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Swathy K, Vivekanandhan P, Yuvaraj A, Sarayut P, Kim JS, Krutmuang P. Biodegradation of pesticide in agricultural soil employing entomopathogenic fungi: Current state of the art and future perspectives. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23406. [PMID: 38187317 PMCID: PMC10770572 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Pesticides play a pivotal role in agriculture for the effective production of various crops. The indiscriminate use of pesticides results in the significant bioaccumulation of pesticide residues in vegetables. This situation is beyond the control of consumers and poses a serious health issue for human beings. Occupational exposure to pesticides may occur for farmers, agricultural workers, and industrial producers of pesticides. This occupational exposure primarily causes food and water contamination that gets into humans and environmental pollution. Depending on the toxicity of pesticides, the causes and effects differ in the environment and in human health. The number of criteria used and the method of implementation employed to assess the effect of pesticides on humans and the environment have been increasing, as they may provide characterization of pesticides that are already on the market as well as those that are on the way. The biological control of pests has been increasing nowadays to combat all these effects caused by synthetic pesticides. Myco-biocontrol has received great attention in research because it has no negative impact on humans, the environment, or non-target species. Entomopathogenic fungi are microbes that have the ability to kill insect pests. Fungi also make enzymes like the lytic enzymes, esterase, oxidoreductase, and cytochrome P450, which react with chemical residues in the field and break them down into nontoxic substances. In this review, the authors looked at how entomopathogenic fungi break down insecticides in the environment and how their enzymes break down insecticides on farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Swathy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Perumal Vivekanandhan
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of General Pathology at Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals in the Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences at Saveetha University in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600077, India
| | | | - Pittarate Sarayut
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jae Su Kim
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Patcharin Krutmuang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
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Quesada-Moraga E, Garrido-Jurado I, González-Mas N, Yousef-Yousef M. Ecosystem services of entomopathogenic ascomycetes. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 201:108015. [PMID: 37924859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.108015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic ascomycetes (EA) are an important part of the microbiota in most terrestrial ecosystems, where they can be found regulating natural populations of arthropod pests in both epigeous and hypogeous habitats while also establishing unique relationships with plants. These fungi offer direct benefits to agriculture and human welfare. In the present work, we conducted a systematic review to comprehensively assess the range of ecosystem services provided by EA, including direct and indirect pest biocontrol, plant growth promotion, plant defense against other biotic and abiotic stresses, nutrient cycling, and the production of new bioactive compounds with agricultural, pharmaceutical and medical importance. Moreover, EA are compatible with the ecosystem services provided by other microbial and macrobial biocontrol agents. This systematic review identified the need for future research to focus on evaluating the economic value of the ecological services provided by EA with a special emphasis on hypocrealean fungi. This evaluation is essential not only for the conservation but also for better regulation and exploitation of the benefits of EA in promoting agricultural sustainability, reducing the use of chemicals that enter the environment, and minimizing the negative impacts of crop protection on the carbon footprint and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Quesada-Moraga
- Department of Agronomy, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Unit DAUCO, ETSIAM, University of Cordoba, Edificio C4 Celestino Mutis, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Garrido-Jurado
- Department of Agronomy, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Unit DAUCO, ETSIAM, University of Cordoba, Edificio C4 Celestino Mutis, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Natalia González-Mas
- Department of Agronomy, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Unit DAUCO, ETSIAM, University of Cordoba, Edificio C4 Celestino Mutis, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Meelad Yousef-Yousef
- Department of Agronomy, Maria de Maeztu Excellence Unit DAUCO, ETSIAM, University of Cordoba, Edificio C4 Celestino Mutis, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
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Pan L, Ding C, Deng Y, Chen H, Yang H, Wang B, Zhou Y, Wang B. Microbial degradation mechanism of historical silk revealed by proteomics and metabolomics. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:5380-5389. [PMID: 37812415 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01033c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Archaeological silk undergoes destructive and irreversible changes during the natural process of decay. However, in-depth studies on the influence of this biological factor are still lacking. Here, a combination of proteomics and metabolomics is proposed for the first time to explore the interaction between bacteria and historical silk during biodegradation, which provides information on changes at the molecular level of proteins and bacterial metabolites. Morphological observation revealed biofilms produced by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Pseudomonas alcaligenes when cultured in the stationary phase and confirmed severe deterioration of silk. Proteomics showed that S. maltophilia had an unbiased effect on silk fibroin, indicating its ability to disrupt both heavy and light chains, as well as other proteins, while P. alcaligenes showed an affinity for more disordered proteins. Analysis of bacterial metabolites showed that overall activity reduction and significant accumulation of fatty acid and phenol metabolites occurred after silk addition, suggesting that the presence of silk may inhibit the activity of an individual strain. This study provides a new insight into the microbial degradation mechanism of archaeological silk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindan Pan
- Institute of Textile Conservation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Chuanmiao Ding
- Institute of Textile Conservation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Yefeng Deng
- Institute of Textile Conservation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Hao Chen
- Institute of Textile Conservation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Hailiang Yang
- Key Scientific Research Base of Textile Conservation, State Administration of Cultural Heritage, China National Silk Museum, Hangzhou 310002, China
| | - Biyang Wang
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3ER, UK
