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Sah R, Khanduri M, Chaudhary P, Thomas Paul K, Gururani S, Banwala K, Paul C, Jose MA, Bora S, Ramachandran A, Badola R, Hussain SA. Dietary exposure of potentially toxic elements to freshwater mammals in the Ganga river basin, India. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 351:123928. [PMID: 38615836 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The threatened Gangetic dolphin (Platanista gangetica) and smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) occuring in the Ganga River Basin (GRB), are experiencing a decline in their population and distribution range owing to multiple anthropogenic pressures, including pollution by Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs). Apex predators primarily encounter contaminants through dietary exposure. Yet, notable gaps persist in our understanding of the risks associated with the ingestion of PTE-contaminated prey for Gangetic dolphins and smooth-coated otters. In this study, we examined the occurrence and spatial variation of PTEs in the prey (fish) of both these riverine mammals across three major rivers of the Basin, while also evaluating the associated risk of ingesting contaminated prey. Our assessment revealed no statistical variation in bioaccumulation profiles of PTEs across the three rivers, attributable to comparable land use patterns and PTE consumption within the catchment. Zn and Cu were the most dominant PTEs in the prey species. The major potential sources of pollution identified in the catchment include agricultural settlements, vehicular emissions, and the presence of metal-based additives in plastics. Zn, As and Hg accumulation vary with the trophic level whereas some PTEs show concentration (Hg) and dilution (As, Cr, Pb and Zn) with fish growth. The Risk Quotient (RQ), based on the dietary intake of contaminated prey calculated using Toxicity Reference Value was consistently below 1 indicating no significant risk to these riverine mammals. Conversely, with the exception of Co and Ni, the Reference Dose-based RQs for all other PTEs indicated a substantial risk for Gangetic dolphins and smooth-coated otters through dietary exposure. This study serves as a pivotal first step in assessing the risk of PTEs for two threatened riverine mammals in a densely populated river basin, highlighting the importance of their prioritization in regular monitoring to reinforce the ongoing conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika Sah
- Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun, 248001, India
| | - Megha Khanduri
- Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun, 248001, India
| | - Pooja Chaudhary
- Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun, 248001, India
| | - K Thomas Paul
- Agilent Technologies India Pvt Ltd, Doddanakundi Industrial Area 2, Mahadevapura, Bengaluru, 560066, India
| | | | - Kirti Banwala
- Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun, 248001, India
| | - Chitra Paul
- Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun, 248001, India
| | - Mebin Aby Jose
- Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun, 248001, India
| | - Sarita Bora
- Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun, 248001, India
| | | | - Ruchi Badola
- Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, Dehradun, 248001, India
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Li N, Wang X, Li X, Yi S, Guo Y, Wu N, Lin H, Zhong B, Wu WM, He Y. Anthropogenic and biological activities elevate microplastics pollution in headwater ecosystem of Yangtze tributaries in Hindu Kush-Himalayan region. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134395. [PMID: 38663293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Microplastic (MP) pollution is widely spread in oceans, freshwater, and terrestrial environments but MPs in mountainous headwater ecosystem are rarely reported. This study focuses on the headwater of Yangtze tributaries of the Hindu Kush-Himalayan (HKH) region. Five streams at elevations of 900 to 3300 m were selected to investigate the distribution of MPs in water and sediments across altitudes. MPs were found in all water and sediment samples from top stream zone nearly in absence of anthropogenic activity, low anthropogenic zone, and high anthropogenic zone, increased from 12-54, 81-185 to 334-847 items/L, and 2-35, 26-84 to 124-428 items/kg, respectively. This elevation-dependent MP distribution indicated that as elevation decreased, anthropogenic activities intensified and increased MPs input and their abundance, size, and diversity. Notably, hydraulic projects, such as damming, were identified as potential barriers to the migration of MPs downstream. Microbiome analyses revealed the presence of bacterial genes associated with plastic biodegradation in all sediment samples. The study indicates that Shangri-la mountainous streams have been polluted with MPs for years with potential risk of generation of nano-sized particles via natural fragmentation and biodegradation, and thus raises concern on MPs pollution in headwaters streams in mountainous regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naying Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bio-resources Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; School of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- School of Geography and Tourism, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China
| | - Xianxiang Li
- School of Geography and Tourism, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China
| | - Shaoliang Yi
- International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, GPO Box, Kathmandu 3226, Nepal
| | - Yun Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bio-resources Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ning Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bio-resources Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, GPO Box, Kathmandu 3226, Nepal
| | - Honghui Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Bo Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bio-resources Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Wei-Min Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, William & Cloy Codiga Resource Recovery Research Center, Center for Sustainable Development & Global Competitiveness, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4020, United States.
| | - Yixin He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bio-resources Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Kumar V, Kumar J, Alam A, Thakur VR, Kumar V, Srivastava SK, Kayal T, Jha DN, Das BK. Ecological and human health risk from exposure to metal contaminated sediments in a subtropical river affected by anthropogenic activities: A case study from river Yamuna. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 203:116498. [PMID: 38761682 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Heavy metal enrichment in river sediments poses a significant risk to human and aquatic health. The Yamuna River faces severe challenges due to untreated industrial and domestic wastewater discharge. The study evaluates sediment metal content, ecological and human health risks, and potential sources. Results showed Cd and Pb exhibited moderate to severe contamination and displayed ecological risk based on contamination factor, enrichment factor, and potential ecological risk. According to synergistic indices (pollution load index, PINemerow, toxic risk index, contamination security index, mean probable effects level quotients, and probability of toxicity), the sediment in the Yamuna River doesn't seem to have a risk or enrichment from combined metals. Cd and Pb mainly originate from anthropogenic sources. Hazard index (< 1) and carcinogenic risk (2.2 × 10-7 to 4.7 × 10-5) assessments suggest metal didn't pose any risk to humans exposed to sediment. The present study aids in developing pollution control strategies for the Yamuna River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kumar
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Regional Centre, Prayagraj 211002, India.
| | - Jeetendra Kumar
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Regional Centre, Prayagraj 211002, India
| | - Absar Alam
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Regional Centre, Prayagraj 211002, India
| | | | - Vijay Kumar
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Regional Centre, Prayagraj 211002, India
| | - Saket Kumar Srivastava
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Regional Centre, Prayagraj 211002, India
| | - Tania Kayal
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, India
| | - Dharm Nath Jha
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Regional Centre, Prayagraj 211002, India.
| | - Basanta Kumar Das
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, India.
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Zhang Z, Lou S, Liu S, Zhou X, Zhou F, Yang Z, Chen S, Zou Y, Radnaeva LD, Nikitina E, Fedorova IV. Potential risk assessment and occurrence characteristic of heavy metals based on artificial neural network model along the Yangtze River Estuary, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:32091-32110. [PMID: 38648002 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33400-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Pollution from heavy metals in estuaries poses potential risks to the aquatic environment and public health. The complexity of the estuarine water environment limits the accurate understanding of its pollution prediction. Field observations were conducted at seven sampling sites along the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) during summer, autumn, and winter 2021 to analyze the concentrations of seven heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn) in water and surface sediments. The order of heavy metal concentrations in water samples from highest to lowest was Zn > As > Cu > Ni > Cr > Pb > Cd, while that in surface sediments samples was Zn > Cr > As > Ni > Pb > Cu > Cd. Human health risk assessment of the heavy metals in water samples indicated a chronic and carcinogenic risk associated with As. The risks of heavy metals in surface sediments were evaluated using the geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and potential ecological risk index (RI). Among the seven heavy metals, As and Cd were highly polluted, with Cd being the main contributor to potential ecological risks. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to identify the sources of the different heavy metals, revealing that As originated primarily from anthropogenic emissions, while Cd was primarily from atmospheric deposition. To further analyze the influence of water quality indicators on heavy metal pollution, an artificial neural network (ANN) model was utilized. A modified model was proposed, incorporating biochemical parameters to predict the level of heavy metal pollution, achieving an accuracy of 95.1%. This accuracy was 22.5% higher than that of the traditional model and particularly effective in predicting the maximum 20% of values. Results in this paper highlight the pollution of As and Cd along the YRE, and the proposed model provides valuable information for estimating heavy metal pollution in estuarine water environments, facilitating pollution prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirui Zhang
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Sha Lou
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Shuguang Liu
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xiaosheng Zhou
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhongyuan Yang
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Shizhe Chen
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yuwen Zou
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Larisa Dorzhievna Radnaeva
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Systems, Baikal Institute of Nature Management of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude, Republic of Buryatia, Russia
| | - Elena Nikitina
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Systems, Baikal Institute of Nature Management of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude, Republic of Buryatia, Russia
| | - Irina Viktorovna Fedorova
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Saint Petersburg State University, 7-9 Universitetskaya Embankment, 199034, St Petersburg, Russia
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Chen L, Ren B, Deng X, Yin W, Xie Q, Cai Z. Potential toxic heavy metals in village rainwater runoff of antimony mining area, China: Distribution, pollution sources, and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 920:170702. [PMID: 38325479 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The potential toxic heavy metal runoff from antimony mining areas poses a serious threat to the water environment and the health of residents in the village. The study found that the average concentrations of As, Sb, Cr, Pb, and Cd in the runoff were 0.1237, 0.1148, 0.0332, 0.0140, and 0.0013 mg/L, which were higher than the normal average concentrations in the water environment of 0.018, 0.0009, 0.05, 0.012, and 0.000013 mg/L, respectively.Sb and As are severely polluted, while Cd, Pb, and Cr have lower pollution levels. The coefficients of variation for As, Sb, Cr, Pb, and Cd range from 0.079 to 1.051, with Sb showing exceptionally high variability. Heavy metal elements Pb, Cd, and Sb accumulate in the southeastern area of the village, with Sb concentrations decreasing from the southeast to the northwest. As is mainly distributed in the northeastern part of the village, while Cr is primarily found in the central-western region. Source analysis indicates that As and Sb originate from mining and industrial activities, dust deposition, and domestic sewage. Cr comes from the natural geological background and metal product industry, Pb from lead-acid batteries, industrial activities, and gasoline additives, and Cd from fertilization in residential green areas and pesticide use. Health risk analysis reveals that the hazard index (HI) values for As and As in the water environment are 1.49 and 2.31, respectively, both exceeding 1, posing a serious threat to the health of village residents. The HI values for Pb, Cr, and Cd elements are all below 1, indicating lower risks. This study identified that Sb in the antimony ore area and its associated metal element As are the main elements leading to potential heavy metal pollution in the runoff of village residential areas, providing direction for subsequent water environment restoration work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyuan Chen
- Hunan University of Science and Technology, School of Earth Science and Space Information Engineering, Hunan, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Bozhi Ren
- Hunan University of Science and Technology, School of Earth Science and Space Information Engineering, Hunan, Xiangtan 411201, China.
| | - Xinping Deng
- Hunan Geological Disaster Monitoring and early warning and emergency rescue engineering technology research center, Hunan, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Wei Yin
- Hunan Geological Disaster Monitoring and early warning and emergency rescue engineering technology research center, Hunan, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Qing Xie
- Hunan University of Science and Technology, School of Earth Science and Space Information Engineering, Hunan, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Zhaoqi Cai
- Hunan University of Science and Technology, School of Earth Science and Space Information Engineering, Hunan, Xiangtan 411201, China
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Biswas PP, Chen WH, Lam SS, Park YK, Chang JS, Hoang AT. A comprehensive study of artificial neural network for sensitivity analysis and hazardous elements sorption predictions via bone char for wastewater treatment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133154. [PMID: 38103286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Using bone char for contaminated wastewater treatment and soil remediation is an intriguing approach to environmental management and an environmentally friendly way of recycling waste. The bone char remediation strategy for heavy metal-polluted wastewater was primarily affected by bone char characteristics, factors of solution, and heavy metal (HM) chemistry. Therefore, the optimal parameters of HM sorption by bone char depend on the research being performed. Regarding enhancing HM immobilization by bone char, a generic strategy for determining optimal parameters and predicting outcomes is crucial. The primary objective of this research was to employ artificial neural network (ANN) technology to determine the optimal parameters via sensitivity analysis and to predict objective function through simulation. Sensitivity analysis found that for multi-metals sorption (Cd, Ni, and Zn), the order of significance for pyrolysis parameters was reaction temperature > heating rate > residence time. The primary variables for single metal sorption were solution pH, HM concentration, and pyrolysis temperature. Regarding binary sorption, the incubation parameters were evaluated in the following order: HM concentrations > solution pH > bone char mass > incubation duration. This approach can be used for further experiment design and improve the immobilization of HM by bone char for water remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Pratim Biswas
- College of Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsin Chen
- Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411, Taiwan.
