technique to minimize the sludge production in the textile effluent sector through an electrokinetic (EK) coupled with electrooxidation (EO) approach. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:81. [PMID: 38367190 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01847-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
This study presents an environmentally sustainable method for minimizing sludge production in the textile effluent sector through the combined application of electrokinetic (EK) and electrooxidation (EO) processes. AAS and XRF analyses reveal that utilizing acidic electrolytes in the EK method successfully eliminates heavy metals (Cu, Mn, Zn, and Cr) from sludge, demonstrating superior efficiency compared to alkaline conditions. In addition, the total removal efficiency of COD contents was calculated following the order of EK-3 (60%), EK-1 (51%) and EK-2 (34%). Notably, EK-3, leveraging pH gradient fluctuations induced by anolyte in the catholyte reservoir, outperforms other EK systems in removing COD from sludge. The EK process is complemented by the EO process, leading to further degradation of dye and other organic components through the electrochemical generation of hypochlorite (940 ppm). At an alkaline pH of 10.0, the color and COD removal were effectively achieved at 98 and 70% in EO treatment, compared to other mediums. In addition, GC-MS identified N-derivative residues at the end of the EO. This study demonstrates an integrated approach that effectively eliminates heavy metals and COD from textile sludge, combining EK with EO techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perumal Dhandapani
- Environmental Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkkadu, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632115, India
| | - Venkatesan Srinivasan
- Environmental Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkkadu, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632115, India
| | - Punniyakotti Parthipan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603 203, India
| | - Mohamad S AlSalhi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sandhanasamy Devanesan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jayaraman Narenkumar
- Department of Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil Engineering (SCE), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Rajaram Rajamohan
- Organic Materials Synthesis Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Varathan Ezhilselvi
- Indian Reference Materials (BND) Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K S Krishnan Marg, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Aruliah Rajasekar
- Environmental Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkkadu, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632115, India.
- Adjunct Faculty, Department of Prothodontics, Saveetha Dental Collge and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 077, India.
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Akansha J, Thakur S, Chaithanya MS, Gupta BS, Das S, Das B, Rajasekar N, Priya K. Technological and economic analysis of electrokinetic remediation of contaminated soil: A global perspective and its application in Indian scenario. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24293. [PMID: 38304840 PMCID: PMC10831613 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Globally million hectares of land annually is getting contaminated by heavy metalloids like As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Co, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Se, with current concentrations in soil above geo-baseline or regulatory standards. The heavy metals are highly toxic, mobile, and persistent and hence require immediate and effective mitigation. There are many available remediation techniques like surface capping, encapsulation, landfilling, soil flushing, soil washing, electrokinetic extraction, stabilization, solidification, vitrification, phytoremediation, and bioremediation which have been evolved to clean up heavy metal-contaminated sites. Nevertheless, all of the technologies have some applicability and limitations making the soil remediation initiative unsustainable. Among the available technologies, electrokinetic remediation (EKR) has been comparatively recognized to mitigate contaminated sites via both in-situ and ex-situ approaches due to its efficiency, suitability for use in low permeability soil, and requirement of low potential gradient. The work critically analyzes the EKR concerning techno, economic, and sustainability aspect for evaluating its application on various substrates and environmental conditions. The current soil contamination status in India is presented and the application of EKR for the heavy metal remediation from soil has been evaluated. The present work summaries a comprehensive and exhaustive review on EKR technology proving its effectiveness for a country like India where the huge amount of waste generated could not be treated due to lack of infrastructure, technology, and economic constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Akansha
- Department of Environment and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil Engineering (SCE), Vellore Institute of Technology, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Somil Thakur
- Department of Environment and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil Engineering (SCE), Vellore Institute of Technology, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - M Sai Chaithanya
- Department of Environment and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil Engineering (SCE), Vellore Institute of Technology, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Bhaskar Sen Gupta