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Scientific Research Base of Textile Conservation, State Administration of Cultural Heritage, China National Silk Museum, Hangzhou 310002, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Institute of Textile Conservation, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3ER, UK
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Ahmad S, Chandrasekaran M, Ahmad HW. Investigation of the Persistence, Toxicological Effects, and Ecological Issues of S-Triazine Herbicides and Their Biodegradation Using Emerging Technologies: A Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2558. [PMID: 37894216 PMCID: PMC10609637 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
S-triazines are a group of herbicides that are extensively applied to control broadleaf weeds and grasses in agricultural production. They are mainly taken up through plant roots and are transformed by xylem tissues throughout the plant system. They are highly persistent and have a long half-life in the environment. Due to imprudent use, their toxic residues have enormously increased in the last few years and are frequently detected in food commodities, which causes chronic diseases in humans and mammals. However, for the safety of the environment and the diversity of living organisms, the removal of s-triazine herbicides has received widespread attention. In this review, the degradation of s-triazine herbicides and their intermediates by indigenous microbial species, genes, enzymes, plants, and nanoparticles are systematically investigated. The hydrolytic degradation of substituents on the s-triazine ring is catalyzed by enzymes from the amidohydrolase superfamily and yields cyanuric acid as an intermediate. Cyanuric acid is further metabolized into ammonia and carbon dioxide. Microbial-free cells efficiently degrade s-triazine herbicides in laboratory as well as field trials. Additionally, the combinatorial approach of nanomaterials with indigenous microbes has vast potential and considered sustainable for removing toxic residues in the agroecosystem. Due to their smaller size and unique properties, they are equally distributed in sediments, soil, water bodies, and even small crevices. Finally, this paper highlights the implementation of bioinformatics and molecular tools, which provide a myriad of new methods to monitor the biodegradation of s-triazine herbicides and help to identify the diverse number of microbial communities that actively participate in the biodegradation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Ahmad
- Environmental Sustainability & Health Institute (ESHI), City Campus, School of Food Science & Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman Lower, D07 EWV4 Dublin, Ireland
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Crop in South China, Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Murugesan Chandrasekaran
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Neungdong-ro 209, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hafiz Waqas Ahmad
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
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Qiao Y, Zhang AP, Ma LY, Zhang N, Liu J, Yang H. An ABCG-type transporter intensifies ametryn catabolism by Phase III reaction mechanism in rice. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 457:131804. [PMID: 37302187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide residues in food crops are one of the seriously environmental contaminants that risk food safety and human health. Understanding the mechanism for pesticide catabolism is critical to develop effective biotechniques for rapid eliminating the residues in food crops. In this study we characterized a novel ABC transporter family gene ABCG52 (PDR18) in regulating rice response to pesticide ametryn (AME) widely used in the farmland. Efficient biodegradation of AME was evaluated by measuring its biotoxicity, accumulation, and metabolites in rice plants. OsPDR18 was localized to the plasma membrane and strongly induced under AME exposure. Transgenic rice overexpressing OsPDR18 (OE) conferred rice resistance and detoxification to AME by increasing chlorophyll contents, improving growth phenotypes, and reducing AME accumulation in plants. The AME concentrations in OE plants were only 71.8-78.1% (shoots) and 75.0-83.3% (roots) of the wild type. Mutation of OsPDR18 by CRISPR/Cas9 protocol led to the compromised growth and enhanced AME accumulation in rice. Five AME metabolites for Phase I and 13 conjugates for Phase II reactions in rice were characterized by HPLC/Q-TOF-HRMS/MS. Relative content analysis revealed that the AME metabolic products in OE plants were significantly reduced compared with wild-type. Importantly, the OE plants accumulated less AME metabolites and conjugates in rice grains, suggesting that OsPDR18 expression may actively facilitate the transport of AME for catabolism. These data unveil a AME catabolic mechanism by which OsPDR18 contributes to the AME detoxification and degradation in rice crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Qiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ai Ping Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Li Ya Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jintong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Gao T, Tian H, Wang Z, Shi J, Yang R, Wang F, Xiang L, Dai Y, Megharaj M, He W. Effects of atrazine on microbial metabolic limitations in black soils: Evidence from enzyme stoichiometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139045. [PMID: 37244552 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Long-term input of agricultural chemicals such as pesticides into the soil can increase soil pollution, thereby affecting the productivity and quality of black soil. Triazine herbicide atrazine has been shown to have long-lasting residual effects in black soil. The atrazine residues affected soil biochemical properties, further leading to microbial metabolism restriction. It is necessary to explore the strategies to mitigate the limitations on microbial metabolism in atrazine-contaminated soils. Here, we evaluated the effect of the atrazine on microbial nutrient acquisition strategies as indicated by extracellular enzyme stoichiometry (EES) in four black soils. Atrazine degradation in soil followed the first-order kinetics model across various concentrations ranging from 10 to 100 mg kg-1. We found that the atrazine was negatively correlated with the EES for C-, N-, and P-acquisition. Vector lengths and angles decreased and increased significantly with an increase of atrazine concentration in tested black soils except for Lishu soils. Moreover, the vector angles were >45° for tested four black soils, indicating that atrazine residue had the greatest P-limitation on soil microorganisms. Interestingly, microbial C- and P-limitations with different atrazine concentrations showed a strong linear relationship, especially in Qiqihar and Nongan soils. Atrazine treatment significantly negatively affected microbial metabolic limitation. Soil properties and EES interaction explained up to 88.2% for microbial C-/P-limitation. In conclusion, this study confirms the EES as a useful method in evaluating the effects of pesticides on microbial metabolic limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiancong Gao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haixia Tian
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ziqi Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Shi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Hainan Academy of Environmental Sciences, Haikou, 571126, China
| | - Fang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Leilei Xiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yunchao Dai
