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Jiang A, Dong Y, Asitaiken J, Zhou S, Nie T, Wu Y, Liu Z, An S, Yang K. Response of soil fungal communities and their co-occurrence patterns to grazing exclusion in different grassland types. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1404633. [PMID: 39027108 PMCID: PMC11256198 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1404633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Overgrazing and climate change are the main causes of grassland degradation, and grazing exclusion is one of the most common measures for restoring degraded grasslands worldwide. Soil fungi can respond rapidly to environmental stresses, but the response of different grassland types to grazing control has not been uniformly determined. Three grassland types (temperate desert, temperate steppe grassland, and mountain meadow) that were closed for grazing exclusion for 9 years were used to study the effects of grazing exclusion on soil nutrients as well as fungal community structure in the three grassland types. The results showed that (1) in the 0-5 cm soil layer, grazing exclusion significantly affected the soil water content of the three grassland types (P < 0.05), and the pH, total phosphorous (TP), and nitrogen-to-phosphorous ratio (N/P) changed significantly in all three grassland types (P < 0.05). Significant changes in soil nutrients in the 5-10 cm soil layer after grazing exclusion occurred in the mountain meadow grasslands (P < 0.05), but not in the temperate desert and temperate steppe grasslands. (2) For the different grassland types, Archaeorhizomycetes was most abundant in the montane meadows, and Dothideomycetes was most abundant in the temperate desert grasslands and was significantly more abundant than in the remaining two grassland types (P < 0.05). Grazing exclusion led to insignificant changes in the dominant soil fungal phyla and α diversity, but significant changes in the β diversity of soil fungi (P < 0.05). (3) Grazing exclusion areas have higher mean clustering coefficients and modularity classes than grazing areas. In particular, the highest modularity class is found in temperate steppe grassland grazing exclusion areas. (4) We also found that pH is the main driving factor affecting soil fungal community structure, that plant coverage is a key environmental factor affecting soil community composition, and that grazing exclusion indirectly affects soil fungal communities by affecting soil nutrients. The above results suggest that grazing exclusion may regulate microbial ecological processes by changing the soil fungal β diversity in the three grassland types. Grazing exclusion is not conducive to the recovery of soil nutrients in areas with mountain grassland but improves the stability of soil fungi in temperate steppe grassland. Therefore, the type of degraded grassland should be considered when formulating suitable restoration programmes when grazing exclusion measures are implemented. The results of this study provide new insights into the response of soil fungal communities to grazing exclusion, providing a theoretical basis for the management of degraded grassland restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjing Jiang
- College of Grassland Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Yiqiang Dong
- College of Grassland Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources and Ecology, Ürümqi, Xinjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources and Ecology of Western Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Ürümqi, China
- Postdoctoral Mobile Station of Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Julihaiti Asitaiken
- College of Grassland Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Shijie Zhou
- College of Grassland Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Tingting Nie
- College of Grassland Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Yue Wu
- College of Grassland Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Zeyu Liu
- College of Grassland Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China
| | - Shazhou An
- College of Grassland Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources and Ecology, Ürümqi, Xinjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources and Ecology of Western Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Ürümqi, China
| | - Kailun Yang
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
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Garau M, Lo Cascio M, Vasileiadis S, Sizmur T, Nieddu M, Pinna MV, Sirca C, Spano D, Roggero PP, Garau G, Castaldi P. Using biochar for environmental recovery and boosting the yield of valuable non-food crops: The case of hemp in a soil contaminated by potentially toxic elements (PTEs). Heliyon 2024; 10:e28050. [PMID: 38509955 PMCID: PMC10951655 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is known to tolerate high concentrations of soil contaminants which however can limit its biomass yield. On the other hand, organic-based amendments such as biochar can immobilize soil contaminants and assist hemp growth in soils contaminated by potentially toxic elements (PTEs), allowing for environmental recovery and income generation, e.g. due to green energy production from plant biomass. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the suitability of a softwood-derived biochar to enhance hemp growth and promote the assisted phytoremediation of a PTE-contaminated soil (i.e., Sb 2175 mg kg-1; Zn 3149 mg kg-1; Pb 403 mg kg-1; and Cd 12 mg kg-1). Adding 3% (w/w) biochar to soil favoured the reduction of soluble and exchangeable PTEs, decreased soil dehydrogenase activity (by ∼2.08-fold), and increased alkaline phosphomonoesterase and urease activities, basal respiration and soil microbial carbon (by ∼1.18-, 1.22-, 1.22-, and 1.66-fold, respectively). Biochar increased the abundance of selected soil culturable microorganisms, while amplicon sequencing analysis showed a positive biochar impact on α-diversity and the induction of structural changes on soil bacterial community structure. Biochar did not affect root growth of hemp but significantly increased its aboveground biomass by ∼1.67-fold for shoots, and by ∼2-fold for both seed number and weight. Biochar increased the PTEs phytostabilisation potential of hemp with respect to Cd, Pb and Zn, and also stimulated hemp phytoextracting capacity with respect to Sb. Overall, the results showed that biochar can boost hemp yield and its phytoremediation effectiveness in soils contaminated by PTEs providing valuable biomass that can generate profit in economic, environmental and sustainability terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Garau
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Mauro Lo Cascio
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
- CMCC – Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change Foundation, IAFES Division, Via de Nicola 9, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Tom Sizmur
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6DW, UK
| | - Maria Nieddu
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Pinna
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Costantino Sirca
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
- CMCC – Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change Foundation, IAFES Division, Via de Nicola 9, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Donatella Spano
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
- CMCC – Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change Foundation, IAFES Division, Via de Nicola 9, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Roggero
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
- Nucleo Ricerca Desertificazione, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Garau
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Paola Castaldi
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy
- Nucleo Ricerca Desertificazione, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Tian Z, Wang X, Li Y, Xi Y, He M, Guo Y. Co-inoculation of Soybean Seedling with Trichoderma asperellum and Irpex laceratus Promotes the Absorption of Nitrogen and Phosphorus. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:87. [PMID: 38311653 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03571-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Soybean are one of the main oil crops in the world. The study demonstrated that co-inoculation with Trichoderma asperellum (Sordariomycetes, Hypocreomycetidae) and Irpex laceratus (Basidiomycota, Polyporales) isolated from Kosteletzkya virginica can promote the growth of soybean seedlings. The two fungi were found to produce various enzymes, including cellulase, amylase, laccase, protease, and urease. Upon inoculation, T. asperellum mainly colonized within the phloem of the roots in soybean seedlings, while I. laceratus mainly in the xylem and phloem of the roots. Physiological parameters, such as plant height, root length, and fresh weight, were significantly increased in soybean seedlings co-inoculated with T. asperellum and I. laceratus. Moreover, the expression of key genes related to N and P absorption and metabolism was also increased, leading to improved N and P utilization efficiency in soybean seedlings. These results indicate that the two fungi may have complementary roles in promoting plant growth, co-inoculation with T. asperellum and I. laceratus can enhance the growth and nutrient uptake of soybean. These findings suggest that T. asperellum and I. laceratus have the potential to be used as bio-fertilizers to improve soybean growth and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengyuan Tian
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Road 100, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yanyi Li
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Road 100, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yu Xi
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Road 100, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Mengting He
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuqi Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Road 100, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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Garau M, Pinna MV, Nieddu M, Castaldi P, Garau G. Mixing Compost and Biochar Can Enhance the Chemical and Biological Recovery of Soils Contaminated by Potentially Toxic Elements. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:284. [PMID: 38256837 PMCID: PMC10818981 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Biochar and compost are able to influence the mobility of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in soil. As such, they can be useful in restoring the functionality of contaminated soils, albeit their effectiveness can vary substantially depending on the chemical and/or the (micro)biological endpoint that is targeted. To better explore the potential of the two amendments in the restoration of PTE-contaminated soils, biochar, compost (separately added at 3% w/w), and their mixtures (1:1, 3:1, and 1:3 biochar-to-compost ratios) were added to contaminated soil (i.e., 2362 mg kg-1 of Sb and 2801 mg kg-1 of Zn). Compost and its mixtures promoted an increase in soil fertility (e.g., total N; extractable P; and exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg), which was not found in the soil treated with biochar alone. All the tested amendments substantially reduced labile Zn in soil, while biochar alone was the most effective in reducing labile Sb in the treated soils (-11% vs. control), followed by compost (-4%) and biochar-compost mixtures (-8%). Compost (especially alone) increased soil biochemical activities (e.g., dehydrogenase, urease, and β-glucosidase), as well as soil respiration and the potential catabolic activity of soil microbial communities, while biochar alone (probably due to its high adsorptive capacity towards nutrients) mostly exhibited an inhibitory effect, which was partially mitigated in soils treated with both amendments. Overall, the biochar-compost combinations had a synergistic effect on both amendments, i.e., reducing PTE mobility and restoring soil biological functionality at the same time. This finding was supported by plant growth trials which showed increased Sb and Zn mineralomass values for rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.) grown on biochar-compost mixtures, suggesting a potential use of rigid ryegrass in the compost-biochar-assisted phytoremediation of PTE-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Garau
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.G.); (M.V.P.); (M.N.); (P.C.)
| | - Maria Vittoria Pinna
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.G.); (M.V.P.); (M.N.); (P.C.)
| | - Maria Nieddu
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.G.); (M.V.P.); (M.N.); (P.C.)
| | - Paola Castaldi
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.G.); (M.V.P.); (M.N.); (P.C.)
