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Tang L, Chen B, Wang B, Xu J, Yan H, Shan Y, Zhao X. Mediation of FOXA2/IL-6/IL-6R/STAT3 signaling pathway mediates benzo[a]pyrene-induced airway epithelial mesenchymal transformation in asthma. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 357:124384. [PMID: 38901818 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Benzo [a]pyrene (BaP), a toxic pollutant, increases the incidence and severity of asthma. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of BaP in asthma remain unclear. In terms of research methods, we used BaP to intervene in the animal model of asthma and the human bronchial epithelial (16HBE) cells, and the involved mechanisms were found from the injury, inflammation, and airway epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in asthma. We also constructed small interfering RNAs and overexpression plasmids to knockdown/overexpress IL-6R and FOXA2 in 16HBE cells and a serotype 9 adeno-associated viral vector for lung tissue overexpression of FOXA2 in mice to determine the mechanism of action of BaP-exacerbated asthma airway EMT. We observed that BaP aggravated inflammatory cell infiltration into the lungs, reduced the Penh value, increased collagen fibres in the lung tissue, and increased serum IgE levels in asthmatic mice. After BaP intervention, the expression of FOXA2 in the lung tissue of asthmatic mice decreased, the production and secretion of IL-6 were stimulated, and STAT3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation increased, leading to changes in EMT markers. However, EMT decreased after increasing FOXA2 expression and decreasing that of IL-6R and was further enhanced after low FOXA2 expression. Our results revealed that BaP exacerbated airway epithelial cell injury and interfered with FOXA2, activating the IL-6/IL-6R/STAT3 signaling pathway to promote airway EMT in asthma. These findings provide toxicological evidence for the mechanism underlying the contribution of BaP to the increased incidence of asthma and its exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Tang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Bailei Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Bohan Wang
- Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210004, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Hua Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Yiwen Shan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China; Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210004, China.
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Qutob M, Rafatullah M, Muhammad SA, Siddiqui MR, Alam M. A sustainable method for oxidizing phenanthrene in tropical soil using natural iron as a catalyst in a slurry phase reactor with persulfate assistance. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:1391-1404. [PMID: 38973648 DOI: 10.1039/d4em00328d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The presence of impurities is a significant restriction to the use of natural iron minerals as catalysts in the advanced oxidation process (AOP), especially if applied for soil remediation. This study evaluated the catalytic activity of tropical soil, which has relatively low impurities and naturally contains iron, for the remediation of phenanthrene (PHE) contamination. The system showed good performance, and the best result was 81% PHE removal after 24 h under experimental conditions of pH 7, [PHE]0 = 300 mg/50 g soil, temperature 55 °C, air flow = 260 mL min-1, and [persulfate]0 = 20 mg kg-1, while the mineralization was 61%. Nevertheless, certain limitations were noted in the soil matrix following the remediation procedure, including the appearance of cracks in the soil aggregate, reduction in the crystal size of the soil particles, and decline in the iron and aluminium contents. The results confirmed that the radicals play a major role in the remediation process. SO4˙- was more dominant than O2˙-, while HO˙ played a minor role. Additionally, the by-products were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), and the degradation pathway of PHE is proposed. Toxicity assessment tests were performed by using a computational method. In spite of the challenges, this research achieved notable progress in soil remediation, taking a significant step forward in implementing the AOP without catalysts to activate oxidants and remove PHE within the soil. Also, this approach supports sustainability by reducing the need for extra materials and providing an environmentally friendly way of soil remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Qutob
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Rafatullah
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
| | - Syahidah Akmal Muhammad
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
| | - Masoom Raza Siddiqui
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahboob Alam
- Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, 123, Dongdaero, Gyeongju-si 780714, Republic of Korea
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Guo R, Wu J, Zhang H, Li Q. History of organic pollution in montane lake Issyk-Kul, Kyrgyzstan, Central Asia, inferred from a sediment core. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 250:118505. [PMID: 38387497 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
In arid regions, montane lakes are valuable water sources and play important ecological roles. However, recent human-induced inputs of organic pollutants are threatening lake ecology in such regions and becoming a matter of great concern. To investigate pollutant histories and sources, we measured polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n-alkanes in a dated sediment core that spans the last ∼350 years, from montane Lake Issyk-Kul (Kyrgyzstan, Central Asia). Results showed that organic pollutants were delivered to Lake Issyk-Kul in four stages and that their concentrations increased from Stage I (∼1670-1800 CE) to Stage IV (∼2000-2010 CE). Furthermore, we tracked the sources of sedimented PAHs using their ratios combined with n-alkanes data. Ratios of PAHs Ant/(Ant + Phe), Flt/(Flt + Pyr) and Bap/BghiP indicated that inputs during Stage II (∼1800-1970 CE) and Stage III (∼1970-2000 CE) came mainly from high-temperature combustion of coal and vehicle emissions. PAHs in Stage I and Stage IV, however, were mainly derived from low-temperature combustion and petrogenic sources. Diagnostic PAH ratios, combined with the natural n-alkane ratio (NAR<0) and unresolved complex mixtures (UCM), showed that the sources of PAHs in Stage I were mainly from erosion of bedrock and partly influenced by forest wildfires, different from the source during Stage IV, which was mainly from refined petroleum caused by accidental spills. Our assessment of the contamination history of the lake indicates that toxicity risk to the waterbody from sediment PAHs is low, but recent discharges arising from traffic deserve attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jinglu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - HongLiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qianyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Regional Response in the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin, Anhui Province, School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
