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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, (Ron) Hoogenboom L, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Wallace H, Benford D, Fürst P, Hart A, Rose M, Schroeder H, Vrijheid M, Ioannidou S, Nikolič M, Bordajandi LR, Vleminckx C. Update of the risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in food. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8497. [PMID: 38269035 PMCID: PMC10807361 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA to update its 2011 risk assessment on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in food, focusing on 10 congeners: BDE-28, -47, -49, -99, -100, -138, -153, -154, -183 and ‑209. The CONTAM Panel concluded that the neurodevelopmental effects on behaviour and reproductive/developmental effects are the critical effects in rodent studies. For four congeners (BDE-47, -99, -153, -209) the Panel derived Reference Points, i.e. benchmark doses and corresponding lower 95% confidence limits (BMDLs), for endpoint-specific benchmark responses. Since repeated exposure to PBDEs results in accumulation of these chemicals in the body, the Panel estimated the body burden at the BMDL in rodents, and the chronic intake that would lead to the same body burden in humans. For the remaining six congeners no studies were available to identify Reference Points. The Panel concluded that there is scientific basis for inclusion of all 10 congeners in a common assessment group and performed a combined risk assessment. The Panel concluded that the combined margin of exposure (MOET) approach was the most appropriate risk metric and applied a tiered approach to the risk characterisation. Over 84,000 analytical results for the 10 congeners in food were used to estimate the exposure across dietary surveys and age groups of the European population. The most important contributors to the chronic dietary Lower Bound exposure to PBDEs were meat and meat products and fish and seafood. Taking into account the uncertainties affecting the assessment, the Panel concluded that it is likely that current dietary exposure to PBDEs in the European population raises a health concern.
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Montgomery D, Ji X, Cantin J, Philibert D, Foster G, Selinger S, Jain N, Miller J, McIntyre J, de Jourdan B, Wiseman S, Hecker M, Brinkmann M. Interspecies Differences in 6PPD-Quinone Toxicity Across Seven Fish Species: Metabolite Identification and Semiquantification. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:21071-21079. [PMID: 38048442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-Q) is a recently identified contaminant that originates from the oxidation of the tire antidegradant 6PPD. 6PPD-Q is acutely toxic to select salmonids at environmentally relevant concentrations, while other fish species display tolerance to concentrations that surpass those measured in the environment. The reasons for these marked differences in sensitivity are presently unknown. The objective of this research was to explore potential toxicokinetic drivers of species sensitivity by characterizing biliary metabolites of 6PPD-Q in sensitive and tolerant fishes. For the first time, we identified an O-glucuronide metabolite of 6PPD-Q using high-resolution mass spectrometry. The semiquantified levels of this metabolite in tolerant species or life stages, including white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus), chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi), and nonfry life stages of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), were greater than those in sensitive species, including coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), suggesting that tolerant species might detoxify 6PPD-Q more effectively. Thus, we hypothesize that differences in species sensitivity are a result of differences in basal expression of biotransformation enzyme across various fish species. Moreover, the semiquantification of 6PPD-Q metabolites in bile extracted from wild-caught fish might be a useful biomarker of exposure to 6PPD-Q, thereby being valuable to environmental monitoring and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Montgomery
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Xiaowen Ji
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 117 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C8, Canada
- Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Jenna Cantin
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Danielle Philibert
- Huntsman Marine Science Centre, 1 Lower Campus Road, St. Andrews, New Brunswick E5B 2L7, Canada
| | - Garrett Foster
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, 2606 West Pioneer, Puyallup, Washington 98371, United States
| | - Summer Selinger
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Niteesh Jain
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Justin Miller
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, 4471 University Drive, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Jenifer McIntyre
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, 2606 West Pioneer, Puyallup, Washington 98371, United States
| | - Benjamin de Jourdan
- Huntsman Marine Science Centre, 1 Lower Campus Road, St. Andrews, New Brunswick E5B 2L7, Canada