- School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK
| | - Sovik Das
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Bhaskar Das
- Department of Environment and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil Engineering (SCE), Vellore Institute of Technology, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - N. Rajasekar
- Department of Energy and Power Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - K. Priya
- Department of Energy and Power Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
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Abilaji S, Narenkumar J, Das B, S S, Rajakrishnan R, Sathishkumar K, Rajamohan R, Rajasekar A. Electrochemical oxidation of azo dyes degradation by RuO 2-IrO 2-TiO 2 electrode with biodegradation Aeromonas hydrophila AR1 and its degradation pathway: An integrated approach. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 345:140516. [PMID: 37879370 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Azo dyes are the most varied class of synthetic chemicals with non-degradable characteristics. They are complex compounds made up of many different parts. It was primarily utilized for various application procedures in the dyeing industry. Therefore, it's crucial to develop an economical and environmentally friendly approach to treating azo dyes. Our present investigation is an integrated approach to the electrooxidation (EO) process of azo dyes using RuO2-IrO2-TiO2 (anode) and titanium mesh (cathode) electrodes, followed by the biodegradation process (BD) of the treated EO dyes. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency as follows MB (55%) ≥ MR (45%) ≥ TB (38%) ≥ CR (37%) correspondingly. The fragment generated during the degradation process which was identified with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and its degradation mechanism pathway was proposed as demethylation reaction and N-N and C-N/C-S cleavage reaction occurs during EO. In biodegradation studies by Aeromonas hydrophila AR1, the EO treated dyes were completely mineralized aerobically which was evident by the COD removal efficiency as MB (98%) ≥ MR (92.9%) ≥ TB (88%) ≥ CR (87%) respectively. The EO process of dyes produced intermediate components with lower molecular weights, which was effectively utilized by the Aeromonas hydrophila AR1 and resulted in higher degradation efficiency 98%. We reported the significance of the enhanced approach of electrochemical oxidation with biodegradation studies in the effective removal of the pollutants in dye industrial effluent contaminated water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramani Abilaji
- Environmental Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkkadu, Vellore, 632115, India
| | - Jayaraman Narenkumar
- Department of Environmental & Water Resources Engineering.School of Civil Engineering (SCE). Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Bhaskar Das
- Department of Environmental & Water Resources Engineering.School of Civil Engineering (SCE). Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Suresh S
- Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Rajagopal Rajakrishnan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kuppusamy Sathishkumar
- Rhizosphere Biology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Computational Biology, Institute of Bioinformatics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Thandalam, Chennai, 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajaram Rajamohan
- Organic Materials Synthesis Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Aruliah Rajasekar
- Environmental Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkkadu, Vellore, 632115, India.
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Annamalai S, Muthukumar V, Alkhulaifi MM. A converged approach of electro-biological process for decolorization and degradation of toxic synthetic dyes. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 195:14. [PMID: 36271209 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10583-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Being one of the leading industries worldwide, the textile industry has been consuming large quantities of groundwater and discharging huge volumes of dye-contaminated effluents into our aquatic environment. Augmentation of water sources via reuse of treated effluents is therefore highly necessary. In the present study, the decolorization and degradation of synthetic toxic dye from an aqueous solution were investigated through an electro-biological route. Initially, decolorization of synthetic dye solutions (100, 500, and 1000 mg L-1) was carried out by electrooxidation process using mixed metal oxide and titanium as anode and cathode, respectively. The electrooxidation solutions were further treated using bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) that were isolated from petroleum-transporting pipelines. UV-Vis, TOC, chemical oxygen demand, and NMR analyses revealed that the biodegradation process with electrooxidation enhanced the mineralization of the synthetic dye solutions. An optimum NaCl electrolyte concentration of 3 g L-1 was sufficient to produce reactive species viz., free chlorine and hypochlorite, which are responsible for the Reactive Blue 19 (RB-19) decolorization. Among the three RB-19 concentrations, the highest removal percentage was noticed at 100 mg L-1 (100%) with energy consumption and energy costs equal to 5.44 kWh m-3 and 0.65 USD m-3, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivasankar Annamalai
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, 630 003, India.