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4
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Rodríguez-Maroto JJ, García-Alonso S, Rojas E, Sanz D, Ibarra I, Pérez-Pastor R, Pujadas M, Hormigo D, Sánchez J, Moreno PM, Sánchez M, Kılıc D, Williams PI. Characterization of PAHs bound to ambient ultrafine particles around runways at an international airport. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141440. [PMID: 38368961 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The impact of airport activities on air quality, is not sufficiently documented. In order to better understand the magnitude and properly assess the sources of emissions in the sector, it is necessary to establish databases with real data on those pollutants that could have the greatest impact on both health and the environment. Particulate matter (PM), especially ultrafine particles, are a research priority, not only because of its physical properties, but also because of its ability to bind highly toxic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Samples of PM were collected in the ambient air around the runways at Barajas International Airport (Madrid, Spain) during October, November and December 2021. Samples were gathered using three different sampling systems and analysed to determine the concentration of PAHs bound to PM. A high-volume air sampler, a Berner low-pressure impactor, and an automated off-line sampler developed in-house were used. The agreement between the samplers was statistically verified from the PM and PAH results. The highest concentration of PM measured was 31 μg m-3, while the concentration of total PAH was 3 ng m-3, both comparable to those recorded in a semi-urban area of Madrid. The PAHs showed a similar profile to the particle size distribution, with a maximum in the 0.27-0.54 μm size range, being preferentially found in the submicron size fractions, with more than 84% and around 15-20% associated to UFPs. It was found that the ratio [PAHs(m)/PM(m)] was around 10-4 in the warmer period (October), whereas it more than doubled in the colder months (November-December). It is significant the shift in the relative distribution of compounds within these two periods, with a notable increase in the 5 and 6 ring proportions in the colder period. This increase was probably due to the additional contribution of other external sources, possibly thermal and related to combustion processes, as supported by the PAH diagnostic ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Rodríguez-Maroto
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - S García-Alonso
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - E Rojas
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - D Sanz
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - I Ibarra
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - R Pérez-Pastor
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - M Pujadas
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - D Hormigo
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850, Spain
| | - J Sánchez
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850, Spain
| | - P M Moreno
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850, Spain
| | - M Sánchez
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850, Spain
| | - D Kılıc
- DEES and University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - P I Williams
- DEES and University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK; NCAS, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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Zhang Y, Zhao J, Hu Q, Mao H, Wang T. Nitro substituent caused negative impact on occurrence and development of atherosclerotic plaque by PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic compounds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167700. [PMID: 37827309 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 exposure is a significant risk factor for the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) play prominent roles in PM2.5-related toxicity. However, the nitrated derivatives of PAHs, nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs), have strong oxidizing properties due to the nitro substituents. Thus, the in vivo and in vitro experiments exposure to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and 6-nitro benzo[a]pyrene (NBaP) were conducted to evaluate the effect of nitro substituent on the atherosclerosis due to (or attributable to) PAHs. The results showed that NBaP exposure induced the inhibition of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) viability and cell morphology damage via more severe oxidative stress than BaP exposure. Furthermore, exposure to PM2.5-bound NBaP caused dyslipidemia in the Apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice, including the increment of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and malondialdehyde levels, and the decrement of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase levels in serum and aorta. Furthermore, histology showed atherosclerotic plaque in the aorta of ApoE-/- mice. However, there were no significant differences of the physiological and pathological changes between BaP and control groups. Thus, NPAHs induced endothelial dysfunction and dyslipidemia via severe oxidative stress, and further accelerated the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis compared with the parent PAHs. Our findings provide the first evidence that nitro substituent caused much severer negative health impact of polycyclic aromatic compounds, which highlight the significance of NPAHs in health risk estimation of polycyclic aromatic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental, Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - JingBo Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental, Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qian Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental, Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - HongJun Mao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental, Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, State Environmental, Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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Dwumfour-Asare B, Dartey E, Adherr NSK, Sarpong K, Asare EA. Effect of Smoking and Grilling on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ghanaian Tilapia. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2023; 17:11786302231213546. [PMID: 38046521 PMCID: PMC10691319 DOI: 10.1177/11786302231213546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The study assessed 18 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in O. niloticus (Nile tilapia) sampled from an aquaculture cage (farm) and a wild catch. The PAHs in fish samples were analysed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Four PAHs (in order of levels: Indeno [1,2,3-cd] pyrene > Anthracene > Perylene > Pyrene; 100-0.8 µg/kg) and only one PAH (Pyrene: 4 µg/kg) were detected in raw samples from the cage and wild catch respectively. Chargrilling significantly increased Pyrene levels after cooking (wild: 4-11 µg/kg; cage: 5-23 µg/kg, p < .05), and likewise Anthracene levels in cage samples (13-153 µg/kg) but decreased Indeno [1,2,3-cd] pyrene levels from 100 ± 20 to 1.2 ± 0.2 µg/kg in cage samples. Smoking significantly increased 13 to 15 PAH congeners' levels (from < 1.0 up to 340 µg/kg) and total PAHs (wild: 4 to 840 µg/kg; cage: 110 to 560 µg/kg), and decreased Indeno [1,2,3-cd] pyrene (100 to 1.3 µg/kg) in cage samples but showed no effect on Benzo [g, h, i] perylene and Dibenzo [a, h] anthracene levels in all samples. For smoked samples, Benzo [a] pyrene and PAH4 (Benzo [a] anthracene, Chrysene, Benzo [b] fluoranthene, and Benzo [a] pyrene) exceeded the respective maximum permissible limits of 2 µg/kg and 12 µg/kg, and significantly influenced the levels of carcinogenic PAHs (CPAH, 135-170 µg/kg). Nevertheless, the Excess Cancer Risk (ECR) estimates, from a conservative approach, were far below the threshold (10-4), implying that consuming smoked or grilled tilapia from the study site is safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bismark Dwumfour-Asare
