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Zeng J, Wu W, Chen X, Wang S, Wu H, El-Kady AA, Poapolathep A, Cifuentes A, Ibañez E, Li P, Zhang Z. A smartphone-assisted photoelectrochemical POCT method via Z-scheme CuCo 2S 4/Fe 3O 4 for simultaneously detecting co-contamination with microplastics in food and the environment. Food Chem 2024; 452:139430. [PMID: 38713984 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
As emerging contaminants, microplastics threaten food and environmental safety. Dibutyl phthalate (DBP, released from microplastics) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP, adsorbed on microplastics) coexisted in food and the environment, harming human health, requesting a sensitive and simultaneous testing method to monitor. To address current sensitivity, simultaneousness, and on-site portability challenges during dual targets in complex matrixes, CuCo2S4/Fe3O4 nanoflower was designed to develop a smartphone-assisted photoelectrochemical point-of-care test (PEC POCT). The carrier transfer mechanism in CuCo2S4/Fe3O4 was proven via density functional theory calculation. Under optimal conditions, the PEC POCT showed low detection limits of 0.126, and 0.132 pg/mL, wide linearity of 0.001-500, and 0.0005-50 ng/mL for DBP and BaP, respectively. The smartphone-assisted PEC POCT demonstrated satisfied recoveries (80.00%-119.63%) in real samples. Coherent results were recorded by comparing the PEC POCT to GC-MS (DBP) and HPLC (BaP). This novel method provides a practical platform for simultaneous POCT for food safety and environment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zeng
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China; School of Bioengineering and Health, State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, PR China
| | - Wenqin Wu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, National Reference Lab for Biotoxin Test, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Xiao Chen
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Shenling Wang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, National Reference Lab for Biotoxin Test, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Huimin Wu
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China.
| | - Ahmed A El-Kady
- Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | | | - Elena Ibañez
- National Research Council Spain, CSIC, CIAL, Lab Food, Madrid, Spain
| | - Peiwu Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, National Reference Lab for Biotoxin Test, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Zhaowei Zhang
- School of Bioengineering and Health, State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, PR China; Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, National Reference Lab for Biotoxin Test, Wuhan 430062, PR China.
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Guo Y, Du X, Wang F, Fu Y, Guo X, Meng R, Ge K, Zhang S. Co-exposure of microcystin-LR and nitrite induced kidney injury through TLR4/NLRP3/GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 281:116629. [PMID: 38917587 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The degradation of cyanobacterial blooms releases hazardous contaminants such as microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and nitrite, which may collectively exert toxicity on various bodily systems. To evaluate their individual and combined toxicity in the kidney, mice were subjected to different concentrations of MC-LR and/or nitrite over a 6-month period in this study. The results revealed that combined exposure to MC-LR and nitrite exacerbated renal pathological alterations and dysfunction compared to exposure to either compound alone. Specifically, the protein and mRNA expression of kidney injury biomarkers, such as kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), were notably increased in combined exposure group. Concurrently, co-exposure to MC-LR and nitrite remarkedly upregulated levels of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β, while decreasing the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Notably, MC-LR and nitrite exhibited synergistic effects on the upregulation of renal IL-1β levels. Moreover, MC-LR combined with nitrite not only elevated mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines but also increased protein levels of pyroptosis biomarkers such as IL-1β, Gasdermin D (GSDMD), and Cleaved-GSDMD. Mechanistic investigations revealed that co-exposure to MC-LR and nitrite promoted pyroptosis both in vivo and in vitro, possibly through the activation of the TLR4/NLRP3/GSDMD pathway. Pretreatment with TLR4 inhibitor and NLRP3 inhibitor effectively suppressed pyroptosis induced by the co-exposure of these two toxins in HEK293T cells. These findings provide compelling evidence that MC-LR combined with nitrite synergistically induces pyroptosis in the kidney by activating the TLR4/NLRP3/GSDMD pathway. Overall, this study significantly enhances our comprehension of how environmental toxins interact and induce harm to the kidneys, offering promising avenues for identifying therapeutic targets to alleviate their toxic effects on renal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Guo
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xingde Du
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Fufang Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yu Fu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xing Guo
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ruiyang Meng
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Kangfeng Ge
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shenshen Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe, Henan, China.
