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Xu L, Mi Y, Meng Q, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Chen G, Liu Y, Hou Y. A quinolinyl resveratrol derivative alleviates acute ischemic stroke injury by promoting mitophagy for neuroprotection via targeting CK2α'. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 137:112524. [PMID: 38909494 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is a serious threat to human health. The naturally derived small molecule (E)-5-(2-(quinolin-4-yl) ethenyl) benzene-1,3-diol (RV01) is a quinolinyl analog of resveratrol with great potential in the treatment of IS. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential mechanisms and targets for the protective effect of the RV01 on IS. The mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) and oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R) models were employed to evaluate the effects of RV01 on ischemic injury and neuroprotection. RV01 was found to significantly increase the survival of SH-SY5Y cells and prevent OGD/R-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, RV01 reduced oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage by promoting mitophagy in OGD/R-exposed SH-SY5Y cells. Knockdown of CK2α' abolished the RV01-mediated promotion on mitophagy and alleviation on mitochondrial damage as well as neuronal injury after OGD/R. These results were further confirmed by molecular docking, drug affinity responsive target stability and cellular thermal shift assay analysis. Importantly, in vivo study showed that treatment with the CK2α' inhibitor CX-4945 abolished the RV01-mediated alleviation of cerebral infarct volume, brain edema, cerebral blood flow and neurological deficit in MCAO/R mice. These data suggest that RV01 effectively reduces damage caused by acute ischemic stroke by promoting mitophagy through its interaction with CK2α'. These findings offer valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms through which RV01 exerts its therapeutic effects on IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Mi
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qingqi Meng
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yeshu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yongping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuxin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guoliang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Yueyang Liu
- Shenyang Key Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Science and Research Center, Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China.
| | - Yue Hou
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource Research and Development of Liaoning Province, College of Life and Health Sciences, National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Key Laboratory of Data Analytics and Optimization for Smart Industry, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China.
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Adegbola PI, Adetutu A. Genetic and epigenetic modulations in toxicity: The two-sided roles of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the environment. Toxicol Rep 2024; 12:502-519. [PMID: 38774476 PMCID: PMC11106787 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This study emphasizes the importance of considering the metabolic and toxicity mechanisms of environmental concern chemicals in real-life exposure scenarios. Furthermore, environmental chemicals may require metabolic activation to become toxic, and competition for binding sites on receptors can affect the severity of toxicity. The multicomplex process of chemical toxicity is reflected in the activation of multiple pathways during toxicity of which AhR activation is major. Real-life exposure to a mixture of concern chemicals is common, and the composition of these chemicals determines the severity of toxicity. Nutritional essential elements can mitigate the toxicity of toxic heavy metals, while the types and ratio of composition of PAH can either increase or decrease toxicity. The epigenetic mechanisms of heavy metals and PAH toxicity involves either down-regulation or up-regulation of some non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) whereas specific small RNAs (sRNAs) may have dual role depending on the tissue and circumstance of expression. Similarly, decrease DNA methylation and histone modification are major players in heavy metals and PAH mediated toxicity and FLT1 hypermethylation is a major process in PAH induced carcinogenesis. Overall, this review provides the understanding of the metabolism of environmental concern chemicals, emphasizing the importance of considering mixed compositions and real-life exposure scenarios in assessing their potential effects on human health and diseases development as well as the dual mechanism of toxicity via genetic or epigenetic axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ifeoluwa Adegbola
- Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, First Technical University, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adewale Adetutu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
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3
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Li X, Ran Q, He X, Peng D, Xiong A, Jiang M, Zhang L, Wang J, Bai L, Liu S, Li S, Sun B, Li G. HO-1 upregulation promotes mitophagy-dependent ferroptosis in PM2.5-exposed hippocampal neurons. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 277:116314. [PMID: 38642409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been extensively implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Recent studies have revealed that PM2.5 plays a role in regulating iron metabolism and redox homeostasis in the brain, which is closely associated with ferroptosis. In this study, the role and underlying mechanism of ferroptosis in PM2.5-induced neurotoxicity were investigated in mice, primary hippocampal neurons, and HT22 cells. Our findings demonstrated that exposure to PM2.5 could induce abnormal behaviors, neuroinflammation, and neuronal loss in the hippocampus of mice. These effects may be attributed to ferroptosis induced by PM2.5 exposure in hippocampal neurons. RNA-seq analysis revealed that the upregulation of iron metabolism-related protein Heme Oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and the activation of mitophagy might play key roles in PM2.5-induced ferroptosis in HT22 cells. Subsequent in vitro experiments showed that PM2.5 exposure significantly upregulated HO-1 in primary hippocampal neurons and HT22 cells. Moreover, PM2.5 exposure activated mitophagy in HT22 cells, leading to the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, alterations in the expression of autophagy-related proteins LC3, P62, and mTOR, as well as an increase in mitophagy-related protein PINK1 and PARKIN. As a heme-degradation enzyme, the upregulation of HO-1 promotes the release of excess iron, genetically inhibiting the upregulation of HO-1 in HT22 cells could prevent both PM2.5-induced mitophagy and ferroptosis. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of mitophagy in HT22 cells reduced levels of ferrous ions and lipid peroxides, thereby preventing ferroptosis. Collectively, this study demonstrates that HO-1 mediates PM2.5-induced mitophagy-dependent ferroptosis in hippocampal neurons, and inhibiting mitophagy or ferroptosis may be a key therapeutic target to ameliorate neurotoxicity following PM2.5 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China; Laboratory of Allergy and Precision Medicine, Chengdu Institute of Respiratory Health, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chengdu Third People's Hospital Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Qin Ran
- Laboratory of Allergy and Precision Medicine, Chengdu Institute of Respiratory Health, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chengdu Third People's Hospital Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Xiang He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China; Laboratory of Allergy and Precision Medicine, Chengdu Institute of Respiratory Health, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chengdu Third People's Hospital Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Dan Peng
- Laboratory of Allergy and Precision Medicine, Chengdu Institute of Respiratory Health, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chengdu Third People's Hospital Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Anying Xiong
- Laboratory of Allergy and Precision Medicine, Chengdu Institute of Respiratory Health, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chengdu Third People's Hospital Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Manling Jiang
- Laboratory of Allergy and Precision Medicine, Chengdu Institute of Respiratory Health, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chengdu Third People's Hospital Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Laboratory of Allergy and Precision Medicine, Chengdu Institute of Respiratory Health, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chengdu Third People's Hospital Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Junyi Wang
- Laboratory of Allergy and Precision Medicine, Chengdu Institute of Respiratory Health, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chengdu Third People's Hospital Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Lingling Bai
- Laboratory of Allergy and Precision Medicine, Chengdu Institute of Respiratory Health, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chengdu Third People's Hospital Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Shengbin Liu
- Laboratory of Allergy and Precision Medicine, Chengdu Institute of Respiratory Health, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chengdu Third People's Hospital Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Shiyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
| | - Baoqing Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China.
| | - Guoping Li
- Laboratory of Allergy and Precision Medicine, Chengdu Institute of Respiratory Health, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610000, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chengdu Third People's Hospital Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Hospital of ChongQing Medical University, Chengdu 610000, China.
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Wang TT, Zhu HL, Ouyang KW, Wang H, Luo YX, Zheng XM, Ling Q, Wang KW, Zhang J, Chang W, Lu Q, Zhang YF, Yuan Z, Li H, Xiong YW, Wei T, Wang H. Environmental cadmium inhibits testicular testosterone synthesis via Parkin-dependent MFN1 degradation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134142. [PMID: 38555669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Low testosterone (T) levels are associated with many common diseases, such as obesity, male infertility, depression, and cardiovascular disease. It is well known that environmental cadmium (Cd) exposure can induce T decline, but the exact mechanism remains unclear. We established a murine model in which Cd exposure induced testicular T decline. Based on the model, we found Cd caused mitochondrial fusion disorder and Parkin mitochondrial translocation in mouse testes. MFN1 overexpression confirmed that MFN1-dependent mitochondrial fusion disorder mediated the Cd-induced T synthesis suppression in Leydig cells. Further data confirmed Cd induced the decrease of MFN1 protein by increasing ubiquitin degradation. Testicular specific Parkin knockdown confirmed Cd induced the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of MFN1 protein through promoting Parkin mitochondrial translocation in mouse testes. Expectedly, testicular specific Parkin knockdown also mitigated testicular T decline. Mito-TEMPO, a targeted inhibitor for mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS), alleviated Cd-caused Parkin mitochondrial translocation and mitochondrial fusion disorder. As above, Parkin mitochondrial translocation induced mitochondrial fusion disorder and the following T synthesis repression in Cd-exposed Leydig cells. Collectively, our study elucidates a novel mechanism through which Cd induces T decline and provides a new treatment strategy for patients with androgen disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Hua-Long Zhu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Kong-Wen Ouyang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230000, China
| | - Ye-Xin Luo
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Xin-Mei Zheng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Qing Ling
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Kai-Wen Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Wei Chang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Qi Lu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Yu-Feng Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Zhi Yuan
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Yong-Wei Xiong
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Tian Wei
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
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5
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Li C, Chen H, Gu Y, Chen W, Liu M, Lei Q, Li Y, Liang X, Wei B, Huang D, Liu S, Su L, Zeng X, Wang L. Causal effects of PM 2.5 exposure on neuropsychiatric disorders and the mediation via gut microbiota: A Mendelian randomization study. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 275:116257. [PMID: 38564871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing evidence has revealed the impacts of exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and dysbiosis of gut microbiota on neuropsychiatric disorders, but the causal inference remains controversial due to residual confounders in observational studies. METHODS This study aimed to examine the causal effects of exposure to PM2.5 on 4 major neuropsychiatric disorders (number of cases = 18,381 for autism spectrum disorder [ASD], 38,691 for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], 67,390 for schizophrenia, and 21,982 cases for Alzheimer's disease [AD]), and the mediation pathway through gut microbiota. Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were performed, in which genetic instruments were identified from genome-wide association studies (GWASs). The included GWASs were available from (1) MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC-IEU) for PM2.5, PMcoarse, PM10, and NOX; (2) the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) for ASD, ADHD, and schizophrenia; (3) MRC-IEU for AD; and (4) MiBioGen for gut microbiota. Multivariable MR analyses were conducted to adjust for exposure to NOX, PMcoarse, and PM10. We also examined the mediation effects of gut microbiota in the associations between PM2.5 exposure levels and neuropsychiatric disorders, using two-step MR analyses. RESULTS Each 1 standard deviation (1.06 ug/m3) increment in PM2.5 concentrations was associated with elevated risk of ASD (odds ratio [OR] 1.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00-2.02), ADHD (1.51, 1.15-1.98), schizophrenia (1.47, 1.15-1.87), and AD (1.57, 1.16-2.12). For all the 4 neurodevelopmental disorders, the results were robust under various sensitivity analyses, while the MR-Egger method yielded non-significant outcomes. The associations remained significant for all the 4 neuropsychiatric disorders after adjusting for PMcoarse, while non-significant after adjusting for NOX and PM10. The effects of PM2.5 exposure on ADHD and schizophrenia were partially mediated by Lachnospiraceae and Barnesiella, with the proportions ranging from 8.31% to 15.77%. CONCLUSIONS This study suggested that exposure to PM2.5 would increase the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders, partially by influencing the profile of gut microbiota. Comprehensive regulations on air pollutants are needed to help prevent neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanhua Li
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Hao Chen
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Ye Gu
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Wanling Chen
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Meiliang Liu
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Qinggui Lei
- The Eighth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, China
| | - Yujun Li
- Nanning Children's Rehabilitation Center, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, China
| | - Xiaomei Liang
- Nanning Children's Rehabilitation Center, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, China
| | - Binyuan Wei
- Nanning Children's Rehabilitation Center, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, China
| | - Dongping Huang
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Shun Liu
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Li Su
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zeng
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China; Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China.