- Department of Environmental Health & Sanitation Education, Faculty of Environment and Health Education, Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development, Asante-Mampong Campus, Asante Mampong, Ashanti Region, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Dartey
- Department of Chemistry Education, Faculty of Science Education, Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development, Asante-Mampong Campus, Asante Mampong, Ashanti Region, Ghana
| | - Nomolox Solomon Kofi Adherr
- Department of Chemistry Education, Faculty of Science Education, Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development, Asante-Mampong Campus, Asante Mampong, Ashanti Region, Ghana
| | - Kofi Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry Education, Faculty of Science Education, Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development, Asante-Mampong Campus, Asante Mampong, Ashanti Region, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Agyapong Asare
- Department of Chemistry Education, Faculty of Science Education, Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development, Asante-Mampong Campus, Asante Mampong, Ashanti Region, Ghana
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Dong Z, Kong Z, Dong Z, Shang L, Zhang R, Xu R, Li X. Air pollution prevention in central China: Effects on particulate-bound PAHs from 2010 to 2018. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 344:118555. [PMID: 37418927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Long-term trends in particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in air in Zhengzhou (a severely polluted city in central China) between 2010 and 2018 were studied to assess the effectiveness of an air pollution prevention and control action plan (APPCAP) implemented in 2013. The PM2.5, sum of 16 PAHs (Σ16 PAHs), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), and BaP toxic equivalent concentrations were high before 2013 but 41%, 77%, 77%, and 78% lower, respectively, after the APPCAP. The maximum daily Σ16 PAHs concentration between 2014 and 2018 was 338 ng/m3, 65% lower than the maximum of 961 ng/m3 between 2010 and 2013. The ratio between the Σ16 PAHs concentrations in winter and summer decreased over time and was 8.0 in 2011 and 1.5 in 2017. The most abundant PAH was benzo[b]fluoranthene, for which the 9-year mean concentration was 14 ± 21 ng/m3 (15% of the Σ16 PAHs concentration). The mean benzo[b]fluoranthene concentration decreased from 28 ± 27 ng/m3 before to 5 ± 4 ng/m3 after the APPCAP (an 83% decrease). The mean daily BaP concentrations were 0.1-62.8 ng/m3, and >56% exceeded the daily standard limit of 2.5 ng/m3 for air. The BaP concentration decreased from 10 ± 8 ng/m3 before to 2 ± 2 ng/m3 after the APPCAP (a 77% decrease). Diagnostic ratios and positive matrix factorization model results indicated that coal combustion and vehicle exhausts were important sources of PAHs throughout the study period, contributing >70% of the Σ16 PAHs concentrations. The APPCAP increased the relative contribution of vehicle exhausts from 29% to 35% but decreased the Σ16 PAHs concentration attributed to vehicle exhausts from 48 to 12 ng/m3. The PAH concentration attributed to vehicle exhausts decreased by 79% even though vehicle numbers strongly increased, indicating that pollution caused by vehicles was controlled well. The relative contribution of coal combustion remained stable but the PAH concentration attributed to coal combustion decreased from 68 ng/m3 before to 13 ng/m3 after the APPCAP. Vehicles made dominant contributions to the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCRs) before and after the APPCAP even though the APPCAP decreased the ILCRs by 78%. Coal combustion was the dominant source of PAHs but contributed only 12-15% of the ILCRs. The APPCAP decreased PAH emissions and changed the contributions of different sources of PAHs, and thus strongly affected the overall toxicity of PAHs to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangsen Dong
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zihan Kong
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zhe Dong
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Luqi Shang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ruixin Xu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xiao Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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Hou Z, Li Y, Zheng M, Liu X, Zhang Q, Wang W. Regioselective oxidation of heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons catalyzed by cytochrome P450: A case study of carbazole. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 258:114964. [PMID: 37121081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Recently there are increasing interests in accurately evaluating the health effects of heterocyclic PAHs. However, the activation mechanism and possible metabolites of heterocyclic PAHs catalyzed by human CYP1A1 is still elusive to a great extent. Here, leveraged to high level QM/MM calculations, the corresponding activation pathways of a representative heterocyclic PAHs, carbazole, were systematically explored. The first stage is electrophilic addition or hydrogen abstraction from N-H group. Electrophilic addition was evidenced to be more feasible and regioselectivity at C3 and C4 sites were identified. Correlations between energy barriers and key structural/electrostatic parameters reveal that O-Cα distance and Fe-O-Cα angle are the main origin for the catalytic regioselectivity. Electrophilic addition was determined as the rate-determining step and the subsequent possible reactions include epoxidation, NIH shift (the hydrogen migration from the site of hydroxylation to the adjacent carbon) and proton shuttle. The corresponding products are epoxides, ketones and hydroxylated carbazoles, respectively. The main metabolites (hydroxylated carbazoles) are estimated to be more toxic than carbazole. The regioselectivity of carbazole activated by CYP1A1 is different from the environmental processes (gas and aqueous phase). Collectively, these results will inform the in-depth understanding the metabolic processes of heterocyclic PAHs and aid the accurate evaluation of their health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexi Hou
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Yanwei Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China; Shenzhen Research Institute, Shandong University, Shenzhen 518057, PR China.
