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Mao J, Li M, Wang X, Wang B, Luo P, Wang G, Guo X. Exploring the mechanism of Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi in the regulation of obesity. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 335:118703. [PMID: 39154668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi is a traditional medicinal and edible homologous plant rich in flavonoids, triterpenes, saponins, polysaccharides and other chemical components. At present, studies have shown that Pueraria lobata radix (PR) has the effect of lowering blood sugar, improving insulin sensitivity and inhibiting obesity. However, the specific mechanism of PR inhibits obesity is still unclear, and there are few researches on the anti-obesity effect of PR through the combination of network pharmacology and experiment. AIM OF THE STUDY Pharmacology, molecular docking technology and experimental verification through the network, revealing the PR the material basis of obesity and the potential mechanism. METHODS AND RESULTS The present study used network pharmacology techniques to investigate the therapeutic effect and mechanism of action of PR. Through relevant databases, a total of 6 main chemical components and 257 potential targets were screened. Protein interaction analysis shows that AKT1, AKR1B1, PPARG, MMP9, TNF, TP53, BAD, and BCL2 are core targets. Enrichment analysis shows that the pathway of PR in preventing obesity involves the cancer signaling pathway and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, which may be the main pathways of action. Further molecular docking verification indicates that its core target exhibits good binding activity with 4 compounds: formononectin, purerin, 7,8,4 '- trihydroxide and daidzein. Using the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) technology to detected and confirmed these main compounds. Cell experiment results revealed that puerarin inhibits cell proliferation and differentiation in a concentration dependent manner, significantly promoting cell apoptosis and affecting cell migration. Animal experiments have shown that puerarin reduces food intake and weight gain in mice. It was found that puerarin can upregulate HDL and downregulate TC, TG, and LDL blood biochemical indicators. Western blot results showed that puerarin significantly inhibited the expression of AKT1, AKR1B1, MMP9, TNF, TP53, BCL2, PPARG, and significantly increased the expression of BAD protein at both cellular and animal levels. CONCLUSION The present study established a method for measuring PR content and predicted its active ingredients and their mechanisms of action in the treatment of obesity, providing a theoretical basis for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Mao
- The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center of Ecological Food Innovation, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 561113, China; Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Maolin Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center of Ecological Food Innovation, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 561113, China; College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Binbin Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center of Ecological Food Innovation, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 561113, China
| | - Peng Luo
- The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center of Ecological Food Innovation, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 561113, China
| | - Guoze Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center of Ecological Food Innovation, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 561113, China.
| | - Xiulan Guo
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China.
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Zhang Y, Ma G, Wang S, Nian B, Hu Y. Study on the synthesis of pine sterol esters in solvent-free systems catalyzed by Candida rugosa lipase immobilized on hydrophobic macroporous resin. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:7849-7861. [PMID: 37467367 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pine sterol ester is a type of novel food source nutrient with great advantages in lowering blood cholesterol levels, inhibiting tumors, preventing prostate enlargement, and regulating immunity. Macroporous resins with large specific surface area, stable structures, and various functional groups (epoxy, amino, and octadecyl groups) have been selected for immobilization of Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) to improve its stability and efficiency in the synthesis of pine sterol esters. A solvent-free strategy using oleic acid (substrate) as an esterification reaction medium is an important alternative for avoiding the use of organic solvents. RESULTS The immobilization conditions of CRL immobilized on several types of commercial macroporous resins were optimized. Fortunately, by adsorption (hydrophobic interaction), a high immobilization efficiency of CRL was obtained using macroporous resins with hydrophobic octadecyl groups with an immobilization efficiency of 86.5%, enzyme loading of 138.5 mg g-1 and enzyme activity of 34.7 U g-1 . The results showed that a 95.1% yield could be obtained with a molar ratio of oleic acid to pine sterol of 5:1, an enzyme amount of 6.0 U g-1 (relative to pine sterol mass) at 50 °C for 48 h. CONCLUSION The hydrophobic macroporous resin (ECR8806M) with a large specific surface area and abundant functional groups was used to achieve efficient immobilization of CRL. CRL@ECR8806M is an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of phytosterol esters and has the potential for further large-scale applications. Therefore, this simple, green, and low-cost strategy for lipase immobilization provides new possibilities for the high-efficiency production of pine sterol esters and other food source nutrients. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Guangzheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Shushu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Binbin Nian
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
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Hazra R, Roy D. Robustness of heteroaggregates involving hydrophobic cholesterol and its mimetics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:27230-27243. [PMID: 37791397 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02174b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Exploring the self and cross aggregation affinity of cholesterol (CHL) and some of its lookalikes, e.g., cholesteryl hemisuccinate (CHM), campesterol (CAM) and arjunic acid (ARJ), provides crucial understanding towards the influence of weak forces in inducing mixed micellization through heteroaggregation. Strongly hydrophobic CHL, with a benchmark inclination towards aggregation, often forms detrimental plaques in crucial human organs that are fairly difficult to disintegrate. Traditionally known anti-dyslipidemic agents like CAM and ARJ are known to interact strongly with CHL in the gut when ingested. They further form mixed micelles along with the bile components and interfere with the CHL absorption across the epithelial cell layer of the intestine. Some invariant questions like how robust are the heteroaggregates formed between these mimetics and CHL are very important to appreciate the efficacy of such anti-dyslipidemic agents. In this work using molecular dynamics simulations and varied structural analysis, we characterize the heteroaggregates. Simulations indicate that CHL-CHM mixed assemblies are comparatively bigger and significantly stabilized by strong electrostatic and favourable vdW forces. Small and diffused CHL-ARJ aggregates are observed in our simulations with a not so favourable energetics, indicating a possible attenuation pathway of CHL aggregation in the presence of ARJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituparna Hazra
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Kapra Mandal, Hyderabad, Telangana 500078, India.