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6
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Chen S, Chen W, Li Z, Yue J, Yung KKL, Li R. Regulation of PM 2.5 on mitochondrial damage in H9c2 cells through miR-421/SIRT3 pathway and protective effect of miR-421 inhibitor and resveratrol. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 138:288-300. [PMID: 38135396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Mitochondria are sensitive targets of PM2.5, and mitochondrial dysfunction is closely related to the occurrence of CVD. The epigenetic mechanism of PM2.5-triggered mitochondrial injury of cardiomyocytes is unclear. This study focused on the miR-421/SIRT3 signaling pathway to investigate the regulatory mechanism in cardiac mitochondrial dynamics imbalance in rat H9c2 cells induced by PM2.5. Results illustrated that PM2.5 impaired mitochondrial function and caused dynamics homeostasis imbalance. Besides, PM2.5 up-regulated miR-421 and down-regulated SIRT3 gene expression, along with decreasing p-FOXO3a (SIRT3 downstream target gene) and p-Parkin expression and triggering abnormal expression of fusion gene OPA1 and fission gene Drp1. Further, miR-421 inhibitor (miR-421i) and resveratrol significantly elevated the SIRT3 levels in H9c2 cells after PM2.5 exposure and mediated the expression of SOD2, OPA1 and Drp1, restoring the mitochondrial morphology and function. It suggests that miR-421/SIRT3 pathway plays an epigenetic regulatory role in mitochondrial damage induced by PM2.5 and that miR-421i and resveratrol exert protective effects against PM2.5-incurred cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Chen
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Wenqi Chen
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhiping Li
- Institute of Judicial Identification Techniques for Environmental Damage, Shanxi University and Shanxi Unisdom Testing Technology Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jianwei Yue
- Institute of Judicial Identification Techniques for Environmental Damage, Shanxi University and Shanxi Unisdom Testing Technology Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Ken Kin Lam Yung
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ruijin Li
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; Institute of Judicial Identification Techniques for Environmental Damage, Shanxi University and Shanxi Unisdom Testing Technology Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030006, China; Shanxi Yellow River Laboratory, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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7
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Cristaldi A, Oliveri Conti G, Pellitteri R, La Cognata V, Copat C, Pulvirenti E, Grasso A, Fiore M, Cavallaro S, Dell'Albani P, Ferrante M. In vitro exposure to PM 2.5 of olfactory Ensheathing cells and SH-SY5Y cells and possible association with neurodegenerative processes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 241:117575. [PMID: 37925127 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 exposure represents a risk factor for the public health. PM2.5 is able to cross the blood-alveolar and blood-brain barriers and reach the brain through three routes: nasal olfactory pathway, nose-brain pathway, blood-brain barrier pathway. We evaluated the effect of PM2.5 to induce cytotoxicity and reduced viability on in vitro cultures of OECs (Olfactory Ensheathing Cells) and SH-SY5Y cells. PM2.5 samples were collected in the metropolitan area of Catania, and the gravimetric determination of PM2.5, characterization of 10 trace elements and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were carried out for each sample. PM2.5 extracts were exposed to cultures of OECs and SH-SY5Y cells for 24-48-72 h, and the cell viability assay (MTT) was evaluated. Assessment of mitochondrial and cytoskeleton damage, and the assessment of apoptotic process were performed in the samples that showed lower cell viability. We have found an annual average value of PM2.5 = 16.9 μg/m3 and a maximum value of PM2.5 = 27.6 μg/m3 during the winter season. PM2.5 samples collected during the winter season also showed higher concentrations of PAHs and trace elements. The MTT assay showed a reduction in cell viability for both OECs (44%, 62%, 64%) and SH-SY5Y cells (16%, 17%, 28%) after 24-48-72 h of PM2.5 exposure. Furthermore, samples with lower cell viability showed a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, increased cytotoxicity, and also impaired cellular integrity and induction of the apoptotic process after increased expression of vimentin and caspase-3 activity, respectively. These events are involved in neurodegenerative processes and could be triggered not only by the concentration and time of exposure to PM2.5, but also by the presence of trace elements and PAHs on the PM2.5 substrate. The identification of more sensitive cell lines could be the key to understanding how exposure to PM2.5 can contribute to the onset of neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cristaldi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Italy; ISDE: International Society of Doctors for Environments - ISDE, Catania Section, Italy
| | - Gea Oliveri Conti
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Italy; ISDE: International Society of Doctors for Environments - ISDE, Catania Section, Italy; NANOMED: Research Center in Nanomedicine and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Italy.
| | - Rosalia Pellitteri
- CNR-IRIB: National Research Council - Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Catania, Italy
| | - Valentina La Cognata
- CNR-IRIB: National Research Council - Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Catania, Italy.
| | - Chiara Copat
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Italy; ISDE: International Society of Doctors for Environments - ISDE, Catania Section, Italy
| | - Eloise Pulvirenti
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Italy; ISDE: International Society of Doctors for Environments - ISDE, Catania Section, Italy; Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Alfina Grasso
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Fiore
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Italy; ISDE: International Society of Doctors for Environments - ISDE, Catania Section, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Cavallaro
- CNR-IRIB: National Research Council - Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Catania, Italy
| | - Paola Dell'Albani
- CNR-IRIB: National Research Council - Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Catania, Italy.
| | - Margherita Ferrante
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Italy; ISDE: International Society of Doctors for Environments - ISDE, Catania Section, Italy; NANOMED: Research Center in Nanomedicine and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
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8
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Prajapat M, Kaur G, Choudhary G, Pahwa P, Bansal S, Joshi R, Batra G, Mishra A, Singla R, Kaur H, Prabha PK, Patel AP, Medhi B. A systematic review for the development of Alzheimer's disease in in vitro models: a focus on different inducing agents. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1296919. [PMID: 38173557 PMCID: PMC10761490 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1296919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common progressive neurodegenerative disease and is associated with dementia. Presently, various chemical and environmental agents are used to induce in-vitro models of Alzheimer disease to investigate the efficacy of different therapeutic drugs. We screened literature from databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google scholar, emphasizing the diverse targeting mechanisms of neuro degeneration explored in in-vitro models. The results revealed studies in which different types of chemicals and environmental agents were used for in-vitro development of Alzheimer-targeting mechanisms of neurodegeneration. Studies using chemically induced in-vitro AD models included in this systematic review will contribute to a deeper understanding of AD. However, none of these models can reproduce all the characteristics of disease progression seen in the majority of Alzheimer's disease subtypes. Additional modifications would be required to replicate the complex conditions of human AD in an exact manner. In-vitro models of Alzheimer's disease developed using chemicals and environmental agents are instrumental in providing insights into the disease's pathophysiology; therefore, chemical-induced in-vitro AD models will continue to play vital role in future AD research. This systematic screening revealed the pivotal role of chemical-induced in-vitro AD models in advancing our understanding of AD pathophysiology and is therefore important to understand the potential of these chemicals in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gurjeet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Paras Pahwa
- Department of Pharmacology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Seema Bansal
- MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (DU) University, Mullana, Ambala, India
| | - Rupa Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gitika Batra
- Department of Neurology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Abhishek Mishra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Rubal Singla
- Department of Pharmacology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | | | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
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9
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Yu D, Cai W, Shen T, Wu Y, Ren C, Li T, Hu C, Zhu M, Yu J. PM 2.5 exposure increases dry eye disease risks through corneal epithelial inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunctions. Cell Biol Toxicol 2023; 39:2615-2630. [PMID: 36786954 PMCID: PMC10693534 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-023-09791-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is the most common disease affecting vision and quality of life. PM2.5 was a potential risk of DED. Herein, we conducted animal exposure and cell-based studies to evaluate the pathogenic effect of PM2.5 exposure on the ocular surface and DED etiological mechanisms. C57 mice were exposed to filtered air and PM2.5 aerosol. We assessed health conditions and inflammation of the ocular surface by corneal fluorescein staining and immunohistochemistry. In parallel, cultured human corneal epithelial cells (HCETs) were treated with PM2.5, followed by characterization of cell viability, intracellular ATP level, mitochondrial activities, and expression level of DED relevant mRNA and proteins. In mice, PM2.5 exposure induced severe superficial punctate keratopathy and inflammation in their cornea. In HCETs, cell proliferation and ROS generation followed dose-response and time-dependent manner; meanwhile, mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) level increased and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) level decreased. Inflammation cascade was triggered even after short-term exposure. The reduction of ATP production was alleviated with Nrf2 overexpression, NF-κB P65 knockdown, or ROS clearance. Nrf2 overexpression and P65 knockdown reduced inflammatory reaction through decreasing expression of P65 and increasing of Nrf2, respectively. They partly alleviated changes of ROS/mtROS/MMP. This research proved that PM2.5 would cause DED-related inflammation reaction on corneal epithelial cells and further explored its mechanism: ROS from mitochondrial dysfunctions of corneal epithelial cells after PM2.5 exposure partly inhibited the expression of anti-inflammatory protein Nrf2 led the activation of inflammatory protein P65 and its downstream molecules, which finally caused inflammation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenting Cai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyi Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengda Ren
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengyu Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Meijiang Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Pradhan SH, Liu JY, Sayes CM. Evaluating Manganese, Zinc, and Copper Metal Toxicity on SH-SY5Y Cells in Establishing an Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16129. [PMID: 38003318 PMCID: PMC10671677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition marked by loss of motor coordination and cognitive impairment. According to global estimates, the worldwide prevalence of PD will likely exceed 12 million cases by 2040. PD is primarily associated with genetic factors, while clinically, cases are attributed to idiopathic factors such as environmental or occupational exposure. The heavy metals linked to PD and other neurodegenerative disorders include copper, manganese, and zinc. Chronic exposure to metals induces elevated oxidative stress and disrupts homeostasis, resulting in neuronal death. These metals are suggested to induce idiopathic PD in the literature. This study measures the effects of lethal concentration at 10% cell death (LC10) and lethal concentration at 50% cell death (LC50) concentrations of copper, manganese, and zinc chlorides on SH-SY5Y cells via markers for dopamine, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, DNA damage, and mitochondrial dysfunction after a 24 h exposure. These measurements were compared to a known neurotoxin to induce PD, 100 µM 6-hydroxydopamine (6-ODHA). Between the three metal chlorides, zinc was statistically different in all parameters from all other treatments and induced significant dopaminergic loss, DNA damage, and mitochondrial dysfunction. The LC50 of manganese and copper had the most similar response to 6-ODHA in all parameters, while LC10 of manganese and copper responded most like untreated cells. This study suggests that these metal chlorides respond differently from 6-ODHA and each other, suggesting that idiopathic PD utilizes a different mechanism from the classic PD model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christie M. Sayes
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA; (S.H.P.)
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11
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Wang X, Deng X, Wu Y, Qian Z, Cai M, Li H, Lin H. Low-level ambient sulfur dioxide exposure and genetic susceptibility associated with incidence of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A national prospective cohort study. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 337:139362. [PMID: 37414299 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between long-term air pollution exposure and the development of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) has been established, but the evidence regarding the effect of low levels of air pollution, especially ambient sulfur dioxide (SO2), is limited. Besides, the combined effect and interaction between genetic susceptibility and ambient SO2 on IPF remain uncertain. METHODS This study retrieved data from 402,042 participants who were free of IPF at baseline in the UK Biobank. The annual mean concentration of ambient SO2 was estimated for each participant based on their residential addresses using a bilinear interpolation method. Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the relationship between ambient SO2 and incident IPF. We further generated a polygenic risk score (PRS) for IPF and estimated the combined effects of genetic susceptibility and ambient SO2 on incident IPF. RESULTS After a median follow-up of 11.78 years, 2562 cases of IPF were identified. The results indicated that each 1 μg/m3 increase in ambient SO2 was associated with a hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) of 1.67 (1.58, 1.76) for incident IPF. The study found statistically significant synergistic additive interaction between genetic susceptibility and ambient SO2. Individuals with high genetic risk and high ambient SO2 exposure had a higher risk of developing IPF (HR = 7.48, 95% CI:5.66, 9.90). CONCLUSION The study suggests that long-term exposure to ambient SO2, even at concentrations lower than current air quality guidelines set by the Word Health Organization and European Union, may be an important risk factor for IPF. This risk is more pronounced among people with a high genetic risk. Therefore, these findings emphasize the need to consider the potential health effects of SO2 exposure and the necessity for stricter air quality standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Xu Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Yinglin Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Zhengmin Qian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, USA
| | - Miao Cai
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Haitao Li
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Service Management, Shenzhen University General Hospital, China
| | - Hualiang Lin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, China.