- Nucleo Ricerca Desertificazione, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Garau
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (M.G.); (M.V.P.); (M.N.); (P.C.)
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Xu H, Huang Y, Xiong X, Zhu H, Lin J, Shi J, Tang C, Xu J. Changes in soil Cd contents and microbial communities following Cd-containing straw return. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 330:121753. [PMID: 37127235 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of soil with cadmium (Cd) threatens food safety and human health. In general, crop straws from contaminated soils could accumulate considerable amounts of Cd. The addition of Cd-containing rice straw can have negative effects on soil environment. In this study, straws varying in Cd concentration were added to soil at a rate of 5% (w/w) to investigate the effects of Cd-containing straw on soil Cd dynamics and soil microbial communities. Results showed that large amounts of Cd, especially bioavailable Cd, were released into soil during the decomposition of Cd-containing straws. The addition of straws with 10, 20 and 40 mg kg-1 Cd increased total Cd in soils from 0.31 mg kg-1 to 0.89, 1.39 and 2.09 mg kg-1, respectively, exceeding the screening value of total Cd < 0.4 mg kg-1 for paddy soils of pH 5.5-6.5 according to Chinese Soil Environmental Quality Standards. Moreover, the addition of Cd-containing straw decreased alpha-diversity of bacterial and fungal communities compared to the clean straw. Indeed, changes in soil factors including pH, Eh, dissolved organic C and Cd level jointly reconstructed soil microbial communities. The addition of Cd-containing straw increased the relative abundance of bacterial species Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria but decreased that of Firmicutes. Meanwhile, it increased the relative abundance of fungal species Basidiomycota and Fusarium which were considered Cd-tolerant. This study revealed the potential environmental risk and the variation of microbial communities caused by increasing soil Cd bioavailability after direct application of Cd-containing rice straw to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Xu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xinquan Xiong
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hang Zhu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiahui Lin
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiachun Shi
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Caixian Tang
- Department of Animal, Plant & Soil Sciences / La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic, 3086, Australia
| | - Jianming Xu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Noller C, Friesl-Hanl W, Hood-Nowotny R, Watzinger A. Remediating Garden Soils: EDTA-Soil Washing and Safe Vegetable Production in Raised Bed Gardens. TOXICS 2022; 10:652. [PMID: 36355942 PMCID: PMC9696853 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10110652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Soil remediation is an important practice in the restoration of heavy metal-contaminated soils and reduce the heavy metal exposure of the local population. Here, we investigated the effect of an ex-situ soil washing technique, based on ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as a chelating agent, on a contaminated Cambisol. Lead, Cd and Zn were investigated in different soil fractions, drainage water and four vegetables from August 2019 to March 2021. Three treatments consisting of (C) contaminated soil, (W) washed soil and (WA) washed soil amended with vermicompost and biochar were investigated in an outdoor raised bed set up. Our results showed that the total and bioavailable metal fractions were significantly reduced but failed to meet Austrian national guideline values. Initial concentrations in the soil leachate increased significantly, especially for Cd. Vegetables grown on the remediated soil took up significantly lower amounts of all heavy metals and were further reduced by the organic amendment, attaining acceptable values within EU guideline values for food safety. Only spinach exceeded the thresholds in all soil treatments. The increase in soil pH and nutrient availability led to significantly higher vegetable yields.
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Pan X, Zhang S, Li T, Ouyang J, Gong G, Wang G, Xu X, Pu Y, Long L, Jia Y. Response of microbiomes with different abundances to removal of metal fractions by soil washing. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 242:113862. [PMID: 35835071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Toxic metal contamination causes a great threat to soil ecosystem and human health. Soil washing is a fast practice for removing metals, but its influences on microbial diversity and the stability of soil ecosystem remain unknown. In this study, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), citric acid (CA), and fermented pineapple peel residue (FPP) were used as representatives of chelates, low molecular organic acids and biological materials to wash Pb-polluted soils, and their impacts on microbial community were investigated. Washing with these agents effectively removed Pb, but altered microbial community structure. After washing with EDTA, CA, and FPP, 3-8 bacterial phyla and 1 fungal phylum greatly increased, while 7-20 bacterial and 0-6 fungal phyla severely decreased or even disappeared. The alterations of different microbiomes were closely related to soil metal fractions. The labile metal fraction had negative effects on most bacteria and fungi, but also showed positive influences on Actinobacteria, Patescibacteria, and Fusobacteria. The moderately stable and stable fractions were nontoxic to the most microbes, but still harmful to Patescibacteria and Deinococcus-Thermus. These findings provide new insights for the effects of soil washing remediation and toxicity of metal fractions on the microbiomes with different abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Pan
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China; Chengdu Agricultural College, Wenjiang 611130, China
| | - Shirong Zhang
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China; Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Protection, Wenjiang 611130, China.
| | - Ting Li
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China
| | - Jinyi Ouyang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China
| | - Guoshu Gong
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China
| | - Guiyin Wang
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China; Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Protection, Wenjiang 611130, China
| | - Xiaoxun Xu
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China; Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Protection, Wenjiang 611130, China
| | - Yulin Pu
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China
| | - Lulu Long
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China
| | - Yongxia Jia
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China
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Yang S, Li Y, Liu GM, Si SC, Zhu X, Tu C, Li LZ, Luo YM. Sequential washing and eluent regeneration with agricultural waste extracts and residues for facile remediation of meta-contaminated agricultural soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 835:155548. [PMID: 35489479 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Washing with organic acids and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is a promising technique for effective removal of potentially toxic metals from agricultural soils and the two key factors are the screening of inexpensive, high-efficiency, and environmentally friendly washing agents and the safe treatment of waste eluent. We used extracts from agro-forestry wastes (pineapple peel, lemon peel, grapefruit peel and gardening crabapple fruit) to develop a facile two-stage sequential washing method (extracts and/or citric acid (CA) and coupled with extracts) and regenerated waste eluent. The washing efficiencies of Cd and Cu were significantly increased by pineapple peel (PP) using two-stage sequential washing with the sequence of PP + CA-PP > CA-PP > PP-PP. The potential pollution risk from soil Cd was lowered by 33.0% from moderate to low risk, and soil nutrient contents increased. 80.9% of Cd and 81.3% of Cu in waste eluent were efficiently removed by the PP residues. The removal mechanisms of metals in soils and eluents by PP washing agents and residues can be attributed to acid activation, cation exchange and complexation between metal ions and carboxyl groups. Therefore, the PP extracts and residues are potentially suitable for the removal of Cd and Cu from polluted agricultural soils and washing waste eluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China
| | - Guo-Ming Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Shao-Cheng Si
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xia Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Chen Tu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China
| | - Lian-Zhen Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China
| | - Yong-Ming Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Nanjing 210008, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Revitalization of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soil Remediated by Landfarming. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10030147. [PMID: 35324772 PMCID: PMC8951262 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10030147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Soil health deteriorates through the contamination and remediation processes, resulting in the limitation of the reuse and recycling of the remediated soils. Therefore, soil health should be recovered for the intended purposes of reuse and recycling. This study aimed to evaluate the applicability and effectiveness of several amendments to revitalize total petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soils remediated by the landfarming process. Ten inorganic, organic, and biological amendments were investigated for their dosage and duration, and nine physicochemical, four fertility, and seven microbial (soil enzyme activity) factors were compared before and after the treatment of amendments. Finally, the extent of recovery was quantitatively estimated, and the significance of results was confirmed with statistical methods, such as simple regression and correlation analyses assisted by principal component analysis. The landfarming process is considered a somewhat environmentally friendly remediation technology to minimize the adverse effect on soil quality, but four soil properties—such as water holding capacity (WHC), exchangeable potassium (Ex. K), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), available phosphorus (Av. P), and urease—were confirmed to deteriorate through the landfarming process. The WHC was better improved by organic agents, such as peat moss, biochar, and compost. Zeolite was evaluated as the most effective material for improving Ex. K content. The vermicompost showed the highest efficacy in recovering the NO3-N content of the remediated soil. Chlorella, vermicompost, and compost were investigated for their ability to enhance urease activity effectively. Although each additive showed different effectiveness according to different soil properties, their effect on overall soil properties should be considered for cost-effectiveness and practical implementation. Their overall effect was evaluated using statistical methods, and the results showed that compost, chlorella, and vermicompost were the most relevant amendments for rehabilitating the overall health of the remediated soil for the reuse and/or recycling of agricultural purposes. This study highlighted how to practically improve the health of remediated soils for the reuse and recycling of agricultural purposes.