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Center for Global Health Research (CGHR), Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Young-Kwon Park
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
| | - Anh Tuan Hoang
- Faculty of Automotive Engineering, Dong A University, Danang, Vietnam
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Rawat B, Sharma CM, Tripathee L, Wan X, Cong Z, Paudyal R, Pandey A, Kandel K, Kang S, Zhang Q. Concentration, seasonality, and sources of trace elements in atmospheric aerosols from Godavari in the southern Himalayas. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 344:123359. [PMID: 38228261 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Atmospheric pollution has detrimental effects on human health and ecosystems. The southern region of the Himalayas, undergoing rapid urbanization and intense human activities, faces poor air quality marked by high aerosol loadings. In this study, we conducted a two-year PM10 sampling in the suburban area (Godavari) of Kathmandu, a representative metropolis situated in the southern part of the central Himalayas. The trace elements were measured to depict aerosol-bound element loadings, seasonality, and potential sources. The mean concentrations of trace elements varied considerably, ranging from 0.27 ± 0.19 ng m-3 for Tl to 1252.78 ng m-3 for Zn. The average concentration of Co and Ni was 1.2 and 22.4 times higher, respectively, than those in Lhasa city in Tibet in the northern Himalayas. The concentration of Pb was 38 times lower than that in Lahore, Pakistan, and 9 times lower than urban sites in India. For the seasonality, the trace element concentrations displayed remarkable variation, with higher concentrations during the non-monsoon seasons and lower concentrations during the monsoon season. This trend was primarily influenced by anthropogenic activities such as low-grade fuel combustion in vehicles, coal combustion in brick kilns, and biomass burning, along with seasonal rainfall that induced aerosol washout. The enrichment factors (EFs) analysis revealed that Cd, Zn, Sb, Ni, Cu, Cr, and Pb had higher EFs, indicating their significant contributions from anthropogenic sources. In contrast, elements like Tl, Co, V, Cs, U, Ba, Th, and Sr, characterized by lower EFs, were mainly associated with natural sources. The Pb isotopic ratio profiles exhibited the Pb in PM10 are derived major contribution from legacy lead. Biomass burning contributed to the Pb source in winter. These findings provide policymakers with valuable insights to develop guidelines and strategies aimed at improving air quality and mitigating the impact of aerosol pollution on human health in the Himalayan region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bakhat Rawat
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, University of Wollongong (UOW), NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Chhatra Mani Sharma
- Central Department of Environmental Science, Tribhuvan University, Kritipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Lekhendra Tripathee
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xin Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zhiyuan Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Tibet University, Lhasa, 850000, China
| | - Rukumesh Paudyal
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Aastha Pandey
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kshitiz Kandel
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Qianggong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Zhang T, Wang P, Wang M, Liu J, Gong L, Xia S. Spatial distribution, source identification, and risk assessment of heavy metals in riparian soils of the Tibetan plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:116977. [PMID: 37625542 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Riparian soils in the lower sections of the Lhasa River were chosen as the research focus, to examine the characteristics and sources of heavy metals in riparian soils of high-cold regions. To investigate the influence of various factors on the geographical distribution of heavy metals, three horizontal and one vertical profiles were considered. The geoaccumulation index, prospective ecological risk index, and enrichment factor were used to evaluate the extent of soil contamination. Correlation analysis and the positive-matrix-analysis receptor model were used to quantitatively examine the sources of the elements. According to the soil-evaluation, the topsoil was more polluted than the deep soil. Overall, the soil was slightly degraded and posed minor ecological concern. Cd was the primary contributor to the overall contamination, with moderate and considerable risk levels at certain locations. Five sources were identified for the six heavy metals. Transportation and agricultural production were the principal sources of Cd. Ni and Cr were mostly connected to agricultural practices and weathering of parent-soil materials. Pb and Zn were mostly related to geological history, geothermal development, and traffic pollution. Mineral resource development has had a major impact on Cu. Non-carcinogenic risk index of each heavy metal and their total value were <1, indicating they are not harmful to human health. The riparian soil of the Lhasa River Basin contains heavy metals from various sources; therefore, it is important to monitor these heavy metals. This study provides a scientific foundation for the safe utilization and classification of soils in high cold regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China; Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, China Geological Survey, Baoding, 071051, China
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Mingguo Wang
- Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, China Geological Survey, Baoding, 071051, China
| | - Jinwei Liu
- Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, China Geological Survey, Baoding, 071051, China
| | - Lei Gong
- Center for Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, China Geological Survey, Baoding, 071051, China
| | - Shibin Xia
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Das BK, Kumar V, Chakraborty L, Swain HS, Ramteke MH, Saha A, Das A, Bhor M, Upadhyay A, Jana C, Manna RK, Samanta S, Tiwari NK, Ray A, Roy S, Bayen S, Gupta SD. Receptor model-based source apportionment and ecological risk assessment of metals in sediment of river Ganga, India. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 195:115477. [PMID: 37666139 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Ganga river surface sediment was sampled from 11 locations, which revealed average concentrations (mg/kg) of metals in the order Mn (296.93) > Zn (61.94) > Cr (54.82) > Cu (30.19) > Pb (24.42) > Cd (0.36). Sediment quality guidelines showed metals rarely to occasionally exhibit adverse biological effects. Indices like potential ecological risk, contamination security index, hazard quotients, multiple probable effect concentrations quality, mean probable effects level quotients, mean effects range median quotient suggest nil to a very low level of pollution with low ecological risk. Contamination factor, geo accumulation index, enrichment factor, quantification of contamination revealed that Pb and Cd originated from anthropogenic activities. APCS-MLR model revealed that metals contributed from natural sources (Zn, Mn, Cr; 20.18 %), industrial-agricultural (Cd; 21.35 %); and discharge of paints, Pb batteries, fossil fuel (Pb; 8.49 %). Present findings will serve as an effective guideline for managing and ameliorating pollution in the river system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basanta Kumar Das
- ICAR - Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India.
| | - Vikas Kumar
- ICAR - Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India.
| | - Lokenath Chakraborty
- ICAR - Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Himanshu Sekhar Swain
- ICAR - Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751002, Odisha, India
| | - Mitesh Hiradas Ramteke
- ICAR - Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Ajoy Saha
- ICAR - Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Akash Das
- Department of Civil Engineering, Odisha University of Technology and Research, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Manisha Bhor
- ICAR - Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Aurobinda Upadhyay
- ICAR - Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Chayna Jana
- ICAR - Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Ranjan Kumar Manna
- ICAR - Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Srikanta Samanta
- ICAR - Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Nitish Kumar Tiwari
- ICAR - Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Archisman Ray
- ICAR - Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Shreya Roy
- ICAR - Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Supriti Bayen
- ICAR - Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhadeep Das Gupta
- ICAR - Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
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10
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Anh NN. Attribution of sources to heavy metal accumulation in the anthropogenically impacted Bach Dang River Estuary, Vietnam. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 193:115244. [PMID: 37421915 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, concentrations of 10 heavy metals (Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb) were determined in superficial sediments from 20 sites within the Bach Dang Estuary, Vietnam. An integrated approach including correlation analysis, principal components analysis and positive matrix factorization was successfully applied to identify possible sources of these heavy metals. The results of this study identified four sources of the heavy metals, namely: natural geogenic, mixed anthropogenic, marine transportation and antifouling paint related sources, contributing 34.33 %, 14.80 %, 23.02 % and 27.86 % to the total metal concentrations, respectively. From an environmental impact perspective, these findings could provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of sediment metal pollution. Accordingly, the use of more environmental friendly antifouling paints should be encouraged to minimize metal accumulation in sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Ngoc Anh
- Institute of Marine Environment and Resources (IMER), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 246 Dang Nang Street, Haiphong City, Viet Nam.
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11
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Nagarajan R, Eswaramoorthi SG, Anandkumar A, Ramkumar M. Geochemical fractionation, mobility of elements and environmental significance of surface sediments in a Tropical River, Borneo. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 192:115090. [PMID: 37263028 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Miri River is a tropical river in Borneo that drains on flat terrain and urbanised area and debauches into the South China Sea. This paper documents the environmental status of this river, and provides an insight into the provenance using bulk chemistry of the sediments, and brings out the geochemical mobility, bioavailability, and potential toxicity of some critical elements based on BCR sequential extraction. The sediments are intense to moderately weathered and recycled products of Neogene sedimentary rocks. The hydrodynamic characteristics of the river favoured an upstream section dominated by fine sand, while the downstream sediments are medium silt. Based on the bulk geochemistry, the Miri River sediments are moderate to considerably contaminated by Cu, Mo, and As in the upstream and by Sb, As and Cu in the downstream. The potential ecological risk values are low except Cu and a significant biological impact is expected in downstream due to Cu, As, Zn and Cr. The mobility, bioavailability and Risk Assessment Code values for Zn and Mn are higher and thus may pose moderate to very high risk to aquatic organisms. Though a high bulk concentration of Cu is observed, the association of Cu with the bioavailable fraction is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nagarajan
- Department of Applied Sciences (Applied Geology), Curtin University, 98009 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia; Curtin Malaysia Research Institute, Curtin University, Malaysia.