- School of Architecture, Civil, Environmental and Energy Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Venkatesan Muthukumar
- Department of Chemistry, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manal M Alkhulaifi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Kumpanenko IV, Ivanova NA, Kovaleva NY, Sakharova NA, Shapovalova OV, Roshchin AV. Spatiotemporal Profiles of the Concentrations of Contaminants During Electrokinetic Remediation of Soils. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793122040091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Dhruv Patel D, Bhatt S. Environmental pollution, toxicity profile, and physico-chemical and biotechnological approaches for treatment of textile wastewater. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2022; 38:33-86. [PMID: 35297320 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2048434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Textile industries discharges a huge quantity of unused synthetic dyes in wastewater leading to increased environmental pollution and pose a great risk to human health. Thus, a significant improvement in effluent quality is required before it is discharged into the environment. Although, several physicochemical methods have been practiced for the efficient color and dyes removal from textile effluents, these approaches have some drawbacks of greater use of expensive chemicals, low sensitivity, formation of excess sludge which also have secondary disposal problem. Thus, there is still a need for energy efficient, affordable, effective, and environmentally friendly treatment technologies. Bioremediation has been considered as a promising an upcoming active field of research for the treatment of unwanted color and target compounds from the contaminated environment. In order to efficient treatment of textile effluent, the main objective of the present study was to isolate and characterize the indigenous microbial isolates from textile industry effluents and sludge samples and investigate their dye removal and decolorization ability along with the influence of various process parameters on effluents decolorization that draining into the open environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhara Dhruv Patel
- Department of Life Science, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan, India
| | - Shreyas Bhatt
- Department of Life Science, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan, India
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Wang Y, Han Z, Li A, Cui C. Enhanced electrokinetic remediation of heavy metals contaminated soil by biodegradable complexing agents. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 283:117111. [PMID: 33857881 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an electrokinetic technique for remediation of Pb2+, Zn2+ and Cu2+ contaminated soil was explored using sodium alginate (SA) and chitosan (CTS) as promising biodegradable complexing agents. The highest Cu2+ (95.69%) and Zn2+ (95.05%) removal rates were obtained at a 2 wt% SA dosage, which demonstrated that SA significantly improved the Cu2+ and Zn2+ removal efficiency during electrokinetic process. The abundant functional groups of SA allowed metal ions desorption from soil via ion-exchange, complexation, and electrolysis. Pb2+ ions were difficult to remove from soil by SA due to the higher gelation affinity with Pb2+ than Cu2+ and Zn2+, despite the Pb2+ exchangeable fraction partially transforming to the reducible and oxidizable fractions. CTS could complex metal ions and migrate into the catholyte under the electric field to form crosslinked CTS gelations. Consequently, this study proved the suitability of biodegradable complexing agents for treating soil contaminated with heavy metals using electrokinetic remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Wang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijian Han
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Ang Li
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Chongwei Cui
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, People's Republic of China.
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The Remediation Characteristics of Heavy Metals (Copper and Lead) on Applying Recycled Food Waste Ash and Electrokinetic Remediation Techniques. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11167437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Most food waste is incinerated and reclaimed in Korea. Due to the development of industry, soil and groundwater pollution are serious. The purpose of this study was to study recycled materials and eco-friendly remediation methods to prevent secondary pollution after remediation. In this study, recycled food waste ash was filled in a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) and used as a heavy metal adsorption material. In situ remediation electrokinetic techniques (EK) and acetic acid were used. Electrokinetic remediation is a technology that can remove various polluted soils and pollutants, and is an economical and highly useful remediation technique. Thereafter, the current density increased constantly over time, and it was confirmed that it increased after electrode exchange and then decreased. Based on this result, the acetic acid was constantly injected and it was reconfirmed through the water content after the end of the experiment. In the case of both heavy metals, the removal efficiency was good after 10 days of operation and 8 days after electrode exchange, but, in the case of lead, it was confirmed that experiments are needed by increasing the operation date before electrode exchange. It was confirmed that the copper removal rate was about 74% to 87%, and the lead removal rate was about 11% to 43%. After the end of the experiment, a low pH was confirmed at x/L = 0.9, and it was also confirmed that there was no precipitation of heavy metals and there was a smooth movement by the enhancer and electrolysis after electrode exchange.