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Morales Arteaga JF, Gluhar S, Kaurin A, Lestan D. Simultaneous removal of arsenic and toxic metals from contaminated soil: Laboratory development and pilot scale demonstration. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 294:118656. [PMID: 34890746 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soil chemistry of toxic metalloids and metals differs, making their simultaneous removal difficult. Soil contaminated with As, Pb, Zn and Cd was washed with oxalic acid, Na-dithionite and EDTA solution. Toxic elements were removed from the washing solution by alkalinisation with CaO to a pH 12.5: As was co-precipitated with Fe from Fe-EDTA chelate formed after the soil washing. The toxic metals precipitated after substitution of their EDTA chelates with Ca. The novel method was scaled up on the ReSoil® platform. On average, 60, 76, 29, and 53% of As, Pb, Zn, and Cd were removed, no wastewater was generated and EDTA was recycled. Addition of zero-valent iron reduced the toxic elements' leachability. Remediation was most effective for As: phytoaccessibility (CaCl2 extraction), mobility (NH4NO3), and accessibility from human gastric and gastrointestinal phases were reduced 22, 104, 6, and 51 times, respectively. Remediation increased pH but had no effect on soil functioning assessed by fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis, dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase, urease, acid and alkaline phosphatase activities. Brassica napus produced 1.9 times more biomass on remediated soil, accumulated no As and 5.0, 2.6, and 9.0 times less Pb, Zn and Cd, respectively. We demonstrated the novel remediation technology as cost-efficient (material cost = 41.86 € t-1) and sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Gluhar
- Envit, Environmental Technologies and Engineering Ltd, Trzaska cesta 330, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Anela Kaurin
- Envit, Environmental Technologies and Engineering Ltd, Trzaska cesta 330, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Domen Lestan
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Envit, Environmental Technologies and Engineering Ltd, Trzaska cesta 330, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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11
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Phylloplane Biodiversity and Activity in the City at Different Distances from the Traffic Pollution Source. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11030402. [PMID: 35161383 PMCID: PMC8839900 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The phylloplane is an integrated part of green infrastructure which interacts with plant health. Taxonomic characterization of the phylloplane with the aim to link it to ecosystem functioning under anthropogenic pressure is not sufficient because only active microorganisms drive biochemical processes. Activity of the phylloplane remains largely overlooked. We aimed to study the interactions among the biological characteristics of the phylloplane: taxonomic diversity, functional diversity and activity, and the pollution grade. Leaves of Betula pendula were sampled in Moscow at increasing distances from the road. For determination of phylloplane activity and functional diversity, a MicroResp tool was utilized. Taxonomic diversity of the phylloplane was assessed with a combination of microorganism cultivation and molecular techniques. Increase of anthropogenic load resulted in higher microbial respiration and lower DNA amount, which could be viewed as relative inefficiency of phylloplane functioning in comparison to less contaminated areas. Taxonomic diversity declined with road vicinity, similar to the functional diversity pattern. The content of Zn in leaf dust better explained the variation in phylloplane activity and the amount of DNA. Functional diversity was linked to variation in nutrient content. The fraction of pathogenic fungi of the phylloplane was not correlated with any of the studied elements, while it was significantly high at the roadsides. The bacterial classes Gammaproteobacteria and Cytophagia, as well as the Dothideomycetes class of fungi, are exposed to the maximal effect of distance from the highway. This study demonstrated the sensitivity of the phylloplane to road vicinity, which combines the effects of contaminants (mainly Zn according to this study) and potential stressful air microclimatic conditions (e.g., low relative air humidity, high temperature, and UV level). Microbial activity and taxonomic diversity of the phylloplane could be considered as an additional tool for bioindication.
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12
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Luo Y, Yuan H, Zhao J, Qi Y, Cao WW, Liu JM, Guo W, Bao ZH. Multiple factors influence bacterial community diversity and composition in soils with rare earth element and heavy metal co-contamination. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 225:112749. [PMID: 34488142 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The effects of long-term rare earth element (REE) and heavy metal (HM) contamination on soil bacterial communities remains poorly understood. In this study, soil samples co-contaminated with REEs and HMs were collected from a rare-earth tailing dam. The bacterial community composition and diversity were analyzed through Illumina high-throughput sequencing with 16S rRNA gene amplicons. Bacterial community richness and diversity were lower in the co-contaminated soils than in the uncontaminated soils, with clearly different bacterial community compositions. The results showed that total organic carbon and available potassium were the most important factors affecting bacterial community richness and diversity, followed by the REE and HM contents. Although the canonical correspondence analysis results showed that an REE alone had no obvious effects on bacterial community structures, we found that the combined effects of soil physicochemical properties and REE and HM contents regulated bacterial community structure and composition. The effects of REEs and HMs on bacterial communities were similar, whereas their combined contributions were greater than the individual effects of REEs or HMs. Some bacterial taxa were worth noting. These specifically included the plant growth-promoting bacteria Exiguobacterium (sensitive to REEs and HMs) and oligotrophic microorganisms with metal tolerance (prevalent in contaminated soil); moreover, relative abundance of JTB255-Marine Benthic Group, Rhodobacteraceae, Erythrobacter, and Truepera may be correlated with REEs. This study was the first to investigate the responses of bacterial communities to REE and HM co-contamination. The current results have major implications for the ecological risk assessment of environments co-contaminated with REEs and HMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China; College of Energy and Power Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China
| | - Hao Yuan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau & Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China; Inner Mongolia Energy Investment Group CO., LID. Electric Power Engineering Technology Research Institute, Hohhot 010060, China
| | - Ji Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau & Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Yu Qi
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Environmental Science, Hohhot 010011, China
| | - Wei-Wei Cao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau & Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Ju-Mei Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau & Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Bao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Ecology and Resource Use of the Mongolian Plateau & Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China; Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China.
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13
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Jez E, Bravo C, Lestan D, Gluhar S, Martin-Neto L, De Nobili M, Contin M. Changes in organic matter composition caused by EDTA washing of two soils contaminated with toxic metals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:65687-65699. [PMID: 34322798 PMCID: PMC8636399 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15406-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two soils contaminated with potentially toxic metals (PTMs) contrasting in pH and mineralogy were remediated with CaEDTA, and changes in soil organic matter (SOM) composition were investigated. Previous studies showed no significant loss of SOM from CaEDTA-treated soils, but the results of our study reflected significant decreases (from 46 to 49%) in the free fraction of humic acids (HAs). Remediation affected the composition of the free HA fraction via disturbance of intermolecular bonds - an increase in phenolic and aromatic groups with a simultaneous decrease in carbohydrates - which was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy in both soils. Because non-radical molecules such as carbohydrates were selectively removed, the concentration of free radicals in the free HA fraction increased in acidic soil. The bound fraction of HAs and fulvic acids (FAs) in SOM, which are important due to their stability and the permanent effects they have on the soil's physical properties, remained unchanged in both remediated soils. The effect of soil recultivation was observed only in the excitation emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectra of HAs. In terms of SOM, CaEDTA soil washing can be considered moderately conservative; however, the restoration of free humic fractions is likely to be a long-term process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Jez
- Wine Research Centre, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska cesta 13, 5000, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Carlo Bravo
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Domen Lestan
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simon Gluhar
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Maria De Nobili
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Marco Contin
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100, Udine, Italy.
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Application of Soil Washing and Thermal Desorption for Sustainable Remediation and Reuse of Remediated Soil. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132212523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Global governance of soil resources as well as revitalizations and remediation of degraded areas seem to be necessary actions for sustainable development. A great deal of effort has gone into developing remediation technologies to remove or reduce the impact of these contaminants in the environment. However, contaminated soil remediations in stringent conditions deteriorate soil properties and functions and create the need for efficient soil revitalization measures. Soil washing (SW) and thermal desorption (TD) are commonly used to remediate contaminated soil and can significantly reduce the contaminant, sometimes to safe levels where reuse can be considered; however, the effects of treatment on soil quality must be understood in order to support redevelopment after remediation. In this review, we discussed the effects of SW and TD on soil properties, including subsequent soil quality and health. Furthermore, the importance of these techniques for remediation and reclamation strategies was discussed. Some restoration strategies were also proposed for the recovery of soil quality. In addition, remediated and revitalized soil can be reused for various purposes, which can be accepted as an implementation of sustainable remediation. This review concludes with an outlook of future research efforts that will further shift SW and TD toward sustainable remediation.