| | | | - A Anandkumar
- Department of Applied Sciences (Applied Geology), Curtin University, 98009 Miri, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - M Ramkumar
- Department of Geology, Periyar University, Salem, India
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12
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Li Z, Li X, Wang S, Che F, Zhang Y, Yang P, Zhang J, Liu Y, Guo H, Fu Z. Adsorption and desorption of heavy metals at water sediment interface based on bayesian model. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 329:117035. [PMID: 36549063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Estuarine areas are not only the main gathering point for human sewage but also the place where one-way and two-way fluids interact, thus forming a complex and changeable geochemical physical field. Here, heavy metals (HMs) are adsorbed and desorbed due to physical, chemical, and biochemical processes. However, the adsorption and desorption behavior of HMs in the aquatic environment is complex, and physicochemical processes occurring in the estuarine sediment-water interface control the direction and boundaries of the system. This study analyzed the migration and distribution of HMs in rivers and lakes, and established a Bayesian network model to quantitatively understand the impact of nutrients and key environmental factors on the adsorption-desorption behavior of HMs in lake and estuaries, as well as the competitive relationship between environmental factors. The influence of environmental factors and the occurrence of HMs are both important model inputs. Our findings indicated that the migration risk of Cd in Qinghai Lake was high. Environmental factors such as Cation exchange capacity (CEC), Organic matter (OM), Soluble fluoride (SFL), and pH play the most important role in the adsorption and desorption of HMs. Our findings also indicated that the exchange and activity of HMs in sediments were much higher than in the overlying water. The organic matter content was the most complex environmental factor affecting HMS adsorption and desorption at the water-sediment interface. Additionally, the mass concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) has a linear relationship with bioavailable HMs in river and lake sediments, but has no linear relationship with the concentration of water-soluble HMs. Interestingly, there are synergistic effects between environmental factors, which directly or indirectly affect the release of bioavailable HMs. However, it is important to determine whether the effects of different environmental factors on the exchange of bioavailable HMs are negative or positive. Our findings suggested that Bayesian network (BN) signals (positive or negative) could provide insights into the transfer direction of metals in the water-sediment interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environment Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xizhi Li
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shuhang Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environment Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Feifei Che
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environment Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Pingjian Yang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jinbo Zhang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yanxiao Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huaicheng Guo
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Zhenghui Fu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environment Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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13
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He P, Li Y, Huo T, Meng F, Peng C, Bai M. Priority planting area planning for cash crops under heavy metal pollution and climate change: A case study of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1080881. [PMID: 36818883 PMCID: PMC9928953 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1080881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Soil pollution by heavy metals and climate change pose substantial threats to the habitat suitability of cash crops. Discussing the suitability of cash crops in this context is necessary for the conservation and management of species. We developed a comprehensive evaluation system that is universally applicable to all plants stressed by heavy metal pollution. METHODS The MaxEnt model was used to simulate the spatial distribution of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort within the study area (Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Chongqing) based on current and future climate conditions (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5 scenarios). We established the current Cd pollution status in the study area using kriging interpolation and kernel density. Additionally, the three scenarios were used in prediction models to simulate future Cd pollution conditions based on current Cd pollution data. The current and future priority planting areas for L. chuanxiong were determined by overlay analysis, and two levels of results were obtained. RESULTS The results revealed that the current first- and secondary-priority planting areas for L. chuanxiong were 2.06 ×103 km2 and 1.64 ×104 km2, respectively. Of these areas, the seven primary and twelve secondary counties for current L. chuanxiong cultivation should be given higher priority; these areas include Meishan, Qionglai, Pujiang, and other regions. Furthermore, all the priority zones based on the current and future scenarios were mainly concentrated on the Chengdu Plain, southeastern Sichuan and northern Chongqing. Future planning results indicated that Renshou, Pingwu, Meishan, Qionglai, Pengshan, and other regions are very important for L. chuanxiong planting, and a pessimistic scenario will negatively impact this potential planting. The spatial dynamics of priority areas in 2050 and 2070 clearly fluctuated under different prediction scenarios and were mainly distributed in northern Sichuan and western Chongqing. DISCUSSION Given these results, taking reasonable measures to replan and manage these areas is necessary. This study provides. not only a useful reference for the protection and cultivation of L. chuanxiong, but also a framework for analyzing other cash crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping He
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Tongtong Huo
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Fanyun Meng
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming Bai
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Wang M, Ren J, Ding A, Zhao W, Zhao X, Liu W, Bai Y, Ren L, Wang S, Wen Y, Yang B. Water quality degradation drives the release and fractionation transformation of trace metals in sediment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159504. [PMID: 36265645 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The behavior and stability of trace metals in sediment are important to the ecology of rivers. Deteriorated water quality from domestic wastewater discharge has been studied extensively, but the effect of domestic wastewater on trace metals in sediment is poorly understood. To investigate this, we simulated the water quality degradation process through leaching experiments using domestic wastewater as the leaching solution. The results indicated that domestic wastewater does not negatively influence the stability and fractionation of trace metals in this experimental model, the existence of phosphate was the pacing factor for this phenomenon. Single-factor control treatment groups showed that a leaching solution with pH < 6, NaCl, NH4Cl, NaNO3, and humic acid promoted the dissolution of trace metals from sediment, whereas NaH2PO4 inhibited this process and increased their stability in sediment. The response of trace metals behavior to NaCl, NH4Cl, and extreme pH levels was more sensitive than NaNO3 and HA. Chloride ions can form relatively stable compounds with trace metals, reducing the activity of trace metals in the solution and promoting the release of trace metals from sediment, but it has positive effect on Pb and Zn stability and negative effect on Cu. Extreme pH conditions (pH > 10) and higher concentrations of leaching solutions (NaCl, NH4Cl, NaNO3, and HA) led to an increase in the Cu leaching concentration from sediment and the transformation to unstable fractions, while the impact on the stability of Zn and Pb was beneficial or had little effect. These experiment groups indicated that phosphate is beneficial to the stability of trace metals even at the condition of water degradation and can decrease the ecological risk caused by trace metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Wang
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Waste Resource Recycle, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Aizhong Ding
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wende Zhao
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhao
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Weijiang Liu
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yijuan Bai
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Liangsuo Ren
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Sen Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Geological Resources and Environment Monitoring and Protection, Hebei Geological Environmental Monitoring Institute, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
| | - Yi Wen
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Bin Yang
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China.
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15
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Haghnazar H, Belmont P, Johannesson KH, Aghayani E, Mehraein M. Human-induced pollution and toxicity of river sediment by potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and accumulation in a paddy soil-rice system: A comprehensive watershed-scale assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:136842. [PMID: 36273611 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess pollution by potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the Zarjoub and Goharroud river basins in northern Iran. Due to exposure to various types of pollution sources, these rivers are two of the most polluted rivers in Iran. They also play an important role in irrigation of paddy fields in the study area, increasing concerns about the contamination of rice grains by PTEs. Hence, we analyzed the concentrations of eight PTEs (i.e., As, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) at ten channel bed sediment sampling sites in each river, fifteen samples of paddy soils and fifteen co-located rice samples in the relevant watersheds. Results of the index-based assessment indicate moderate to heavy pollution and moderate toxicity for sediments in the Goharroud River, while both pollution and toxicity of the Zarjoub River sediment were characterized as moderate. Paddy soils in the watersheds were found to be moderate to heavily polluted by PTEs, but the values of the rice bioconcentration factor (RBCF) indicated intermediate absorption for Cu, Zn, and Mn, and weak and very weak absorption for Pb/Ni and As/Co/Cr, respectively. The concentration of Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cr was negatively correlated to the corresponding values of RBCF, highlighting the ability of rice grains to control bioaccumulation and regulate concentrations. Industrial/agricultural effluents, municipal wastewater, leachate of solid waste, traffic-related pollution, and weathering of parent materials were found to be responsible for pollution of the Zarjoub and Goharroud watersheds by PTEs. Mn, Cu, and Pb in rice grains might be responsible for non-carcinogenic diseases. Although weak absorption was observed for As and Cr in rice grains, the concentrations of these elements in rice grains indicate a high level of cancer risk if ingested. This study provides insights to control the pollution of sediment, paddy soils, and rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Haghnazar
- Department of Watershed Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Patrick Belmont
- Department of Watershed Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Karen H Johannesson
- School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ehsan Aghayani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
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16
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Zhu S, Dong Z, Yang B, Zeng G, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Meng J, Wu S, Shao Y, Yang J, Guo X. Spatial Distribution, Source Identification, and Potential Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal in Surface Sediments from River-Reservoir System in the Feiyun River Basin, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14944. [PMID: 36429665 PMCID: PMC9691065 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192214944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the pollution characteristics of the surface sediments of the river-reservoir system in the Feiyun River basin, a sediment heavy metal survey was conducted for the first time in the Feiyun River basin. Surface sediments from 21 sampling sites in the Feiyun River basin were collected, and the concentrations and spatial distribution characteristics of 15 heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb, Mn, V, Co, Mo, Sb, W, Fe, and Se) were analyzed. Three heavy metal ecological risk assessment methods were used to evaluate the potential risks of heavy metals in sediments, and the sources of major heavy metals were traced by correlation analysis and principal component analysis. The results show that (1) the average concentration of heavy metals (As) (212.64 mg/kg) and (Sb) (4.89 mg/kg) in Feiyun River Basin is 33.3 and 6.89 times the background value of Zhejiang Province; the overall spatial distribution of heavy metals is: the mainstream of Feiyun River > Zhaoshandu Reservoir > Shanxi Reservoir, thereby, the pollution is relatively significant; (2) by processing the geo-accumulation index and enrichment index methods, As and Sb are classified as 'severely polluted', 'moderately severely polluted' and 'severely polluted', 'very severe polluted' respectively; (3) the potential ecological index evaluates the surface sediments in the Feiyun River Basin as a very high risk level, the main environmental risk factors are As, Sb, Cd and Mo; (4) the principal component analysis results show that the heavy metals in the sediments of the Feiyun River Basin may be mainly affected by human activities such as sewage from domestic and agricultural activities, mining and smelting, and the others are affected by natural factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Zhu
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Zengchuan Dong
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Bohua Yang
- Wenzhou Hydrology Management Center, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Guangen Zeng
- Wenzhou Hydrology Management Center, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Yupeng Liu
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Yuejiao Zhou
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jinyu Meng
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Shujun Wu
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Yiqing Shao
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Junfei Yang
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology and Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xiao Guo
- Changzhou Tianning District Agriculture and Rural Bureau, Changzhou 213000, China
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17
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Timalsina H, Gyawali T, Ghimire S, Paudel SR. Potential application of enhanced phytoremediation for heavy metals treatment in Nepal. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 306:135581. [PMID: 35798158 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals contamination in soil and water resources is a great threat to developing countries because of the lack of waste treatment facilities. A majority of wastewater treatment methods are known to be expensive and out of reach for municipalities and small pollution treatment enterprises. Phytotechnology is a promising, sustainable, environment-friendly, and cost-effective technique for domestic and industrial wastewater treatment in places where land is available. However, interest in conventional remediation methods and the lack of information on recent advances in a significant portion of the society in developing countries have restrained the applications of phytoremediation. This review discusses the concept of phytoremediation, mechanisms of heavy metals removal by plants, and the potential application of enhanced phytoremediation technologies in developing countries like Nepal. The authors also review the commercially viable hyperaccumulator species with their native distribution, heavy metals intake capacity, and their availability in Nepal. Those native plants can be utilized locally or introduced strategically in other parts/countries as well. Thus, for a flora-rich country like Nepal, this study holds great potential and presents enhanced phytoremediation as an effective and sustainable strategy for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haribansha Timalsina