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12
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Huang L, Xu J, Duan K, Bao T, Cheng Y, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Lin Y, Li F. Scorpion venom heat-resistant peptide alleviates mitochondrial dynamics imbalance induced by PM 2.5 exposure by downregulating the PGC-1α/SIRT3 signaling pathway. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2023; 12:756-764. [PMID: 37915494 PMCID: PMC10615811 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfad064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiological inquiry reveals that neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction caused by PM2.5 exposure are associated with Alzheimer's disease. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial dynamics and neuroinflammation induced by PM2.5 exposure remain elusive. In this study, our objective was to explore the impact of PM2.5 on mitochondrial dynamics and neuroinflammation, while also examining the reparative potential of scorpion venom heat-resistant synthetic peptide (SVHRSP). Methods Western blot and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) were employed to ascertain the protein and gene levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in BV2 cells. The concentration of IL-6 in the supernatant of the BV2 cell culture was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. For the assessment of mitochondrial homeostasis, western blot, RT-qPCR, and cellular immunohistochemistry methods were utilized to investigate the protein and gene levels of DRP1 and MFN-2 in HT22 cells. In the context of signal pathway analyses, western blot, RT-qPCR, and immunofluorescence techniques were employed to detect the protein and gene expressions of PGC-1α and SIRT3 in HT22 cells, respectively. Following the transfection with siPGC-1αRNA, downstream proteins of PGC-1α/SIRT3 pathway in HT22 cells were investigated by Western blot and RT-qPCR. Results The experimental findings demonstrated that exposure to PM2.5 exacerbated neuroinflammation, resulting in elevated levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Furthermore, it perturbed mitochondrial dynamics, as evidenced by increased DRP1 expression and decreased MFN-2 expression. Additionally, dysfunction was observed in the PGC-1α/SIRT3 signal pathway. However, intervention with SVHRSP ameliorated the cellular damage induced by PM2.5 exposure. Conclusions SVHRSP alleviated neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dynamics imbalance induced by PM2.5 exposure by downregulating the PGC-1α/SIRT3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanyi Huang
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jingbin Xu
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Kaiqian Duan
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Tuya Bao
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Haimin Zhang
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yingwei Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Fasheng Li
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
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13
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Shehata SA, Toraih EA, Ismail EA, Hagras AM, Elmorsy E, Fawzy MS. Vaping, Environmental Toxicants Exposure, and Lung Cancer Risk. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4525. [PMID: 37760496 PMCID: PMC10526315 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer (LC) is the second-most prevalent tumor worldwide. According to the most recent GLOBOCAN data, over 2.2 million LC cases were reported in 2020, with an estimated new death incident of 1,796,144 lung cancer cases. Genetic, lifestyle, and environmental exposure play an important role as risk factors for LC. E-cigarette, or vaping, products (EVPs) use has been dramatically increasing world-wide. There is growing concern that EVPs consumption may increase the risk of LC because EVPs contain several proven carcinogenic compounds. However, the relationship between EVPs and LC is not well established. E-cigarette contains nicotine derivatives (e.g., nitrosnornicotine, nitrosamine ketone), heavy metals (including organometal compounds), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and flavorings (aldehydes and complex organics). Several environmental toxicants have been proven to contribute to LC. Proven and plausible environmental carcinogens could be physical (ionizing and non-ionizing radiation), chemicals (such as asbestos, formaldehyde, and dioxins), and heavy metals (such as cobalt, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and nickel). Air pollution, especially particulate matter (PM) emitted from vehicles and industrial exhausts, is linked with LC. Although extensive environmental exposure prevention policies and smoking reduction strategies have been adopted globally, the dangers remain. Combined, both EVPs and toxic environmental exposures may demonstrate significant synergistic oncogenicity. This review aims to analyze the current publications on the importance of the relationship between EVPs consumption and environmental toxicants in the pathogenesis of LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa A. Shehata
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; (S.A.S.); (A.M.H.)
| | - Eman A. Toraih
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
- Genetics Unit, Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Ezzat A. Ismail
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt;
| | - Abeer M. Hagras
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; (S.A.S.); (A.M.H.)
| | - Ekramy Elmorsy
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar 73213, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Manal S. Fawzy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar 73213, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Dhoj C, Garcia A, Manasyan A, Benavides M, Abou Abbas D, Toscano C, Porter E, Wang Y. Scanning ion conductance microscopy reveals differential effect of PM 2.5 exposure on A549 lung epithelial and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell membranes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:4557-4567. [PMID: 37069445 PMCID: PMC10628941 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04690-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have linked a wide range of diseases including respiratory illnesses to harmful particulate matter (PM) emissions indoors and outdoors, such as incense PM and industrial PM. Because of their ability to penetrate the lower respiratory tract and the circulatory system, fine particles with diameters of 2.5 µm or less (PM2.5) are believed to be more hazardous than larger PMs. Despite the enormous number of studies focusing on the intracellular processes associated with PM2.5 exposure, there have been limited reports studying the biophysical properties of cell membranes, such as nanoscale morphological changes induced by PM2.5. Our study assesses the membrane topographical and structural effects of PM2.5 from incense PM2.5 exposure in real time on A549 lung carcinoma epithelial cells and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells that had been fixed to preclude adaptive cell responses. The size distribution and mechanical properties of the PM2.5 sample were characterized with atomic force microscopy (AFM). Nanoscale morphological monitoring of the cell membranes utilizing scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) indicated statistically significant increasing membrane roughness at A549 cells at half an hour of exposure and visible damage at 4 h of exposure. In contrast, no significant increase in roughness was observed on SH-SY5Y cells after half an hour of PM2.5 exposure, although continued exposure to PM2.5 for up to 4 h affected an expansion of lesions already present before exposure commenced. These findings suggest that A549 cell membranes are more susceptible to structural damage by PM2.5 compared to SH-SY5Y cell membranes, corroborating more enhanced susceptibility of airway epithelial cells to exposure to PM2.5 than neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Dhoj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Adaly Garcia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Artur Manasyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Miriam Benavides
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Dana Abou Abbas
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Cindy Toscano
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Edith Porter
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Yixian Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
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15
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Garcia A, Santa-Helena E, De Falco A, de Paula Ribeiro J, Gioda A, Gioda CR. Toxicological Effects of Fine Particulate Matter (PM 2.5): Health Risks and Associated Systemic Injuries-Systematic Review. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2023; 234:346. [PMID: 37250231 PMCID: PMC10208206 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-023-06278-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies focused on investigating particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 µm (PM2.5) have shown the risk of disease development, and association with increased morbidity and mortality rates. The current review investigate epidemiological and experimental findings from 2016 to 2021, which enabled the systemic overview of PM2.5's toxic impacts on human health. The Web of Science database search used descriptive terms to investigate the interaction among PM2.5 exposure, systemic effects, and COVID-19 disease. Analyzed studies have indicated that cardiovascular and respiratory systems have been extensively investigated and indicated as the main air pollution targets. Nevertheless, PM2.5 reaches other organic systems and harms the renal, neurological, gastrointestinal, and reproductive systems. Pathologies onset and/or get worse due to toxicological effects associated with the exposure to this particle type, since it can trigger several reactions, such as inflammatory responses, oxidative stress generation and genotoxicity. These cellular dysfunctions lead to organ malfunctions, as shown in the current review. In addition, the correlation between COVID-19/Sars-CoV-2 and PM2.5 exposure was also assessed to help better understand the role of atmospheric pollution in the pathophysiology of this disease. Despite the significant number of studies about PM2.5's effects on organic functions, available in the literature, there are still gaps in knowledge about how this particulate matter can hinder human health. The current review aimed to approach the main findings about the effect of PM2.5 exposure on different systems, and demonstrate the likely interaction of COVID-19/Sars-CoV-2 and PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Garcia
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação Em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália Km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS 96203-900 Brazil
| | - Eduarda Santa-Helena
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação Em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália Km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS 96203-900 Brazil
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Departmento de Química, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anna De Falco
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Departmento de Química, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joaquim de Paula Ribeiro
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação Em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália Km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS 96203-900 Brazil
| | - Adriana Gioda
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Departmento de Química, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carolina Rosa Gioda
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação Em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália Km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS 96203-900 Brazil
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16
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Somayajulu M, McClellan SA, Wright R, Pitchaikannu A, Croniger B, Zhang K, Hazlett LD. Airborne Exposure of the Cornea to PM 10 Induces Oxidative Stress and Disrupts Nrf2 Mediated Anti-Oxidant Defenses. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3911. [PMID: 36835320 PMCID: PMC9965133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to test the effects of whole-body animal exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter of <10 μm (PM10) in the mouse cornea and in vitro. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to control or 500 µg/m3 PM10 for 2 weeks. In vivo, reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were analyzed. RT-PCR and ELISA evaluated levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling and inflammatory markers. SKQ1, a novel mitochondrial antioxidant, was applied topically and GSH, MDA and Nrf2 levels were tested. In vitro, cells were treated with PM10 ± SKQ1 and cell viability, MDA, mitochondrial ROS, ATP and Nrf2 protein were tested. In vivo, PM10 vs. control exposure significantly reduced GSH, corneal thickness and increased MDA levels. PM10-exposed corneas showed significantly higher mRNA levels for downstream targets, pro-inflammatory molecules and reduced Nrf2 protein. In PM10-exposed corneas, SKQ1 restored GSH and Nrf2 levels and lowered MDA. In vitro, PM10 reduced cell viability, Nrf2 protein, and ATP, and increased MDA, and mitochondrial ROS; while SKQ1 reversed these effects. Whole-body PM10 exposure triggers oxidative stress, disrupting the Nrf2 pathway. SKQ1 reverses these deleterious effects in vivo and in vitro, suggesting applicability to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallika Somayajulu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Sharon A. McClellan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Robert Wright
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Ahalya Pitchaikannu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Bridget Croniger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Linda D. Hazlett
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Liang H, Zhou X, Zhu Y, Li D, Jing D, Su X, Pan P, Liu H, Zhang Y. Association of outdoor air pollution, lifestyle, genetic factors with the risk of lung cancer: A prospective cohort study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 218:114996. [PMID: 36481370 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The effect of air pollution exposure on incident lung cancer remains uncertain, and the modifying role of lifestyle and genetic susceptibility in association between air pollution and lung cancer is ambiguous. METHODS A total of 367,623 participants from UK biobank cohort were enrolled in the analysis. The concentrations of particle matter (PM2.5, PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOx), were evaluated by land-use regression model. Cox proportional hazard model was applied to assess the associations between air pollution and incident lung cancer. A lifestyle risk score and a polygenic risk score were established to investigate whether lifestyle and heritable risk could modify the effect of air pollution on lung cancer risk. RESULTS Per interquartile range (IQR) increment in annual concentrations of PM2.5 (HR = 1.22, 95% CI, 1.15∼1.30), NO2 (HR = 1.19, 95% CI, 1.10∼1.27), and NOx (HR = 1.14, 95% CI, 1.09∼1.20) were associated with increased risk of lung cancer. We observed an additive interaction between air pollution including PM2.5 and NOx and lifestyle or genetic risk. Individuals with high air pollution exposure, poor lifestyle and high genetic risk had the highest risk of incident lung cancer. CONCLUSION Long-term exposures to air pollution is associated with increased risk of lung cancer, and this effect was modified by lifestyle or genetic risk. Integrated interventions for environmental pollution by government and adherence to healthy lifestyle by individuals are advocated for lung cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaying Liang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; Center of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; Center of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yiqun Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; Center of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Dianwu Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; Center of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Danrong Jing
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoli Su
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; Center of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Pinhua Pan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; Center of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Hong Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; Center of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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18
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Rehman A, Kumari R, Kamthan A, Tiwari R, Srivastava RK, van der Westhuizen FH, Mishra PK. Cell-free circulating mitochondrial DNA: An emerging biomarker for airborne particulate matter associated with cardiovascular diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 195:103-120. [PMID: 36584454 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The association of airborne particulate matter exposure with the deteriorating function of the cardiovascular system is fundamentally driven by the impairment of mitochondrial-nuclear crosstalk orchestrated by aberrant redox signaling. The loss of delicate balance in retrograde communication from mitochondria to the nucleus often culminates in the methylation of the newly synthesized strand of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) through DNA methyl transferases. In highly metabolic active tissues such as the heart, mtDNA's methylation state alteration impacts mitochondrial bioenergetics. It affects transcriptional regulatory processes involved in biogenesis, fission, and fusion, often accompanied by the integrated stress response. Previous studies have demonstrated a paradoxical role of mtDNA methylation in cardiovascular pathologies linked to air pollution. A pronounced alteration in mtDNA methylation contributes to systemic inflammation, an etiological determinant for several co-morbidities, including vascular endothelial dysfunction and myocardial injury. In the current article, we evaluate the state of evidence and examine the considerable promise of using cell-free circulating methylated mtDNA as a predictive biomarker to reduce the more significant burden of ambient air pollution on cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afreen Rehman
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India.