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Gluhar S, Kaurin A, Finžgar N, Gerl M, Kastelec D, Lestan D. Demonstrational gardens with EDTA-washed soil. Part I: Remediation efficiency, effect on soil properties and toxicity hazards. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 792:149060. [PMID: 34325881 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The viable chelator-based soil washing has yet to be demonstrated on a larger scale. Soil containing 1850, 3830 and 21 mg kg-1 Pb, Zn and Cd, respectively, was washed with 100 mmol EDTA kg-1 in a series of 16 batches (1 ton soil/batch) using the new ReSoil® technology. The ReSoil® recycled the process water and 85% of the EDTA, producing no wastewater and 14.4 kg ton-1 of waste. The soil washing removed 71, 28 and 53% of Pb, Zn and Cd, respectively, mainly from the carbonate fraction, saturated the soil with basic cations and increased the soil pH by up to 0.5 units. Raised beds (4 × 1 × 0.5 m) with original (contaminated) and remediated soil were constructed as lysmeters, and local produce was grown from July 2018 to November 2019. Throughout the gardening period, the concentration of Pb and Cd in the leachates from the remediated soil was lower and that of Zn was higher than in the original soil. Remediation decreased the concentration of plant-available and mobile toxic metals, as determined by CaCl2 and NH4NO3 extractions, and reduced the bioavailability of Pb, Zn, and Cd in the simulated human gastrointestinal phase by an average of 4.3, 1.7 and 2.7-fold, respectively. Revitalization with vermicompost, earthworms and rhizosphere soil, and spring fertilisation with compost and manure, had no significant effect on the mobility and accessibility of the toxic metals. The ReSoil® is a cost-effective technology (material cost = 18.27 € ton-1 soil) and showed the prospect of sustainable reuse of remediated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Gluhar
- Envit ltd., Trzaska cesta 330, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anela Kaurin
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Agronomy Department, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Neža Finžgar
- Envit ltd., Trzaska cesta 330, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Gerl
- Arhel Ltd., Pustovrhova 15, 1210 Ljubljana Sentvid, Slovenia
| | - Damijana Kastelec
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Agronomy Department, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Domen Lestan
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Agronomy Department, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Envit ltd., Trzaska cesta 330, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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16
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Kaurin A, Gluhar S, Maček I, Kastelec D, Lestan D. Demonstrational gardens with EDTA-washed soil. Part II: Soil quality assessment using biological indicators. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 792:148522. [PMID: 34187712 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the impact of washing of Pb, Zn and Cd contaminated soil using EDTA-based technology (ReSoil®) on soil biological properties by measuring some of the most commonly used/sensitive biological indicators of soil perturbation. We estimated the temporal dynamics of the soil respiration, the activities of soil enzymes (dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase, urease, acid and alkaline phosphatase), and the effect of the remediation process on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in original (Orig), remediated (Rem) and remediated vitalized (Rem+V) soils during a more than one-year garden experiment. ReSoil® technology initially affected the activity level of soil microbial respiration and all enzyme activities except urease and reduced AM fungal potential in the soil. However, after one year of vegetable cultivation and standard gardening practices, soil microbial respiration, acid and alkaline phosphatase in the Rem and Rem+V reached similar activities as in the Orig. Only the activities of dehydrogenase and β-glucosidase remained lower in the remediated soil compared to the Orig. The frequency of arbuscular mycorrhiza in the root system, arbuscular density in the colonized root fragment, and the intensity of mycorrhizal colonization in the colonized root fragments in the remediated treatments increased with time; at the end of the experiment, no consistent differences in these parameters of mycorrhizal colonization were found among the treatments. Our results suggest a restored biological functioning of the remediated soil after one year of vegetable cultivation. In general, no differences were found between the Rem and Rem+V treatments, indicating that simple common garden practices are sufficient to restore soil functioning after remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anela Kaurin
- Biotechnical faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Irena Maček
- Biotechnical faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies (FAMNIT), University of Primorska, Glagoljaska 8, 6000 Koper, Slovenia
| | | | - Domen Lestan
- Biotechnical faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia; Envit Ltd., Slovenia.
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17
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Li Y, Sun B, Deng T, Lian P, Chen J, Peng X. Safety and efficiency of sewage sludge and garden waste compost as a soil amendment based on the field application in woodland. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 222:112497. [PMID: 34273850 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge (SS) and garden waste (GW) compost can be used as soil amendments to improve the soil environment. Studies done till date have been focused on the changes of harmful substances during sludge composting, but the safety and efficacy of SS and GW composting on woodland soil environment are still unclear. In the study, a field experiment was performed using to investigate the safety and efficacy of SS and GW compost as a soil amendment on woodland soil. Soil nutrients (such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium), organic matter and electrical conductivity were significantly increased after the addition of the SS and GW compost, while there were no significant changes in soil heavy metals content and soil enzyme activities. From these soil properties, it was found that SS and GW compost was safe and efficacious in improving the soil environment. The application of SS and GW compost had no significant effect on microbial diversity. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed that SS and GW compost efficaciously enhanced the interaction between bacterial communities, which proved that it was safe and efficacious. Furthermore, SS and GW compost enhanced ABC transporters and carbohydrate metabolism of bacterial community, while reduced the pathotroph action (such as the plant pathogen) and wood saprotrophs. Overall, these results proved the safety and efficacy of SS and GW compost as soil amendments after being added to the soil. This study contributes to the use of harmless treatments and reutilization processes of SS and GW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshuang Li
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Safety in Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tingyue Deng
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Peng Lian
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Juhong Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xiawei Peng
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Safety in Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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18
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Ouyang X, Ma J, Li P, Chen Y, Weng L, Li Y. Comparison of the effects of large-grained and nano-sized biochar, ferrihydrite, and complexes thereof on Cd and As in a contaminated soil-plant system. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 280:130731. [PMID: 33971411 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cd and As are difficult to co-remediate in co-contaminated soils. In this study, remediation materials comprising large-grained and nano-sized biochar (BC), ferrihydrite (FH), and complexes thereof were added to Cd- and As-contaminated soil. The uptake of Cd and As by pak choi (Brassica chinensis L.) was then evaluated using a pot experiment and the Cd and As concentrations of the soil pore water and leaching water were measured. The Cd and As concentrations of the pore and leaching water were slightly increased with the addition of BC, and decreased with addition of FH and the biochar-ferrihydrite complex (BC-FH). However, nano-sized BC (BCN), FH (FHN), and BC-FH (BC-FHN) had little influence on the decreases in Cd and As of the two monitored water types. Large-grained remediation materials, rather than nanomaterials, decreased the Cd and As concentrations of the two monitored water types. Nonetheless, nanomaterial treatments more effectively decreased the Cd and As concentrations in plants by an average of >10% relative to the large-grained treatments. The DLVO theory analysis suggested that BCN, FHN, and BC-FHN, immobilized in the topsoil, adsorbed heavy metals in the rhizosphere soil. The remainder of the nano-sized materials was dispersed in the rhizosphere soil pores, shielding the uptake of Cd and As by the roots. Although the doses of nanomaterials used in this study were less than one-fortieth of those of the large-grained materials, changes in the plant rhizosphere microenvironment caused by the nanomaterials decreased the risk of toxicity transfer from the soil to the plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China; Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China; Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China.
| | - Pan Li
- School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yali Chen
- Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China; Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Liping Weng
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China; Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Yongtao Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China
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Noller C, Friesl-Hanl W, Hood-Nowotny R, Puschenreiter M, Watzinger A. Effect of Chelant-Based Soil Washing and Post-Treatment on Pb, Cd, and Zn Bioavailability and Plant Uptake. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2021; 232:405. [PMID: 34789952 PMCID: PMC8550514 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-021-05356-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The remediation of Pb, Cd, and Zn contaminated soil by ex situ EDTA washing was investigated in two pot experiments. We tested the influence of (i) 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5%wt zero-valent iron (ZVI) and (ii) a combination of 5%wt vermicompost, 2%wt biochar, and 1%wt ZVI on the metal availability in EDTA-washed soil using different soil extracts (Aqua regia, NH4NO3) and plant concentrations. We found that EDTA soil washing significantly reduced the total concentration of Pb, Cd, and Zn and significantly reduced the Cd and Zn plant uptake. Residual EDTA was detected in water extracts causing the formation of highly available Pb-EDTA complexes. While organic amendments had no significant effect on Pb behavior in washed soils, an amendment of ≥ 1%wt ZVI successfully reduced EDTA concentrations, Pb bioavailability, and plant uptake. Our results suggest that Pb-EDTA complexes adsorb to a Fe oxyhydroxide layer, quickly developing on the ZVI surface. The increase in ZVI application strongly decreases Zn concentrations in plant tissue, whereas the uptake of Cd was not reduced, but even slightly increased. Soil washing did not affect plant productivity and organic amendments improved biomass production. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11270-021-05356-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Noller
- Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources & Life Science (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Friesl-Hanl
- Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources & Life Science (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Rebecca Hood-Nowotny
- Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources & Life Science (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Markus Puschenreiter
- Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources & Life Science (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Andrea Watzinger
- Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources & Life Science (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
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Mohamed I, Bassouny MA, Abbas MHH, Ming Z, Cougui C, Fahad S, Saud S, Khan Khattak JZ, Ali S, M S Salem H, Azab A, Ali M. Rice straw application with different water regimes stimulate enzymes activity and improve aggregates and their organic carbon contents in a paddy soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 274:129971. [PMID: 33979915 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soil organic carbon plays considerable roles in binding soil particles together forming aggregates. Carbon (C) incorporated within these aggregates is thought to be microbially processed; thus, investigating changes in microbial activities i.e. dehydrogenase, urease, catalase and phosphatase enzymes may explain, to some extent, the dynamics and probably mechanisms responsible of formation of these aggregates. Since, soil water content (SWC) may take part in stimulating/lessening activities of organic matter decomposers; thus, this study aimed at investigating the effects of rice straw as a source of organic C in combination with variable SWC on bioaccumulation of C within different soil aggregate size fractions (2000-250, 250-53 and < 53 μm) and hence formation of these aggregates. To achieve these objectives, a pot experiment was conducted for 90 days, including five water levels i.e. maintaining a water head 1 cm above the soil surface (W1), 100% of the saturation percentage, SP (W2), 80% of SP (W3), 65% of SP (W4) and 50% of SP (W5), beside of two rates of applied rice straw i.e. 0 and 15 g kg-1 (w/w). Results revealed that application of rice straw at a rate of 15 g kg-1 increased the activities of dehydrogenase, urease, neutral phosphatase and catalase enzymes within the first 60 days after application; thereafter, activities of the first three enzymes decreased considerably. Likewise, formation of soil macro- (2000-250 μm) and micro-aggregates (250-53 μm) increased by the end of the experimental period. The highest concentrations of soil carbon were incorporated within soil macro-aggregate, whereas the least C content was found within the "silt + clay" fraction. Increasing SWC resulted in significant reductions in activities of the aforementioned enzymes and consequent reductions occurred in soil aggregation. Carbon content within aggregates sized <250 μm were significantly correlated with the percentage of these aggregates in soil. Thus, soil aggregation is thought to be the byproduct of an aerobic biosynthetic microbial process in which more stable hydrophobic organic C existed mainly in macropores. This process probably occurred within the first 60 days after RS application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Mohamed
- Department of Soils and Water Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Benha, Qalyubia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Bassouny
- Department of Soils and Water Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Benha, Qalyubia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H H Abbas
- Department of Soils and Water Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Benha, Qalyubia, Egypt
| | - Zhan Ming
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huzahong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Cao Cougui
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huzahong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
| | - Shah Fahad
- Department of Agronomy, The University of Haripur, Haripur, 22620, Pakistan.