- Department of Civil Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University, Pulchowk, Lalitpur, 44700, Nepal; Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
| | - Tunisha Gyawali
- Department of Civil Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University, Pulchowk, Lalitpur, 44700, Nepal
| | - Swastik Ghimire
- Department of Civil Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University, Pulchowk, Lalitpur, 44700, Nepal
| | - Shukra Raj Paudel
- Department of Civil Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University, Pulchowk, Lalitpur, 44700, Nepal; Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Zhang S, Zhang S, Chen Y, Chen B, Lei T. Distribution characteristics, source identification, and risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments of the salt lakes in the Ordos Plateau, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:74772-74783. [PMID: 35639312 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20557-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Salt lakes considerably affect the regional climate, environment, and ecology of semiarid regions characterized by low rainfall and high evaporation. However, under the stresses of global change and human disturbance, anthropogenic pollution is the primary factor threatening the lake's ecological environment. Surface sediment samples collected from four salt lakes in the Ordos Plateau were used to investigate the salinity, concentration, pollution status, potential sources of heavy metals, and influencing factors. The surface sediments of Beida Pond and Gouchi Pond were weakly alkaline (pH < 9) due to the presence of Na2SO4, whereas those of Chaigannaoer and Hongjiannao were strongly alkaline (pH > 9) due to the presence of Na2CO3. The concentration range of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb in the sediment samples collected from the salt lakes in the Ordos Plateau followed the order of Cr > Zn > Ni > Pb > Cu > As > Cd. The Cr concentration values were higher in Chagannaoer and Hongjiannao; however, the Ni, Cu, and Zn values were higher in Beida Pond and Gouchi Pond. The geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and enrichment factor (EF) consistently indicated that Cr posed the greatest potential ecological risk and that Ni, Cu, and Zn pollution was more severe in Beida Pond and Gouchi Pond than in Chagannaoer or Hongjiannao. However, the ecological risk index and potential ecological risk value indicated that these heavy metals posed low risks to the environment. The risk assessment code (RAC) revealed that Pb and Cr exhibited no mobility and had low potential bioavailability risk. Meanwhile, Zn, Ni, and As were categorized as medium risk. Cu had the highest mobility and was categorized as high risk. Principal component analysis for the four salt lakes revealed that the source of Ni, Cu, Zn, and Cd might be associated with water-soluble elements associated with aqueous migration, while the source of Cr, Pb, and As might be the lithospheric minerals carried by dust storms. Pearson's correlation analysis indicated that clay minerals were the primary adsorbers of Ni, Cu, Zn, and Cd. Moreover, pH was identified as the main environmental factor controlling the distribution of heavy metals in the salt lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyin Zhang
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources, Gansu, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuncun Zhang
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources, Gansu, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxin Chen
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources, Gansu, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bo Chen
- College of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, 515000, China
| | - Tianzhu Lei
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources, Gansu, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
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19
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Shen Q, Friese K, Gao Q, Kimirei IA, Kishe MA, Chen C, Zhang L, Yu C, Wu G, Liu Y. Accumulation characteristics and ecological implications of heavy metals in surface sediments of the Mwanza Gulf, Lake Victoria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:756. [PMID: 36083391 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10452-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn and their fraction characteristics (except Hg) were investigated in surface sediments of the Mwanza Gulf, Lake Victoria. The ecological risks, bioavailability, and mobility of the metals were also evaluated by using enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (Cf), geo-accumulation index (Igeo), potential ecological risk index (RI), risk assessment code (RAC), individual contamination factor (ICF), and global contamination factor (GCF). Results showed that there were moderate accumulations of heavy metals in sediments from the southern part of the gulf. The mean Cf of heavy metals ranged from 1.19 (Ni) to 2.85 (Hg) suggesting moderate contamination of heavy metals in the sediments while Igeo results showed that the sediments are mainly contaminated by As, Cr, and Hg. The average potential ecological risk of heavy metals in sediments of the Mwanza Gulf is at moderate level (RI 205.49). Hg and Cd posed considerable or moderated risks with mean ecological risk of 114.18 and 44.16, which accounted for 51.08% and 21.54% of the total RI, respectively. High bioavailability and mobility of heavy metals were found in sediments near Mwanza city, particularly Zn and Cd, of which the bioavailability risks were at medium to high levels. Given the biological and environmental importance of the Mwanza Gulf and Lake Victoria, emission paths and bioaccumulation of heavy metals through food webs should be studied carefully to ensure the safety of food and the health and well-being of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushi Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Lake Research, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 39114, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kurt Friese
- Department of Lake Research, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 39114, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Qun Gao
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Ismael A Kimirei
- Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute, P.O. Box 9750, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Mary A Kishe
- Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute, P.O. Box 9750, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China.
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.
| | - Cheng Yu
- School of Geography Science and Geomatics Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiping Wu
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanbo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
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Custodio M, Espinoza C, Orellana E, Chanamé F, Fow A, Peñaloza R. Assessment of toxic metal contamination, distribution and risk in the sediments from lagoons used for fish farming in the central region of Peru. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1603-1613. [PMID: 36561945 PMCID: PMC9764251 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxic metal contamination, distribution and risk were evaluated in the sediments of three lagoons used for fish farming in the central region of Peru. The distribution of toxic metals in the sediment was in the following descending order of Zn > V > Ni > Cu > Pb > As > Cr > Co > Cd > Sb. Contamination factor (Cf) and geoaccumulation index (Igeo) values for Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, V and Zn indicated low contamination and for Cd moderate contamination. The pollution load index (PLI) ranged from 0.3856 to 0.5622; indicating no appreciable contamination and the modified degree of contamination (mCd) corroborated this result. The potential ecological risk (Ri) in the Tranca Grande and Pomacocha lagoons revealed a low potential ecological risk and in Tipicocha a moderate potential ecological risk. HI values < 1 indicated that non-carcinogenic adverse effects were negligible. In adults, the Total carcinogenic risk (TCR) values for As, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb were less than 1.00E-04, indicating no significant carcinogenic risk. In children, TCR values showed similar behavior with the exception of As. Therefore, considering that fish production for domestic consumption and export is carried out in these lagoons, it is important to continue monitoring toxic metals to protect the health of these ecosystems and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Custodio
- Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Av. Mariscal Castilla No 3909-4089, Huancayo, Peru,Correspondence to: Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Av. Mariscal Castilla No 3909, Huancayo, Peru.
| | - Ciro Espinoza
- Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Av. Mariscal Castilla No 3909-4089, Huancayo, Peru
| | - Edith Orellana
- Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Av. Mariscal Castilla No 3909-4089, Huancayo, Peru
| | - Fernán Chanamé
- Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Av. Mariscal Castilla No 3909-4089, Huancayo, Peru
| | - Anthony Fow
- Universidad Nacional del Callao, Facultad de Ingeniería Ambiental y de Recursos Naturales, Av. Juan Pablo II 306, Callao, Peru
| | - Richard Peñaloza
- Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Av. Mariscal Castilla No 3909-4089, Huancayo, Peru
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de Almeida Ribeiro Carvalho M, Botero WG, de Oliveira LC. Natural and anthropogenic sources of potentially toxic elements to aquatic environment: a systematic literature review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:51318-51338. [PMID: 35614360 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20980-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) constitute a class of metals, semimetals, and non-metals that are of concern due to their persistence, toxicity, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification in high concentrations, posing risks to the ecosystem and to human health. A systematic literature review (SLR) was used in this study to identify natural and anthropogenic sources of PTEs for the aquatic environment. The databases consulted were ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science, in the period 2000-2020, using specific terms and filters. After analyzing the titles, abstracts, and full texts, 79 articles were selected for the SLR, in which 15 sources and 16 PTEs were identified. The main anthropogenic sources identified were mining, agriculture, industries, and domestic effluents, and the main natural sources identified were weathering of rocks and geogenic origin. Some places where environmental remediation studies can be carried out were highlighted such as Guangdong province, in China, presenting values of Cd, Cr, and Cu exceeding the national legislation from drinking water and soil quality, and Ardabil Province, in Iran, presenting values of As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Pb exceeding the standard for freshwater sediments of USEPA, among others places. With the results exposed in this work, the government and the competent bodies of each locality will be able to develop strategies and public policies aimed at the main sources and places of contamination, in order to prevent and remedy the pollution of aquatic environments by potentially toxic elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara de Almeida Ribeiro Carvalho
- Graduate Program in Planning and Use of Renewable Resources and Graduate Program in Biotechnology and Environmental Monitoring, Federal University of São Carlos, Campus Sorocaba, São Paulo, 18052-780, Brazil
| | - Wander Gustavo Botero
- Graduate Program in Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, 57072-900, Brazil
| | - Luciana Camargo de Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Planning and Use of Renewable Resources and Graduate Program in Biotechnology and Environmental Monitoring, Federal University of São Carlos, Campus Sorocaba, São Paulo, 18052-780, Brazil.
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22
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Zeng J, Han G, Zhang S, Liang B, Qu R, Liu M, Liu J. Potentially toxic elements in cascade dams-influenced river originated from Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 208:112716. [PMID: 35026184 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rivers originated from Tibetan Plateau are of great significance due to their environmental sensibility and fragility. However, the pollution of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in these rivers is rarely reported, in particular, the potentially toxic elements (PTEs) contamination. To clarify the status, sources, behavior, and risks of PTEs in SPM, a full investigation was conducted in dams-influenced Lancangjiang River basin. The findings revealed that the PTEs content (mg kg-1) ranked Mn (766) > V (151.7) > Zn (131.0) > Cr (94.6) > Ni (44.2) > Pb (36.7) > Cu (29.4) > Co (14.6) > Sb (2.6) > Mo (1.6) > Tl (0.78) > Cd (0.48). The multi-index assessment suggested that Sb and Cd were moderately severe to severe enriched PTEs with the enrichment factor values of 10.0 and 8.8 and the geo-accumulation index values of 2.2 and 2.0, respectively, while the rest of PTEs were minor/no enrichment. In contrast, Cr and Ni were major toxic elements in SPM which contributed 25 ± 10%, 24 ± 8% to the total toxic risk index. The high partition coefficients (e.g., 6.1 for Cr) were observed in most PTEs and resulted in the 96.3% of Cr, 85.2% of Zn, 83.6% of Pb, 77.8% of Ni, and 63.2% of Cu transportation in the SPM form. Natural inputs (e.g., soil erosion) are the main source (53.6%∼61.9%) of V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, and Tl, while fuel burning contributed 40.9% of Zn, 32.5% of Pb, and 37.3% of Cd. Moreover, 51.2% of Sb was attributed to industrial waste source, while porphyry copper/molybdenum deposits related milltailings were the co-source of Mo (54.4%) and Cu (34.8%). Overall, the PTEs geochemistry of SPM showed the potential in tracing regional environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zeng
- Institute of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Guilin Han
- Institute of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Shitong Zhang
- Institute of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Bin Liang
- Institute of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Rui Qu
- Institute of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Man Liu
- Institute of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jinke Liu
- Institute of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
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Suspended Sediments Quality Assessment in a Coastal River: Identification of Potentially Toxic Elements. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19074293. [PMID: 35409972 PMCID: PMC8999047 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In coastal rivers with various human and damming activities (reservoir), the cycle and biogeochemistry of environmental pollutants in river systems has been modified. A total of 42 suspended particulate matter (SPM) samples were obtained in Jiulongjiang River, southeast China to investigate the concentration, sources, behavior, and risks of nine potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in SPM. The results of metals concentration showed relatively large variation, major for Mn and minor for Co; Mn > Zn > V > Pb > Cr > Ni > Cu > Cd > Co. Multi-index evaluation reflected that most of the PTEs are minor enrichment/moderately polluted. The Cd is defined as extremely severe enrichment/polluted level, and the Pb and Zn as minor enrichment/moderately polluted levels. Among the selected PTEs, Cd and Zn are identified as the main toxic factors of SPM with a contribution of 57 ± 18% and 14 ± 7% to the total toxic risk. The sources identification suggested that human inputs may be the primary potential source of Cd, Zn, Pb, and Co, whereas natural sources (e.g., rock weathering) are likely to be responsible for Cu, Cr, V, and Ni. In contrast, the data suggested that Mn may be attributed to both natural and anthropogenic inputs. The PTEs among dissolved, suspended, and sediment phases reflected the transportation behavior and different potential risk levels. Overall, the PTE geochemistry of river SPM can act as a good indicator of the driving mechanism of PTEs’ accumulation and provide a powerful support for controlling riverine PTEs-related pollution in coastal regions.