| | - Roshani Kumari
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India.
| | - Arunika Kamthan
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India.
| | - Rajnarayan Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India.
| | | | | | - Pradyumna Kumar Mishra
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India.
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19
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Bandaru LJM, Murumulla L, C BL, D KP, Challa S. Exposure of combination of environmental pollutant, lead (Pb) and β-amyloid peptides causes mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in human neuronal cells. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2023; 55:79-89. [PMID: 36637735 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-023-09956-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to the environmental pollutant lead (Pb) has been linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD), in which mitochondrial dysfunction is a pathological consequence of neuronal degeneration. The toxicity of Pb in combination with β-amyloid peptides (1-40) and (25-35) causes selective death in neuronal cells. However, the precise mechanism through which Pb induces Alzheimer's disease, particularly mitochondrial damage, is unknown. Changes in mitochondrial mass, membrane potential, mitochondrial complex activities, mitochondrial DNA and oxidative stress were examined in neuronal cells of human origin exposed to Pb and β-amyloid peptides (1-40) and (25-35) individually and in different combinations. The results showed depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential, decrease in mitochondrial mass, ATP levels and mtDNA copy number in Pb and β-amyloid peptides (1-40) and (25-35) exposed cells. Also, significant reductions in the expression of mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) complex proteins (ATP5A, COXIV, UQCRC2, SDHB, NDUFS3), as well as down regulation of ETC complex gene expressions such as COXIV, ATP5F1 and NDUFS3 and antioxidant gene expressions like MnSOD and Gpx4 were observed in exposed cells. Furthermore, Pb and β-amyloid peptides exposure resulted in elevated mitochondrial malondialdehyde levels and a decrease in mitochondrial GSH levels. Our findings suggest that Pb toxicity could be one of the causative factors for the mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Jaya Madhuri Bandaru
- Cell Biology Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - Lokesh Murumulla
- Cell Biology Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - Bindu Lasya C
- Department of Pharmacology, Anurag University, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Suresh Challa
- Cell Biology Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India.
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20
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Santibáñez-Andrade M, Quezada-Maldonado EM, Rivera-Pineda A, Chirino YI, García-Cuellar CM, Sánchez-Pérez Y. The Road to Malignant Cell Transformation after Particulate Matter Exposure: From Oxidative Stress to Genotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021782. [PMID: 36675297 PMCID: PMC9860989 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In cells, oxidative stress is an imbalance between the production/accumulation of oxidants and the ability of the antioxidant system to detoxify these reactive products. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), cause multiple cellular damages through their interaction with biomolecules such as lipids, proteins, and DNA. Genotoxic damage caused by oxidative stress has become relevant since it can lead to mutation and play a central role in malignant transformation. The evidence describes chronic oxidative stress as an important factor implicated in all stages of the multistep carcinogenic process: initiation, promotion, and progression. In recent years, ambient air pollution by particulate matter (PM) has been cataloged as a cancer risk factor, increasing the incidence of different types of tumors. Epidemiological and toxicological evidence shows how PM-induced oxidative stress could mediate multiple events oriented to carcinogenesis, such as proliferative signaling, evasion of growth suppressors, resistance to cell death, induction of angiogenesis, and activation of invasion/metastasis pathways. In this review, we summarize the findings regarding the involvement of oxidative and genotoxic mechanisms generated by PM in malignant cell transformation. We also discuss the importance of new approaches oriented to studying the development of tumors associated with PM with more accuracy, pursuing the goal of weighing the impact of oxidative stress and genotoxicity as one of the main mechanisms associated with its carcinogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Santibáñez-Andrade
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan, México City CP 14080, Mexico
| | - Ericka Marel Quezada-Maldonado
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan, México City CP 14080, Mexico
| | - Andrea Rivera-Pineda
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan, México City CP 14080, Mexico
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV), Av. IPN No. 2508 Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México City CP 07360, Mexico
| | - Yolanda I. Chirino
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla CP 54090, Mexico
| | - Claudia M. García-Cuellar
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan, México City CP 14080, Mexico
- Correspondence: (C.M.G.-C.); (Y.S.-P.); Tel.: +52-(55)-3693-5200 (ext. 209) (Y.S.-P.)
| | - Yesennia Sánchez-Pérez
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan, México City CP 14080, Mexico
- Correspondence: (C.M.G.-C.); (Y.S.-P.); Tel.: +52-(55)-3693-5200 (ext. 209) (Y.S.-P.)
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Wei M, Bao G, Li S, Yang Z, Cheng C, Le W. PM2.5 exposure triggers cell death through lysosomal membrane permeabilization and leads to ferroptosis insensitivity via the autophagy dysfunction/p62-KEAP1-NRF2 activation in neuronal cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 248:114333. [PMID: 36446170 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 exposure can be associated with the onset of neurodegenerative diseases, with oxidative stress-induced cellular homeostasis disruption and cell death as one of the main mechanisms. However, the exact cellular and molecular processes are still rarely investigated. Autophagy and KEAP1-NRF2 (Kelch-like ECH-Associating protein 1-nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2) signaling pathway are two main cellular defense systems for maintaining cellular homeostasis and resisting oxidative stress. In this study, we primarily investigated the role of autophagy and KEAP1-NRF2 in regulating cell death resulting from PM2.5 exposure in mouse neuroblastoma N2a cells. Our results showed that PM2.5 exposure disrupted autophagic flux by impairing lysosomal function, including lysosomal alkalinization, increased lysosome membrane permeabilization (LMP), and Cathepsin B release. Furthermore, dysregulated autophagy enhances NRF2 activity in a p62-dependent manner, which then initiates the expression of a series of antioxidant genes and increases cellular insensitivity to ferroptosis. Meanwhile, autophagy dysfunction impairs the intracellular degradation of ferroptosis related proteins such as GPX4 and ferritin. As these proteins accumulate, cells also become less sensitive to ferroptosis. LMP-associated cell death may be the main mechanism of PM2.5-induced N2a cytotoxicity. Our results may provide insights into the mechanisms of PM2.5-induced neurotoxicity and predict effective prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wei
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, China.
| | - Guangming Bao
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, China
| | - Song Li
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, China
| | - Zhaofei Yang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, China
| | - Weidong Le
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, China; Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China.
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22
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Lu L, Liu JB, Wang JQ, Lian CY, Wang ZY, Wang L. Glyphosate-induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species overproduction activates parkin-dependent mitophagy to inhibit testosterone synthesis in mouse leydig cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 314:120314. [PMID: 36183875 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate (GLY), one of the most extensively used herbicides in the world, has been shown to inhibit testosterone synthesis in male animals. Mitochondria are crucial organelles for testosterone synthesis and its dysfunction has been demonstrated to induce the inhibition of testosterone biosynthesis. However, whether low-dose GLY exposure targets mitochondria to inhibit testosterone synthesis and its underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, an in vitro model of 10 μM GLY-exposed mouse Leydig (TM3) cells was established to elucidate this issue. Data firstly showed that mitochondrial malfunction, mainly manifested by ultrastructure damage, disturbance of mitochondrial dynamics and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) overproduction, was responsible for GLY-decreased protein levels of steroidogenic enzymes, which leads to the inhibition of testosterone synthesis. Enhancement of autophagic flux and activation of mitophagy were shown in GLY-treated TM3 cells, and further studies have revealed that GLY-activated mitophagy is parkin-dependent. Notably, GLY-inhibited testosterone production was significantly improved by parkin knockdown. Finally, data showed that treatment with mitochondria-targeted antioxidant Mito-TEMPO (M-T) markedly reversed GLY-induced mitochondrial network fragmentation, activation of parkin-dependent mitophagy and consultant testosterone reduction. Overall, these findings demonstrate that GLY induces mtROS overproduction to activate parkin-dependent mitophagy, which contributes to the inhibition of testosterone synthesis. This study provides a potential mechanistic explanation for how GLY inhibits testosterone synthesis in mouse Leydig cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Jing-Bo Liu
- College of Biological and Brewing Engineering, Taishan University, 525 Dongyue Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271000, China
| | - Jin-Qiu Wang
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing, 102442, China
| | - Cai-Yu Lian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Zhen-Yong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an City, Shandong Province, 271018, China.