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Wenxiang He
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Ramos B, Vaz WF, Diniz LF, Sanches Neto FO, Ribeiro JCO, Carvalho-Silva VH, Teixeira ACSC, Ribeiro C, Napolitano HB, Carvalho PS. Kinetics, mechanism, and tautomerism in ametryn acid hydrolysis: From molecular structure to environmental impacts. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 324:138278. [PMID: 36878364 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The excessive use of pesticides and the demand for environmentally friendly compounds have driven the focus to detailed studies of the environmental destination of these compounds. Degradation by hydrolysis of pesticides, when released into the soil, can result in the formation of metabolites with potentially adverse effects on the environment. Moving in this direction, we investigated the mechanism of acid hydrolysis of the herbicide ametryn (AMT) and predicted the toxicities of metabolites through experimental and theoretical approaches. The formation of ionized hydroxyatrazine (HA) occurs with the release of the SCH3- group and the addition of H3O+ to the triazine ring. The tautomerization reactions privileged the conversion of AMT into HA. Furthermore, the ionized HA is stabilized by an intramolecular reaction that provides the molecule in two tautomeric states. Experimentally, the hydrolysis of AMT was obtained under acidic conditions and at room temperature with HA as the main product. HA was isolated in a solid state through its crystallization as organic counterions. The mechanism of conversion of AMT to HA and the experimental investigation of the reaction kinetics allowed us to determine the dissociation of CH3SH as the rate-controlling step in the degradation process that culminates in a half-life between 7 and 24 months under typical acid soil conditions of the Brazilian Midwest - region with strong agricultural and livestock vocation. The keto and hydroxy metabolites showed substantial thermodynamic stability and a decrease in toxicity compared to AMT. We hope that this comprehensive study will support the understanding of the degradation of s-triazine-based pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Ramos
- Research Group in Advanced Oxidation Processes (AdOx), Department of Chemical Engineering, Escola Politécica, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05088000, Brazil.
| | - Wesley F Vaz
- Theoretical and Structural Chemistry Group, Goiás State University, 75132-903, Anápolis, Brazil
| | - Luan F Diniz
- Medicine and Cosmetic Quality Control Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Products Department, Pharmacy Faculty, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Flavio O Sanches Neto
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Brasília, Postal Box 4478, 70904-970, Brasília, Brazil; Laboratory for Modeling of Physical and Chemical Transformations, Theoretical and Structural Chemistry Group, Goiás State University, 75132-903, Anápolis, Brazil
| | - Julio C O Ribeiro
- Laboratory for Modeling of Physical and Chemical Transformations, Theoretical and Structural Chemistry Group, Goiás State University, 75132-903, Anápolis, Brazil
| | - Valter H Carvalho-Silva
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Brasília, Postal Box 4478, 70904-970, Brasília, Brazil; Laboratory for Modeling of Physical and Chemical Transformations, Theoretical and Structural Chemistry Group, Goiás State University, 75132-903, Anápolis, Brazil.
| | - Antonio Carlos S C Teixeira
- Research Group in Advanced Oxidation Processes (AdOx), Department of Chemical Engineering, Escola Politécica, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05088000, Brazil.
| | - Caue Ribeiro
- National Nanotechnology Laboratory for Agribusiness (LNNA), EMBRAPA Instrumentation, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Hamilton B Napolitano
- Theoretical and Structural Chemistry Group, Goiás State University, 75132-903, Anápolis, Brazil
| | - Paulo S Carvalho
- Physics Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, 79074-460, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
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Cai L, Zhang H, Dong B, Du J, Tian Y, Zhang F. Solar-enhanced bio-electro-Fenton driven by sediment microbial fuel cell for ametryn degradation in simulated seawater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 448:130980. [PMID: 36860054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In marine aquaculture areas, herbicides have been used to inhibit the wild growth of seaweed, which may seriously affect the ecological environment and food safety. Here the commonly applied ametryn was used as the representative pollutant, and solar enhanced bio-electro-Fenton driven in situ by sediment microbial fuel cell (SMFC) was proposed to degrade ametryn in simulated seawater. SMFC with γ-FeOOH-coated carbon felt cathode was operated under the simulated solar light (γ-FeOOH-SMFC), where two-electron oxygen reduction and activation of H2O2 occurred to promote the production of hydroxyl radicals at the cathode. Hydroxyl radicals, photo-generated holes, and anodic microorganism worked together to degrade ametryn with an initial concentration of 2 mg/L in the self-driven system. The removal efficiency of ametryn in γ-FeOOH-SMFC was 98.7 % during the operation period of 49 days, which was 6 times higher than that under natural degradation condition. When γ-FeOOH-SMFC was in the steady phase, oxidative species were continuously and efficiently generated. The maximum power density (Pmax) of γ-FeOOH-SMFC was 44.6 W/m3. According to the intermediate products of ametryn degradation in γ-FeOOH-SMFC, four possible pathways of ametryn degradation were proposed. This study provides an effective, cost-saving, and in situ treatment for refractory organics in seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Cai
- School of Environment and State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hanmin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Bin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Jing Du
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Harbin Institute of Technology State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, No 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- School of Environment and State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Qiao Y, Zhang N, Liu J, Yang H. Interpretation of ametryn biodegradation in rice based on joint analyses of transcriptome, metabolome and chemo-characterization. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130526. [PMID: 36463741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Agrochemicals such as pesticide residues become environmental contaminants due to their ecotoxic risks to plant, animal and human health. Ametryn (AME) is a widely used farmland pesticide and its residues are widespread in soils, surface stream and groundwater. However, its toxicological and degradative mechanisms in plants and food crops are largely unknown. This study comprehensively investigated AME toxicology and degradation mechanisms in a paddy crop. AME was freely absorbed by rice roots, translocated to the above-ground and thus repressed plant elongation, and reduced dry weight and chlorophyll concentration, but increased oxidative injury and subcellular electrolyte permeability. Analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome revealed that exposure to AME evoked global AME-responsive genes and step-wise catabolism of AME. We detected 995 (roots) and 136 (shoots) upregulated and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to AME. Metabolomic profiling revealed that many basal metabolites such as carbohydrates, amino acids, glutathione, hormones and phenylpropanoids involved in AME catabolism were accordingly accumulated in rice. Eight metabolites and twelve conjugates of AME were characterized by HPLC-Q-TOF-HRMS/MS. These AME metabolites and conjugates are closely related to DEGs, differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) and activities of antioxidative enzymes. Collectively, our work highlights the specific mechanisms for AME degradative metabolism through Phase I and II reactive pathways (e.g. hydroxylation and dealkylation), with will help develop genetically engineered rice used to bioremediate AME-contaminated paddy soils and minimize AME accumulation rice crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Qiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jintong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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10