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Abbasi S, Sheikh Fakhradini S, Jaafarzadeh N, Ebrahimi P, Ashayeri SY. Eutrophication and sediment-water exchange of total petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals of Hashilan wetland, a national heritage in NW Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:27007-27025. [PMID: 34923615 PMCID: PMC8989912 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17937-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The heavy metal(loid)s concentrations in water and sediments were analyzed in the Hashilan wetland to assess the spatial distribution, pollution status, fate, partitioning, and ecological risk and also to identify the heavy metal(loid)s sources in sediments using PMF (Positive Matrix Factorization) and APCs-MLR (absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression) receptor models. According to the pollution indices, (Ni, Cu, Cr, Mo), and (Zn, Cr, and Cu) are considered the most important pollutants in sediments and water, respectively. Ni, Cr, and Cu are the main contributors to ecological risks in sediments of some stations. The potential ecological risk assessment proposed low ecological risk in water of the study area. Higher distribution coefficient (Kp) values of Ni, Cr, Mn, Cu, Co, Pb, As, and Zn indicated the majority of these heavy metals present in the sediments; whereas, the majority of Cd concentration occurs in water. PMF and APCs-MLR results indicated the natural sources were the main factors affecting the concentrations of Ni, Cr, Zn, Al, Co, Fe, Pb, As, Cd and somewhat Cu. Mixed natural and agricultural activities are the main sources of Mo, and somewhat Cu. According to the results, there is low pollution of TPH (total petroleum hydrocarbons) in the sediment samples. Also, phosphate (PO42-) and nitrate (NO3-) concentrations were below the recommended permissible limits at all sampling sites except the S8 station for NO3-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Abbasi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, 71454, Shiraz, Iran.
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-031, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Sara Sheikh Fakhradini
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, 71454, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Neamatollah Jaafarzadeh
- Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Pooria Ebrahimi
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Resources Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Shirin Yavar Ashayeri
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, 71454, Shiraz, Iran
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25
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Ranking of Basin-Scale Factors Affecting Metal Concentrations in River Sediment. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12062805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
River sediments often contain potentially harmful pollutants such as metals. Much research has been conducted to identify factors involved in sediment concentrations of metals. While most metal pollution studies focus on smaller scales, it has been shown that basin-scale parameters are powerful predictors of river water quality. The present study focused on basin-scale factors of metal concentrations in river sediments. The study was performed on the contiguous USA using Random Forest (R.F.) to analyze the importance of different factors of the metal pollution potential of river sediments and evaluate the possibility of assessing this potential from basin characteristics. Results indicated that the most important factors belonged to the groups Geology, Dams, and Land cover. Rock characteristics (contents of K2O, CaO, and SiO2) and reservoir drainage area were strong factors. Vegetation indices were more important than land cover types. The response of different metals to basin-scale factors varied greatly. The R.F. models performed well with prediction errors of 16.5% to 28.1%, showing that basin-scale parameters hold sufficient information for predicting potential metal concentrations. The results contribute to research and policymaking dependent on understanding large-scale factors of metal pollution.
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Spatial-Temporal Variations, Ecological Risk Assessment, and Source Identification of Heavy Metals in the Sediments of a Shallow Eutrophic Lake, China. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10010016. [PMID: 35051058 PMCID: PMC8778156 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The contamination of heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Hg, Cd, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, and Sb) in the sediments were investigated in Lake Yangcheng, a eutrophic lake in China. Results showed that the average concentrations of each metal in the surface sediments generally exceeded their corresponding background values. Higher values were observed in deeper zones, supporting the retention and accumulation of heavy metals in the core sediments. The spatial distributions of metal averages, pollution load index (PLI), and combined ecological risk index (RI) revealed that ecological risks were highest in the west lake, followed by middle lake, and were lowest in the east section. For the temporal variations of metal contents, the highest concentration was usually observed in the winter. However, the seasonal dynamics of Hg showed a different pattern with higher values in the autumn and lower values in the winter. According to contamination factor (CF), the Hg and Sb contaminations were considerable, while the other metals were moderate contamination. In terms of geoaccumulation index (Igeo) values, sediments were moderately–heavily polluted by Sb and moderately polluted by Hg, Cd, and Ni. Meanwhile, Hg exhibited a considerable health risk, while Cd and Sb were moderate risks, based on single ecological risk index (Er) values. Significant positive correlations among heavy metals and principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that anthropogenic activities were major sources. The source of Sb might be different from other metals, with industrial discharge as the main loading. This study highlighted the urgency of taking measures to prevent Hg, Sb, and Cd pollutions in Lake Yangcheng, especially the west region of this lake.
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27
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Paria K, Pyne S, Chakraborty SK. Optimization of heavy metal (lead) remedial activities of fungi Aspergillus penicillioides (F12) through extra cellular polymeric substances. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131874. [PMID: 34426280 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater imposes a great threat to any ecosystem across the world, especially the aquatic one because of the different anthropogenic activities of human beings. The present study emphasizes the optimization of ecological parameters [pH, time (h) and temperature (°C)] employing Box-Behnken design (BBD) to achieve better bio-adsorption of a selected heavy metal [lead (Pb II)] from the wastewater through an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) of a benthic fungus, Aspergillus penicillioides (F12) (MN210327). The relevant statistical analysis (ANOVA) has enabled to record of the optimized bio-adsorption (73.14 %) of lead (Pb II) by fungal EPS at pH (8.85) and temperature (32 °C) for a duration of 5.74 h. Besides that, at the concentration of 0.5 mg/L of EPS, the flocculating rate was noted to be highest (88.4 %) in kaolin clay and the 50 % emulsifying activity. This investigation has also opened up new vistas on the possibility of the development of an alternative method of eco-sustainable bioremediation of heavy metals by fungal EPS on an industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishalay Paria
- Department of Zoology, Vidyasagar University, Medinipur, 721102, West Bengal, India.
| | - Smritikana Pyne
- Department of Food Technology and Biochemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India
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28
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Darko G, Obiri-Yeboah S, Takyi SA, Amponsah O, Borquaye LS, Amponsah LO, Fosu-Mensah BY. Urbanizing with or without nature: pollution effects of human activities on water quality of major rivers that drain the Kumasi Metropolis of Ghana. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 194:38. [PMID: 34935079 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09686-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The effects of urbanization such as population upsurge, increased industrialization, urban agriculture, and rural-urban migration of persons exert pressure on the limited water resources in most cities. This study investigated the impact of human activities on the water and sediment quality of the three main rivers (Wiwi, Subin, and Suntre) in Kumasi, the second-largest city in Ghana. The physicochemical parameters and the concentrations of contaminants, including heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticide residues, and microbial loads in the rivers, were linked to the specific human activities at the riverbanks. While all the 37 pesticide residues investigated in river sediments had concentrations below the detection limits (0.005 mg/kg for organochlorines, 0.010 mg/kg for organophosphates, and 0.010 mg/kg for synthetic pyrethroids), the study showed that the sediments are polluted with petrogenic and pyrogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. River Subin, the most polluted among the three rivers, recorded benzo[e]pyrene concentrations up to 47,169 µg/kg. The geoaccumulation index and concentration factors show that the rivers are highly contaminated with metals such as cadmium, chromium, mercury, and arsenic and are related to human activities. The microbial quality of the rivers was poor, recording specific microbial loads of 6.8, 4.1, and 1.5 × 107 counts/100 mL respectively for Wiwi, Subin, and the Suntre Rivers. The three water bodies are therefore not suitable for recreational and irrigational purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfred Darko
- Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
| | - Seth Obiri-Yeboah
- Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Stephen Appiah Takyi
- Department of Planning, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Owusu Amponsah
- Department of Planning, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Lydia Otoo Amponsah
- Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Benedicta Y Fosu-Mensah
- Institute for Environment and Sanitation Studies, College of Basic and Applied Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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29
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Yang L, Luo W, Zhao P, Zhang Y, Kang S, Giesy JP, Zhang F. Microplastics in the Koshi River, a remote alpine river crossing the Himalayas from China to Nepal. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118121. [PMID: 34523512 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Studies of microplastics (MPs) in remote, trans-boundary and alpine rivers are currently lacking. To understand the sinks and transport mechanisms of MPs, this study investigated the distributions and sources of MPs in the surface waters and sediments of five tributaries of the Koshi River (KR), a typical alpine river in the Himalayas between China and Nepal. Mean abundances of MPs in water and sediment were 202 ± 100 items/m3 and 58 ± 27 items/kg, dry weight, respectively. The upstream tributary, Pum Qu in China, had the smallest abundance of MPs, while the middle tributary, Sun Koshi in Nepal, had the greatest abundance. Compared to international values in rivers, contamination of the KR with MPs was low to moderate. Fibers represented 98% of all MP particles observed, which consisted of polyethylene, polyethyleneterephthalate, polyamide, polypropylene, and polystyrene. Blue and black MPs were prevalent, and small MPs (<1 mm) accounted for approximately 60% of all MPs. Atmospheric transmission and deposition were considered to be the principal sources of MPs in the upstream tributary. The results imply that point sources associated with mostly untreated sewage effluents and solid wastes from households, major settlements, towns, and cities were most important sources of MPs in the KR. Non-point sources from agricultural runoff and atmospheric transport and deposition in the middle stream tributaries also contribute a part of microplastics, while the least amount was from fishing in the downstream tributary. Urbanization, agriculture, traffic, and tourism contributed to pollution in the KR by MPs. Equations to predict abundances of MPs based on river altitudes revealed that different trends were affected by both natural and human factors within the KR basin. This study presents new insights into the magnitude of MP pollution of a remote alpine river and provides valuable data for developing MP monitoring and mitigation strategies in similar environments worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yang
- Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Pin Zhao
- Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yulan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Program Faculty, Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada; Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100085, China
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Li X, Wu P, Delang CO, He Q, Zhang F. Spatial-temporal variation, ecological risk, and source identification of nutrients and heavy metals in sediments in the peri-urban riverine system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:64739-64756. [PMID: 34318410 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15601-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A great deal of attention has been directed to the toxicity, enrichment, and accumulation of urban river sediment pollution. To understand the spatial-temporal variation, ecological risk and source of nutrients, and heavy metals in sediments from the Weihe River, the concentrations of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), organic matter (OM), and 10 heavy metals (Cd, Sb, As, Co, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cr, Zn, and Mn) in sediments at 14 sampling sites along the river were investigated. The results showed that nutrients and heavy metals had an interannual decreasing trend, and that the high-value regions were concentrated in urban locations within the study area. Ecological risk assessment results showed that TN was between the security level (no toxic effect) and the lowest level (tolerable for organisms), TP was at the lowest level, and OM was within the security level, all mainly from external sources. The geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and enrichment factor (EF) of 10 heavy metals were all within the unpolluted level, while the pollution load index (PLI) of 12 sampling sites had reached the moderate pollution level. The results of Pearson correlation, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis showed that heavy metals originated mainly from industrial and domestic sources, geochemical environments, and agricultural activities, indicating that heavy metals in the Weihe River sediments were influenced significantly by anthropogenic activities. The results are expected to provide a scientific basis for the development and utilization of the Weihe River water resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuantian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, No.26, Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Puxia Wu
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation & Ecological Restoration of the Loess Plateau, Shaanxi Academy of Forestry, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710082, People's Republic of China
| | - Claudio O Delang
- Department of Geography, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Qilin He
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, CAS and MWR, People's Repulic of, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Fengbao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, No.26, Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, CAS and MWR, People's Repulic of, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, China.