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Silva KN, Araújo KC, da Silva DR, Martínez-Huitle CA, Santos EVD. Persulfate-soil washing: The green use of persulfate electrochemically generated with diamond electrodes for depolluting soils. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Prakash AA, Rajasekar A, Sarankumar RK, AlSalhi MS, Devanesan S, Aljaafreh MJ, Govarthanan M, Sayed SRM. Metagenomic analysis of microbial community and its role in bioelectrokinetic remediation of tannery contaminated soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 412:125133. [PMID: 33524735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tanneries create a serious threat to the environment by generating a significant amount of toxic metal-containing solid waste. This study deals with the application of bio-electrokinetic remediation (Bio-EK) of tannery effluent contaminated soil (TECS). Metagenomes representing the TECS sample were sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq platform. The bioreduction of hexavalent chromium Cr(VI)to trivalent chromium Cr (III) was achieved by BIO-EK techniques. NGS-data (Next Generation Sequencing) analysis was revealed that Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Planctomycetes were identified in the bio-electrokinetic system. Proteobacteria are responsible for the bioreduction of chromium hexavalent by the formation of FeS particles. The bio-generated FeS particles can be reduced the toxic chromium (VI) to non-toxic chromium (III) in soil. Simultaneously total chromium and organic content were significantly removed in BIO-EK (40 and 290 mg kg-1) when compared to control soil (182 and 240 mg kg-1). The presence of pollutant degrading microbes such as Desulfovibrio, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Clostridium, Halanaerobium enhanced the bioreduction of the chromium during the electrokinetic remediation. This study can be claimed that the microbial cultures assisted electrokinetic remediation of total chromium, organic and iron in the tannery effluent contaminated soil was one of the suitable efficient techniques. In addition, the viability of the new combination technology developed (Electrokinetic + Bio) to treat low-permeability polluted soils was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arumugam Arul Prakash
- Environmental Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkadu, Vellore 632115, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Aruliah Rajasekar
- Environmental Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkadu, Vellore 632115, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Raja Kumaresan Sarankumar
- Environmental Molecular Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkadu, Vellore 632115, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Mohamad S AlSalhi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box -2455, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sandhanasamy Devanesan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box -2455, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mamduh J Aljaafreh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box -2455, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Muthusamy Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
| | - Shaban R M Sayed
- Electron Microscope Unit, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Wen D, Fu R, Li Q. Removal of inorganic contaminants in soil by electrokinetic remediation technologies: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123345. [PMID: 32763678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The soil contaminated by inorganic contaminants including heavy metals, radioactive elements and salts has been posing risks for human health and ecological environment, which has been widely paid attention in recent years. The electrokinetic remediation (EKR) technology is recognized as the most potential separation technology, which is commonly used to clean sites that are contaminated with organic and inorganic contaminants. It is the most suitable remediation technology for low permeability porous matrices. The main transport mechanism of pollutants in EKR include electromigration, electroosmosis and electrophoresis, coupled with electrolysis and geochemical reactions. Although arduous endeavors have been carried out to build optimal operating conditions and reveal the mechanism of EKR process, a systematic theoretical foundation hasn't been sorted yet. A comprehensive review on electrokinetic remediation of inorganic contaminants in soil is given in this study, and a more systematic theoretical foundation is sorted out according to the latest theoretical achievements. This theoretical system mainly focuses on the scientific and practical aspects of the application of EKR technology in soil remediation, by which we try to dig into the core of this technology. It contains key motive power of electric phenomena, side effects, energy consumption and supply, and removal of heavy metals, radioactive elements and salts in soil during EKR. In addition, correlations between dehydration, crystallization effect, focusing effect and thermal effect are disclosed; optimal operating conditions for the removal of heavy metals by EKR and EKR coupled with PRB are discussed and sorted out. Also discussed herein is the relationship between energy allocation and energy saving. According to the related findings, some potential improvements are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Wen