| | - Shah Saud
- Department of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | | | - Shamsher Ali
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Amir Muhammad Khan Campus Mardan, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Haythum M S Salem
- Department of Soils and Water Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Benha, Qalyubia, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Azab
- Agricultural Engineering Research Center Institute (AEnRI), A.R.C, Giza, Egypt
| | - Maha Ali
- Department of Soils and Water Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Benha, Qalyubia, Egypt
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21
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Zhao H, Huang X, Liu F, Hu X, Zhao X, Wang L, Gao P, Li J, Ji P. Potential of a novel modified gangue amendment to reduce cadmium uptake in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 410:124543. [PMID: 33223317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the modified gangue (GE) was prepared by calcination at lower temperatures using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as the activating agent. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) methods were employed to analyze the physicochemical characteristics of GE before and after the modification. Besides, the GE and commercial zeolite (ZE) were compared in the remediation of Cd-contaminated soil in field experiments. The results showed that both the GE and ZE had positive effects on the stabilization of Cd, decreasing the available Cd by 21.2-33.9% and 22.1-28.2%, respectively, while no significant difference was observed between the two amendments, indicating that the modification of GE was successful. Moreover, the application of GE decreased the Cd mobilization and uptake in lettuce shoot and root by 54.9-61.5% and 9.3-13.2%, respectively, and at the same time, the bio-available Cd decreased by 20.9-34.5%. Moreover, with the addition of GE, activities of urease and alkaline phosphatase increased in soil, while the peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities were notably reduced in plants. Therefore, GE could be used as an effective amendment for the alleviation of Cd accumulation and toxicity, and thereby improve food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanghang Zhao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Original Agro-environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Safe-product, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Xunrong Huang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Fuhao Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiongfei Hu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Lu Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Pengcheng Gao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Scientific Laboratory of Heyang Agricultural Environment and Farmland Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Weinan 714000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingtian Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; The First Geological and Mineral Survey Institute of Henan Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration and Development, Applied Engineering Technology Research Center of Ecology and Exploration Geochemistry, Luoyang 471003, Henan, China
| | - Puhui Ji
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China.
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Wu J, Zhou Q, Huang R, Wu K, Li Z. Contrasting impacts of mobilisation and immobilisation amendments on soil health and heavy metal transfer to food chain. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 209:111836. [PMID: 33383336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal mobilisation or immobilisation have been widely applied in situ for soil remediation. However, the consequences of the mobilisation or immobilisation amendments on soil health and heavy metal transfer are rarely compared. In this study, four mobilisation additives (EDTA, humic acid, oxalic acid and citric acid) and four immobilisation additives (calcium silicate, lime, biochar and pig manure) were applied in soils contaminated with Cd, Zn, and Pb to investigate their effects on soil microbial and nematode communities, chemical speciation of metals in Amaranthus tricolour L., and metal food chain transfer in soil-plant-insect system. We found that mobilisation amendments inhibited plant growth and EDTA reduced microbial biomass indicated by phospholipid fatty acids. In contrast, immobilisation amendments promoted plant growth. However, abundances of microbe and nematode were reduced by calcium silicate and lime, while they were substantially increased by biochar and pig manure. We also realised that the immobilisation amendments shifted the water-soluble and pectate-/protein-associated fractions to phosphate-/oxalate-associated fractions of metals in plant leaves, enhanced detoxification ability of Prodenia litura larvae, and reduced metal transfer along food chain. However, opposite changes were observed in mobilisation treatments. According to redundancy analysis, we found that the addition of biochar or pig manure improved soil health and function by reducing metal availability and increasing soil available N and P concentrations. Our results indicate that organic immobilisation amendments most effectively improve soil health and reduce metal transfer, and should be recommended for remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China
| | - Qingqiu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaption and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Rong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China
| | - Kejun Wu
- Tourism Development Research Center of Sichuan, School of Tourism, Leshan Normal University, Leshan 614000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China.
| | - Zhian Li
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China.
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23
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Wu P, Zhang X, Niu T, Wang Y, Liu R, Zhang Y. The imidacloprid remediation, soil fertility enhancement and microbial community change in soil by Rhodopseudomonas capsulata using effluent as carbon source. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:114254. [PMID: 32911333 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The effects of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata (R. capsulata) in the treated effluent of soybean processing wastewater (SPW) on the remediation of imidacloprid in soil, soil fertility, and the microbial community structure in soil were studied. Compared with the control group, with the addition of effluent containing R. capsulata, imidacloprid was effectively removed, soil fertility was enhanced, and the microbial community structure was improved. Molecular analysis indicated that imidacloprid could exert induction effects on expression of cpm gene and regulation effects on the synthesis of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450) by activating HKs gene in two-component system (TCS). For R. capsulata, this induction process required 1 day. The synthesis of P450 occurred 1 day after inoculation, because R. capsulata are a type of archaea and imidacloprid is an environmental stress. Before expression of the cpm gene and synthesis of P450, R. capsulata need a period of time to adapt to external imidacloprid stimulation. However, the lack of organic matter in the soil cannot sustain R. capsulata growth for more than 1 day. In four groups with added effluent, the remaining organic matter in the effluent provided a sufficient carbon source and energy for R. capsulata. Five days later, the microbial community structure was improved by R. capsulata in the soil. The new technique could be used to remediate imidacloprid, enhance soil fertility, treat SPW and realize the recycling and reuse of wastewater and R. capsulata cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wu
- School of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China; School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xuewei Zhang
- School of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Tong Niu
- School of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Yanling Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of SunYat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Rijia Liu
- School of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China.
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24
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Kaurin A, Gluhar S, Tilikj N, Lestan D. Soil washing with biodegradable chelating agents and EDTA: Effect on soil properties and plant growth. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 260:127673. [PMID: 32693264 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Soils contaminated with Pb, Zn and Cd are hazardous. Persistent EDTA and biodegradable GLDA, EDDS and IDS have been used as chelators in the ReSoil soil washing technology, which recycles chelator and curbs toxic emissions. The washed soils supported similar growth of buckwheat (F. esculentum) and better growth of Chinese cabbage (B. rapa) compared with the original (not-remediated) soil. The growth of buckwheat on EDDS-washed soil was an exception and was 67% suppressed. The activities of enzymes of the plant antioxidant preventive system were assessed in roots and leaves of Chinese cabbage on all soils. Similar activities were measured, confirming that washed soils are not harmful to the plants. Plant uptake of potentially toxic elements was reduced from all washed soils, i.e. buckwheat grown on GLDA-washed soils accumulated up to 27 and 83 times less Pb and Cd than in the original soil. The initial Pb emissions in leachate from GLDA and IDS washed soils were up to 89 and 92% higher than those of the original soil, respectively. The latter emissions ceased to the levels measured in original, EDTA and EDDS washed soils. Soil physical properties (water holding capacity, aggregate stability) and soil functionality, assessed as soil respiration and activity of enzymes indicative for soil C, N and P cycle, were similar in all soils after 10 weeks of plant growth experiment. The overall results indicate a low impact of the remediation on soil quality. Soils washed with EDTA performed slightly better compared to GLDA-, EDDS- and IDS-washed soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anela Kaurin
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simon Gluhar
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Envit Ltd., Trzaska Cesta 330, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Natasha Tilikj
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Domen Lestan
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Envit Ltd., Trzaska Cesta 330, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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25
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Liu X, Xiao R, Li R, Amjad A, Zhang Z. Bioremediation of Cd-contaminated soil by earthworms (Eisenia fetida): Enhancement with EDTA and bean dregs. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115191. [PMID: 32663730 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The remediation of cadmium (Cd) contaminated soil has become a global problem due to its toxicity to living organisms. In this study, earthworm (Eisenia fetida) alone or combined with EDTA or bean dregs were used for Cd removal from soils. The total and available Cd in soils, soil physicochemical and biological (soil enzyme) properties, Cd accumulation in the earthworm and its antioxidant responses towards Cd, were determined during the 35 days of soil incubation experiment. Our results showed that earthworms were capable of removing Cd from soils, and the remediation process was accelerated by both EDTA and bean dregs. By translocation of Cd from soils, the content of Cd in earthworm steadily increased with the exposure time to 8.11, 12.80, and 9.26 mg kg-1 on day 35 for T2 (earthworm alone), T3 (EDTA enhancement), and T4 (bean dregs enhancement), respectively. Consequently, a great reduction in the Cd contents in soils was achieved in T3 (36.53%) and T4 (30.8%) compared with T2 (28.95%). The concentrations of water/DTPA extractable Cd were also reduced, indicating the low Cd mobility after amendment. Finally, the soil became more fertile and active after wermi-remediation. The soil pH, EC, NO3--N, available P, and K contents increased, while soil SOM, DOC, and NH4+-N contents were decreased. There were higher soil enzyme activities (including acid phosphatase activity, β-glucosidase activity, and urease activity) among treatments with earthworms. Additionally, the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) increased by 100-150 units, and the higher chao1 and Shannon indexes indicated the enhanced microbial community after wermi-remediation, especially among treatment with EDTA and bean dregs. Therefore, we concluded that earthworms, alone or combined with EDTA and bean dregs, are feasible for the remediation of Cd-contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Liu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China
| | - Ran Xiao
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Ronghua Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China
| | - Ali Amjad
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China
| | - Zengqiang Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, China.