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23
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Ke L, Zhang Y, Fu Y, Shen X, Zhang Y, Ma X, Di Q. Short-term PM 2.5 exposure and cognitive function: Association and neurophysiological mechanisms. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107593. [PMID: 36279737 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although converging evidence has demonstrated that exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) caused adverse effects on brain structure and cognitive function, the association between the short-term exposure to PM2.5 and cognition dysfunction remained underexplored, especially possible neurophysiological mechanisms. METHODS We conducted a longitudinal observational study with four repeated measurement sessions among 90 young adults from September 2020 to June 2021. During each measurement session, we measured participants' personal-level air pollution exposure for one week with portable monitors, followed by executive function assessment and electrophysiological signal recording at an assessment center. Standard Stroop color-word test was used accompanied with electroencephalogram (EEG) recording to assess performance on executive function. We used linear mixed-effect model with lagged values of PM2.5 levels to analyze the association between PM2.5 exposure and changes in executive function, and mediation analysis to investigate mediation effect by EEG signal. RESULTS Adjusted mixed-effect models demonstrated that elevated PM2.5 exposure three days prior to cognitive assessment (lag-3) was associated with (1) declined performance in both congruent and incongruent tasks in Stroop test, (2) reduced lower and upper alpha event-related desynchronization (ERD) during 500-1000 ms after stimuli, both indicating impaired executive control. Lower and upper alpha ERD also mediated observed associations between short-term PM2.5 exposure and executive function. No significant associations were found between short-term PM2.5 exposure or aperiodic exponents in tonic and phasic states, or periodic alpha oscillations in tonic state. CONCLUSION Our results provided evidence that short-term PM2.5 exposure was associated with executive dysfunction. Reduced alpha ERD was likely to be the underlying pathway through which PM2.5 induced adverse effects on neuron activities during cognitive tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Ke
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yao Zhang
- Soochow College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China; Division of Sports Science & Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yingyao Fu
- Division of Sports Science & Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of senior high school, Beijing Jianhua Experimental Etown School, Beijing 100176, China.
| | - Xinke Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Xindong Ma
- Division of Sports Science & Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Qian Di
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute for Healthy China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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24
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Zhang X, Huels A, Makuch R, Zhou A, Zheng T, Xia W, Gaskins A, Makuch J, Zhu Z, Zhu C, Qian Z, Xu S, Li Y. Association of exposure to ambient particulate matter with maternal thyroid function in early pregnancy. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113942. [PMID: 35870505 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is known that maternal thyroid dysfunction during early pregnancy can cause adverse pregnancy complications and birth outcomes. This study was designed to examine the association between ambient particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters ≤10 μm (PM10) exposure and maternal thyroid function during early pregnancy. METHODS This study was based on data from a birth cohort study of 921 pregnant women in China. We estimated associations between ambient PM2.5 and PM10 exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy (estimated with land-use regression models) and maternal thyroid hormone concentrations (free thyroxine (FT4), free tri-iodothyronine (FT3), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)) collected between weeks 10 and 17 of gestation using linear regression models adjusting for potential confounders. Ambient PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were modeled per interquartile range (IQR) increment and as tertiles based on the distribution of the exposure levels. RESULTS An IQR increment (68 μg/m3) in PM2.5 exposure was associated with a significant decrease in maternal FT4 levels (β = -0.60, 95% CI: -1.07, -0.12); and a significant decrease in FT4/FT3 ratio (β = -0.13, 95% CI: -0.25, -0.02). Further analyses showed that, relative to the lowest tertile, women in both the middle and highest tertiles of PM2.5 had significantly lower concentrations of maternal FT4 and FT4/FT3 ratio. No significant associations were found between PM2.5 and FT3 or TSH levels. PM10 exposure was not significantly associated with maternal thyroid function. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggested that higher ambient PM2.5, not PM10, exposed during the first trimester of pregnancy were associated with a significant decrease in maternal serum FT4 concentrations and FT4/FT3 ratio. Studies in populations with different exposure levels are needed to replicate our study results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichi Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anke Huels
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert Makuch
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Aifen Zhou
- Women and Children Medical and Healthcare Center of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zheng
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, USA
| | - Wei Xia
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Audrey Gaskins
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jad Makuch
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Policy, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.Saint Louis University, 3545 Lafayette Avenue, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, USA
| | - Cairong Zhu
- Huaxi School of Public Health, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhengmin Qian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College for Public Health & Social Justice, USA
| | - Shunqing Xu
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Chaulin AM, Sergeev AK. The Role of Fine Particles (PM 2.5) in the Genesis of Atherosclerosis and Myocardial Damage: Emphasis on Clinical and Epidemiological Data, and Pathophysiological Mechanisms. Cardiol Res 2022; 13:268-282. [PMID: 36405225 PMCID: PMC9635774 DOI: 10.14740/cr1366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the fact that atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) dominate in the structure of morbidity, disability and mortality of the population, the study of the risk factors for the development of atherosclerotic CVDs, as well as the study of the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms thereof, is the most important area of scientific research in modern medicine. Understanding these aspects will allow to improve the set of treatment and preventive measures and activities. One of the important risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis, which has been actively studied recently, is air pollution with fine particulate matter (PM 2.5). According to clinical and epidemiological data, the level of air pollution with PM 2.5 exceeds the normative indicators in most regions of the world and is associated with subclinical markers of atherosclerosis and mortality from atherosclerotic CVDs. The aim of this article is to systematize and discuss in detail the role of PM 2.5 in the development of atherosclerosis and myocardial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey Michailovich Chaulin
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery, Samara State Medical University, Samara 443099, Russia
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Samara State Medical University, Samara 443099, Russia
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Xiong Q, Tian X, Xu C, Ma B, Liu W, Sun B, Ru Q, Shu X. PM 2 .5 exposure-induced ferroptosis in neuronal cells via inhibiting ERK/CREB pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:2201-2213. [PMID: 35608139 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 exposure has been demonstrated to correlate with neurological disorders recently. Ferroptosis is recognized as a newly found programmed form of cell death associated with neurodegenerative diseases, while glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) is a key regulator of ferroptosis. However, the relationship between PM2.5 -induced neurotoxicity and ferroptosis is still unclear. The current study aims to investigate if ferroptosis is involved in neurotoxicity post PM2.5 exposure and its underlying mechanism. The PM2.5 -treated neuronal Neuro-2a (N2A) and SH-SY5Y cells were applied to the current study. The results showed that PM2.5 significantly increased the neuronal cell death, yet the ferroptosis antagonist Ferrostain-1 (Fer-1) markedly decreased the cell death induced by PM2.5 . Western blot further confirmed that ferroptosis was triggered post PM2.5 treatment in N2A cells by decreasing expressions of GPX4 and ferritin heavy chain (FTH), as well as enhancing expressions of ferritin light chain (FTL) and transferrin receptor protein (TFRC). Meanwhile, PM2.5 treatment augmented neuronal oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction. The bioinformatic analysis indicated that CREB could be the regulator of GPX4, and our results showed that ERK/CREB pathway was down-regulated in N2A cells post PM2.5 treatment. The addition of ERK1/2 agonist post PM2.5 treatment significantly inhibit ferroptosis via increasing the expression of GPX4. Taken together, the present study demonstrated that PM2.5 -induced ferroptosis via inhibiting ERK/CREB pathway, and these findings will advance our knowledge of PM2.5 -induced cytotoxicity in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xiong
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Tian
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Congyue Xu
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Baomiao Ma
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Binlian Sun
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Ru
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone, Jianghan University, Wuhan City, China
| | - Xiji Shu
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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Chen H, Oliver BG, Pant A, Olivera A, Poronnik P, Pollock CA, Saad S. Effects of air pollution on human health - Mechanistic evidence suggested by in vitro and in vivo modelling. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113378. [PMID: 35525290 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM) comprises both solid and liquid particles, including carbon, sulphates, nitrate, and toxic heavy metals, which can induce oxidative stress and inflammation after inhalation. These changes occur both in the lung and systemically, due to the ability of the small-sized PM (i.e. diameters ≤2.5 μm, PM2.5) to enter and circulate in the bloodstream. As such, in 2016, airborne PM caused ∼4.2 million premature deaths worldwide. Acute exposure to high levels of airborne PM (eg. during wildfires) can exacerbate pre-existing illnesses leading to hospitalisation, such as in those with asthma and coronary heart disease. Prolonged exposure to PM can increase the risk of non-communicable chronic diseases affecting the brain, lung, heart, liver, and kidney, although the latter is less well studied. Given the breadth of potential disease, it is critical to understand the mechanisms underlying airborne PM exposure-induced disorders. Establishing aetiology in humans is difficult, therefore, in-vitro and in-vivo studies can provide mechanistic insights. We describe acute health effects (e.g. exacerbations of asthma) and long term health effects such as the induction of chronic inflammatory lung disease, and effects outside the lung (e.g. liver and renal change). We will focus on oxidative stress and inflammation as this is the common mechanism of PM-induced disease, which may be used to develop effective treatments to mitigate the adverse health effect of PM exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Brian G Oliver
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2037, Australia
| | - Anushriya Pant
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Annabel Olivera
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Philip Poronnik
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Carol A Pollock
- Renal Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sonia Saad
- Renal Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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Yuan X, Yang Y, Liu C, Tian Y, Xia D, Liu Z, Pan L, Xiong M, Xiong J, Meng L, Zhang Z, Ye K, Jiang H, Zhang Z. Fine Particulate Matter Triggers α‐Synuclein Fibrillization and Parkinson‐like Neurodegeneration. Mov Disord 2022; 37:1817-1830. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.29181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yuan
- Department of Neurology Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Yingxu Yang
- Department of Neurology Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Chaoyang Liu
- Research Center for Environment and Health Zhongnan University of Economics and Law Wuhan China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Neurology Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Danhao Xia
- Department of Neurology Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Zehua Liu
- Research Center for Environment and Health Zhongnan University of Economics and Law Wuhan China
| | - Lina Pan
- Department of Neurology Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Min Xiong
- Department of Neurology Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Jing Xiong
- Department of Neurology Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Lanxia Meng
- Department of Neurology Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- Department of Neurology Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Keqiang Ye
- Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, and Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI) Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen China
| | - Haiqiang Jiang
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jinan China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan China
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Wang Y, Tan Z, Zhang Z, Zhu P, Tam SW, Zhang Z, Jiang X, Lin K, Tian L, Huang Z, Zhang S, Peng YK, Yung KKL. Facet-Dependent Activity of CeO 2 Nanozymes Regulate the Fate of Human Neural Progenitor Cell via Redox Homeostasis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:35423-35433. [PMID: 35905295 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) therapy, a promising therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases, has a huge challenge to ensure high survival rate and neuronal differentiation rate. Cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles exhibit multienzyme mimetic activities and have shown the capability of regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is a pivotal mediator for intracellular redox homeostasis in NPCs, regulating biological processes including differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. In the present study, the role of facet-dependent CeO2-mediated redox homeostasis in regulating self-renewal and differentiation of NPCs is reported for the first time. The cube-, rod-, and octahedron-shaped CeO2 nanozymes with different facets are prepared. Among the mentioned nanozymes, the cube enclosed by the (100) facet exhibits the highest CAT-like activity, causing it to provide superior protection to NPCs from oxidative stress induced by H2O2; meanwhile, the octahedron enclosed by the (111) facet with the lowest CAT-like activity induces the most ROS production in ReNcell CX cells, which promotes neuronal differentiation by activated AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathways. A further mechanistic study indicated that the electron density of the surface Ce atoms changed continuously with different crystal facets, which led to their different CAT-like activity and modulation of redox homeostasis in NPCs. Altogether, the different surface chemistry and atomic architecture of active sites on CeO2 exert modulation of redox homeostasis and the fate of NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), HKSAR 999077, China
- Golden Meditech Center for NeuroRegeneration Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, HKSAR 999077, China
| | - Zicong Tan
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, HKSAR 999077, China
| | - Zhu Zhang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), HKSAR 999077, China
- Golden Meditech Center for NeuroRegeneration Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, HKSAR 999077, China
| | - Peili Zhu
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), HKSAR 999077, China
- Golden Meditech Center for NeuroRegeneration Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, HKSAR 999077, China
| | - Sze Wah Tam
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), HKSAR 999077, China
- Golden Meditech Center for NeuroRegeneration Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, HKSAR 999077, China
| | - Zhang Zhang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), HKSAR 999077, China
- Golden Meditech Center for NeuroRegeneration Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, HKSAR 999077, China
| | - Xiaoli Jiang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), HKSAR 999077, China