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Zhang S, An X, Gong J, Xu Z, Wang L, Xia X, Zhang Q. Molecular response of Anoxybacillus sp. PDR2 under azo dye stress: An integrated analysis of proteomics and metabolomics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 438:129500. [PMID: 35792431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Treating azo dye wastewater using thermophilic bacteria is considered a more efficient bioremediation strategy. In this study, a thermophilic bacterial strain, Anoxybacillus sp. PDR2, was regarded as the research target. This strain was characterized at different stages of azo dye degradation by using TMT quantitative proteomic and non-targeted metabolome technology. A total of 165 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and 439 differentially metabolites (DMs) were detected in comparisons between bacteria with and without azo dye. It was found that Anoxybacillus sp. PDR2 can degrade azo dye Direct Black G (DBG) through extracellular electron transfer with glucose serving as electron donors. Most proteins related to carbohydrate metabolism, including acetoacetate synthase, and malate synthase G, were overexpressed to provide energy. The bacterium can also self-synthesize riboflavin as a redox mediator of in vitro electron transport. These results lay a theoretical basis for industrial bioremediation of azo dye wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Xuejiao An
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Jiaming Gong
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Zihang Xu
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Liuwei Wang
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Xiang Xia
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China.
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11
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Liu S, Yan R, Humayun M, Zhang H, Qu Y, Jin Y. Pyropheophorbide-a/(001) TiO2 Nanocomposites with Enhanced Charge Separation and O2 Adsorption for High-Efficiency Visible-Light Degradation of Ametryn. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175576. [PMID: 36080345 PMCID: PMC9458040 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is highly desired to enhance charge separation and O2 adsorption of the pyropheophorbide-a (Ppa) to promote visible-light activity and stability. Herein, Ppa modified 001-facet-exposed TiO2 nanosheets (Ppa/001T) nanocomposites with different weight ratios were fabricated via the self-assembly approach by OH induced. Compared with the bare Ppa, the 8% amount optimized 8Ppa/001T sample displayed 41-fold enhanced activity for degradation of Ametryn (AME) under visible-light irradiation. The promoted photoactivities could be attributed to the accelerated charge carrier’s separation by coupling TiO2 as thermodynamic platform for accepting the photoelectrons with high energy from Ppa and the promoted O2 adsorption because of the residual fluoride on TiO2. As for this, a distinctive two radicals (•O2− and •OH) involved pathway of AME degradation is carried out, which is different from the radical pathway dominated by •O2− for the bare Ppa. This work is of utmost importance since it gives us detailed information regarding the charge carrier’s separation and the impact of the radical pathway that will pave a new approach toward the design of high activity visible-light driven photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Rui Yan
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
- Correspondence: (R.Y.); (Y.Q.); (Y.J.)
| | - Muhammad Humayun
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Optics Valley Laboratory, School of Optical & Electronics Information, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Huanli Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Yang Qu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, International Joint Research Center and Lab for Catalytic Technology, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
- Correspondence: (R.Y.); (Y.Q.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yingxue Jin
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
- Correspondence: (R.Y.); (Y.Q.); (Y.J.)
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12
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Brancini GTP, Hallsworth JE, Corrochano LM, Braga GÚL. Photobiology of the keystone genus Metarhizium. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 226:112374. [PMID: 34954528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Metarhizium fungi are soil-inhabiting ascomycetes which are saprotrophs, symbionts of plants, pathogens of insects, and participate in other trophic/ecological interactions, thereby performing multiple essential ecosystem services. Metarhizium species are used to control insect pests of crop plants and insects that act as vectors of human and animal diseases. To fulfil their functions in the environment and as biocontrol agents, these fungi must endure cellular stresses imposed by the environment, one of the most potent of which is solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Here, we examine the cellular stress biology of Metarhizium species in context of their photobiology, showing how photobiology facilitates key aspects of their ecology as keystone microbes and as mycoinsectides. The biophysical basis of UV-induced damage to Metarhizium, and mechanistic basis of molecular and cellular responses to effect damage repair, are discussed and interpreted in relation to the solar radiation received on Earth. We analyse the interplay between UV and visible light and how the latter increases cellular tolerance to the former via expression of a photolyase gene. By integrating current knowledge, we propose the mechanism through which Metarhizium species use the visible fraction of (low-UV) early-morning light to mitigate potentially lethal damage from intense UV radiation later in the day. We also show how this mechanism could increase Metarhizium environmental persistence and improve its bioinsecticide performance. We discuss the finding that visible light modulates stress biology in the context of further work needed on Metarhizium ecology in natural and agricultural ecosystems, and as keystone microbes that provide essential services within Earth's biosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme T P Brancini
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil.
| | - John E Hallsworth
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Luis M Corrochano
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Gilberto Ú L Braga
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil.