| | - Mingna Zheng
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Xinning Liu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
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Gao B, Ma S, Zhao W, Tian M, Huang Y, Chen L, Zhang Z, Zhong Z. Calculated cancer risks for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures in mainstream smoke of cigarettes sold in China. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023:105427. [PMID: 37290570 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
China is the world's largest consumer of cigarettes. However, the potential cancer risk posed by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in mainstream cigarette smoke, especially species other than benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) remains unclear. In this study, we collected yield data on multiple PAH species from a variety of cigarettes in the China market and calculated their smoking-related incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values. The computed ILCRs of the total PAHs (ILCRΣPAHs) for ≥95% of the brands were one order of magnitude higher than the acceptable level. ILCRBaP accounted for only 5.0%-37.7% of ILCRΣPAHs among brands, indicating that using single analyte BaP to represent ΣPAHs would significantly underestimate ILCRΣPAHs. No clear trend of changes in ILCRΣPAHs was found for Chinese cigarettes over multiple years, suggesting that smoking cessation is still the best option to minimize the cancer risk of PAHs. The comparison study showed that rarely reported PAHs from Chinese cigarettes can contribute over half of ILCRΣPAHs for several American cigarettes, highlighting the imperativeness to improve the diversity of analytes for Chinese cigarettes. Adults would need to inhale the air-borne PAHs with a BaP equivalent concentration of at least 53.1 ng/m3 to reach the ILCR value comparable to that obtained from smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510530, China.
| | - Shexia Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Mi Tian
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
| | - Yumei Huang
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Laiguo Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Zhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510530, China
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Sadiktsis I, de Oliveira Galvão MF, Mustafa M, Toublanc M, Ünlü Endirlik B, Silvergren S, Johansson C, Dreij K. A yearlong monitoring campaign of polycyclic aromatic compounds and other air pollutants at three sites in Sweden: Source identification, in vitro toxicity and human health risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 332:138862. [PMID: 37150457 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a complex mixture of gases and particulate matter (PM) with local and non-local emission sources, resulting in spatiotemporal variability in concentrations and composition, and thus associated health risks. To study this in the greater Stockholm area, a yearlong monitoring campaign with in situ measurements of PM10, PM1, black carbon, NOx, O3, and PM10-sampling was performed. The locations included an Urban and a Rural background site and a Highway site. Chemical analysis of PM10 was performed to quantify monthly levels of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), which together with other air pollution data were used for source apportionment and health risk assessment. Organic extracts from PM10 were tested for oxidative potential in human bronchial epithelial cells. Strong seasonal patterns were found for most air pollutants including PACs, with higher levels during the winter months than summer e.g., highest levels of PM10 were detected in March at the Highway site (33.2 μg/m3) and lowest in May at the Rural site (3.6 μg/m3). In general, air pollutant levels at the sites were in the order Highway > Urban > Rural. Multivariate analysis identified several polar PACs, including 6H-Benzo[cd]pyren-6-one, as possible discriminatory markers for these sites. The main sources of particulate pollution for all sites were vehicle exhaust and biomass burning emissions, although diesel exhaust was an important source at the Highway site. In vitro results agreed with air pollutant levels, with higher oxidative potential from the winter samples. Estimated lung cancer cases were in the order PM10 > NO2 > PACs for all sites, and with less evident seasonal differences than in vitro results. In conclusion, our study presents novel seasonal data for many PACs together with air pollutants more traditionally included in air quality monitoring. Moreover, seasonal differences in air pollutant levels correlated with differences in toxicity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Sadiktsis
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Musatak Mustafa
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michaël Toublanc
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Burcu Ünlü Endirlik
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Box 210, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, 38280, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Sanna Silvergren
- Environment and Health Administration, SLB, 104 20, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Johansson
- Environment and Health Administration, SLB, 104 20, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 114 19, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristian Dreij
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Box 210, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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11
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Kosheleva NE, Vlasov DV, Timofeev IV, Samsonov TE, Kasimov NS. Benzo[a]pyrene in Moscow road dust: pollution levels and health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:1669-1694. [PMID: 35583719 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01287-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is one of the priority pollutants in the urban environment. For the first time, the accumulation of BaP in road dust on different types of Moscow roads has been determined. The average BaP content in road dust is 0.26 mg/kg, which is 53 times higher than the BaP content in the background topsoils (Umbric Albeluvisols) of the Moscow Meshchera lowland, 50 km east of the city. The most polluted territories are large roads (0.29 mg/kg, excess of the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) in soils by 14 times) and parking lots in the courtyards (0.37 mg/kg, MPC excess by 19 times). In the city center, the BaP content in the dust of courtyards reaches 1.02 mg/kg (MPC excess by 51 times). The accumulation of BaP depends on the parameters of street canyons formed by buildings along the roads: in short canyons (< 500 m), the content of BaP reaches maximum. Relatively wide canyons accumulate BaP 1.6 times more actively than narrow canyons. The BaP accumulation in road dust significantly increases on the Third Ring Road (TRR), highways, medium and small roads with an average height of the canyon > 20 m. Public health risks from exposure to BaP-contaminated road dust particles were assessed using the US EPA methodology. The main BaP exposure pathway is oral via ingestion (> 90% of the total BaP intake). The carcinogenic risk for adults is the highest in courtyard areas in the south, southwest, northwest, and center of Moscow. The minimum carcinogenic risk is characteristic of the highways and TRR with predominance of nonstop traffic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia E Kosheleva
- Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, Leninskie gory, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry V Vlasov
- Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, Leninskie gory, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.