| | - Durba Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Kapra Mandal, Hyderabad, Telangana 500078, India.
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Borel P, Dangles O, Kopec RE. Fat-soluble vitamin and phytochemical metabolites: Production, gastrointestinal absorption, and health effects. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 90:101220. [PMID: 36657621 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of diets rich in fruits and vegetables, which provide some fat-soluble vitamins and many phytochemicals, is associated with a lower risk of developing certain degenerative diseases. It is well accepted that not only the parent compounds, but also their derivatives formed upon enzymatic or nonenzymatic transformations, can produce protective biological effects. These derivatives can be formed during food storage, processing, or cooking. They can also be formed in the lumen of the upper digestive tract during digestion, or via metabolism by microbiota in the colon. This review compiles the known metabolites of fat-soluble vitamins and fat-soluble phytochemicals (FSV and FSP) that have been identified in food and in the human digestive tract, or could potentially be present based on the known reactivity of the parent compounds in normal or pathological conditions, or following surgical interventions of the digestive tract or consumption of xenobiotics known to impair lipid absorption. It also covers the very limited data available on the bioavailability (absorption, intestinal mucosa metabolism) and summarizes their effects on health. Notably, despite great interest in identifying bioactive derivatives of FSV and FSP, studying their absorption, and probing their putative health effects, much research remains to be conducted to understand and capitalize on the potential of these molecules to preserve health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Borel
- C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France.
| | | | - Rachel E Kopec
- Human Nutrition Program, Department of Human Sciences, Foods for Health Discovery Theme, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Tsibranska-Gyoreva S, Petkov V, Katev V, Krastev D, Vinarov Z, Tcholakova S. Cholesterol solubilization: interplay between phytosterols, saponins and lipid digestion products. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.131052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Abstract
Lipases are versatile enzymes widely used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. They are green biocatalysts with a high potential for industrial use compared to traditional chemical methods. In recent years, lipases have been used to synthesize a wide variety of molecules of industrial interest, and extraordinary results have been reported. In this sense, this review describes the important role of lipases in the synthesis of phytosterol esters, which have attracted the scientific community’s attention due to their beneficial effects on health. A systematic search for articles and patents published in the last 20 years with the terms “phytosterol AND esters AND lipase” was carried out using the Scopus, Web of Science, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases, and the results showed that Candida rugosa lipases are the most relevant biocatalysts for the production of phytosterol esters, being used in more than 50% of the studies. The optimal temperature and time for the enzymatic synthesis of phytosterol esters mainly ranged from 30 to 101 °C and from 1 to 72 h. The esterification yield was greater than 90% for most analyzed studies. Therefore, this manuscript presents the new technological approaches and the gaps that need to be filled by future studies so that the enzymatic synthesis of phytosterol esters is widely developed.
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Physicochemical Properties, Fatty Acid Composition, Volatile Compounds of Blueberries, Cranberries, Raspberries, and Cuckooflower Seeds Obtained Using Sonication Method. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247446. [PMID: 34946523 PMCID: PMC8704999 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Every year, thousands of tons of fruit seeds are discarded as agro-industrial by-products around the world. Fruit seeds are an excellent source of oils, monounsaturated fatty acids, and n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated essential fatty acids. This study aimed to develop a novel technology for extracting active substances from selected seeds that were obtained after pressing fruit juices. The proposed technology involved sonification with the use of ethyl alcohol at a low extraction temperature. Seeds of four species—blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.), raspberry (Rubus idaeus), cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon), and cuckooflower (Cardamine pratensis)—were used for extraction. Following alcohol evaporation under nitrogen, the antioxidant activity, chemical composition, and volatile compounds of the obtained extracts were analyzed using chromatographic methods, including gas chromatography (GC)–mass spectrometry (MS) (GC–MS/MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography–MS. We analyzed physicochemical properties, fatty acid, and volatile compounds composition, sterol and tocochromanol content of blueberry, cranberry, raspberry, and cuckooflower seed oils obtained by sonication. This method is safe and effective, and allows for obtaining valuable oils from the seeds.