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26
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Liu N, Liao P, Zhang J, Zhou Y, Luo L, Huang H, Zhang L. Characteristics of denitrification genes and relevant enzyme activities in heavy-metal polluted soils remediated by biochar and compost. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 739:139987. [PMID: 32535466 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Denitrification is an important process affecting nitrogen dynamics in soils. In this study, abundances of denitrification genes (narG, nirK, nirS, and nosZ) and activities of nitrite reductase (S-NiR), nitrate reductase (S-NR) were measured in heavy-metal polluted soils with different amendments of biochar and compost. The relationships between physical-chemical parameters, denitrification gene abundance, and enzyme activity were analyzed by Pearson correlation method. Results showed that compost addition significantly increased the abundances of functional genes (nirS, nosZ, narG), and the abundances of nirK and nirS might be sensitive to compost and biochar addition. Compost addition and its combination with biochar significantly decreased the S-NiR enzyme activity and stimulated the S-NR enzyme activity. Negative relationships were obtained between S-NiR activity and electric conductivity (EC), water soluble carbon (WSC), nitrate, ammonium, nirK, narG gene abundances. While S-NR activity significantly positively correlated with soil EC, WSC and nirK gene abundance. Biochar and compost amendments can alter soil nitrogen cycling by changing denitrifying functional gene and relevant enzyme activities in soils polluted by heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianhui Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Peng Liao
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Jiachao Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Yaoyu Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Lin Luo
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Hongli Huang
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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27
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Community-level genetic profiles of actinomycetales in long-term biowaste-amended soils. Arch Microbiol 2020; 202:2607-2617. [PMID: 32691102 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-01935-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Actinomycetales is an order of actinobacteria that have an important role in the decomposition of organic matter. Their abundance and distribution can reflect a good level of soil fertility as well as biological activity. In this research study, actinomycetal diversity in soil was investigated under various field treatments with biowastes. Initially, unvegetated agricultural soil plots of 4 m2 had been annually amended with increasing rates of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC at 40, 80 and 120 t ha-1 year-1) and farmyard manure (FM at 40 and 120 t ha-1 year-1) for eight consecutive years. Control consisted of unamended soil and all treatments were distributed in four randomized complete blocks. At the end of the experimental period, total DNA was extracted from fresh topsoil samples (0-20 cm) then nested PCR-DGGE sequencing method was applied to assess the long-term effect of treatments on the diversity of actinomycetes. Analytical outcomes revealed the presence of ten actinomycetal families with Streptomycetaceae, Pseudonocardiaceae and Nocardioidaceae being the most dominant regardless to changes in experimental conditions. Besides, the long-term accumulation of both biowastes in soil affected the diversity of actinomycetal communities in different ways including contribution, stimulation or inhibition. Interestingly, soil treated with MSWC at an equivalent rate of 40 t ha-1 year-1 was likely to provide optimal growth conditions for major identified genera because it showed the highest actinomycetal diversity as compared to the rest of the treatments.
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28
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Wei H, Liu Y, Chao Y, Tsang DCW, Zhao N, Liu K, Zhang W, Qiu R. Recovery of the biological function of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-washed soils: Roles of environmental variations and microbes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 715:137032. [PMID: 32041005 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To understand the recovery of the biological functions of washed soil, we studied changes in the microbial communities of soils washed with 10 or 60 mmol kg-1 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for 90 d of incubation. The relative abundance of tolerant or degrading species decreased, while that of microorganisms with chemical autotrophic ability increased as the incubation time increased. The changes in the enzyme activity followed different trends. As an intracellular enzyme, dehydrogenase was initially most severely damaged by the washing process but could recover over time, while the activity of urease increased after washing with EDTA, which may be related to the use of N as a nutrient source by microorganisms. Phosphatase did not significantly change over time. The redundancy discriminant analyses indicated that there were distinct factors driving such changes in the soils washed with different EDTA dosages. For the soil washed with 10 mmol kg-1 EDTA, bacteria with tolerance or degradation capacity of toxic pollutants, such as Nocardioidaceae, played a more important role in the recovery of soil functions; therefore, the EDTA stress indicator was the main driving factor. However, in the soil washed with 60 mmol kg-1 EDTA, chemolithoautotrophic bacteria, such as Nitrososphaeraceae, exerted a greater influence on the recovery of biological functions due to the higher loss of nutrients and EDTA residue; therefore, the main driving factor was the nutrients supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Wei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ye Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yuanqing Chao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Remediation Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Remediation, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Kunyuan Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Weihua Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Remediation Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Remediation, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Rongliang Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Remediation Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Remediation, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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29
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Pan X, Zhang S, Zhong Q, Gong G, Wang G, Guo X, Xu X. Effects of soil chemical properties and fractions of Pb, Cd, and Zn on bacterial and fungal communities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 715:136904. [PMID: 32007886 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal contamination in soils poses a serious threat to microorganisms, which play important roles in soil biogeochemical process. However, the key fractions of heavy metals affecting soil microorganisms are still unclear. In this study, DNA sequencing, redundancy and variance partition analysis were performed to investigate the combined effects of heavy metal fractions and soil chemical properties on microbial communities in Pb, Cd, and Zn co-contaminated soils. The results showed that long-term exposure of microorganisms to these metals changed the richness, diversity, and structure of their communities. The bacterial and fungal Chao richness indexes decreased, but only the bacterial Shannon index improved with increasing metal concentrations. Moreover, soil available potassium and acid-extractable Pb made the greatest contributions to variations in the bacterial community structure, while soil pH, water-extractable Pb and Zn were the dominant factors influencing the fungal community structure. In addition, Marmoricola, Nocardioides, and Gibberella were sensitive to these metals. Overall, the effects of different heavy metal fractions on microorganisms varied significantly, and these metal fractions together with soil chemical properties determined the soil microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Pan
- College of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China; Chengdu Agricultural College, Wenjiang 611130, China
| | - Shirong Zhang
- College of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China.
| | - Qinmei Zhong
- College of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China
| | - Guoshu Gong
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China
| | - Guiyin Wang
- College of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Xiaoxun Xu
- College of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China
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Lin L, Gao M, Liu X, Song Z. Influence of the application of Fe-Mn-La ternary oxide-biochar composites on the properties of arsenic-polluted paddy soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1045-1056. [PMID: 32149322 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00570f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic exists ubiquitously in the soil and has been proved to be of significant hazard to human health upon transmission through food chain. Herein, we determined the effects of Fe-Mn-La ternary oxide-biochar composites (FMLBCs) on arsenic (As) fractionation, soil enzyme activities, and microbial communities in arsenic-polluted soils. The results demonstrated that the proportion of non-swappable As fractions reduced and that of the exchangeable As fractions increased with the addition of FMLBCs. Furthermore, the addition of FMLBCs significantly increased the catalase (CAT) activity (P < 0.05), and an increase of 69.2-268% was observed when 2 wt% FMLBCs were added. Supplementation with biochar or FMLBCs increased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria and decreased the relative abundance of Firmicutes; moreover, the effect was more obvious as the addition amount of biochar or FMLBCs increased. In addition, the FMLBCs, except for FMLBC3, increased the content of available phosphorus. Moreover, amendments of FMLBCs led to an increase in the available potassium content by an average of 212%, 113%, and 62.1% in highly polluted soil. Therefore, the FMLBCs affected the physical and chemical properties of soil in different manners. The results suggested that the addition of FMLBCs changed the distribution and increased the immobilization of As in the soil; this could indirectly reduce the risk of the transport of As to rice. The amendment mechanism of FMLBCs may include changes to the physicochemical soil properties and consequently, the soil enzyme activities are affected, which can influence the microbial communities in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Lin
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Tianjin, 300191, China
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Liang J, Tang S, Gong J, Zeng G, Tang W, Song B, Zhang P, Yang Z, Luo Y. Responses of enzymatic activity and microbial communities to biochar/compost amendment in sulfamethoxazole polluted wetland soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 385:121533. [PMID: 31757720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Biochar and compost, two common amendments, were rarely conducted to investigate their combined influence on enzymatic activities and microbial communities in organic-polluted wetlands. This article described the effects of biochar/compost on degradation efficiency of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and ecosystem responses in polluted wetland soil during the whole remediation process. 1% biochar (SB1) increased degradation efficiency of SMX by 0.067% ascribed to the increase of dehydrogenase and urease. 5% biochar (SB5) decreased degradation efficiency by 0.206% due to the decrease of enzymes especially for dehydrogenase. 2% compost (SC2), 1% biochar & 2% compost (SBC3), both 10% compost (SC10) and 5% biochar & 10% compost (SBC15) enhanced degradation efficiency by 0.033%, 0.015% and 0.222%, respectively, due to the increase of enzymes and biomass. The degradation efficiency was positively related to biomass and enzymatic activities. High-throughput sequencing demonstrated that HCGs (SB5, SC10, SBC15) improved the bacterial diversities but reduced richness through introducing more exogenous predominance strains and annihilated several inferior strains, while LCGs (SB1, SC2, SBC3) exhibited lower diversities but higher richness through enhanced the RAs of autochthonal preponderant species and maintained some inferior species. Additionally, HCGs raised the RAs of amino and lipid metabolism gene but lowered those of carbohydrate compared with LCGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China.