| | - Ivan V Timofeev
- Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, Leninskie gory, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Timofey E Samsonov
- Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, Leninskie gory, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolay S Kasimov
- Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, Leninskie gory, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
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12
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Yi W, Cheng J, Song J, Pan R, Liang Y, Sun X, Li Y, Wu Y, Yan S, Jin X, Mei L, Cheng J, Zhang X, Su H. Associations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, water-soluble ions and metals in PM 2.5 with liver function: Evidence from schizophrenia cohort. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 868:161624. [PMID: 36681036 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was reported to impact liver function, but the roles of specific PM2.5 chemical components remained to be explored. Besides, severe liver dysfunction in schizophrenia patients deserves attention. OBJECTIVE To investigate the associations of short-term PM2.5 components with liver function in schizophrenia patients. METHODS A repeated-measures study based on schizophrenia cohort including 1023 visits (n = 446) was conducted during 2017-2020. Liver function was reflected by 10 indicators including liver enzymes, proteins and bilirubin et al. Monitoring data of PM2.5 and its components, including 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 4 water-soluble ions and 10 metals were collected. Linear mixed effect and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models were used to evaluate the single and combined effects of PM2.5 components (0-3 day) on liver function in schizophrenia patients. RESULTS Several PAHs were significantly associated with liver enzymes, while water-soluble ions and metal components had almost no association. Specifically, with per interquartile range (IQR) increased in Fluoranthene, levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) increased by 2.06 %, 5.07 %, 4.94 % and 5.56 %, respectively. An IQR increases in Benzo[a]pyrene was significantly associated with 6.62 %, 3.67 % and 7.83 % increase in ALT, AST and GGT. Almost all PAHs, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, Sb, Al, As, Pb, Mn and Tl were positively associated with albumin (ALB). Phenanthrene was associated with increased levels of direct bilirubin (DBIL) and total bilirubin (TBIL). The combined effects of significant PM2.5 components on ALP, GGT, ALB, globulin (GLOB), ratio of albumin to globulin (A/G), TBIL and total bile acid (TBA) were found by BKMR, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight the short-term combined effects of PM2.5 components, especially PAHs, on liver function in schizophrenia patients, which contribute to the management of PM2.5 sources including combustion activities and traffic emissions as well as improving schizophrenia comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhuo Yi
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jian Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, China
| | - Rubing Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, China
| | - Yunfeng Liang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiaoni Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, China
| | - Yuxuan Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, China
| | - Yudong Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, China
| | - Shuangshuang Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiaoyu Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, China
| | - Lu Mei
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, China
| | - Jian Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, China
| | - Xulai Zhang
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Hong Su
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, China.
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13
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Su Y, Ren Q, Zhang WY, Chen F. Computational Studies on the Reactivity of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200638. [PMID: 36409286 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widely present in the environment as toxic pollutants. In this study, quantum chemistry methods are used to study reactions of PAHs in both particle and gas phases. Seven theoretical methods are exploited to predict the reactive sites of 15 PAHs in the particle phase. Among these methods, the performance of the condensed Fukui function (CFF) is optimum. The gas-phase reactions of eight PAHs are also investigated. Except for fluorene, CFF predicts correctly the gas-phase mono-nitro products for seven systems. The products of fluorene predicted by CFF are 1-nitrofluorene and 3-nitrofluorene, which is however inconsistent with the experimental results. Transition state theory is then used to investigate the reaction mechanism of fluorene. Calculated rate constants for 3-nitrofluorene and 2-nitrofluorene formation are much bigger than that for 1-nitrofluorene formation, which is in agreement with the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingwei Su
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qing Ren
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wen-Yan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Feiwu Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Beijing, 100083, China
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14
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Lian X, Zhang G, Yang Y, Chen M, Yang W, Cheng C, Huang B, Fu Z, Bi X, Zhou Z, Li M. Measurement of the mixing state of PAHs in individual particles and its effect on PAH transport in urban and remote areas and from major sources. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:114075. [PMID: 35963317 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although recent laboratory simulations have demonstrated that organic matter prevents the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), their role in the long-range transport of PAHs in the real atmosphere remains poorly understood. In this study, we measured the chemical composition and mixing state of PAHs-containing individual particles in aerosols from three sources, one urban area and one remote area. PAHs-containing particles were classified into five types: organic carbon (OC), potassium mixed with organic carbon (KOC), potassium mixed with sodium (KNa), Krich and PAH-rich. The PAH-rich and KOC particles were the main types of particles produced by vehicle exhaust/coal burning and biomass burning, respectively, accounting for >50% of the PAHs-containing particles. It was found that organic matter enhancement of PAHs-containing particles occurs in the ambient atmosphere, with organic-rich (OC and KOC) particles accounting for >90%. Further analysis revealed that the increase in the fractions of PAHs was related to the mixing state with organic compounds due to the protection of organics against PAHs and/or the aging of PAHs-containing particles. The results of this study improve our understanding of the chemical composition and mixing state of PAHs particles in atmospheric aerosols from emission sources and urban and remote areas, and provide field observation evidence to support the promotion of the study of long-range transport of PAHs by organics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Lian
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Yuxiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Mubai Chen
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Wenda Yang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Chunlei Cheng
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Bo Huang
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Company Limited, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Zhong Fu
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Company Limited, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Xinhui Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China.