| | - Steve Wiseman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, 4471 University Drive, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Markus Hecker
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 117 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C8, Canada
| | - Markus Brinkmann
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 117 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C8, Canada
- Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
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Xu X, Wang G, Li Y, Zhang Y. Biotransformation kinetics and pathways of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) and its hydroxylated and methoxylated derivatives (6-OH-BDE-47 and 6-MeO-BDE-47) in earthworms (Eisenia fetida). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 855:158934. [PMID: 36152865 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As a class of persistent organic pollutant, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their hydroxylated and methoxylated derivatives (OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs) have been widely detected in soil environments. However, studies on the bioavailability and transformation of PBDEs and their derivatives in soil organisms remain scarce. In this study, a detailed kinetic investigation on the accumulation and biotransformations of BDE-47, 6-MeO-BDE-47 and 6-OH-BDE-47 in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) exposed to artificially contaminated soils was conducted. The uptake and elimination kinetics of BDE-47, 6-MeO-BDE-47 and 6-OH-BDE-47 by earthworms were in accordance with a one-compartment first-order kinetic model. The bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) followed the order 6-MeO-BDE-47 > 6-OH-BDE-47 > BDE-47. All three compounds could undergo step-by-step debromination to produce lower brominated analogs in earthworms. Both BDE-47 and 6-OH-BDE-47 could be transformed to MeO-PBDEs, whereas no transformation from 6-OH-BDE-47 or 6-MeO-BDE-47 to PBDEs or from BDE-47 and 6-MeO-BDE-47 to OH-PBDEs took place in the earthworms. Methoxylation was proposed as a potential metabolic pathway to form MeO-PBDEs in earthworms, with the metabolic rates for the methoxylation of BDE-47 and 6-OH-BDE-47 being 27.7 and 5.1 times greater, respectively, than that of the debromination metabolism. The isomers of 6-MeO-BDE-47 and 6-OH-BDE-47 were formed via the addition of methoxy/hydroxy groups or via bromine shifts on benzene ring in the earthworms. This study provides comprehensive information for a better understanding of the accumulation and biotransformation of PBDEs and their derivatives in earthworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehui Xu
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Soil Quality and Nutrient Resource, Hohhot 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Ecological Security and Green Development at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous, Hohhot 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education P.R. of China, Hohhot 010018, China.
| | - Guoqing Wang
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Soil Quality and Nutrient Resource, Hohhot 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Ecological Security and Green Development at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Yuejin Li
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Soil Quality and Nutrient Resource, Hohhot 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Ecological Security and Green Development at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Yufei Zhang
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Soil Quality and Nutrient Resource, Hohhot 010018, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Ecological Security and Green Development at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous, Hohhot 010018, China
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Smythe TA, Su G, Bergman Å, Letcher RJ. Metabolic transformation of environmentally-relevant brominated flame retardants in Fauna: A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 161:107097. [PMID: 35134713 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, production trends of the flame retardant (FR) industry, and specifically for brominated FRs (BFRs), is for the replacement of banned and regulated compounds with more highly brominated, higher molecular weight compounds including oligomeric and polymeric compounds. Chemical, biological, and environmental stability of BFRs has received some attention over the years but knowledge is currently lacking in the transformation potential and metabolism of replacement emerging or novel BFRs (E/NBFRs). For articles published since 2015, a systematic search strategy reviewed the existing literature on the direct (e.g., in vitro or in vivo) non-human BFR metabolism in fauna (animals). Of the 51 papers reviewed, and of the 75 known environmental BFRs, PBDEs were by far the most widely studied, followed by HBCDDs and TBBPA. Experimental protocols between studies showed large disparities in exposure or incubation times, age, sex, depuration periods, and of the absence of active controls used in in vitro experiments. Species selection emphasized non-standard test animals and/or field-collected animals making comparisons difficult. For in vitro studies, confounding variables were generally not taken into consideration (e.g., season and time of day of collection, pollution point-sources or human settlements). As of 2021 there remains essentially no information on the fate and metabolic pathways or kinetics for 30 of the 75 environmentally relevant E/BFRs. Regardless, there are clear species-specific and BFR-specific differences in metabolism and metabolite formation (e.g. BDE congeners and HBCDD isomers). Future in vitro and in vivo metabolism/biotransformation research on E/NBFRs is required to better understand their bioaccumulation and fate in exposed organisms. Also, studies should be conducted on well characterized lab (e.g., laboratory rodents, zebrafish) and commonly collected wildlife species used as captive models (crucian carp, Japanese quail, zebra finches and polar bears).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan A Smythe