| | - Siqun Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Jilai Gong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China.
| | - Guangming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Wangwang Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Biao Song
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Peng Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Zhaoxue Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Yuan Luo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
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Feng C, Chen Y, Zhang S, Wang G, Zhong Q, Zhou W, Xu X, Li T. Removal of lead, zinc and cadmium from contaminated soils with two plant extracts: Mechanism and potential risks. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 187:109829. [PMID: 31654869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Screening appropriate washing agents to remediate soils contaminated with heavy metals is crucial for decreasing metal hazards posing to environment and human health. In this study, two plant washing agents-water-extracted from Fagopyrum esculentum and Fordiophyton faberi, were applied to remove soil Pb, Zn, and Cd by washing. Results indicated that metal removals augmented with increase of washing solution concentrations, decreased with increasing pH values of the solution and followed the pseudo-second-order model depending on contact duration. At concentration of 50 g/L, pH 3 and contact duration of 120 min, F. esculentum had higher removals of Pb (5.98-6.83%), Zn (21.82-27.94%), and Cd (39.90-40.74%) than those of F. faberi. And metal ions could be removed by binding with carboxyl, hydroxyl, amide, amine and aromatic groups in washing solutions. The potential risks of residual metals declined by 51.35-52.12% for mine soil and 48.51-49.96% for farmland soil with exchangeable and carbonate-bound fractions obviously extracted after a single washing (P < 0.05). And soil organic carbon and nutrients increased to some extent except for total phosphorus and available potassium. Moreover, soil phytotoxicity lowered except that some adverse effects on seed germination existed. Therefore, the water extract from F. esculentum is a promising washing agent for heavy metal removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Feng
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, PR China; Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Protection, Wenjiang, 611130, PR China
| | - Yue Chen
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, PR China; Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Protection, Wenjiang, 611130, PR China
| | - Shirong Zhang
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, PR China; Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Protection, Wenjiang, 611130, PR China.
| | - Guiyin Wang
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, PR China; Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Protection, Wenjiang, 611130, PR China
| | - Qinmei Zhong
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, PR China; Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Protection, Wenjiang, 611130, PR China
| | - Wei Zhou
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, PR China
| | - Xiaoxun Xu
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, PR China
| | - Ting Li
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, PR China
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Jiang M, Wang S, Chen M, Lu H, Chen Y, Shi L. Recycling of Chemical Eluent and Soil Improvement After Leaching. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 104:128-133. [PMID: 31728557 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-019-02748-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA) was selected among various eluents due to its highest removal efficiency for lead (Pb) (43.7%) and zinc (Zn) (57.1%) leaching from Pb-Zn contaminated soil by soil column experiment. Compared with newly prepared EDTA eluent, using recycled EDTA eluent can still leaching down 71.1% of Pb and 63.2% of Zn respectively, which showed the reusable benefits of recycled EDTA eluent. After soils were leached by EDTA, soil quality decline, such as reducing of urease, catalase, invertase activities and microorganism numbers. However, adding 5% nutrition soil or earthworm fertilizer can significantly improve the quality of EDTA leached soil, and promote growth of peas and ryegrass compared with EDTA treatments. Overall, the improvement of EDTA leached soil by adding nutrition soil or earthworm fertilizer is important, and recycled EDTA eluent can recycle and re-use for Pb-Zn contaminated soil remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shengxiao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mengyu Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huilong Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yahua Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Liang Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- National Joint Local Engineering Research Center for Rural Land Resources Use and Consolidation, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Guo J, Li Y, Ren X, Xu H, Wei T, Jia H, Hua L, Zhang Y, Li Y. The application of ultrasonic treatment and a bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate-based novel ionic liquid for cadmium extraction. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj06081b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The application of [N4444]AOT can significantly decrease the bioavailability of Cd in soil without changing the soil properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junkang Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Shaanxi University of Science & Technology
- Xi’an
- P. R. China
| | - Yanping Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Shaanxi University of Science & Technology
- Xi’an
- P. R. China
| | - Xinhao Ren
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Shaanxi University of Science & Technology
- Xi’an
- P. R. China
| | - Huihui Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Shaanxi University of Science & Technology
- Xi’an
- P. R. China
| | - Ting Wei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Shaanxi University of Science & Technology
- Xi’an
- P. R. China
| | - Honglei Jia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Shaanxi University of Science & Technology
- Xi’an
- P. R. China
| | - Li Hua
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Shaanxi University of Science & Technology
- Xi’an
- P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Shaanxi University of Science & Technology
- Xi’an
- P. R. China
| | - Yongtao Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Shaanxi University of Science & Technology
- Xi’an
- P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University
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Gluhar S, Kaurin A, Grubar T, Prosen H, Lestan D. Dissipation of mecoprop-P, isoproturon, bentazon and S-metolachlor in heavy metal contaminated acidic and calcareous soil before and after EDTA-based remediation. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 237:124513. [PMID: 31401429 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The ability of contaminated farmland soils reclaimed by remediation to dissipate pesticides and thus to mitigate their unwanted environmental effects, i.e., leaching and run-off, was studied. Novel EDTA-based soil washing technology (EDTA and process waters recycling; no toxic emissions) removed 79 and 73% of Pb from acidic and calcareous soil with 740 and 2179 mg kg-1 Pb, respectively. The dissipation kinetics of four herbicides: mecoprop-P, isoproturon, bentazon and S-metolachlor was investigated under field conditions in beds with maize (Zea mays) and barley (Hordeum vulgare). The biphasic First-Order Multi-Compartment (FOMC) model was used to fit experimental data and calculate the herbicides' half-life (DT50) in soil. Remediation significantly (up to 64%) decreased dehydrogenase activity assessed as a marker of soil microbial activity and prolonged the DT50 of herbicides in acidic soils from 16% (isoproturon) to 111% (S-metachlor). Remediation had a less significant effect on herbicide dissipation in calcareous soils; i.e., mecoprop-P DT50 increased by 3%, while isoproturon and S-metachlor DT50 decreased by 29%. Overall, the dissipation from remediated soils was faster than the average DT50 of tested herbicides published in the Pesticides Properties DataBase. Results demonstrate that EDTA-based remediation of the studied soils does not pose any threat of extended herbicide persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Gluhar
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anela Kaurin
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tina Grubar
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Helena Prosen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Domen Lestan
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Envit Ltd., Trzaska cesta 330, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Wu P, Xie L, Mo W, Wang B, Ge H, Sun X, Tian Y, Zhao R, Zhu F, Zhang Y, Wang Y. The biodegradation of carbaryl in soil with Rhodopseudomonas capsulata in wastewater treatment effluent. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 249:109226. [PMID: 31442909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.06.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata present in wastewater effluent on the biodegradation of carbaryl in soil and improvement of soil fertility were investigated. Compared to control treatment, carbaryl was removed efficiently and soil fertility was remediated with the addition of effluent containing R. capsulata. Molecular analysis revealed that carbaryl induced carbaryl hydrolase gene expression to synthesize carbaryl hydrolase through activating MAPKKKs, MAPKKs, MAPKs genes in MAPK signal transduction pathway. The induction and secretion of carbaryl hydrolase occur after one day in R. capsulata, which can be attributed to its characteristics as an ancient bacteria, which require acclimatization to carbaryl before gene induction. However, lack of organics in soil and control treatment could not maintain R. capsulata growth for over one day. The residual organics in the effluent provided sufficient carbon source and energy for R. capsulata under four effluent treatments. This new method resulted in the remediation of carbaryl pollution and improvement of soil fertility and soybean processing wastewater treatment simultaneously, as well as the reutilization of wastewater and R. capsulata as sludge. Meanwhile, the high-order non-linear mathematical model about carbaryl removal rate was established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wu
- School of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China; School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Liying Xie
- School of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Wentao Mo
- School of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Bing Wang
- School of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Hui Ge
- School of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- School of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Ying Tian
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, China
| | - Rou Zhao
- School of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Feifei Zhu
- Forest and Soil Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110164, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Environment and Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China; School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Yanling Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of SunYat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