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31
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Wang J, Cai Y, Yang J, Zhao X. Research trends and frontiers on source appointment of soil heavy metal: a scientometric review (2000-2020). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:52764-52779. [PMID: 34467485 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16151-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, source appointment of soil heavy metal has attracted growing attention. However, few studies have attempted to make a comprehensive and systematical review on this topic. For this reason, a total of 1051 publications were retrieved from the Web of Science (WOS) database between 2000 and 2020. A scientometric analysis was carried out to reveal the characteristics of publications, research power, and research hotspots. CiteSpace was used to visualize and summarize the information about the development in this field. The results showed that (1) the number of publications in source appointment of soil heavy metal had increased rapidly; Environmental science and ecology and environmental sciences were top 2 most popular subject categories; (2) Research power was mainly distributed in Asia, Europe, and North America. China and Chinese Academy of Sciences were the most productive country and institution in terms of publications in this field. Biao Huang (China) was the most productive author. However, Hakanson L (Sweden) was the most influential author in terms of citation frequency; (3) Heavy metal, source identification, and contamination were the most frequent keywords. Keyword clustering analysis showed that the research hotspots mainly concentrated on air pollution, bioremediation, spatial distribution, soil, PCA, and so on; (4) Keyword bursts analysis showed that the research frontiers mainly focused on spatial analysis of soil heavy metal and exposure risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Wang
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Yu Cai
- East China University of Political Science and Law, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiangwei Zhao
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
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Miranda LS, Wijesiri B, Ayoko GA, Egodawatta P, Goonetilleke A. Water-sediment interactions and mobility of heavy metals in aquatic environments. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 202:117386. [PMID: 34229194 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption-desorption behaviour of heavy metals in aquatic environments is complex and the processes are regulated by the continuous interactions between water and sediments. This study provides a quantitative understanding of the effects of nutrients and key water and sediment properties on the adsorption-desorption behaviour of heavy metals in riverine and estuarine environments. The influence levels of the environmental factors were determined as conditional regression coefficients. The research outcomes indicate that the mineralogical composition of sediments, which influence other sediment properties, such as specific surface area and cation exchange capacity, play the most important role in the adsorption and desorption of heavy metals. It was found that particulate organic matter is the most influential nutrient in heavy metals adsorption in the riverine environment, while particulate phosphorus is more important under estuarine conditions. Dissolved nutrients do not exert a significant positive effect on the release of heavy metals in the riverine area, whilst dissolved phosphorus increases the transfer of specific metals from sediments to the overlying water under estuarine conditions. Furthermore, the positive interdependencies between marine-related ions and the release of most heavy metals in the riverine and estuarine environments indicate an increase in the mobility of heavy metals as a result of cation exchange reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena S Miranda
- Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, 4001, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Buddhi Wijesiri
- Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, 4001, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Godwin A Ayoko
- Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, 4001, Queensland, Australia; Centre for the Environment, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, 4001, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Prasanna Egodawatta
- Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, 4001, Queensland, Australia; Centre for the Environment, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, 4001, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Ashantha Goonetilleke
- Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, 4001, Queensland, Australia; Centre for the Environment, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, 4001, Queensland, Australia.
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Argüelles R, Toledo M, Martín MA. Study of the Tagus River and Entrepeñas reservoir ecosystem around the Trillo nuclear power plant using chemometric analysis: Influence on water, sediments, algae and fish. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 279:130532. [PMID: 33857647 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The fluvial and aquatic ecosystem of the Tagus River and Entrepeñas reservoir located in the surrounding of the Trillo nuclear power plant (NPP) was evaluated from 1992 to 2008, considering the physical-chemical characteristics, metal content and radiological activity of the water, sediments, algae and fish. The water of both basins demonstrated pH, conductivity, COD, NO3- and DO values within a range considered as good quality and the water quality index (WQI) was found to be within a range of 71-90. Chemometric analysis revealed a shift in the river water (from upstream to downstream) affected by the concentration of salts and metals of natural origin, such as Fe and Al, and slight variations in temperature and radiological activity were detected due to the discharges from the NPP. The hydric conditions contributed to increase or decrease the metal concentration of the river water, the reservoir sediments, algae and fish. Fe and Al were found in higher concentration during drought periods and accumulated in sediments, algae and fish along the river course (from SP1 to SP3). Natural and artificial radionuclides found were 40K with an average of 245 Bq/kg in river sediments, 499 Bq/kg in reservoir sediments and 121 Bq/kg in fish, and 90Sr with a concentration between 0.40 and 1.30 Bq/kg in sediments. Contamination of the aquatic ecosystem with metals and radionuclides was low according to European legislation. In conclusion, this study provides additional elements aimed at understanding the dynamics of fluvial and lentic ecosystems under the influence of different disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Argüelles
- University of Cordoba (Spain), Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Carretera N-IV, Km 396, Edificio Marie Curie, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - M Toledo
- University of Cordoba (Spain), Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Carretera N-IV, Km 396, Edificio Marie Curie, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - M A Martín
- University of Cordoba (Spain), Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Carretera N-IV, Km 396, Edificio Marie Curie, 14071, Córdoba, Spain.
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Meng L, Zhao L, Liu W, Lian J, Chao L. Risk assessment of bioavailable heavy metals in the water and sediments in the Yongding New River, North China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:589. [PMID: 34415414 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09367-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To explore the pollution status of heavy metals and potential risks in the Yongding New River of Tianjin, China, a comparative study of concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, As, and Hg) in surface sediments from submerged areas (SA), fluctuant flooded district (FFD), and non-flooded district (NFD) was conducted. In the present study, a modified three-stage European Community Bureau of Reference sequential extraction procedure and EDTA-Na2 single extraction were used to determine the heavy metal distribution in different sediment samples. Results showed that Cd was the metal with the highest contamination level compared to a background value of Tianjin soils, particularly in SA, followed by As. The concentrations of Cr, Pb, Cu, and Zn were relatively higher in upstream. Cu and Pb had higher bioavailability when compared with the other metals, indicating the two metals were easier to be mobilized. The Pearson correlation coefficient is applied to assess the degree of correlation between heavy metals. As, Cu, Zn, and Hg had the strong correlation, implying they may have common sources. Human activity in the riparian such as agricultural production, vehicle, and burning coal increased inputs of heavy metals in the surface sediments and influenced their distribution spatially. Besides, we also calculated geo-accumulation indexes (Igeo) and eco-risk index to assess the degree of risk of heavy metals in sediments. The Igeo were higher in SA than in FFD and NFD. Based on Igeo and potential eco-risk index, Cd has the highest risk, followed by As and Hg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzuo Meng
- College of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China
| | - Longfei Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Ecology Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Weitao Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Ecology Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Jiapan Lian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Ecology Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lei Chao
- College of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China.