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13
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Mishra S, Lin Z, Pang S, Zhang W, Bhatt P, Chen S. Recent Advanced Technologies for the Characterization of Xenobiotic-Degrading Microorganisms and Microbial Communities. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:632059. [PMID: 33644024 PMCID: PMC7902726 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.632059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Global environmental contamination with a complex mixture of xenobiotics has become a major environmental issue worldwide. Many xenobiotic compounds severely impact the environment due to their high toxicity, prolonged persistence, and limited biodegradability. Microbial-assisted degradation of xenobiotic compounds is considered to be the most effective and beneficial approach. Microorganisms have remarkable catabolic potential, with genes, enzymes, and degradation pathways implicated in the process of biodegradation. A number of microbes, including Alcaligenes, Cellulosimicrobium, Microbacterium, Micrococcus, Methanospirillum, Aeromonas, Sphingobium, Flavobacterium, Rhodococcus, Aspergillus, Penecillium, Trichoderma, Streptomyces, Rhodotorula, Candida, and Aureobasidium, have been isolated and characterized, and have shown exceptional biodegradation potential for a variety of xenobiotic contaminants from soil/water environments. Microorganisms potentially utilize xenobiotic contaminants as carbon or nitrogen sources to sustain their growth and metabolic activities. Diverse microbial populations survive in harsh contaminated environments, exhibiting a significant biodegradation potential to degrade and transform pollutants. However, the study of such microbial populations requires a more advanced and multifaceted approach. Currently, multiple advanced approaches, including metagenomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics, are successfully employed for the characterization of pollutant-degrading microorganisms, their metabolic machinery, novel proteins, and catabolic genes involved in the degradation process. These technologies are highly sophisticated, and efficient for obtaining information about the genetic diversity and community structures of microorganisms. Advanced molecular technologies used for the characterization of complex microbial communities give an in-depth understanding of their structural and functional aspects, and help to resolve issues related to the biodegradation potential of microorganisms. This review article discusses the biodegradation potential of microorganisms and provides insights into recent advances and omics approaches employed for the specific characterization of xenobiotic-degrading microorganisms from contaminated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Mishra
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziqiu Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shimei Pang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pankaj Bhatt
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Mollamohammada S, Aly Hassan A, Dahab M. Immobilized algae-based treatment of herbicide-contaminated groundwater. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2021; 93:263-273. [PMID: 32678918 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Scenedesmus species, immobilized on alginate gel, was found effective in removing nitrate, atrazine, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, oxadiazon, and triallate from groundwater in a continuous flow reactor. The laboratory-scale experiments with synthetic groundwater, made of 8.8 mg/L NO3 -N and 90 µg/L atrazine, were performed at a hydraulic retention time of 7 days and the temperatures of 20 and 35°C. The highest uptake of nitrate and atrazine was observed at 20°C (97% and 70%, respectively). When tested in actual groundwater, 92% of nitrate, 100% of magnesium, 99.9% of phosphorus, and 92% of zinc were successfully removed at the end of 29 days' treatment operations. The algal beads removed 100% of oxadiazon and triallate in the first 10 days, but some of the herbicides diffused back into the solution toward the end of the treatment process. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Immobilized algae-alginate beads can remove nitrate, atrazine, oxadiazon, and triallate from groundwater in continuous flow reactor. The uptake rate of nitrate and atrazine is higher in room temperature (20°C). Same algae beads could be reused for herbicide uptake for the average of 10 days. The immobilized system is a natural sustainable alternative that can be used in groundwater pump and treat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mollamohammada
- Department of Engineering, Carroll College, Helena, Montana, USA
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Ashraf Aly Hassan
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Civil and Environmental Engineering and the National Water Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Mohamed Dahab
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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15
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Liu J, Zhou JH, Guo QN, Ma LY, Yang H. Physiochemical assessment of environmental behaviors of herbicide atrazine in soils associated with its degradation and bioavailability to weeds. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:127830. [PMID: 32763580 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine residue in soil is one of the serious environmental problems and continues to risk ecosystem and human health. To address the environmental behaviors and dissipation of atrazine and better manage the application of atrazine in reality, we comprehensively investigated the adsorption and desorption, migration ability, and vanishing of atrazine in three distinct soils in China including Jiangxi (JX, pH 5.45, TOC 0.54%), Nanjing (NJ, pH 6.15, TOC 2.13%), and Yancheng (YC, pH 8.60, TOC 0.58%) soils. The atrazine adsorptive capacity to the soils was arranged in the order of NJ > YC > JX. The leaching assay with profiles of the soils showed strong migration, suggesting it had a high bioavailability to weeds and potential for underground water contamination. We further investigated the effects of environmental factors such as soil moisture, microbial activity and photolysis on atrazine degradation and showed that the degradation of atrazine in the soil mainly underwent the abiotic process, most likely through hydrolysis and photolysis-mediated mechanisms, and to less extend through soil microbial catabolism. Using HRLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and by comparing the measured and theoretical m/z values and fragmentation data, ten metabolites comprising eight degraded products and two conjugates were characterized. Atrazine existing in the soils and sprayed coordinately blocked the growth of three common weeds, which prompted us to use the minimal atrazine in practice to control the waste of the pesticide and its impact on the environment. Overall, our work provided an insight into the mechanisms for the degradation of atrazine residues in the soils and contributed to the environmental risk assessment of the pesticide and management in its application control in the crop rotation and safe production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jing Hua Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Qian Nan Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Li Ya Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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16