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15
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Fu C, Li Y, Xi H, Niu Z, Chen N, Wang R, Yan Y, Gan X, Wang M, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Lv P. Benzo(a)pyrene and cardiovascular diseases: An overview of pre-clinical studies focused on the underlying molecular mechanism. Front Nutr 2022; 9:978475. [PMID: 35990352 PMCID: PMC9386258 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.978475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is a highly toxic and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) whose toxicological effects in the vessel-wall cells have been recognized. Many lines of evidence suggest that tobacco smoking and foodborne BaP exposure play a pivotal role in the dysfunctions of vessel-wall cells, such as vascular endothelial cell and vascular smooth muscle cells, which contribute to the formation and worsening of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). To clarify the underlying molecular mechanism of BaP-evoked CVDs, the present study mainly focused on both cellular and animal reports whose keywords include BaP and atherosclerosis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, hypertension, or myocardial injury. This review demonstrated the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and its relative signal transduction pathway exert a dominant role in the oxidative stress, inflammation response, and genetic toxicity of vessel-wall cells. Furthermore, antagonists and synergists of BaP are also discussed to better understand its mechanism of action on toxic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghao Fu
- Department of Cell Biology, Cardiovascular Medical Science Center, Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuemin Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Cardiovascular Medical Science Center, Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hao Xi
- Department of Cell Biology, Cardiovascular Medical Science Center, Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zemiao Niu
- Department of Cell Biology, Cardiovascular Medical Science Center, Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Cardiovascular Medical Science Center, Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Cardiovascular Medical Science Center, Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yonghuan Yan
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaoruo Gan
- Department of Cell Biology, Cardiovascular Medical Science Center, Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Mengtian Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Eco-Environmental Monitoring Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Food Safety Key Laboratory, Hebei Food Inspection and Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Pin Lv
- Department of Cell Biology, Cardiovascular Medical Science Center, Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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16
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Characteristics of Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5)-Bound n-Alkanes and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a Hong Kong Suburban Area. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13060980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PM2.5 samples were collected at Tung Chung (TC), Hong Kong, during four nonconsecutive months in 2011/2012 to determine the concentrations, seasonal variations, and potential sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n-alkanes (n-C15-n-C35). Samples were analyzed using the thermal desorption gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS) method. The concentrations of particulate PAHs ranged from 1.26–13.93 ng/m3 with a mean value of 2.57 ng/m3, dominated by 4-ring species. Phenanthrene (Phe) and fluoranthene (Flu) were the two most abundant species, accounting for 13% and 18%, respectively. The dominant sources of PAHs were coal and biomass burning. The inhalation cancer risk value in our study exceeded 1 × 10−6 but was below 1 × 10−4, implying that the inhalation cancer risk of PAHs at the TC site is acceptable. The average concertation of n-alkanes was 103.21 ng/m3 (ranging from 38.58 to 191.44 ng/m3), and C25 was the most abundant species. Both PAHs and n-alkanes showed higher concentrations in autumn and winter whilst these values were lowest in summer. The carbon preference index (CPI) and percent contribution of wax n-alkanes showed that biogenic sources were the major sources. The annual average contributions of higher plant wax to n-alkanes at TC were over 40%.
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17
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Dat ND, Thuan NT, Hoang NTT, Tran HN, Hien TT, Tran KT, Chang MB. Characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air of a tropical mega-area, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: concentration, distribution, gas/particle partitioning, potential sources and cancer risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:44054-44066. [PMID: 35122647 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18859-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This is the first investigation on overall characteristics of 25 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (15 PAHs regulated by US-EPA (excluding naphthalene) and 16 PAHs recommended by the European Union) in ambient air of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Their levels, congener profiles, gas/particle partitioning, potential sources of atmospheric PAHs (gas and particulate phases), and lung cancer risks in the dry and rainy seasons were examined. The ∑25 PAH concentration in the dry and rainy seasons ranged from 8.79 to 33.2 ng m-3 and 26.0 to 60.0 ng m-3, respectively. Phenanthrene and Indeno[123-cd]pyrene were major contributors to gaseous and particulate PAHs, respectively, while benzo[c]fluorene was dominant component of the total BaP-TEQ. The ∑16 EU-PAH concentration contributed to 13 ± 2.7% of the total ∑ 25 PAH concentration; however, they composed over 99% of the total ∑ 25 PAH toxic concentration. Adsorption mainly governed the phase partitioning of PAHs because the slope of correlation between logKp and logP0L was steeper than - 1. Vehicular emission was the primary source of PAHs in two seasons; however, PAHs in the dry season were also originated from biomass burning. Assessment of lung cancer risk showed that children possibly exposed to potential lung cancer risk via inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Duy Dat
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 700000
| | - Ngo Thi Thuan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, International University, Linh TrungWard, Quarter 6Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Vietnam National University, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Nhung Thi-Tuyet Hoang
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 700000
| | - Hiep Ngoc Tran
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 700000
| | - To Thi Hien
- Vietnam National University, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Environmental Science, University of Science, Ward 4, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Khoi Tien Tran
- Department of Environmental Engineering, International University, Linh TrungWard, Quarter 6Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Moo Been Chang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University (NCU), Zhongli, Taiwan, 32001.