- Golden Meditech Center for NeuroRegeneration Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, HKSAR 999077, China
| | - Kaili Lin
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Linyuan Tian
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, HKSAR 999077, China
| | - Zhifeng Huang
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, HKSAR 999077, China
| | - Shiqing Zhang
- Golden Meditech Center for NeuroRegeneration Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, HKSAR 999077, China
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yung-Kang Peng
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, HKSAR 999077, China
| | - Ken Kin Lam Yung
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), HKSAR 999077, China
- Golden Meditech Center for NeuroRegeneration Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, HKSAR 999077, China
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Assessing the neurotoxicity of airborne nano-scale particulate matter in human iPSC-derived neurons using a transcriptomics benchmark dose model. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 449:116109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Shang Y, Xue W, Kong J, Chen Y, Qiu X, An X, Li Y, Wang H, An J. Ultrafine black carbon caused mitochondrial oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy in SH-SY5Y cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 813:151899. [PMID: 34838543 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ambient ultrafine black carbon (uBC, with aerodynamic diameter less than 100 nm) is associated with many neurodegenerative diseases. Oxidative stress is the predominantly reported neurotoxic effects caused by uBC exposure. Mitochondrion is responsible for production of majority of ROS in cells and mitochondrial dysfunction is closely related to adverse nervous outcomes. Mitophagy is an important cellular process to eliminate dysfunctional or damaged mitochondria. However, the mechanisms that modulate mitophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction initiated by uBC remain to be elucidated. The purpose of this study was to investigate how mitochondrial oxidative stress regulated mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy in human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) after uBC treatment. RNA interference was further applied to explore the roles of mitophagy in mitochondrial dysfunction. We found uBC triggered cell apoptosis via ROS-mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. The uBC also caused serious mitochondrial damage and respiratory dysfunction, indicated by the abnormalities in mitochondrial division and fusion related proteins, decreased mitochondria number and ATP level. Increased PTEN induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and Parkin protein levels and the autolysosome numbers suggested uBC could promote Pink1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy process in SH-SY5Y cells. Mitophagy inhibition could reserve mitochondria number and ATP activity, but not fusion and division related protein levels in SH-SY5Y cells exposed to uBC. Administration of a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant (mitoquinone) significantly eliminated uBC caused apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy. Our data suggested mitochondrial oxidative stress regulated uBC induced mitochondrial dysfunction and PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy. PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy probably participated in regulating uBC caused mitochondrial dysfunction but not by controlling mitochondrial fusion and division related proteins. Our results may provide some new insights and evidences to understand the mechanisms of neurotoxicity induced by uBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environment Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Wanlei Xue
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jiexing Kong
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yingjun Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xinghua Qiu
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xingqin An
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environment Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jing An
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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B LJM, Ayyalasomayajula N, Murumulla L, Dixit PK, Suresh C. Defective mitophagy and induction of apoptosis by the depleted levels of PINK1 and parkin in Pb and β-amyloid peptide induced toxicity. Toxicol Mech Methods 2022; 32:559-568. [PMID: 35300571 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2022.2054749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to lead (Pb), an environmental pollutant, is closely associated with the development of neurodegenerative disorders through oxidative stress induction and alterations in mitochondrial function. Damaged mitochondria could be one of the reasons for the progression of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Mitophagy is vital in keeping the cell healthy. To know its role in Pb-induced AD, we investigated the PINK1/parkin dependent pathway by studying specific mitophagy marker proteins such as PINK1 and parkin in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. Our data have indicated a significant reduction in the levels of PINK1 and parkin in cells exposed to Pb and β-amyloid peptides, both Aβ (25-35) and Aβ (1-40) individually and in different combinations, resulting in defective mitophagy. Also, the study unravels the status of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP), mitochondrial mass, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and mitochondrial ROS production in cells treated with individual and different combination of Pb and Aβ peptides. An increase in mitochondrial ROS production, enhanced MPTP opening, depolarization of membrane potential and reduced mitochondrial mass in the exposed groups were observed. Also, in the present study, we found that Pb and β-amyloid peptides could trigger apoptosis by activating the Bak protein, which releases the cytochrome c from mitochondria through MPTP that further activates the AIF (apoptosis inducing factor) and caspase-3 proteins in the cytosol. The above findings reveal the potential role of mechanisms like PINK1/parkin mediated mitophagy and dysfunctional mitochondria mediated apoptosis in Pb induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lokesh Murumulla
- Cell Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad-500007, India
| | | | - Challa Suresh
- Cell Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad-500007, India
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Albano GD, Montalbano AM, Gagliardo R, Anzalone G, Profita M. Impact of Air Pollution in Airway Diseases: Role of the Epithelial Cells (Cell Models and Biomarkers). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2799. [PMID: 35269941 PMCID: PMC8911203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomedical research is multidisciplinary and often uses integrated approaches performing different experimental models with complementary functions. This approach is important to understand the pathogenetic mechanisms concerning the effects of environmental pollution on human health. The biological activity of the substances is investigated at least to three levels using molecular, cellular, and human tissue models. Each of these is able to give specific answers to experimental problems. A scientific approach, using biological methods (wet lab), cell cultures (cell lines or primary), isolated organs (three-dimensional cell cultures of primary epithelial cells), and animal organisms, including the human body, aimed to understand the effects of air pollution on the onset of diseases of the respiratory system. Biological methods are divided into three complementary models: in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. In vitro experiments do not require the use of whole organisms (in vivo study), while ex vivo experiments use isolated organs or parts of organs. The concept of complementarity and the informatic support are useful tools to organize, analyze, and interpret experimental data, with the aim of discussing scientific notions with objectivity and rationality in biology and medicine. In this scenario, the integrated and complementary use of different experimental models is important to obtain useful and global information that allows us to identify the effect of inhaled pollutants on the incidence of respiratory diseases in the exposed population. In this review, we focused our attention on the impact of air pollution in airway diseases with a rapid and descriptive analysis on the role of epithelium and on the experimental cell models useful to study the effect of toxicants on epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Daniela Albano
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.D.A.); (A.M.M.); (R.G.)
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 90100 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Angela Marina Montalbano
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.D.A.); (A.M.M.); (R.G.)
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 90100 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Rosalia Gagliardo
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.D.A.); (A.M.M.); (R.G.)
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 90100 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Giulia Anzalone
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 90100 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Mirella Profita
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.D.A.); (A.M.M.); (R.G.)
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 90100 Palermo, Italy;
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The pathogenic effects of particulate matter on neurodegeneration: a review. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:15. [PMID: 35189880 PMCID: PMC8862284 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00799-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing amount of particulate matter (PM) in the ambient air is a pressing public health issue globally. Epidemiological studies involving data from millions of patients or volunteers have associated PM with increased risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease in the elderly and cognitive dysfunction and neurodegenerative pathology across all age groups, suggesting that PM may be a risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases. Neurodegenerative diseases affect an increasing population in this aging society, putting a heavy burden on economics and family. Therefore, understanding the mechanism by which PM contributes to neurodegeneration is essential to develop effective interventions. Evidence in human and animal studies suggested that PM induced neurodenegerative-like pathology including neurotoxicity, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and damage in blood–brain barrier and neurovascular units, which may contribute to the increased risk of neurodegeneration. Interestingly, antagonizing oxidative stress alleviated the neurotoxicity of PM, which may underlie the essential role of oxidative stress in PM’s potential effect in neurodegeneration. This review summarized up-to-date epidemiological and experimental studies on the pathogenic role of PM in neurodegenerative diseases and discussed the possible underlying mechanisms.
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35
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Shen F, Li D, Chen J. Mechanistic toxicity assessment of fine particulate matter emitted from fuel combustion via pathway-based approaches in human cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150214. [PMID: 34571223 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fuel exhaust particulate matter (FEPM) is an important source of air pollution worldwide. However, the comparative and mechanistic toxicity of FEPMs emitted from combustion of different fuels is still not fully understood. This study employed pathway-based approaches via human cells to evaluate mechanistic toxicity of FEPMs. The results showed that FEPMs caused concentration-dependent (0.1-200 μg/mL) cytotoxicity and oxidative stress. FEPMs at low concentration (10 μg/mL) induced cell cycle arrest in S and G2 phases, while high level of FEPMs (200 μg/mL) caused cell cycle arrest in G1 phase. Different FEPMs induced distinct expression profiles of toxicity-related genes, illustrating different toxic mechanisms. Furthermore, FEPMs inhibited the phosphorylation of protein kinase A (PKA), which related with reproductive toxicity. Spearman rank correlations among the chemicals carried by FEPMs and the toxic effects revealed that PAHs and metals promoted cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase and suppressed PKA activity. Furthermore, PAHs (Nap and Acy) and metals (Al and Pb) in FEPMs were highly and positively correlated with the expression of genes involved in apoptosis, ER stress, metal stress and inflammation. Our findings offered more mechanistic information of FEPMs at the level of subcellular toxicity and help to better understand their potential health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanglin Shen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), IRDR ICoE on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Fudan Tyndall Center, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Dan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), IRDR ICoE on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), IRDR ICoE on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Fudan Tyndall Center, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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Bandaru LJM, Ayyalasomayajula N, Murumulla L, Challa S. Mechanisms associated with the dysregulation of mitochondrial function due to lead exposure and possible implications on the development of Alzheimer's disease. Biometals 2022; 35:1-25. [PMID: 35048237 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-021-00360-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a multimedia contaminant with various pathophysiological consequences, including cognitive decline and neural abnormalities. Recent findings have reported an association of Pb toxicity with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Studies have revealed that mitochondrial dysfunction is a pathological characteristic of AD. According to toxicology reports, Pb promotes mitochondrial oxidative stress by lowering complex III activity in the electron transport chain, boosting reactive oxygen species formation, and reducing the cell's antioxidant defence system. Here, we review recent advances in the role of mitochondria in Pb-induced AD pathology, as well as the mechanisms associated with the mitochondrial dysfunction, such as the depolarisation of the mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening; mitochondrial biogenesis, bioenergetics and mitochondrial dynamics alterations; and mitophagy and apoptosis. We also discuss possible therapeutic options for mitochondrial-targeted neurodegenerative disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Jaya Madhuri Bandaru
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - Neelima Ayyalasomayajula
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - Lokesh Murumulla
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - Suresh Challa
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India.
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Zhai X, Wang J, Sun J, Xin L. PM 2.5 induces inflammatory responses via oxidative stress-mediated mitophagy in human bronchial epithelial cells. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2022; 11:195-205. [PMID: 35237424 PMCID: PMC8882786 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfac001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a ubiquitous air pollutant, and it has been reported to be closely associated with lung inflammatory injury. In this study, the potential molecular mechanisms underlying PM2.5-induced cellular inflammation in human bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ambient PM2.5 particulates from Suzhou, China, were collected and re-suspended in ultrapure water. Cellular damages, characterized by oxidative stress, mitochondrial injury, and inflammatory cytokine production, were determined in 24 h PM2.5-treated BEAS-2B cells with or without 3-methyladenine (3-MA; autophagy inhibitor) pretreatment. Biomarkers related to oxidative damage, inflammatory injury and autophagy signaling pathways were also measured. RESULTS Uptake of PM2.5 in BEAS-2B cells induced cellular oxidative damage, mitochondrial injury, and inflammatory responses as indicated by a significant decrease in GSH/GSSG ratio, increased MDA content, dilated mitochondria with loss and rupture of crista, and production of inflammatory cytokines. Activation of Nrf-2/TXNIP-mediated NF-κB and Bnip3L/NIX-dependent mitophagy signaling pathways, as well as accumulation of autophagosomes and autolysosomes, were also observed. A 6 h pretreatment of 3-MA increased PM2.5-induced oxidative damage and cellular inflammation as indicated by increasing protein levels of HO-1, TXNIP, Bnip3L/NIX and IL-8 gene expression. CONCLUSIONS PM2.5 induced cellular inflammatory injury by oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and mitophagy initiation. Although induction of Bnip3L/NIX-mediated mitophagy in BEAS-2B cells appeared to confer protection in response to PM2.5, dysfunction of autophagic flux may be a critical contributor to defective mitophagy and cellular inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jiaojiao Sun
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lili Xin
- Corresponding author: School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China.