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Szewczyk R, Różalska S, Mironenka J, Bernat P. Atrazine biodegradation by mycoinsecticide Metarhizium robertsii: Insights into its amino acids and lipids profile. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 262:110304. [PMID: 32250788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine, is one of major concern pesticides contaminating agricultural areas and ground water. Its microbial biodegradation seems to be the most efficient in terms of economic and environmental benefits. In the present work the cometabolic biodegradation of atrazine by the fungus Metarhizum robertsii IM 6519 during 10-day batch cultures was characterized. The herbicide was transformed to several hydroxy-, dechlorinated or dealkylated metabolites with the involvement of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. The obtained metabolomics data revealed that atrazine induced oxidative stress (increased the levels of L-proline, L-ornithine, L-arginine, GABA and L-methionine), disruptions of the carbon and nitrogen metabolism (L-aspartic acid, L-asparagine, L-tyrosine, L-threonine, L-isoleucine, L-phenylalanine, 1-methyl-L-histidine, L-tryptophan, L-valine, L-alanine, O-phospho-L-serine, L-sarcosine or L-lysine) and caused an increase in the membrane fluidity (a rise in the phosphatidylcholines/phosphatidylethanolamines (PC/PE) ratio together with the growth of the taurine level). The increased level of hydroxyl derivatives of linoleic acid (9-HODE and 13-HODE) confirmed that atrazine induced lipid peroxidation. The presented results suggesting that M. robertsii IM 6519 might be applied in atrazine biodegradation and may bring up the understanding of the process of triazine biodegradation by Metarhizum strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Szewczyk
- Centre of Clinical and Aesthetic Medicine DiMedical, Legionów 40/19, 90-702, Łódź, Poland
| | - Sylwia Różalska
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
| | - Julia Mironenka
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
| | - Przemysław Bernat
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland.
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17
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Yang W, Tang Y, Liu L, Peng X, Zhong Y, Chen Y, Huang Y. Chemical behaviors and toxic effects of ametryn during the UV/chlorine process. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 240:124941. [PMID: 31726615 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ametryn (AMT), one of the most widely used herbicides in agriculture, has been frequently detected as a micropollutant in many aquatic environments. AMT residue not only pollutes water but also acts as a precursor for the production of disinfection by-products (DBPs). This study systematically investigated the fate of AMT during the UV/chlorine process. It was observed that the combination of UV irradiation and chlorination degraded AMT synergistically. The results of the radical quenching experiments suggested that AMT degradation by the UV/chlorine process involved the participation of UV photolysis, hydroxyl radical (OH) reactions, and reactive chlorine species (RCS) reactions, which accounted for 45.4%, 36.4%, and 14.5% of the degradation, respectively. Moreover, we found that Cl- 2 was an important reactive radical for AMT degradation. The chlorine dose, pH, coexisting anions (Cl- and HCO3-), and natural organic matter (NOM) were found to affect AMT degradation during the UV/chlorine process. Nineteen predominant intermediates/products of AMT degradation during UV/chlorine process were identified, including atrazine. Moreover, the corresponding transformation pathways were proposed, including electron transfer, bond cleavage (C-S, C-N), radical (OH, Cl and Cl- 2) reactions, and subsequent hydroxylation. The toxicity tests with Vibrio fischeri on AMT degradation suggested that more DBPs were generated by UV/chlorine-treated AMT, which possessed higher acute toxicity than AMT did. Although the UV/chlorine process evidently promoted the AMT degradation, optimization of process parameters may reduce the DBP production and merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Yang
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yankui Tang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Xiaoyu Peng
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yaxuan Zhong
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yunong Chen
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yinfeng Huang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
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18
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Sun Y, Zhao L, Li X, Xu H, Weng L, Yang L, Li Y. Response of soil bacterial and fungal community structure succession to earthworm addition for bioremediation of metolachlor. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 189:109926. [PMID: 31780207 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Synergistic biodegradation of earthworms and soil microorganisms plays a key role in the removal of organic pollutants in soil, yet microbially mediated processes remain unclear, especially regarding the succession of soil microbial interactions. Herein, soil biochemical evaluation, microbial community characterization, and interaction network construction were combined to understand the mechanisms dominating microbial community succession during synergistic bioremediation of metolachlor-polluted soils. The results of the network analysis indicated that metolachlor could render more complex relations but weaker connection strength among soil microorganisms. The addition of earthworms significantly alleviated the stress of metolachlor on soil microbial interactions and resulted in the restoration of interactions to a great extent. Additionally, the soil physicochemical properties, enzyme activities, and microbial community changed greatly with the addition of metolachlor and earthworms. Some soil microorganisms became significantly correlated with soil properties, metolachlor concentrations, and enzyme activities. These results, dominated by the succession of soil microbial communities, provide a new perspective for assessing the remediation effect of contaminated soil by organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- Land and Environmental College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China; Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, MARA / Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Lixia Zhao
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, MARA / Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, MARA / Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Huijuan Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Liping Weng
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, MARA / Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Lijuan Yang
- Land and Environmental College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China.