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Zhang J, Gao Y, Yang N, Dai E, Yang M, Wang Z, Geng Y. Ecological risk and source analysis of soil heavy metals pollution in the river irrigation area from Baoji, China. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253294. [PMID: 34339446 PMCID: PMC8328313 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to various human activities, soil quality under different land use patterns is deteriorating all over the world. This deterioration is very complex in the river irrigation area and is caused by multi-point and non-point source pollution and seasonal variation. Therefore, the characteristics and sources of soil metal pollution in river irrigation area of Baoji city were analyzed. The contents of 8 metals were given by ICP-MS, in the soil samples. Statistical methods, geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and potential ecological risk index (RI) were conducted to evaluate the spatial distribution features, sources and ecological risks of metal contamination from the study area soil. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis were used to analyze the pollution sources of metal. The analysis showed that Cd is the most polluted, and human activities represented a great impact on the contents of Zn, Ni, Cu and Cd in soil, Cd post moderate-strong pollution and strong risk, Cd has a maximum Igeo value of 3.17. All rivers were at risk of moderate pollution levels in study. Among them, some rivers had even reached strong pollution level. Pollution caused by human activities was the most significant pollution source of metal in the research area soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism Simulation, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, China
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang’an University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism Simulation, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, China
| | - Ningning Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism Simulation, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, China
| | - Enhua Dai
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism Simulation, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, China
| | - Minghang Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism Simulation, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, China
| | - Zhoufeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang’an University, Xi’an, China
- * E-mail: (ZW); (YG)
| | - Yani Geng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism Simulation, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, China
- * E-mail: (ZW); (YG)
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36
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Wang M, Liu X, Yang B, Fei Y, Yu J, An R, Duan L. Heavy metal contamination in surface sediments from lakes and their surrounding topsoils of China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:29118-29130. [PMID: 33550521 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12091-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to rapid urbanization, industrialization, agricultural development, and mining activities, soil heavy metal pollution has become a severe issue in China. To explore the regional heavy metal ecological risk of lake sediment and surrounding topsoil, we analyzed 237 lakes, with 1797 lake sediment sampling points and 1164 surrounding topsoil sampling points. Lower mean concentrations were detected for most heavy metals in soils than sediment (except for Hg). Cd and Hg in sediments and soils showed a more significant variation, with the coefficient of variation exceeding 110%. Linear regressions and Pearson's correlation analyses demonstrated that sediments and soils exhibited significant positive correlations. The principal heavy metals exceeding the Agricultural Soil Control Standard (ASCS) in sediments and soils were As and Cd, respectively. The Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau Lake Region (YGPLR) was the most seriously affected, exceeding the ASCS for Cd. The lakes with the most severe pollution were located in YGPLR impacted by the high background concentration of heavy metals in soil and mineral development activities. The Eastern Plain Lake Region, the Southeast Lake Region, and the Northeast Plain and Mountain Lake Region showed a clear anthropogenic impact. Lakes in the Inner Mongolia-Xinjiang Lake Region and the Tibetan Plateau Lake Region were estimated to have relatively low ecological risks due to their sparse population and slight environmental disturbance. The impact of geochemical factors on the ecological risk of heavy metals in lake sediments is more substantial than that of human activities at the regional scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agricultural and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Soil and Solid Waste Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Water Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agricultural and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Soil and Solid Waste Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bing Yang
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agricultural and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Fei
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agricultural and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Yu
- Institute of Soil and Solid Waste Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
- College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran An
- Institute of Soil and Solid Waste Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
- Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijie Duan
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Water Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
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Budianta W. Heavy metal pollution and mobility of sediment in Tajum River caused by artisanal gold mining in Banyumas, Central Java, Indonesia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:8585-8593. [PMID: 33067785 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The heavy metals Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd in the stream sediment of the Tajum River were studied based on 12 sediment samples obtained from upstream to downstream. The artisanal mining activities in the study area generated mining processing waste (tailing) and are the primary source of heavy metal pollution. The samples were analyzed for metal concentration as well as metal mobility based on sequential extraction analysis. Heavy metal analysis for the concentration of the metals showed that the value of Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd in sediment samples transcends the mean crust. The change of the heavy metal concentrations in stream sediment between the upstream and downstream areas showed that higher levels were located near mining activities in upstream and that these decreased with distance to downstream. The result of the sequential extraction study revealed that Cu and Pb were more found in the exchangeable and carbonate fraction of about 26% and 24%. Meanwhile, Zn and Cd were present in the Fe-Mn oxide, an organic and residual fraction of about 90% and 85%, respectively. The mobility factor assessment revealed that the heavy metals investigated had an average mobility factor of 25.89%, 23.9%, 14.4 %, and 9.24% for Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd, respectively. Overall, Zn and Cd in sediment in the study area were less mobile compared with Cu and Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wawan Budianta
- Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Grafika 2 Kampus UGM, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
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Xiao H, Shahab A, Xi B, Chang Q, You S, Li J, Sun X, Huang H, Li X. Heavy metal pollution, ecological risk, spatial distribution, and source identification in sediments of the Lijiang River, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 269:116189. [PMID: 33288295 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The Lijiang River is of great ecological and environmental importance for Guilin City, which is located in the karst area of southeast China. Given its importance, a detailed evaluation of the heavy metals (HMs) in the river sediment is required. For the first time, 61 sediment samples were collected along the entire Lijiang River to determine pollution level and ecological risk posed by 10 HMs (Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, As, Hg, and Cd). These were assessed using the geo-accumulation index, potential ecological risk index, and modified degree of contamination. The results showed that the mean concentrations of the majority of HMs exceeded their corresponding background values and followed the trend: midstream > downstream > upstream. Based on the spatial distributions and pollution indices of the 10 HMs, the Lijiang River was found to have a high accumulation of Cd, Hg, Zn, and Pb in the sediments. The midstream area was the most polluted with respect to Cd and Hg, and also posed a relatively higher potential ecological risk than the downstream and upstream areas. The sources of the assessed HMs were inferred based on a correlation analysis and principal component analysis, which identified both natural and anthropogenic sources. A higher pollution potential was associated with Cd, Hg, Pb, and Zn in the midstream and downstream areas due to higher organic and carbonate content, urbanization, agricultural activities, and leisure activities (e.g., boating and cruises). In contrast, natural erosion and weathering processes were responsible for the HM concentrations in the upstream area. The findings of this study will help the local authorities to protect the important water resource of the Lijiang River.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Xiao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, PR China
| | - Asfandyar Shahab
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, PR China.
| | - Beidou Xi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Qixin Chang
- College of Environment and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, PR China
| | - Shaohong You
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, PR China
| | - Jieyue Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, PR China
| | - Xiaojie Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, PR China
| | - Hongwei Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, PR China
| | - Xiangkui Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, PR China
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Ma QL, Yao LA, Guo QW, Zhou GJ, Liang RC, Fang QL, Xu ZC, Zhao XM. Long-term impact of accidental pollution on the distribution and risks of metals and metalloids in the sediment of the Longjiang River, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:1889-1900. [PMID: 32860603 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10505-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In January 2012, a serious accident polluted the Longjiang River with high concentrations of cadmium (Cd) and other concomitant metals and metalloids in the water. After emergency treatment (i.e., the addition of coagulants), these metals and metalloids were transferred from the water into the sediment through precipitation of the flocculent materials produced. In this study, the long-term distribution of six metals and metalloids in the sediment of the Longjiang River was investigated and their ecological risks were assessed. Approximately 1 year after the accident (i.e., late 2012), the average Cd content in the sediment of the affected sites decreased to 25.6 ± 19.5 mg/kg, which was 8 times higher than that of 3.16 ± 3.18 mg/kg in the upstream reference sites. In 2016 and 2017, the average Cd content in the sediment of the affected sites further decreased to 4.91 ± 2.23 and 6.27 ± 4.27 mg/kg, respectively. Compared with late 2012, the amounts of Zn, Pb, and Cu obviously decreased in 2016 and 2017, whereas there were no obvious differences in the As and Hg amounts during 3 years considered. Among metals and metalloids, the average contribution of Cd to the potential ecological risk index (RI) was 90%, 69%, and 70% in the affected areas in 2012, 2016, and 2017, respectively, suggesting that Cd was the most important factor affecting the ecological risk of metals in the Longjiang River. It should be noted that the average contribution of Hg to RI in the affected areas increased from 8% in 2012 to 25% and 23% in 2016 and 2017, respectively. The sequence of contribution of six elements was Cd > Hg > As>Pb > Cu ≈ Zn. A high ecological risk of metals and metalloids was found in the sediments of two reservoirs, probably owing to the barrier effect of the dam. This study will be useful for the environmental management of rivers affected by accidental pollution of metals and metalloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Li Ma
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510535, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Guangzhou, 510535, China
| | - Ling-Ai Yao
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510535, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Guangzhou, 510535, China
| | - Qing-Wei Guo
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510535, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Guangzhou, 510535, China
| | - Guang-Jie Zhou
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rong-Chang Liang
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510535, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Guangzhou, 510535, China
| | - Qiao-Li Fang
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510535, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Guangzhou, 510535, China
| | - Zhen-Cheng Xu
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510535, China
| | - Xue-Min Zhao
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510535, China.
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Guangzhou, 510535, China.
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Marrugo-Negrete J, Pinedo-Hernández J, Marrugo-Madrid S, Díez S. Assessment of trace element pollution and ecological risks in a river basin impacted by mining in Colombia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:201-210. [PMID: 32803612 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10356-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Trace element pollution in rivers by anthropogenic activities is an increasing problem worldwide. In this study, the contamination and ecological risk by several trace elements were evaluated along a 100-km stretch of the San Jorge River in Colombia, impacted by different mining activities. The increase of average concentration levels and range of trace elements in sediments (in μg/g) was as follows: Cu 6656 (454-69,702) > Cd 1159 (0.061-16,227) > Zn 1064 (102-13,483) > Ni 105 (31-686) > Pb 7.2 (5.1-11.7) > As 1.8 (1.0-3.2) > Hg 0.31 (0.12-1.37). Results showed that surface sediments could be classified as very high ecological risk index (RI > 600), associated with high contamination of Hg, Cd, and Cu, in stations close mining activities. Values for pollution load index indicate an environmental deterioration (PLI > 1), and sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) suggested that Cu, Ni, Zn, and Hg caused adverse biological effects. We further used pollution indices such as contamination factor (CF), enrichment factor (EF), and geoaccumulation index (Igeo) to assess the extent of contamination. According to these indices, discharges of hazardous chemicals over many years have resulted in a high degree of pollution for Cu, Pb, and Cd, with critical values in stations receiving wastes from mining activities. Multivariate statistical analysis suggested that Hg, Cd, Cu, and Zn derived from gold and coal mining, Ni and As were related from the mining of ferronickel and coal, respectively, whereas the high Pb load was attributed to diffuse source of pollution. In sum, our study provided the first detailed database on metal concentration and ecological risks to organisms in sediments of the San Jorge River Basin, and the current results also suggested future research for public health action.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Marrugo-Negrete
- Faculty of Basic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Water, Applied and Environmental Chemistry Group, Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Management, University of Córdoba, Montería, Colombia.
| | - José Pinedo-Hernández
- Faculty of Basic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Water, Applied and Environmental Chemistry Group, Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Management, University of Córdoba, Montería, Colombia
| | - Siday Marrugo-Madrid
- Faculty of Basic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Water, Applied and Environmental Chemistry Group, Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Management, University of Córdoba, Montería, Colombia
| | - Sergi Díez
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDÆA-CSIC, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain.
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Sun X, Zhang Q, Li M, Kandel K, Rawat B, Pandey A, Guo J, Kang S, Pant RR, Cong Z, Zhang F. Mercury variation and export in trans-Himalayan rivers: Insights from field observations in the Koshi River. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 738:139836. [PMID: 32526422 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Strengthening the research of riverine mercury (Hg) export is of great significance for understanding the regional and global Hg cycle, especially for the data lacking trans-Himalayan rivers. In this study, three systematic sampling campaigns were conducted in the Koshi River Basin (KRB) during the post-monsoon, pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons. Hg speciation and distribution of river water were analyzed among the different seasons for a total of 88 water samples. The total Hg (THg) concentration of surface water in the KRB ranged from 0.64 to 32.96 ng·L-1 with an average of 5.83 ± 6.19 ng·L-1 and decreased in the order of post-monsoon (8.79 ± 7.32 ng·L-1) > monsoon (6.68 ± 6.12 ng·L-1) > pre-monsoon (2.18 ± 1.29 ng·L-1). Particulate Hg (PHg) accounted for 63% of THg on average and had a positive correlation with THg among all the three sampling seasons, indicating that the differences in PHg concentration were likely one of the main factors leading to the seasonal and spatial variations in THg in the KRB surface water. The annual Hg exports and fluxes were estimated to be 339.04 kg and 3.88 μg·m-2·yr-1, respectively. Furthermore, Hg export from the KRB had significant seasonal variation and decreased in the order of monsoon (259.47 kg) > post-monsoon (61.18 kg) > winter (9.31 kg) > pre-monsoon (9.08 kg), and this pattern was mainly related to seasonal changes in river runoff. The annual Hg export is projected to increase in the future, especially in the post-monsoon season. Therefore, more attention should be paid to river runoff observations and riverine Hg research for water resources management in the Himalaya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qianggong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Mingyue Li
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kshitiz Kandel
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bakhat Rawat
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Aastha Pandey
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ramesh Raj Pant
- Central Department of Environmental Science, Tribhuvan University, Nepal
| | - Zhiyuan Cong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Emenike PC, Tenebe IT, Neris JB, Omole DO, Afolayan O, Okeke CU, Emenike IK. An integrated assessment of land-use change impact, seasonal variation of pollution indices and human health risk of selected toxic elements in sediments of River Atuwara, Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114795. [PMID: 32531623 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
River sediments contain environmental fingerprints that provide useful ecological information. However, the geochemistry of River Atuwara sediments has received less attention over the years. One hundred and twenty-six sediments from 21 locations were collected over a two-season period from River Atuwara, and a detailed investigation of the land use and land cover (LULC) change between 1990 and 2019, analysis of selected toxic and potentially toxic metal(oid)s (TPTM) (Cu, As, Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr, Zn, Fe, Co and Al) using ICP-OES, pollution index assessment, potential source identification (using center log-transformation approach), potential ecological, and human health risk assessment were conducted. The results of the LULC change revealed that the built-up area increased by 95.58 km2, at an average rate of 3.186 km2/year over the past 30 years. The mean concentration of metal(oid)s increased in the order of Cd < As < Cr < Pb < Co < Ni < Cu < Zn < Fe < Al, and Cd < As < Cr < Co < Pb < Ni < Cu < Zn < Fe < Al during the dry and wet seasons, respectively. Meanwhile, the statistical analysis of the data spectrum inferred possible contamination from lithological and anthropogenic sources. According to the pollution load index, 90.48% of the sediment samples are polluted by the metal(oid)s. Potential ecological risk assessment identified Ni, As, and Cd as problematic to the ecological community of River Atuwara. Regarding the metal-specific hazard quotient via ingestion route, the risks are in order of Co ≫ As ≫ Pb > Cr > Cd > Al > Ni > Cu > Zn > Fe for both seasons and the carcinogenic risk for children via ingestion route presented a value higher than the safe limits for As, Cd, Cr, and Ni during both seasons. This outcome highlights the need for prompt action towards the restoration of environmental quality for communities surrounding River Atuwara.