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Yuan X, Tian Y, Liu C, Zhang Z. Environmental factors in Parkinson's disease: New insights into the molecular mechanisms. Toxicol Lett 2021; 356:1-10. [PMID: 34864130 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting 2-3% of the population ≥65 years. It has long been characterized by motor impairment, autonomic dysfunction, and psychological and cognitive changes. The pathological hallmarks are intracellular inclusions containing α-synuclein aggregates and the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Parkinson's disease is thought to be caused by a combination of various pathogenic factors, including genetic factors, environmental factors, and lifestyles. Although much research has focused on the genetic causes of PD, environmental risk factors also play a crucial role in the development of the disease. Here, we summarize the environmental risk factors that may increase the occurrence of PD, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Chaoyang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China; Research Center for Environment and Health, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, 430073, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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Leuthner TC, Meyer JN. Mitochondrial DNA Mutagenesis: Feature of and Biomarker for Environmental Exposures and Aging. Curr Environ Health Rep 2021; 8:294-308. [PMID: 34761353 PMCID: PMC8826492 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-021-00329-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of aging. Mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) instability contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction, and mtDNA mutagenesis may contribute to aging. However, the origin of mtDNA mutations remains somewhat controversial. The goals of this review are to introduce and review recent literature on mtDNA mutagenesis and aging, address recent animal and epidemiological evidence for the effects of chemicals on mtDNA damage and mutagenesis, propose hypotheses regarding the contribution of environmental toxicant exposure to mtDNA mutagenesis in the context of aging, and suggest future directions and approaches for environmental health researchers. RECENT FINDINGS Stressors such as pollutants, pharmaceuticals, and ultraviolet radiation can damage the mitochondrial genome or disrupt mtDNA replication, repair, and organelle homeostatic processes, potentially influencing the rate of accumulation of mtDNA mutations. Accelerated mtDNA mutagenesis could contribute to aging, diseases of aging, and sensitize individuals with pathogenic mtDNA variants to stressors. We propose three potential mechanisms of toxicant-induced effects on mtDNA mutagenesis over lifespan: (1) increased de novo mtDNA mutations, (2) altered frequencies of mtDNA mutations, or (3) both. There are remarkably few studies that have investigated the impact of environmental chemical exposures on mtDNA instability and mutagenesis, and even fewer in the context of aging. More studies are warranted because people are exposed to tens of thousands of chemicals, and are living longer. Finally, we suggest that toxicant-induced mtDNA damage and mutational signatures may be a sensitive biomarker for some exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess C Leuthner
- Nicholas School of the Environment, 9 Circuit Dr, Box 90328, Duke University, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Joel N Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment, 9 Circuit Dr, Box 90328, Duke University, NC, 27708, USA.
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Zhang M, Wang Y, Wong RMS, Yung KKL, Li R. Fine particulate matter induces endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis in human SH-SY5Y cells. Neurotoxicology 2021; 88:187-195. [PMID: 34813867 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) may contribute to brain injury, however, the molecular mechanisms have not yet been fully described. In this study, the human SH-SY5Y cells were treated with PM2.5 with different concentrations (0, 25, 100, and 250 μg/mL) for 24 h to investigate the cell apoptosis mediated by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The ratio of apoptosis, Ca2+ level, biomarkers of ER stress and apoptosis were determined. The results revealed that PM2.5 triggered the increase of apoptosis ratio and cellular Ca2+ levels. Compared with control, the expression of GRP78 and phosphorylation of IER1α and p38 were enhanced significantly in the cells under the conditions of PM2.5 exposure for activating ER stress signals. Besides, the key genes (CHOP/DR5/Caspase8/Caspase12) in ER stress-induced apoptosis signals were up-regulated after the PM2.5 treatment compared to the control. The results suggested PM2.5 induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells by the stimulation of ER stress, which may be the potential mechanism of neurological diseases incurred by PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Ricky M S Wong
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, PR China; Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ken Kin Lam Yung
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, PR China; Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Golden Meditech Center for NeuroRegeneration Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ruijin Li
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, PR China.
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Jung YJ, Choi H, Oh E. Effects of particulate matter and nicotine for the MPP+-induced SH-SY5Y cells: Implication for Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2021; 765:136265. [PMID: 34563623 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter (PM) has been considered a potential risk factor for various neurodegenerative diseases, whereas nicotine has protective effects on Parkinson's disease (PD). However, it is still unclear whether or how PM alone and in combination with nicotine affects the pathogenesis of PD. We investigated the potential neurotoxicity of PM and the protective properties of nicotine in an in vitro PD model. A 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridimium (MPP+)-induced neurotoxicity model was established with SH-SY5Y cells. Cell viability and apoptosis were measured using MTT and TUNEL assays, respectively. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were analyzed using the cell-permeant fluorescent probe DCFH-DA. We investigated mitochondrial apoptotic markers such as Bax, Bcl2, cytochrome C, and cleaved caspase-3 and analyzed their levels by Western blotting. SH-SY5Y cells exposed to PM and MPP+ exhibited significantly increased intracellular ROS and decreased cell viability with those exposed to PM alone. PM strikingly exacerbated MPP+-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, including an increase in the Bax/Bcl2 ratio and the release of cytochrome C and cleaved caspase-3. On the other hand, pretreatment of SH-SY5Y cells with nicotine reduced the MPP+-induced loss of cell viability and levels of intracellular ROS and mitochondrial apoptotic signaling proteins. However, pretreatment with nicotine did not prevent PM-induced toxicity in MPP+-treated SHSY5Y cells. PM and MPP+ synergistically increased ROS levels and mitochondrial apoptosis, which led to SH-SY5Y cell death. The protective effect of nicotine cannot rescue PM-induced synergistic neurotoxicity in the MPP+-induced PD model. Our findings verified the opposing roles of PM and nicotine in a model of PD pathogenesis. A large number of in vivo and in vitro studies would verify the roles of PM and nicotine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jin Jung
- Department of Neurology, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsu Choi
- Clinical Research Institute, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eungseok Oh
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University Hospital, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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Lin CH, Nicol CJB, Wan C, Chen SJ, Huang RN, Chiang MC. Exposure to PM 2.5 induces neurotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation in human SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. Neurotoxicology 2021; 88:25-35. [PMID: 34718062 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ambient air pollution is a global public health issue. Recent evidence suggests that exposure to fine aerosolized particulate matter (PM) as small as ≤2.5 microns (PM2.5) is neurotoxic to brain structures. Many studies also suggest exposure to PM2.5 may cause neurotoxicity and affect brain function. However, the molecular mechanisms by which PM2.5 exerts these effects are not fully understood. Thus, we evaluated the hypothesis that PM2.5 exposure exerts its neurotoxic effects via increased oxidative and inflammatory cellular damage and mitochondrial dysfunction using human SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. Here, we show PM2.5 exposure significantly decreases viability, and increases caspase 3 and 9 protein expression and activity in SH-SY5Y cells. In addition, PM2.5 exposure decreases SH-SY5Y survival, disrupts cell and mitochondrial morphology, and significantly decreases ATP levels, D-loop levels, and mitochondrial mass and function (maximal respiratory function, COX activity, and mitochondrial membrane potential) in SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, SH-SY5Y cells exposed to PM2.5 have significantly decreased mRNA and protein expression levels of survival genes (CREB and Bcl-2) and neuroprotective genes (PPARγ and AMPK). We further show SH-SY5Y cells exposure to PM2.5 induces significant increases in the levels of oxidative stress, and expression levels of the inflammatory mediator's TNF-α, IL-1β, and NF-κB. Taken together, these results provide the first evidence of the biochemical, molecular and morphological effects of PM2.5 on human neuronal SH-SY5Y cells, and support our hypothesis that increased mitochondrial disruption, oxidative stress and inflammation are critical mediators of its neurotoxic effects. These findings further improve our understanding of the neuronal cell impact of PM2.5 exposure, and may be useful in the design of strategies for the treatment and prevention of human neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hung Lin
- Division of Pediatric Immunology and Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Taipei City Hospital, Zhongxing Branch, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; College of Science and Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Christopher J B Nicol
- Departments of Pathology & Molecular Medicine and Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, and Cancer Biology and Genetics Division, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Chuan Wan
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei City Hospital, Zhongxing Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiang-Jiuun Chen
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Nan Huang
- Department of Entomology and Research Center for Plant-Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chang Chiang
- Department of Life Science, College of Science and Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 242, Taiwan.
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Tsamou M, Pistollato F, Roggen EL. A Tau-Driven Adverse Outcome Pathway Blueprint Toward Memory Loss in Sporadic (Late-Onset) Alzheimer's Disease with Plausible Molecular Initiating Event Plug-Ins for Environmental Neurotoxicants. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 81:459-485. [PMID: 33843671 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide prevalence of sporadic (late-onset) Alzheimer's disease (sAD) is dramatically increasing. Aging and genetics are important risk factors, but systemic and environmental factors contribute to this risk in a still poorly understood way. Within the frame of BioMed21, the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) concept for toxicology was recommended as a tool for enhancing human disease research and accelerating translation of data into human applications. Its potential to capture biological knowledge and to increase mechanistic understanding about human diseases has been substantiated since. In pursuit of the tau-cascade hypothesis, a tau-driven AOP blueprint toward the adverse outcome of memory loss is proposed. Sequences of key events and plausible key event relationships, triggered by the bidirectional relationship between brain cholesterol and glucose dysmetabolism, and contributing to memory loss are captured. To portray how environmental factors may contribute to sAD progression, information on chemicals and drugs, that experimentally or epidemiologically associate with the risk of AD and mechanistically link to sAD progression, are mapped on this AOP. The evidence suggests that chemicals may accelerate disease progression by plugging into sAD relevant processes. The proposed AOP is a simplified framework of key events and plausible key event relationships representing one specific aspect of sAD pathology, and an attempt to portray chemical interference. Other sAD-related AOPs (e.g., Aβ-driven AOP) and a better understanding of the impact of aging and genetic polymorphism are needed to further expand our mechanistic understanding of early AD pathology and the potential impact of environmental and systemic risk factors.
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Ning J, Zhang Y, Hu H, Hu W, Li L, Pang Y, Ma S, Niu Y, Zhang R. Association between ambient particulate matter exposure and metabolic syndrome risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 782:146855. [PMID: 33839664 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Although the association between ambient particulate matter and metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been investigated, the effect of particulate matter (PM) on MetS is inconclusive. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to study the association between long-term ambient PM exposure and MetS risk. The data from five databases were extracted to analyze the association between ambient PM exposure and MetS risk. A random-effects model was performed to estimate the overall risk effect. The present systematic review and meta-analysis illustrated that an increase of 5 μg/m3 in annual PM2.5 or PM10 concentration was associated with 14% or 9% increases of MetS risk, respectively (PM2.5, RR = 1.14, 95%CI [1.03, 1.25]; PM10, RR = 1.09, 95%CI [1.00, 1.19]). The population-attributable risk (PAR) was 12.28% for PM2.5 exposure or 8.26% for PM10 exposure, respectively. There was statistical association between PM2.5 exposure and risk of MetS in male proportion ≥50%, Asia, related disease or medication non-adjustment subgroup as well as cohort study subgroups, respectively. The significant association between PM10 exposure and risk of MetS was observed in male proportion ≥50% and calories intake adjustment subgroups, respectively. Sensitivity analyses showed the robustness of our results. No publication bias was detected. In conclusion, there was positive association between long-term PM exposure and MetS risk. 12.28% of MetS risk could be attributable to PM2.5 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ning
- Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Yaling Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Huaifang Hu
- Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Wentao Hu
- Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Lipeng Li
- Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Yaxian Pang
- Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Shitao Ma
- Department of Occupation Health and Environmental Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Yujie Niu
- Department of Occupation Health and Environmental Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China.