| | - Yongtao Li
- College of Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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19
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Mahesh GB, Manu B. Removal of ametryn and organic matter from wastewater using sequential anaerobic-aerobic batch reactor: A performance evaluation study. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 249:109390. [PMID: 31434048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to investigate biodegradation of 2-(ethylamino)-4-(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine (ametryn) in a laboratory-scale anaerobic sequential batch reactor (ASBR) and followed by aerobic post-treatment. Co-treatment of ametryn with starch is carried out at ambient environmental conditions. The treatment process lasted up to 150 days of operation at a constant hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24 h and an organic loading rate (OLR) of 0.21-0.215 kg-COD/m3/d. Ametryn concentration of 4 and 6 mg/L was removed completely within 48-50 days of operation with chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies >85% at optimum reactor conditions. Ametryn acted as a nutrient/carbon source rather causing toxicity and contributed to methane gas production and sludge granulation in the anaerobic reactor. Biotransformation products of ametryn to cyanuric acid, biuret, and their further conversion to ammonia nitrogen and CO2 are monitored during the study. Adsorption of ametryn on to reactor sludge was negligible, sludge granulation, presence of ANAMMOX bacteria, and low MLVSS/MLSS ratio between 0.68 and 0.72. The study revealed that ametryn removal occurred mainly due to biodegradation and co-metabolism processes. Aerobic post-treatment of anaerobic effluent was able to remove COD up to 95%. The results of this study exhibit that anaerobic-aerobic treatment is feasible due to easy operation, economic, and highly efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajanuru Basappa Mahesh
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Karnataka, Surathkal, Srinivasnagar (PO), Mangaluru, D.K., Karnataka, 575025, India.
| | - Basavaraju Manu
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Karnataka, Surathkal, Srinivasnagar (PO), Mangaluru, D.K., Karnataka, 575025, India.
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20
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Russo F, Ceci A, Maggi O, Siciliano A, Guida M, Petrangeli Papini M, Černík M, Persiani AM. Understanding fungal potential in the mitigation of contaminated areas in the Czech Republic: tolerance, biotransformation of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and oxidative stress analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:24445-24461. [PMID: 31228071 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05679-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The study of the soil microbial community represents an important step in better understanding the environmental context. Therefore, biological characterisation and physicochemical integration are keys when defining contaminated sites. Fungi play a fundamental role in the soil, by providing and supporting ecological services for ecosystems and human wellbeing. In this research, 52 soil fungal taxa were isolated from in situ pilot reactors installed to a contaminated site in Czech Republic with a high concentration of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH). Among the identified isolates, 12 strains were selected to evaluate their tolerance to different isomers of HCH by using specific indices (Rt:Rc; T.I.) and to test their potential in xenobiotic biotransformation. Most of the selected taxa was not significantly affected by exposure to HCH, underlining the elevated tolerance of all the tested fungal taxa, and different metabolic intermediates of HCH dechlorination were observed. The oxidative stress responses to HCH for two selected species, Penicillium simplicissimum and Trichoderma harzianum, were investigated in order to explore their toxic responses and to evaluate their potential functioning in bioremediation of contaminated environments. This research suggests that the isolated fungal species may provide opportunities for new eco-friendly, integrated and cost-effective solutions for environmental management and remediation, considering their efficient adaptation to stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Russo
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Ceci
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Oriana Maggi
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonietta Siciliano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Guida
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Petrangeli Papini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Miroslav Černík
- Department of Nanomaterials in Natural Sciences, Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17, Liberec 1, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Maria Persiani
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
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21
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Sun Y, Zhao L, Li X, Hao Y, Xu H, Weng L, Li Y. Stimulation of earthworms (Eisenia fetida) on soil microbial communities to promote metolachlor degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 248:219-228. [PMID: 30798023 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of metolachlor in surface soil is extremely important to its potential mobility and overall persistence. In this study, the effects of earthworms (Eisenia fetida) on the degradation of metolachlor at two concentration levels (5 and 20 mg kg-1) in soil were investigated via the column experiment. The degradation kinetics of metolachlor indicate that addition of earthworms enhances metolachlor degradation significantly (P < 0.05), with the enhanced degradation rate of 30% and 63% in the low and high concentration treatments at the 15th day, respectively. Fungi rather than bacteria are primarily responsible for metolachlor degradation in soil, and earthworms stimulate metolachlor degradation mainly by stimulating the metolachlor-degrading functional microorganisms and improving fungal community structure. Earthworms prefer to promote the possible fungal degraders like order Sordariales, Microascales, Hypocreales and Mortierellales and the possible bacteria genus Rubritalea and strengthen the relationships between these primary fungi. Two metabolites metolachlor oxanilic (MOXA) and moetolachlor ethanesulfonic acid (MESA) are detected in soil and earthworms in the high concentration treatments. Earthworms stimulate the formation of MOXA and yet inhibit the formation of MESA in soil. Another metabolite metolachlor-2-hydroxy (M2H) is also detected in earthworms, which is reported firstly. The study provides an important information for the remediation of metolachlor-polluted soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, MOA Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin, 300191, China; Land and Environmental College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
| | - Lixia Zhao
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, MOA Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, MOA Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Yueqi Hao
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, MOA Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Huijuan Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Liping Weng
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, MOA Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Yongtao Li
- College of Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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22
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Nowak M, Soboń A, Litwin A, Różalska S. 4-n-nonylphenol degradation by the genus Metarhizium with cytochrome P450 involvement. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 220:324-334. [PMID: 30590298 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the ability of 4-n-nonylphenol (4-n-NP) elimination by fungal species belonging to the genus Metarhizium was investigated. The occurrence of 35 metabolites from 4-n-NP degradation was confirmed. For the first time, based on the obtained results, the 4-n-NP biodegradation pathway distinctive for the genus Metarhizium was proposed. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicated that despite the similar elimination pathway in all the examined Metarhizium species, there are significant differences in the kinetics of degradation of 4-n-NP. Oxidation of the terminal methyl group of the aliphatic chain leading to the formation of carboxylic acids coupled with the removal of terminal carbon is characteristic of M. robertsii and M. guizhouense, whereas metabolites with a hydroxyl group in the distal part of the nonyl chain distinguish M. lepidiotae and M. majus. Additionally, this study verified the participation of cytochrome P450 in the elimination of the xenobiotic by Metarhizium as experimentally proven for M. robertsii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Nowak
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
| | - Adrian Soboń
- Department of Microbial Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
| | - Anna Litwin
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
| | - Sylwia Różalska
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland.