- Centre for Environmental Risk Management & Remediation of Soil & Groundwater, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Rongbing Fu
- Centre for Environmental Risk Management & Remediation of Soil & Groundwater, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Qian Li
- Centre for Environmental Risk Management & Remediation of Soil & Groundwater, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
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Ferreira AR, Guedes P, Mateus EP, Ribeiro AB, Couto N. Emerging organic contaminants in soil irrigated with effluent: electrochemical technology as a remediation strategy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140544. [PMID: 32652356 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The effluent reuse for soil irrigation is foreseen as a possible strategy to mitigate the pressure on water resources. However, there is the risk of potential accumulation in soil of emerging organic contaminants (EOCs). In the present work the electrokinetic remediation (EKR) technology, use of direct current, was applied for the removal of EOCs from a soil irrigated with effluent. For this, a soil collected from a rice field (located in Portugal) was mixed with spiked effluent to simulate flood irrigation in one time-period. The experiments were carried out for 6 days applying a low current intensity of 2.5 mA. Different current strategies were tested: continuous mode, reversed electrode polarization (REP), On/Off time periods, and the combination of the last two. The target EOCs comprises a list of six pharmaceuticals and personal care products widely detected in treated wastewater. This study showed that once introduced in soil through effluent irrigation, 20-100% of the EOCs were still present in the soil after 6 days. EKR enhanced up to 20% of the EOCs removal when comparing with control (without current). The EOC removals showed to be related to the microcosm location (anode, central or cathode sections) and dependent of EOCs characteristics. Soil characteristics did not change when On/Off system was combined with REP as a current strategy, and a more homogenous removal of the studied EOCs was achieved in the tested conditions. EKR showed to be a promising technology to be applied in EOCs contaminated soils, not only for removal purposes, but also to avoid possible dispersion in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Ferreira
- CENSE, Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Paula Guedes
- CENSE, Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, NOVA University Lisbon, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Eduardo P Mateus
- CENSE, Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Alexandra B Ribeiro
- CENSE, Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Nazaré Couto
- CENSE, Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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Li S, Huang Y, Zhang M, Gao Y, Pan C, Deng K, Fan B. Remediation of 1-Nitropyrene in Soil: A Comparative Study with Pyrene. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17061914. [PMID: 32183486 PMCID: PMC7142859 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17061914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nPAHs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants, which exhibits higher toxicity than their corresponding parent PAHs (pPAHs). Recent studies demonstrated that the nPAHs could represent major soil pollution, however the remediation of nPAHs has been rarely reported. In this study, biological, physical, and chemical methods have been applied to remove 1-nitropyrene, the model nPAH, in contaminated soil. A comparative study with pyrene has also been investigated and evaluated. The results suggest that the physical method with activated carbon is an efficient and economical approach, removing 88.1% and 78.0% of 1-nitropyrene and pyrene respectively, within one day. The zero-valent ion has a similar removal performance on 1-nitropyrene (83.1%), converting 1-nitropyrene to 1-aminopyrene in soil via chemical reduction and decreasing the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of 1-nitropyrene. Biological remediation that employs scallion as a plant model can reduce 55.0% of 1-nitropyrene in soil (from 39.6 to 17.8 μg/kg), while 77.9% of pyrene can be removed by plant. This indicates that nPAHs might be more persistent than corresponding pPAHs in soil. It is anticipated that this study could draw public awareness of nitro-derivatives of pPAHs and provide remediation technologies of carcinogenic nPAHs in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (S.L.); (Y.H.); (M.Z.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yatao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (S.L.); (Y.H.); (M.Z.); (Y.G.)
| | - Minhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (S.L.); (Y.H.); (M.Z.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yanchen Gao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (S.L.); (Y.H.); (M.Z.); (Y.G.)
| | - Canping Pan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Kailin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (S.L.); (Y.H.); (M.Z.); (Y.G.)
- Correspondence: (K.D.); (B.F.); Tel.: +86-010-62815969 (K.D.)
| | - Bei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (S.L.); (Y.H.); (M.Z.); (Y.G.)
- Correspondence: (K.D.); (B.F.); Tel.: +86-010-62815969 (K.D.)