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Wagi S, Ahmed A. Bacillus spp.: potent microfactories of bacterial IAA. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7258. [PMID: 31372316 PMCID: PMC6659656 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Auxin production by bacteria is one of the most important direct mechanisms utilized by plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) for the betterment of plants naturally because auxin is a plant friendly secondary metabolite synthesized naturally by bacteria, and hence improves the growth of associated plants. So, the current study focuses on bacterial synthesis of Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) for plant growth improvement. Methods In the current study, the PGPB were selected on the basis of their auxin production potential and their growth promoting attributes were evaluated. Indole-3-acetic acid producing potential of two selected bacterial isolates was observed by varying different growth conditions i.e., media composition, carbon sources (glucose, sucrose and lactose) and different concentrations of precursor. Influence of various physiological factors (temperature and incubation time period) on IAA production potential was also evaluated. Results Both the bacterial strains Bacillus cereus (So3II) and B. subtilis (Mt3b) showed variable potential for the production of bacterial IAA under different set of growth and environmental conditions. Hence, the IAA production potential of the bacterial isolates can be enhanced by affecting optimum growth conditions for bacterial isolates and can be used for the optimal production of bacterial IAA and its utilization for plant growth improvement can lead to better yield in an eco-friendly manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabana Wagi
- Department of Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Ambreen Ahmed
- Department of Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
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Gluhar S, Jez E, Lestan D. The use of zero-valent Fe for curbing toxic emissions after EDTA-based washing of Pb, Zn and Cd contaminated calcareous and acidic soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 215:482-489. [PMID: 30340156 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of EDTA-based soil washing is prevented by chelant environmental persistence and the hazard of toxic post-remedial emissions. Calcareous and acidic soils with 828 and 673 mg Pb kg-1, respectively, and co-contaminated with Zn and Cd, were washed with 90 and 60 mM EDTA, respectively, to remove 67 and 80% of Pb. Washed soils were rinsed until 6.5 and 5.1 mM EDTA, respectively, was measured in the final rinsing solutions. Emissions of residual EDTA and chelated metals from remediated soils were mitigated by adsorption on zero-valent Fe (ZVI), which was added (0.5-1.5%, w/w) to the slurry of washed soil immediately before rinsing. ZVI addition prevented the initial post-remedial surge of toxic metals leachability and minimised toxic emissions from calcareous and acidic soil as soon as 6 and 7 days after remediation, respectively. The extractability/leachability of EDTA and toxic metals from remediated and ZVI amended soils diminished to close to emissions from the original soils, frequently below the limit of quantification by flame-AAS, and was not affected by the pH of the leaching solutions. Efficient curbing of toxic post-remediation emissions as demonstrated herein is of paramount importance for recognition of EDTA-based remediation as environmentally safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Gluhar
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Agronomy Department, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Erika Jez
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Agronomy Department, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Domen Lestan
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Agronomy Department, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Envit Ltd., Trzaska Cesta 330, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Kaurin A, Lestan D. Multi-substrate induced microbial respiration, nitrification potential and enzyme activities in metal-polluted, EDTA-washed soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:238-245. [PMID: 30176497 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Efficiency and the preservation of soil functions are key requirements for sustainable remediation of contaminated soil. Microbial decomposition and conversion of substrates is a fundamental soil function. Pilot-scale EDTA-based soil washing recycled chelant generated no wastewater and removed 78% of Pb from acidic farmland soil with 860 mg kg-1 Pb and 60% of Pb from calcareous garden soil with 1030 mg kg-1 Pb. Remediation had an insignificant effect on microbial respiration in acidic soil induced by sequential additions of glucose, micro-cellulose, starch and alfa-alfa sprout powder (mimicking litter components, C-cycle). In contrast, remediation of calcareous soil reduced cumulative CO2 production after glucose (simple) and alfalfa (complex substrate) addition, by up to 40%. Remediation reduced the nitrification rate (denoting the N-cycle) in acidic soil by 30% and halved nitrification in calcareous soil. Remediation in both soils slightly or positively affected dehydrogenase and β-glucosidase activity (associated with C-cycle), and decreased urease activity (N-cycle). Generally, EDTA remediation modestly interfered with substrate utilisation in acidic soil. A more prominent effect of remediation on the functioning of calcareous soil could largely be attributed to the use of a higher EDTA dose (30 vs. 100 mmol kg-1, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anela Kaurin
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Agronomy Department, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Domen Lestan
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Agronomy Department, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Liu Z, Wang LA, Ding S, Xiao H. Enhancer assisted-phytoremediation of mercury-contaminated soils by Oxalis corniculata L., and rhizosphere microorganism distribution of Oxalis corniculata L. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 160:171-177. [PMID: 29804013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated remediation of mercury-contaminated soils using Oxalis corniculata L. combined with various enhancers (sodium thiosulfate, ammonium thiosulfate, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid). The experiment was conducted using Oxalis corniculata seedlings planted in pots containing mercury loaded soils. Investigations included analysis of soil properties, plant growth conditions, ability of the plants to accumulate and extract mercury, and rhizosphere microorganism distribution. The maximal mercury content of the aerial parts and the mercury-translocation ratio of Oxalis corniculata treated with enhancers increased compared to Oxalis corniculata without enhancers. Compared with no enhancers, the theoretical reduction in phytoremediation time was about 50%, 25%, 20% and 21% when Oxalis corniculata was treated with sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3), ammonium thiosulfate ((NH4)2S2O3), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), respectively. The results indicated that the dominant species in rhizosphere soils varied with different enhancers. However, the evenness of background soils, rhizosphere soils of Oxalis corniculata, Oxalis corniculata treated with Na2S2O3, (NH4)2S2O3, EDTA and DTPA was not largely different at 0.62, 0.61, 0.57, 0.64, 0.61 and 0.63, respectively. These findings demonstrate that Oxalis corniculata treated with Na2S2O3 has the potential to recover and reclaim mercury-contaminated soils in pots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongchuang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Green Intelligence Environment, Yangtze Normal University, 16 Juxian Rd. Lidu, Fuling District of Chongqing, China; Research Center for Development and Utility of Unique Resources in the Wulingshan Region, Yangtze Normal University, 16 Juxian Rd. Lidu, Fuling District of Chongqing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Development in Wuling Mountain Areas, Yangtze Normal University, 16 Juxian Rd. Lidu, Fuling District of Chongqing, China.
| | - Li-Ao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, China; College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, China
| | - Shimin Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Green Intelligence Environment, Yangtze Normal University, 16 Juxian Rd. Lidu, Fuling District of Chongqing, China; Research Center for Development and Utility of Unique Resources in the Wulingshan Region, Yangtze Normal University, 16 Juxian Rd. Lidu, Fuling District of Chongqing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Development in Wuling Mountain Areas, Yangtze Normal University, 16 Juxian Rd. Lidu, Fuling District of Chongqing, China
| | - Hongyan Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Green Intelligence Environment, Yangtze Normal University, 16 Juxian Rd. Lidu, Fuling District of Chongqing, China; Research Center for Development and Utility of Unique Resources in the Wulingshan Region, Yangtze Normal University, 16 Juxian Rd. Lidu, Fuling District of Chongqing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Development in Wuling Mountain Areas, Yangtze Normal University, 16 Juxian Rd. Lidu, Fuling District of Chongqing, China
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Wang G, Zhang S, Zhong Q, Xu X, Li T, Jia Y, Zhang Y, Peijnenburg WJGM, Vijver MG. Effect of soil washing with biodegradable chelators on the toxicity of residual metals and soil biological properties. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 625:1021-1029. [PMID: 29996399 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Soil washing with chelators is a promising and efficient method of remediating metals-contaminated soils. However, the toxicity of residual metals and the effects on soil microbial properties have remained largely unknown after washing. In this study, we employed four biodegradable chelators for removal of metals from contaminated soils: iminodisuccinic acid (ISA), glutamate-N,N-diacetic acid (GLDA), glucomonocarbonic acid (GCA), and polyaspartic acid (PASP). The maximum removal efficiencies for Cd, Pb, and Zn of 85, 55, and 64% and 45, 53, and 32% were achieved from farmland soil and mine soil using biodegradable chelators, respectively. It was found that the capacity of ISA and GLDA to reduce the labile fraction of Cd, Pb, and Zn was similar to that of the conventional non-biodegradable chelator ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The leachability, mobility, and bioaccessibility of residual metals after washing decreased notably in comparison to the original soils, thus mitigating the estimated environmental and human health risks. Soil β-glucosidase activity, urease activity, acid phosphatase activity, microbial biomass nitrogen, and microbial biomass phosphorus decreased in the treated soils. However, compared with EDTA treatment, soil enzyme activities distinctly increased by 5-94% and overall microbial biomass slightly improved in the remediated soils, which would facilitate reuse of the washed soils. Based on soil toxicity tests that employed wheat seed germination as the endpoint of assessment, the washed soils exhibited only slight effects especially after ISA and GLDA treatments, following high-efficiency metal removal. Hence, ISA and GLDA appear to possess the greatest potential to rehabilitate polluted soils with limited toxicity remaining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyin Wang
- College of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China; Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, P. O. Box 9518, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Shirong Zhang
- College of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China.
| | - Qinmei Zhong
- College of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China
| | - Xiaoxun Xu
- College of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China
| | - Ting Li
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China
| | - Yongxia Jia
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China
| | - Yanzong Zhang
- College of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China
| | - Willie J G M Peijnenburg
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, P. O. Box 9518, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Martina G Vijver
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, P. O. Box 9518, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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