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23
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de Oliveira DM, Cavalcante RP, da Silva LDM, Sans C, Esplugas S, de Oliveira SC, Junior AM. Identification of intermediates, acute toxicity removal, and kinetics investigation to the Ametryn treatment by direct photolysis (UV 254), UV 254/H 2O 2, Fenton, and photo-Fenton processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:4348-4366. [PMID: 29427279 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1342-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the degradation of 10 mg L-1 Ametryn solution with different advanced oxidation processes and by ultraviolet (UV254) irradiation alone with the main objective of reducing acute toxicity and increase biodegradability. The investigated factors included Fe2+ and H2O2 concentrations. The effectiveness of the UV254 and UV254/H2O2 processes were investigated using a low-pressure mercury UV lamp (254 nm). Photo-Fenton process was explored using a blacklight blue lamp (BLB, λ = 365 nm). The UV254 irradiation process achieved complete degradation of Ametryn solution after 60 min. The degradation time of Ametryn was greatly improved by the addition of H2O2. It is worth pointing out that a high rate of Ametryn removal was attained even at low concentrations of H2O2. The kinetic constant of the reaction between Ametryn and HO● for UV254/H2O2 was 3.53 × 108 L mol-1 s-1. The complete Ametryn degradation by the Fenton and photo-Fenton processes was observed following 10 min of reaction for various combinations of Fe2+ and H2O2 under investigation. Working with the highest concentration (150 mg L-1 H2O2 and 10 mg L-1 Fe2+), around 30 and 70% of TOC removal were reached within 120 min of treatment by Fenton and photo-Fenton processes, respectively. Although it did not obtain complete mineralization, the intermediates formed in the degradation processes were hydroxylated and did not promote acute toxicity of Vibrio fischeri. Furthermore, a substantial improvement of biodegradability was obtained for all studied processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirce Martins de Oliveira
- Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism and Geography, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, CP 549, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Pereira Cavalcante
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Senador Filinto Muller, 1555, CP 549, Campo Grande, MS, 79074-460, Brazil
| | - Lucas de Melo da Silva
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Senador Filinto Muller, 1555, CP 549, Campo Grande, MS, 79074-460, Brazil
| | - Carme Sans
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès, 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Esplugas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès, 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvio Cesar de Oliveira
- Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism and Geography, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, CP 549, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Amilcar Machulek Junior
- Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism and Geography, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, CP 549, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil.
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Senador Filinto Muller, 1555, CP 549, Campo Grande, MS, 79074-460, Brazil.
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Peña Martínez YR, Martínez MJ, Guerrero Dallos JA. Adsorción-desorción de diurón y ametrina en suelos de Colombia y España. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE QUÍMICA 2018. [DOI: 10.15446/rev.colomb.quim.v47n3.70402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Aunque en la actualidad existe una gran preocupación por la contaminación y los posibles efectos sobre la salud que genera el uso frecuente de herbicidas, los estudios ambientales en los países tropicales son escasos, especialmente en Colombia. Por tanto, en el presente trabajo se evaluó la adsorción-desorción de diurón y ametrina en un suelo de Colombia (SC) y de España (SE). Los ensayos de adsorción-desorción se realizaron con moléculas de los herbicidas marcados con 14C, empleando la técnica batch equilibrium. En ambos suelos y para ambos herbicidas hubo un buen ajuste a las isotermas de Freundlich con R2 mayores a 0,99. Para diurón, en SE (Kfa = 12,82 ± 1,23) hubo mayor poder de adsorción frente a SC (4,56 ± 0,26). Por el contrario, para la ametrina se encontró un valor de Kfa = 6,47 ± 0,25 en SC y de 3,05 ± 0,08 en SE, mostrando mayor interacción con SC en comparación con SE. Para diurón se observó un grado de histéresis mayor en SC y para ametrina en SE, mostrando que la interacción de los dos herbicidas con los componentes de cada suelo es diferente dependiendo de su constitución mineralógica y su valor de pH.
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