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Akemoto Y, Kan M, Tanaka S. Static Adsorption of Cesium Ions on Kaolin/Vermiculite and Dynamic Adsorption/Desorption Using the Electrokinetic Process. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.18we312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Masahiko Kan
- Environmental Information Measurement Sciences, Hokkaido University of Education Sapporo
| | - Shunitz Tanaka
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University
- Hokkaido Environmental Science and Technology Center (General Incorporated Foundation)
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15
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Annamalai S, Santhanam M, Selvaraj S, Sundaram M, Pandian K, Pazos M. "Green technology": Bio-stimulation by an electric field for textile reactive dye contaminated agricultural soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 624:1649-1657. [PMID: 29054631 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study is to degrade pollutants as well as to increase the fertility of agricultural soil by starch enhancing electrokinetic (EKA) and electro-bio-stimulation (EBS) processes. Starch solution was used as an anolyte and voltage gradient was about 0.5V/cm. The influence of bacterial mediated process was evaluated in real contaminated farming soil followed by pilot scale experiment. The in-situ formation of β-cyclodextrin from starch in the treatments had also influence on the significant removal of the pollutants from the farming soil. The conductivity of the soil was effectively reduced from 15.5dS/m to 1.5dS/m which corroborates well with the agricultural norms. The bio-stimulation was confirmed by the increase of the phosphorus content in the treated soil. Finally, phytotoxicity assays demonstrated the viability of the developed technique for soil remediation because plant germination percentage was higher in the treated soil in comparison to untreated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivasankar Annamalai
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi 630 003, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630 003, India.
| | - Manikandan Santhanam
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi 630 003, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630 003, India
| | - Subbulakshmi Selvaraj
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi 630 003, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630 003, India
| | | | - Kannan Pandian
- Dryland Agricultural Research Station, Tamilnadu Agricultural University, Chettinad 630 102, India
| | - Marta Pazos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Vigo, Lagoas-Marcosende 36310, Spain
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Kumpanenko IV, Roshchin AV, Ivanova NA, Bloshenko AV, Tikhonov IP, Skryl’nikov AM. Analysis of space–time profiles of the concentrations of contaminants in soil during electrokinetic remediation. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s199079311704008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Floris B, Galloni P, Sabuzi F, Conte V. Metal systems as tools for soil remediation. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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18
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The study on preparation and the effect of adsorption over photocatalytic activities of Cu2O/titanate nanotubes (Cu2O/TNTs). POWDER TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2016.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Selvaraj H, Chandrasekaran K, Gopalkrishnan R. Recovery of solid sulfur from hydrogen sulfide gas by an electrochemical membrane cell. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra19116e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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20
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Annamalai S, Santhanam M, Sudanthiramoorthy S, Pandian K, Pazos M. Greener technology for organic reactive dye degradation in textile dye-contaminated field soil and in situ formation of “electroactive species” at the anode by electrokinetics. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra20344a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study focuses on the electrokinetic process for the in situ formation of electroactive species at the anode.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kannan Pandian
- Dryland Agricultural Research Station
- Tamilnadu Agricultural University
- Chettinad – 630 102
- India
| | - Marta Pazos
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Vigo
- Lagoas-Marcosende 36310
- Spain
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21
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Rajeswari S, Vidhya S, Sundarapandiyan S, Saravanan P, Ponmariappan S, Vidya K. Improvement in treatment of soak liquor by combining electro-oxidation and biodegradation. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra28076a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A combined process involving electro-oxidation and biodegradation by halophilic bacteria was applied to treat wastewater effectively for discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Rajeswari
- Microbial Corrosion and Bio-Environmental Engineering
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute
- Karaikudi 630 003
- India
| | - S. Vidhya
- Microbial Corrosion and Bio-Environmental Engineering
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute
- Karaikudi 630 003
- India
| | | | - P. Saravanan
- CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute
- Chennai 600 020
- India
| | - S. Ponmariappan
- Defence Research and Development Organisation
- Gwalior 474 002
- India
| | - K. Vidya
- University College of Engineering (BIT Campus)
- Thiruchirapalli 620 024
- India
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Annamalai S, Selvaraj S, Selvaraj H, Santhanam M, Pazos M. Electrokinetic remediation: challenging and optimization of electrolyte for sulfate removal in textile effluent-contaminated farming soil. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra14109e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current situation, soil salinity has increased due to the uncontrolled discharge of industrial effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hosimin Selvaraj
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute
- Karaikudi 630006
- India
| | | | - Marta Pazos
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Vigo
- Lagoas-Marcosende 36310
- Spain
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