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Wang K, Xue Y, Liu Y, Su X, Wei L, Lv C, Zhang X, Zhang L, Jia L, Zheng S, Ma Y, Yan H, Jiang G, Song H, Wang F, Lin Q, Hou Y. The detoxification ability of sex-role reversed seahorses determines the sexual dimorphism in immune responses to benzo[a]pyrene exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 933:173088. [PMID: 38735333 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism in immune responses is an essential factor in environmental adaptation. However, the mechanisms involved remain obscure owing to the scarcity of data from sex-role-reversed species in stressed conditions. Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is one of the most pervasive and carcinogenic organic pollutants in coastal environments. In this study, we evaluated the potential effects on renal immunotoxicity of the sex-role-reversed lined seahorse (Hippocampus erectus) toward environmental concentrations BaP exposure. Our results discovered the presence of different energy-immunity trade-off strategies adopted by female and male seahorses during BaP exposure. BaP induced more severe renal damage in female seahorses in a concentration-dependent manner. BaP biotransformation and detoxification in seahorses resemble those in mammals. Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-oxide (BPDE) and 9-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (9-OH-BaP) formed DNA adducts and disrupted Ca2+ homeostasis may together attribute the renal immunotoxicity. Sexual dimorphisms in detoxification of both BPDE and 9-OH-BaP, and in regulation of Ca2+, autophagy and inflammation, mainly determined the extent of renal damage. Moreover, the mechanism of sex hormones regulated sexual dimorphism in immune responses needs to be further elucidated. Collectively, these findings contribute to the understanding of sexual dimorphism in the immunotoxicity induced by BaP exposure in seahorses, which may attribute to the dramatic decline in the biodiversity of the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Xue
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Yali Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Xiaolei Su
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Lei Wei
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Chunhui Lv
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Lele Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Longwu Jia
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Shiyi Zheng
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Yicong Ma
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Hansheng Yan
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Guangjun Jiang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Hongce Song
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pathology, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yuping Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
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Chen K, Chen L, Shao H, Li J, Wang H, Mao C, Xu G. Investigation into the characteristics of electron beam-aged microplastics and adsorption behavior of dibutyl phthalate. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 360:142342. [PMID: 38754492 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics are increasingly prevalent in the environment, and their ability to adsorb various organic additives, posing harm to organisms, has attracted growing attention. Currently, there are no effective methods to age microplastics, and there is limited discussion on the subsequent treatment of aged microplastics. This study focuses on micro polyethylene (PE) and employs electron beam technology for aging treatment, investigating the adsorption and leaching behavior between PE and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) before and after aging. Experimental results indicate that with increasing doses of electron beam irradiation, the surface microstructure of PE worsens, inducing the generation of oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of polyethylene. Comparative evaluations between electron beam aging and existing methods show that electron beam technology surpasses existing aging methods, achieving a level of aging exceeding 0.7 within an extremely short period of 1 min at doses exceeding 350 kGy. Adsorption experiments demonstrate that the adsorption between PE and DBP conforms to pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Freundlich model both before and after aging. The adsorption capacity of microplastics for DBP increases from 76.8 mg g-1 to 167.0 mg g-1 after treatment, exceeding that of conventional DBP adsorbents. Electron beam irradiation causes aging of microplastics mainly through the generation of ·OH, which lead to the formation of oxygen-containing functional groups on the microplastics' surface, thereby enhancing their adsorption capacity for DBP. This provides a new perspective for the degradation of aged microplastics and composite pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Lei Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Haiyang Shao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
| | - Jiayuan Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Hongyong Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Chengkai Mao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Gang Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, PR China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
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He S, Yan C, Wu M, Peng H, Li R, Wan J, Ye X, Zhang H, Ding S. Dibutyl phthalate adsorbed on multi-walled carbon nanotubes can aggravate liver injury in mice via the Jak2/STAT3 pathway. Toxicol Ind Health 2024; 40:167-175. [PMID: 38285958 DOI: 10.1177/07482337241230701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are common environmental pollutants and may degrade differently with different resulting biotoxicity, when present together. This study investigated the toxicological effects of singular or combined exposure to dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in KM mice. Results indicated that combined exposure led to slower weight gain and an increased leukocyte count in the blood, as well as liver tissue lesions and downregulation of organ coefficients. Additionally, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were elevated in the liver, and glucose, pyruvate, triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol (T-CHO) were significantly reduced, suggesting compromised liver function. Furthermore, mRNA levels of genes related to hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism were significantly altered. These findings suggest that combined exposure to DBP and MWCNTs can have severe impacts on liver function in mice, highlighting the importance of considering interactions between multiple contaminants in environmental risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suli He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haiyan Peng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ren Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Wan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Ye