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18
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Long-Term Trend of the Levels of Ambient Air Pollutants of a Megacity and a Background Area in Korea. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12084039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It is imperative to understand the changes of the levels of air pollutants in Northeast Asia with respect to the changes of the emissions of air pollutants. In this study, we analyzed long-term trends of both the chemical composition of fine particles and gaseous species in Seoul, a megacity, and Baengnyeong Island, a background area located in the Yellow Sea of Republic of Korea (South Korea) from 2012 to 2019. Long-term changes of the concentrations of air pollutants were analyzed using the Mann–Kendall trend test and Sen’s slope. Since the SO2 emissions in this region have been significantly reduced during last decade, NO3– has become the major species of fine particles instead of SO42–. Seoul and Baengnyeong Island are rich in NH4+ in the atmosphere, and due to the SO2 emission reduction, the balance of ammonia–nitric acid–sulfuric acid has been changed, and the concentration of NO3– has increased. This trend is more obvious in Baengnyeong Island than Seoul due to the lower local emissions in Baengnyeong Island. As a result of this study, it is possible to confirm that concentrations of air pollutants and the majority of aerosols affecting PM2.5 concentrations in Northeast Asia have changed according to the changes in emissions in this region.
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Steroid Hormones Protect against Fluoranthene Ethoxyresorufin-O-Deethylase (EROD) Activity Inhibition. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12063098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The physiological conditions of an organism may influence its ability to cope with environmental stressors, such as contaminants. Biotransformation and the endocrine system interact with each other to promote animal’s fitness. However, little is known regarding the interaction between hormones and response to pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In this in vitro study, we aimed to increase the knowledge regarding the effects of steroid hormones on ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity inhibited by contaminants. The effects on in vivo induced EROD activity of Anguilla anguilla were assessed by conducting single and combined exposures to fluoranthene (FL) and to physiological levels of two major steroid hormones (cortisol and 17ß-estradiol). Hepatic microsome exposure to the lowest concentrations of FL (0.1 and 0.3 µM), as well as to cortisol and 17ß-estradiol (E2), led to significant EROD activity induction. However, the highest tested concentrations of FL (0.9 and 2.7 µM) significantly inhibited this enzymatic activity. When microsomes were simultaneously exposed to 0.9 µM FL and one of the hormones, both cortisol and E2 were able to decrease the inhibitory effects, with the former completely reverting EROD activity inhibition. These findings support the idea that cortisol and E2 can help prevent the inhibitory effects of PAHs over biotransformation enzymes, highlighting the physiological relevance of these hormones.
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Chen Y, Wang Y, Yu K, Zhao Z, Lang X. Occurrence characteristics and source appointment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and n-alkanes over the past 100 years in southwest China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 808:151905. [PMID: 34838905 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The extensive anthropogenic activities and their potential impacts during the Anthropocene have led to a research focus on the sedimentary record. In the present study, the occurrence and temporal variations in the fluxes and compositions of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) were investigated in 210Pb-dated sediment cores from a small catchment near the outflow Tanglangchuan in the western Dianchi Lake, China. The continuing organic contamination (i.e. PAHs and n-alkanes) from inputs to outputs has been of concern. To trace the sources and driving forces, multi indicators were applied. Results showed that the total organic carbon (TOC) contents and C/N ratios varied in the range of 4.20-12.30 mg g-1 dw and 8.64-15.65, respectively, indicating algae- and terrestrial plant-derived organic matter (OM). The flux of Σn-alkanes ranged from 0.67 to 38.86 μg cm-2 a-1 with a peak in 2013. The long-chain n-alkanes (Σn-alk26-35) and short-chain n-alkanes (Σn-alk12-20) accounted for 44.02%-49.38% and 35.32%-41.49% of the Σn-alkanes, respectively. A bimodal distribution of n-alkanes was displayed in the sediments implying the sedimentary OM may be derived from a mixed source of endogenous and exogenous origin. The posterior peak (≥n-C26) compounds in the highest abundance were n-C31 or n-C33 with a significant odd-numbered C predominance, representing terrestrial plant-derived OM. Whereas n-C16 was rich in all sediment profiles reflecting crude oil or incompletely combusted fossil fuel-derived source. The indicators analysis showed an increasing trend of the contribution from terrestrial plants and wet to drought climate during 1873-2019. The sedimentary flux of ΣPAHs ranged between 11.71 and 1231.54 ng cm-2 a-1 and the percent of high-ring PAHs rose annually indicating enhanced anthropogenic activities. In the past 147 years, the results of present study highlight the influence of the agricultural and industrial economy on the catchment outlets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Qixia, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yanhua Wang
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Qixia, Nanjing 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, China.