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Shan X, Liu L, Li G, Xu K, Liu B, Jiang W. PM 2.5 and the typical components cause organelle damage, apoptosis and necrosis: Role of reactive oxygen species. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 782:146785. [PMID: 33838376 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this research, the organelle damage, apoptosis and necrosis induced by PM2.5, BC and Kaolin were studied using human bronchial epithelial (16HBE) cells. PM2.5, BC and Kaolin all induce cell death, LDH release and excess intracellular ROS generation. For the organelle injuries, Kaolin and high-dose PM2.5 (240 μg/mL) cause lysosomal acidification, but BC causes lysosomal alkalization (lysosomal membrane permeabilization, LMP). BC and Kaolin cause the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), while PM2.5 does not. For the cell death mode, PM2.5 causes both apoptosis and necrosis. However only necrosis has been detected in the BC and Kaolin treated groups, indicating the more severe cellular insult. Excess ROS generation is involved in the organelle damage and cell death. ROS contributes to the BC-induced LMP and necrosis, but does not significantly affect the Kaolin-induced MMP loss and necrosis. Therefore, the BC component in PM2.5 may cause cytotoxicity via ROS-dependent pathways, the Kaolin component may damage cells via ROS-independent mechanisms such as strong interaction. The PM2.5-induced apoptosis and necrosis can be partially mitigated after the removal of ROS, indicating the existence of both the ROS-dependent and ROS-independent mechanisms due to the complicated PM2.5 components. BC represents the anthropogenic source component in PM2.5, while Kaolin represents the natural source component. Our results provide knowledge on the toxic mechanisms of typical PM2.5 components at the cellular and subcellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifeng Shan
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Kexin Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Bingyan Liu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Li T, Fu B, Zhang X, Zhou Y, Yang M, Cao M, Chen Y, Tan Y, Hu R. Overproduction of Gastrointestinal 5-HT Promotes Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer Progression via Enhancing NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation. Cancer Immunol Res 2021; 9:1008-1023. [PMID: 34285037 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a key driver for colitis-associated colorectal cancer. 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), a neurotransmitter, has been reported to promote inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. However, the mechanism behind this remains unclear. In this study, we found that 5-HT levels, as well as the expression of tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1), the 5-HT biosynthesis rate-limiting enzyme, were significantly upregulated in colorectal tumor tissues from patients with colorectal cancer, colorectal cancer mouse models, and colorectal cancer cell lines when compared with normal colorectal tissues or epithelial cell lines. Colorectal cancer cell-originated 5-HT enhanced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in THP-1 cells and immortalized bone marrow-derived macrophages (iBMDM) via its ion channel receptor, HTR3A. Mechanistically, HTR3A activation led to Ca2+ influx, followed by CaMKIIα phosphorylation (Thr286) and activation, which then induced NLRP3 phosphorylation at Ser198 (mouse: Ser194) and inflammasome assembling. The NLRP3 inflammasome mediated IL1β maturation, and release upregulated 5-HT biosynthesis in colorectal cancer cells by inducing TPH1 transcription, revealing a positive feedback loop between 5-HT and NLRP3 signaling. Silencing TPH1 or HTR3A by short hairpin RNA slowed down tumor growth in an established CT26 and iBMDM coimplanted subcutaneous allograft colorectal cancer mouse model, whereas treatment with TPH1 inhibitor 4-chloro-DL-phenylalanine or HTR3A antagonist tropisetron alleviated tumor progression in an azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate-induced colorectal cancer mouse model. Addressing the positive feedback loop between 5-HT and NLRP3 signaling could provide potential therapeutic targets for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Bin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yunjiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Mengdi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Mengran Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yaxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Rong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
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Huang Y, Zhu M, Ji M, Fan J, Xie J, Wei X, Jiang X, Xu J, Chen L, Yin R, Wang Y, Dai J, Jin G, Xu L, Hu Z, Ma H, Shen H. Air Pollution, Genetic Factors and the Risk of Lung Cancer: A Prospective Study in the UK Biobank. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 204:817-825. [PMID: 34252012 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202011-4063oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to lung cancer, but the degree to which air pollution modifies the impact of genetic susceptibility on lung cancer remains unknown. Objectives: To investigate whether air pollution and genetic factors jointly contribute to incident lung cancer. Methods: We analyzed data from 455,974 participants (53% women) without previous cancer at baseline in the UK Biobank. The concentrations of particulate matter (PM2.5, PMcoarse and PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) were estimated by land-use regression models, and the association between air pollutants and incident lung cancer was investigated using a Cox proportional hazard model. Furthermore, we constructed a polygenic risk score and evaluated whether air pollutants modified the effect of genetic susceptibility on the development of lung cancer. Measurements and Main Results: The results showed significant associations between the risk of lung cancer and PM2.5 (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.63, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.33-2.01; per 5 μg/m3), PM10 (1.53, 1.20-1.96; per 10 μg/m3), NO2 (1.10, 1.05-1.15; per 10 μg/m3), and NOx (1.13, 1.07-1.18; per 20 μg/m3). There were additive interactions between air pollutants and the genetic risk. Compared with participants with low genetic risk and low air pollution, those with high air pollution and high genetic risk had the highest risk of lung cancer (PM2.5: HR: 1.71, 95% CI:1.45-2.02; PM10: 1.77, 1.50-2.10; NO2: 1.77, 1.42-2.22; NOx: 1.67, 1.43-1.95). Conclusion: Long-term exposure to air pollution may increase the risk of lung cancer, especially in those with high genetic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqian Huang
- Nanjing Medical University School of Public Health, 572407, Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Zhu
- Nanjing Medical University School of Public Health, 572407, Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Medical University, 12461, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, 26481, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengmeng Ji
- Nanjing Medical University School of Public Health, 572407, Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingyi Fan
- Nanjing Medical University School of Public Health, 572407, Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing, China
| | - Junxing Xie
- Nanjing Medical University School of Public Health, 572407, Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wei
- Nanjing Medical University School of Public Health, 572407, Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangxiang Jiang
- Nanjing Medical University School of Public Health, 572407, Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Jiangsu Province People's Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, 74734, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Jiangsu Province People's Hospital and Nanjing Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, 74734, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Yin
- Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, 26481, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Nanjing Medical University School of Public Health, 572407, Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, 26481, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juncheng Dai
- Nanjing Medical University School of Public Health, 572407, Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Medical University, 12461, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangfu Jin
- Nanjing Medical University School of Public Health, 572407, Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Medical University, 12461, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, 26481, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhibin Hu
- Nanjing Medical University School of Public Health, 572407, Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Medical University, 12461, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongxia Ma
- Nanjing Medical University School of Public Health, 572407, Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Medical University, 12461, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing, China;
| | - Hongbing Shen
- Nanjing Medical University School of Public Health, 572407, Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Medical University, 12461, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 12501, Research Units of Cohort Study on Cardiovascular Diseases and Cancers, Beijing, China
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Jheng YT, Putri DU, Chuang HC, Lee KY, Chou HC, Wang SY, Han CL. Prolonged exposure to traffic-related particulate matter and gaseous pollutants implicate distinct molecular mechanisms of lung injury in rats. Part Fibre Toxicol 2021; 18:24. [PMID: 34172050 PMCID: PMC8235648 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-021-00417-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to air pollution exerts direct effects on respiratory organs; however, molecular alterations underlying air pollution-induced pulmonary injury remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of air pollution on the lung tissues of Sprague-Dawley rats with whole-body exposure to traffic-related PM1 (particulate matter < 1 μm in aerodynamic diameter) pollutants and compared it with that in rats exposed to high-efficiency particulate air-filtered gaseous pollutants and clean air controls for 3 and 6 months. Lung function and histological examinations were performed along with quantitative proteomics analysis and functional validation. RESULTS Rats in the 6-month PM1-exposed group exhibited a significant decline in lung function, as determined by decreased FEF25-75% and FEV20/FVC; however, histological analysis revealed earlier lung damage, as evidenced by increased congestion and macrophage infiltration in 3-month PM1-exposed rat lungs. The lung tissue proteomics analysis identified 2673 proteins that highlighted the differential dysregulation of proteins involved in oxidative stress, cellular metabolism, calcium signalling, inflammatory responses, and actin dynamics under exposures to PM1 and gaseous pollutants. The presence of PM1 specifically enhanced oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions under subchronic exposure to traffic-related PM1 and suppressed glucose metabolism and actin cytoskeleton signalling. These factors might lead to repair failure and thus to lung function decline after chronic exposure to traffic-related PM1. A detailed pathogenic mechanism was proposed to depict temporal and dynamic molecular regulations associated with PM1- and gaseous pollutants-induced lung injury. CONCLUSION This study explored several potential molecular features associated with early lung damage in response to traffic-related air pollution, which might be used to screen individuals more susceptible to air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Teng Jheng
- Master Program in Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Mailing address: 250 Wuxing St, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Denise Utami Putri
- International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Pulmonary Research Center, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Yun Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Chu Chou
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - San-Yuan Wang
- Master Program in Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Mailing address: 250 Wuxing St, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Li Han
- Master Program in Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Mailing address: 250 Wuxing St, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
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Characterization of Products from the Aqueous-Phase Photochemical Oxidation of Benzene-Diols. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12050534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chemical processing in atmospheric aqueous phases, including cloud and fog drops, might be significant in reconciling the gap between observed and modeled secondary organic aerosol (SOA) properties. In this work, we conducted a relatively comprehensive investigation of the reaction products generated from the aqueous-phase photochemical oxidation of three benzene-diols (resorcinol, hydroquinone, and methoxyhydroquinone) by hydroxyl radical (·OH), triplet excited state (3C*) 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (3,4-DMB), and direct photolysis without any added oxidants. The results show that OH-initiated photo-degradation is the fastest of all the reaction systems. For the optical properties, the aqueous oxidation products generated under different reaction conditions all exhibited photo-enhancement upon illumination by simulated sunlight, and the light absorption was wavelength dependent on and increased as a function of the reaction time. The oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratio of the products also gradually increased against the irradiation time, indicating the persistent formation of highly oxygenated low-volatility products throughout the aging process. More importantly, aqueous-phase products from photochemical oxidation had an increased oxidative potential (OP) compared with its precursor, indicating they may more adversely impact health. The findings in this work highlight the importance of aqueous-phase photochemical oxidation, with implications for aqueous SOA formation and impacts on both the chemical properties and health effects of OA.
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50
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Trushna T, Tripathi AK, Rana S, Tiwari RR. Nutraceuticals with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties as intervention for reducing the health effects of fine particulate matter: Potential and Prospects. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2021; 25:1639-1660. [PMID: 33845731 DOI: 10.2174/1386207324666210412121226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution, especially particulate matter pollution adversely affects human health. A growing pool of evidence has emerged which underscores the potential of individual-level nutritional interventions in attenuating the adverse health impact of exposure to PM2.5. Although controlling emission and reducing the overall levels of air pollution remains the ultimate objective globally, the sustainable achievement of such a target and thus consequent protection of human health will require a substantial amount of time and concerted efforts worldwide. In the meantime, smaller-scale individual-level interventions that can counter the inflammatory or oxidative stress effects triggered by exposure to particulate matter may be utilized to ameliorate the health effects of PM2.5 pollution. One such intervention is incorporation of nutraceuticals in the diet. Here, we present a review of the evidence generated from various in vitro, in vivo and human studies regarding the effects of different anti-inflammatory and antioxidant nutraceuticals in ameliorating the health effects of particulate matter air pollution. The studies discussed in this review suggest that these nutraceuticals when consumed as a part of the diet, or as additional supplementation, can potentially negate the cellular level adverse effects of exposure to particulate pollution. The potential benefits of adopting a non-pharmacological diet-based approach to air pollution-induced disease management have also been discussed. We argue that before a nutraceuticals-based approach can be used for widespread public adoption, further research, especially human clinical trials, is essential to confirm the beneficial action of relevant nutraceuticals and to explore the safe limits of human supplementation and the risk of side effects. Future research should focus on systematically translating bench-based knowledge regarding nutraceuticals gained from in-vitro and in-vivo studies into clinically usable nutritional guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanwi Trushna
- Department of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal- 462030. India
| | - Amit K Tripathi
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal- 462030. India
| | - Sindhuprava Rana
- Department of Bioinformatics, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal- 462030. India
| | - Rajnarayan R Tiwari
- ICMR- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health (NIREH), Bhopal-462030, Madhya Pradesh. India
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