- Liquor Marking Biological Technology and Application of Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin, China
| | - Hongmao Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shumao Ding
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
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Tian S, Liu Q, Qu J, Yang M, Ma Q, Liu J, Shao P, Liu Y. Whole-Transcriptome Analysis on the Leaves of Rosa chinensis Jacq. under Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. TOXICS 2023; 11:610. [PMID: 37505575 PMCID: PMC10386715 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11070610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The leaves of plants can be recommended as a cheap and sustainable environmental protection tool to mitigate PAHs with high toxicity in the ambient environment because they can serve as a reactor to remove ambient PAHs. Although previous studies have demonstrated that PAHs exhibit toxicological features, our knowledge about how ambient PAHs influence the leaves of plants is limited regarding the leaves of plants reducing ambient PAHs as a reactor. In this study, 1-year-old Rosa chinensis Jacq. with good growth potential was selected as a model plant. The leaves of Rosa chinensis Jacq. were exposed to 16 types of PAHs in the environmental concentration exposure group (0.1 μg L-1) and high-concentration exposure group (5 μg L-1) for seven days. In comparison, the leaves of Rosa chinensis Jacq. were exposed to de-ionized water and were chosen as the control group. During the exposure periods, the physiological parameters of leaves including, chlorophyll value, water content, temperature and nitrogen, were monitored using a chlorophyll meter. After 7 days of exposure, the leaves in the control and exposure groups were collected and used for whole-transcriptome analysis. Our results demonstrate that significant differentially expressed genes were observed in the leaves of Rosa chinensis Jacq. exposed to individual PAHs at 5 μg L-1 compared to the control group. These differentially expressed genes were involved in seven main pathways using bioinformatic analyses. In contrast, the levels of PAHs at environmentally relevant concentrations had negligible impacts on the physiological parameters and the gene transcription levels of the leaves of Rosa chinensis Jacq. Our results may provide direct evidence to remove ambient PAHs using terrestrial trees without considering the risk of PAHs at environmentally relevant concentrations on the leaves of terrestrial plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shili Tian
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Qingyang Liu
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jingming Qu
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Qiaoyun Ma
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Peng Shao
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Yanju Liu
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100089, China
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You M, Song Y, Chen J, Liu Y, Chen W, Cen Y, Zhao X, Tao Z, Yang G. Combined exposure to benzo(a)pyrene and dibutyl phthalate aggravates pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization in spleen via pyroptosis involving cathepsin B. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 881:163460. [PMID: 37061049 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Humans are often simultaneously exposed to benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) through consumption of food and water. Yet, direct evidence of the link between BaP and DBP co-exposure and the risk of splenic injury is lacking. In the present study, we established the rats and primary splenic macrophages models to evaluate the effects of BaP or/and DBP exposure on spleen and underlying mechanisms. Compared to the single exposure or control groups, the co-exposure group showed more severe spleen damage and higher production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Co-exposure to BaP and DBP resulted in a 1.79-fold, 2.11-fold and 1.9-fold increase in the M1 macrophage markers iNOS, NLRP3 (pyroptosis marker protein) and cathepsin B (CTSB), respectively, and a 0.8-fold decrease in the M2 macrophage marker Arg1 in vivo. The more prominent effects in perturbation of imbalance in M1/M2 polarization (iNOS, 2.25-fold; Arg1, 0.55-fold), pyroptosis (NLRP3, 1.43-fold), and excess CTSB (1.07-fold) in macrophages caused by BaP and DBP co-exposure in vitro were also found. Notably, MCC950 (the NLRP3-specific inhibitor) treatment attenuated the pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization and following pro-inflammatory cytokine production triggered by BaP and DBP co-exposure. Furthermore, CA-074Me (the CTSB-specific inhibitor) suppressed the macrophages pyroptosis, pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization, and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine induced by BaP and DBP co-exposure. In conclusion, this study indicates co-exposure to BaP and DBP poses a higher risk of spleen injury. Pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization regulated by pyroptosis involving CTSB underlies the spleen injury caused by BaP and DBP co-exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingdan You
- School of Public Health, the key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yawen Song
- School of Public Health, the key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Public Health, the key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yining Liu
- School of Public Health, the key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Wenyan Chen
- School of Public Health, the key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yanli Cen
- School of Public Health, the key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiaodeng Zhao
- Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China
| | - Zhongfa Tao
- Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China
| | - Ganghong Yang
- Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China; School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China.
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