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Guanyong Su
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Åke Bergman
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
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Liu D, Xue D, Lu W, Yang Z, Li L, Xia B, Wei J, Chen X, Yang Y, Wang X, Lin G. BDE-47 induced PC-12 cell differentiation via TrkA downstream pathways and caused the loss of hippocampal neurons in BALB/c mice. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 422:126850. [PMID: 34419847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As the most abundant congener of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) detected in environment and human biotic samples, 2, 2', 4, 4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) has been found to accumulate in brain and induce neurotoxicity, however, the detailed mechanism has not been clearly elucidated. To investigate the neurotoxicity of BDE-47, undifferentiated PC-12 cells were exposed to different doses of BDE-47, and BDE-47 dissolved in corn oil was orally administered to mice for 8 consecutive weeks. Our data showed that BDE-47 obviously changed cell morphology, altered cell viability, promoted cell apoptosis, and induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. BDE-47 promoted the differentiation of PC-12 cells by enhancing the expression of TrkA receptor and the phosphorylation levels of ERK and Akt. Moreover, BDE-47-induced differentiation of PC-12 cells was suppressed by inhibitors of corresponding pathways (MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt). H&E staining of brain showed neurons in DG and CA1 areas of hippocampus decreased after BDE-47 exposure. Transcriptome sequencing of brain tissue suggested that multiple signaling pathways related to neuron death and nerve function were significantly regulated. In conclusion, these results provided new evidence for revealing the neurotoxicity of BDE-47, and offered important experimental basis for environmental controlling and post-exposure health risk assessment of BDE-47.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmeng Liu
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dahui Xue
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wencan Lu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhuochun Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Li
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Beibei Xia
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinhua Wei
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xianxiong Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guimiao Lin
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
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Wei J, Xiang L, Cai Z. Emerging environmental pollutants hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers: From analytical methods to toxicology research. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:255-279. [PMID: 32608069 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) are of particular concern due to their ubiquitous distribution and adverse health effects. Significant progress has been made in the characterization of OH-PBDEs by using mass spectrometry (MS). In this review, we summarize applications of MS-based techniques in detection, environmental and biota distribution, and potential health risk effects, hoping to unfold an overall picture on account of current knowledge of OH-PBDEs. The analytical methodologies are discussed from sample pretreatment to MS analysis. The methods including gas chromatography-MS (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-MS (LC-MS), and ion mobility spectrometry-MS (IMS-MS) are discussed. GC-MS is the most frequently adopted method in the analysis of OH-PBDEs due to its excellent chromatographic resolution, high sensitivity, and strong ability for unknown identification. LC-MS has been widely used for its high sensitivity and capability of direct analysis. As a newly developed technique, IMS-MS provides high specificity, which greatly facilitates the identification of isomers. OH-PBDEs pervasively existed in both abiotic and biotic samples, including humans, animals, and environmental matrices. Multiple adverse health effects have been reported, such as thyroid hormone disruption, estrogen effects, and neurotoxicity. The reported potential pathological mechanisms are also reviewed. Additionally, MS-based metabolomics, lipidomics, and proteomics have been shown as promising tools to unveil the molecular mechanisms of the toxicity of OH-PBDEs. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Li Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Zhang YQ, Tang CX, Dong Y, Wu CC, Bao LJ, Zeng EY. Effects of cooking on oral bioaccessibility of PBDEs, MeO-PBDEs, and OH-PBDEs in fish (tilapia) and chicken egg. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 748:142310. [PMID: 33113684 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Human health concerns are rising with polybrominated diphenyl ethers' (PBDEs) analogues, methoxylated and hydroxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs and OH-PBDEs), due to their occurrences in foods and greater potential toxicological effects than PBDEs. While the oral bioaccessibilities (BA%) of PBDEs in foods are available, such information on MeO-PBDEs and OH-PBDEs, and the effects of cooking on them have not been adequately addressed. The present study was conducted with fish and chicken egg as typical foods to assess the bioaccessibility (BA%) of PBDEs, MeO-PBDEs, and OH-PBDEs using the colon extended physiologically based extraction test and examine the effects of cooking processes (boiling, frying, and steaming) on them. The results showed that thermal degradation or transformation of the target compounds did not occur during boiling and frying of fish. The BA% of individual PBDEs, MeO-PBDEs, and OH-PBDEs were 20-51% for boiled fish, 11-20% for pan-fried fish, 15-77% for steamed egg, and 42-68% for pan-fried egg. Cooking decreased the BA% of all target compounds in fish due to protein denaturation. However, the BA% of OH-PBDEs in pan-fried egg were greater than those in steamed egg. In addition, the substituent groups of CH3O- and OH- did not pose any effects on the BA% of BDE-47 in fish, but OH-group decreased its BA% in egg. These findings suggested that MeO-PBDEs and OH-PBDEs exhibited the similar oral BA% in fish to PBDEs, but the underlying mechanism for the effects of cooking on BA% of OH-PBDEs in egg needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qi Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Chun-Xue Tang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Ying Dong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Chen-Chou Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Research Center of Low Carbon Economy for Guangzhou Region, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Guo H, Chen B, Yan Z, Gao J, Tang J, Zhou C. Metabolites profiling and pharmacokinetics of troxipide and its pharmacodynamics in rats with gastric ulcer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13619. [PMID: 32788674 PMCID: PMC7423950 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70312-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Troxipide is widely used to treat gastric ulcer (GU) in the clinic. However, a lack of systematic metabolic, pharmacokinetic and pharmacological studies limits its clinical use. This study aimed to firstly explore the metabolic, pharmacokinetic and pharmacological mechanisms of troxipide in rats with GU compared to normal control (NC) rats. First, metabolic study was perormed by a highly selective, high-resolution mass spectrometry method. A total of 45 metabolites, including 9 phase I metabolites and 36 phase II metabolites, were identified based on MS/MS spectra. Subsequently, the pharmacokinetics results suggested that the Cmax, Ka, t1/2, AUC(0-t) and AUC(0-∞) of troxipide were significantly increased in rats with GU compared with NC rats. The Vz, K10 and absolute bioavailability of troxipide were obviously decreased in rats with GU compared with NC rats, and its tissue distribution (in the liver, lung and kidney) was significantly different between the two groups of rats. Additionally, the pharmacodynamic results suggested that the levels of biochemical factors (IL-17, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, AP-1, MTL, GAS, and PG-II) were significantly increased, the PG-Ӏ level was obviously decreased, and the protein expression levels of HSP-90, C-Cas-3 and C-PARP-1 were markedly increased in rats with GU compared with NC rats. The above results suggested that the therapeutic mechanisms underlying the metabolic, pharmacokinetic and pharmacological properties of troxipide in vivo in rats deserve further attention based on the importance of troxipide in the treatment of GU in this study, and these mechanisms could be targets for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Guo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Hebei University, 180 WuSi Road, Lianchi District, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Baohua Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Hebei University, 180 WuSi Road, Lianchi District, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Zihan Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Hebei University, 180 WuSi Road, Lianchi District, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Jian Gao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Hebei University, 180 WuSi Road, Lianchi District, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Jiamei Tang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Hebei University, 180 WuSi Road, Lianchi District, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Chengyan Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, Hebei University, 180 WuSi Road, Lianchi District, Baoding, 071002, China.
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