| | - Kangkang Yu
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Qixia, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zihan Zhao
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Qixia, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiulu Lang
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Qixia, Nanjing 210023, China
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Kermani M, Jonidi Jafari A, Gholami M, Shahsavani A, Goodarzi B, Fanaei F. Extraction and determination of organic/inorganic pollutants in the ambient air of two cities located in metropolis of Tehran. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:204. [PMID: 35182220 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09705-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, PM2.5, volatile organic compounds (VOC), heavy metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)-bonded PM2.5 as well as asbestos fibers were investigated in two cities in the east of Tehran, Iran. To this end, 72 samples were collected from six stations located in the cities of Varamin and Pakdasht from March 2018 to March 2019. The concentration of BTEX compounds, PAHs, and heavy metals were measured using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-Mas), and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), respectively. In addition, phase contrast microscopy (PCM) method was used to identify the properties of asbestos fibers. The results obtained from the present showed that the mean concentrations of PM2.5, heavy metals, PAHs, BTEX, and asbestos fibers were 52.05 µg/m3, 319.08 ng/m3, 3.97 ng/m3, 40.58 µg/m3, and 2.84 f/L, respectively. In addition, the results obtained from PCA and heavy metals sources showed that transport fleets were the natural source of most of these pollutants. In case of PAH sources, transport and incineration of coal had the highest contribution in the emission. Furthermore, the risk assessment showed that most of the compounds have a higher risk value than the guideline value spatial distribution and also showed that stations close to airports, city terminals, and highways were more polluted than other parts of the city. Therefore, in order to have healthy air and with the least pollution, it seems necessary to formulate the necessary strategies in the cities of Varamin and Pakdasht.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Kermani
- Research Center of Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Jonidi Jafari
- Research Center of Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Gholami
- Research Center of Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Shahsavani
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Goodarzi
- Research Center of Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | - Farzad Fanaei
- Research Center of Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Sha W, Cai F, Li Y, Wang Y, Liu C, Wang R, Gao P. Biomarker responses and histological damage in the gill, liver, and gonad of Cyprinus carpio with benzo(a)pyrene exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:61290-61301. [PMID: 34176044 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure in aquatic organisms is a global concern. In this study, we investigated the toxic effects of different doses of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) on Cyprinus carpio in microcosms from the following aspects: superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the gill, liver, and gonad; glutathione s-transferase (GST), aromatic hydroxylase (AHH), and 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity in the liver; and altered tissue and cellular structures of the gill, liver,and gonad. SOD and POD activity in the gill, liver, and gonad increased in low-dose BaP groups and significantly decreased with an increase in BaP. MDA content increased continuously with an increase in BaP in the gill, liver, and gonad. The activity of enzymes related to detoxification, specifically GST, AHH, and EROD, gradually increased in the liver with an increase in BaP. Upon exposure to BaP, gill hypertrophy, bulging, necrosis, and cavitation occurred, gonadal cells became larger, with an increase in pyknotic or vacuolar nuclei, bulging and cavitation of organelles, and cytoplasm leakage, and nuclear membrane lysis was observed in the liver. Collectively, BaP exposure changed the SOD and POD activity in the gill, liver, and gonad of carp with increases in MDA content, increased GST, AHH, and EROD activity in liver, and damaged the tissue and cellular structures of the gill, liver, and gonad, revealing the toxic effects of BaP exposure on carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilai Sha
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fengsen Cai
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Li
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunchen Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Renjun Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China
| | - Peike Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, People's Republic of China.
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Effects of Benzo[a]pyrene, Cortisol, and 17ß-Estradiol on Liver Microsomal EROD Activity of Anguilla anguilla: An In Vitro Approach. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11062533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fish liver ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity is widely used as biomarker of exposure to chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). It is known that endocrine system plays a major role in fish stress mechanism. Despite the considerable scientific information about steroid hormone’s response, namely cortisol and 17ß-estradiol (E2), to stress situations, little is known about the influence of these hormones on enzymes involved on the biotransformation process. Thus, this study aimed to assess the in vitro effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) (0.1, 0.3, 0.9, and 2.7 µM) and of two steroid hormones (cortisol and 17ß-estradiol) in a physiologically relevant concentration (5.997 ng/mL), alone or in combination, on Anguilla anguilla liver microsomal EROD activity, previously induced by 4 mg/kg β-naphthoflavone intraperitoneal injection. Hepatic microsomes in vitro exposure to the tested B[a]P concentrations induced a dose response inhibition of EROD activity, whereas exposure to cortisol significantly induced the activity of this enzyme. The steroid hormones were able to decrease the inhibitory effects of B[a]P on microsomal EROD activity, thus revealing a protective effect of these hormones over enzyme activity inhibited by contaminants.
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Comparative analysis of contributions of wet deposition and photodegradation to the removal of atmospheric BaP by MFDCCA. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5515. [PMID: 33750883 PMCID: PMC7943829 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85224-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzo [a] pyrene (BaP) in the atmosphere possess great carcinogenic potential to human health, and the understanding of its scavenging mechanisms has attracted considerable attention. In this work, a new quantitative method is proposed to make a comparative analysis of the long-term contributions of wet deposition and photodegradation to BaP removal based on multi-fractal detrended cross-correlation analysis (MFDCCA). According to the precipitation and global solar radiation (GSR) observations from 1998 to 2016 for two urban sites (Central/Western District and TsuenWan) in Hong Kong, the wet deposition and photodegradation of BaP are analyzed. Using MFDCCA method, long-term cross-correlation between precipitation/GSR and BaP are investigated. Moreover, the differences of multifractal features in cross-correlations of precipitation-BaP and GSR-BaP system are analyzed. Strong long-term persistence is observed in the cross-correlations for precipitation-BaP system in a one-year cycle; while cross-correlations between GSR and BaP show weak persistence over the whole timescale. Based on the meteorology in Hong Kong, this difference has been discussed. Then, contributions of wet deposition and photodegradation to atmospheric BaP removal are quantified based on MFDCCA method, which are further compared between summer and winter. The comparative analysis suggests that wet deposition plays a more significant role in the removal of atmospheric BaP. Specifically, in summer, the contributions of wet deposition are twice as much as that of photodegradation for both two sites; while in winter, the contribution of photodegradation is a little higher than that of wet deposition to BaP removal. Meanwhile, for wet deposition, the contributions in summer are about ten times greater than that in winter; while for photodegradation, the difference in contributions between summer and winter are relatively smaller. Furthermore, based on sliding window technique, the temporal evolutions in the contributions of wet deposition/photodegradation to BaP removal have been presented for both two sites. On this basis, it is discovered that the comprehensive contributions of wet deposition and photodegradation peak in June, and reach their lowest levels in December for both two sites. Quantifying the contribution of meteorological factors to the removal of atmospheric BaP is help for understanding its geochemical cycle.
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