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Affiliation(s)
- PraiseGod Chidozie Emenike
- Department of Civil Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria; Cranfield Water Science Institute, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, MK43 0AL, Bedford, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Jordan Brizi Neris
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Highway Washington Luis Km 235, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Olaniyi Afolayan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.
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Ma L, Abuduwaili J, Liu W. Spatial Distribution and Ecological Risks of the Potentially-Toxic Elements in the Surface Sediments of Lake Bosten, China. TOXICS 2020; 8:E77. [PMID: 32972005 PMCID: PMC7560408 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8030077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aiming at the pollution and ecological hazards of the lake sediments of Bosten Lake, once China's largest inland lake, the spatial distribution and influencing factors of the potentially-toxic elements in its surface sediments were studied with the methods of spatial autocorrelation, two-way cluster analysis, and redundancy analysis. Finally, based on the background value of potentially-toxic elements extracted from a sediment core, a comprehensive evaluation of the risk of these potentially-toxic elements was conducted with the potential-ecological-risk index and the pollution-load index. With data on the grain size, bulk-rock composition, and organic matter content, this comprehensive analysis suggested that with the enrichment of authigenic carbonate minerals, the content of potentially-toxic elements exhibited distinctive characteristics representative of arid regions with lower values than those in humid region. All potentially-toxic elements revealed a significant spatial autocorrelation, and high-value areas mainly occurred in the middle and southwest. The content of potentially-toxic elements is related to Al2O3, K2O, Fe2O3, TiO2, MgO, and MnO, and the storage medium of potentially-toxic elements mainly consists of small particles with a grain size <16 μm. The pollution load index (PLI) for the whole lake due to the potentially-toxic elements was 1.31, and the surface area with a PLI higher than 1 and a moderate pollution level accounted for 87.2% of the total lake area. The research conclusions have an important scientific value for future lake ecological quality assessment and lake environment governance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (J.A.); (W.L.)
- Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jilili Abuduwaili
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (J.A.); (W.L.)
- Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (J.A.); (W.L.)
- Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Almeida LC, da Silva Júnior JB, Dos Santos IF, de Carvalho VS, de Santana Santos A, Hadlich GM, Ferreira SLC. Assessment of toxicity of metals in river sediments for human supply: Distribution, evaluation of pollution and sources identification. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 158:111423. [PMID: 32753207 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ten surface sediments collected from Joanes River, Bahia, Brazil in rainy and drought periods in 2019 were evaluated according to the enrichment factor (EF), potential ecological risk index (RI), potential contamination index (PCI), pollution load index (PLI), and index of geoaccumulation (Igeo). Initially the dry sediment was subjected to granulometric analysis and determination of the concentration of organic matter. Then, the samples were digested in HNO3 and analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP OES) to determine the metals cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn). Zn and Cu were classified in that order as the most contaminated elements in most sediment. Comparison of the total metal concentrations with the threshold (TELs) and probable (PELs) effect levels in sediment quality guidelines suggested a more worrisome situation for Zn (648.83-1415.90 μg g-1; PELZn = 315 μg g-1), of which concentrations were occasionally associated with adverse biological effects in four sediments, followed by Cu in five sediments during dry and rainy periods; while adverse effects were rarely associated with Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb. In another evaluation, Cd, Cu, Cr, and Zn could be considered the most dangerous in the entire river, as they were classified in the high levels of contamination by the PCI, associated with serious adverse effects in most samples. In an assessment regarding the ecological risks in the study environment, the sediment samples remained below the limit established by the risk index (IR). The Zn presented moderately severe enrichment (6.78-11.83) in all the collection stations in the dry and rainy periods, followed by the Cd that presented moderate enrichment (2.23-4.17), whose values exceeded almost 1000 times the background at one site. Through the PCA it was possible to evidence the existing correlation between metals, organic matter, and silt and clay fraction. The results obtained in the PCA represented more than 80% of the variance between the data. The environmental risk assessment revealed a significant increase in the risk associated with metals during the rainy season. This is probably due to the greater supply of organic matter from the leaching of the margins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Cintra Almeida
- Postgraduate Program in Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Street Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, 40170-270 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Jucelino Balbino da Silva Júnior
- Postgraduate Program in Geochemistry: Petroleum and Environment (POSPETRO), Geoscience Institute, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Street Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, 40170-290 Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| | | | - Vanessa Sales de Carvalho
- Postgraduate Program in Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Street Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, 40170-270 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Adilson de Santana Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Street Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, 40170-270 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Gisele Mara Hadlich
- Postgraduate Program in Geochemistry: Petroleum and Environment (POSPETRO), Geoscience Institute, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Street Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, 40170-290 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Luís Costa Ferreira
- Postgraduate Program in Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Street Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, 40170-270 Salvador, BA, Brazil
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Zeng J, Han G. Preliminary copper isotope study on particulate matter in Zhujiang River, southwest China: Application for source identification. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 198:110663. [PMID: 32330789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is not only an essential metallic element for human and organisms, but also a toxic and pernicious element when its environmental content exceeds a certain threshold. However, to date, little is known about the isotopic compositions and sources of Cu in the suspended particulate matter (SPM) of fluvial ecosystems. To identify the potential sources of Cu in SPM in Zhujiang River (an important river in southwestern China with about 30 million people in the entire basin), we reported the Cu contents of SPM and the Cu isotopic compositions (expressed in δ65Cu) at 22 sites. The relative contribution rates of potential sources were also calculated based on the mixing model. The results indicate that the Cu contents varied from 14 mg kg-1 to 96 mg kg-1 with a relatively low enrichment factor (EF) value (mean value is 1.6). The amount of Cu transferred as suspended loads ranged from 5% to 98% (mean value 60%) in the sampling period. The EF and δ65Cu suggest a ternary mixture of fluvial SPM with the δ65Cu value fluctuating from 0.04‰ to 0.50‰ (mean value 0.17‰). Based on isotope ratios and mass balance equation, we calculate that the rock weathering contributes 76.4% particulate Cu in Zhujiang River, and the contributions of urban sludge and smelting tailings are 15.4% and 8.2%, respectively. These findings regarding to the application of Cu isotope have significant implications for tracing the Cu sources, which significantly supports the control and management of suspended particulate copper pollution in large rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zeng
- Institute of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Guilin Han
- Institute of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China.
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Li K, Cui S, Zhang F, Hough R, Fu Q, Zhang Z, Gao S, An L. Concentrations, Possible Sources and Health Risk of Heavy Metals in Multi-Media Environment of the Songhua River, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17051766. [PMID: 32182762 PMCID: PMC7084879 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17051766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution in the river environment has been a source of widespread interest due to potential threats to human health and ecosystem security. Many studies have looked at heavy metal pollution in the context of single source-pathway-receptor relationships, however few have sought to understand pollution from a more wholistic multi-media perspective. To investigate potential risks in a more wholistic way, concentrations of six heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb) were detected in multi-media (water, sediment and riparian soil) collected from 14 sampling sites in the main stream of the Songhua River. Chemical analyses indicated that the average concentration of heavy metals in water followed: Zn > Cr > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cd, with a different trend observed in sediments and riparian soil: Zn > Cr > Ni > Pb > Cu > Cd. The potential risk was evaluated using the heavy metal pollution index (HPI), Nemerow pollution index (PN), hazard index (HI) and carcinogenic risk (CR) metrics. Results showed that all HPI values were lower than the critical level of 100 indicating that the levels of these targeted heavy metals were within drinking water safety limits. The PN indicated that both sediment (2.64) and soil (2.95) could be considered "moderately polluted", with Cd and Zn providing the most significant contributions. A human health risk assessment suggested that the non-carcinogenic risks were within acceptable levels (HI < 1), as was the cancer risk associated with dermal adsorption (CR <10-6). However, the CR associated with ingestion exposure (4.58 × 10-6) exceeded the cancer risk threshold (10-6) indicative of elevated cancer incidence in exposed populations. Health-risk estimates were primarily associated with Cd in the Songhua River. Source apportionment was informed by Pearson correlation analysis coupled with principal component analysis (PCA) which indicated that Cu was mainly derived from natural (geogenic) sources; Cr and Ni were associated with industrial emissions; Pb might be derived from agricultural and transportation sources; Zn might be from industrial, agricultural activities and transportation; while Cd is likely from industrial and agricultural emissions. The source apportionment information could provide the basis for a risk-management strategy focused on reducing Cd and Zn emissions to the riverine environment. Results from this study will provide the scientific knowledge that is needed for measuring and controlling heavy metals sources and pollution characteristics, and identifying the potential cancer risk with different exposure pathways, as well as making effective environmental management policies at catchment or regional scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyang Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (K.L.); (F.Z.); (Q.F.); (S.G.)
- Research Center for Eco-Environment Protection of Songhua River Basin, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Song Cui
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (K.L.); (F.Z.); (Q.F.); (S.G.)
- Research Center for Eco-Environment Protection of Songhua River Basin, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (L.A.); Tel.: +86-451-5519-0568 (S.C.); Fax: +86-451-5519-0568 (S.C.)
| | - Fuxiang Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (K.L.); (F.Z.); (Q.F.); (S.G.)
- Research Center for Eco-Environment Protection of Songhua River Basin, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Rupert Hough
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK; (R.H.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Qiang Fu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (K.L.); (F.Z.); (Q.F.); (S.G.)
- Research Center for Eco-Environment Protection of Songhua River Basin, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zulin Zhang
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK; (R.H.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Shang Gao
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (K.L.); (F.Z.); (Q.F.); (S.G.)
- Research Center for Eco-Environment Protection of Songhua River Basin, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Lihui An
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (L.A.); Tel.: +86-451-5519-0568 (S.C.); Fax: +86-451-5519-0568 (S.C.)
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