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Shen W, Wang Y, Shao W, Wang Q, Jiang Z, Hu H. Dietary plant sterols prevented cholesterol gallstone formation in mice. Food Funct 2021; 12:11829-11837. [PMID: 34787152 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02695j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol gallstone disease is a common global condition. This study investigated the role of plant sterols (PS) in the prevention of gallstone formation and the underlying mechanisms. Adult male mice were fed a lithogenic diet (LD) alone or supplemented with PS (LD-ps), phospholipids (LD-pl) or both PS and phospholipids (LD-ps/pl) for 8 weeks. Incidences of gallstone formation were compared among the groups. Lipids in the bile, liver and serum were analyzed. The expression of genes involved in cholesterol absorption, transport and metabolism in the liver and small intestine was determined. The incidences of gallstone formation were 100% (10/10), 20% (2/10), 100% (10/10) and 40% (4/10) in the LD, LD-ps, LD-pl and LD-ps/pl groups, respectively. Serum cholesterol and intestinal cholesterol absorption were decreased in PS-supplemented mice. The expression of genes related to cholesterol transport and metabolism in the liver was down-regulated by dietary PS. PS supplementation decreased Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 expression in the small intestine and reduced intestinal cholesterol absorption. Our results demonstrated that PS could inhibit intestinal cholesterol absorption and thus prevent cholesterol gallstone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Shen
- Center of Gallstone Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201200, China. .,Department of Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201200, China
| | - Yixing Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201200, China
| | - Wentao Shao
- Center of Gallstone Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201200, China.
| | - Qihan Wang
- Center of Gallstone Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201200, China.
| | - Zhaoyan Jiang
- Center of Gallstone Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201200, China.
| | - Hai Hu
- Center of Gallstone Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201200, China.
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Genomic signal processing of microarrays for cancer gene expression and identification using cluster-fuzzy adaptive networking. Soft comput 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00500-020-05068-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Chen S, Wang R, Cheng M, Wei G, Du Y, Fan Y, Li J, Li H, Deng Z. Serum Cholesterol-Lowering Activity of β-Sitosterol Laurate Is Attributed to the Reduction of Both Cholesterol Absorption and Bile Acids Reabsorption in Hamsters. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:10003-10014. [PMID: 32811147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The research was performed to delineate how β-sitosterol laurate (β-SLE) consumption influenced serum and hepatic lipids. The results showed that 220 mg/5 mL oil/kg body weight of β-SLE robustly reduced serum total triglyceride and cholesterol levels and the epididymal adipocyte size, and efficiently protected hepatic polyunsaturated fatty acids against lipid peroxidation through superoxide dismutase and glutathione transferase activity enhancement and malondialdehyde level reduction. Based on the changes of fecal cholesterol contents, fecal and hepatic bile acid (BAs) levels, and related protein expression, it was concluded that the mechanisms for lowering serum cholesterol by β-SLE involved (i) the enhanced excretion of fecal cholesterol via down-regulation of intestinal Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 protein; (ii) the increased conversion from cholesterol to primary BAs via up-regulation of cholesterol-7α-hydroxylase and sterol 27-hydroxylase, which was induced by the reduced BAs reabsorption through up-regulating ileal apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter and ileal bile acid-binding protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunni Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Ruiqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Mingyan Cheng
- State Centre of Quality Supervision and Inspection for Camellia Products, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Guohua Wei
- Yichun Dahaigui Life Science Co., Ltd, Yichun 336000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yingxue Du
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Yawei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Zeyuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
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Fidalgo Rodríguez JL, Dynarowicz-Latka P, Miñones Conde J. How unsaturated fatty acids and plant stanols affect sterols plasma level and cellular membranes? Review on model studies involving the Langmuir monolayer technique. Chem Phys Lipids 2020; 232:104968. [PMID: 32896519 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.104968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Langmuir monolayer technique has long been known for its usefulness to study the interaction between molecules and mimic cellular membranes to understand the mechanism of action of biologically relevant molecules. In this review we summarize the results that provided insight into the potential mechanism for lowering the plasma level of cholesterol by hypocholesterolemic substances (unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) and phytocompounds) - in the aspect of prevention of atherosclerosis - and their effects on model biomembranes. The results on UFAs/cholesterol (oxysterols) interactions indicate that these systems are miscible and strongly interacting, contrary to immiscible systems containing saturated fatty acids. Lowering of cholesterol plasma level by UFAs was attributed to the strong affinity between UFAs and sterols, resulting in the formation of high stability complexes, in which sterols were bound and eliminated from the body. Studies on the effect of UFAs and plant sterols/stanols on simplified biomembranes (modeled as cholesterol/DPPC system) indicated that the studied hypocholesterolemic substances modify the biophysical properties of model membrane, affecting its fluidity and interactions between membrane components. Both UFAs and plant sterols/stanols were found to loosen interactions between DPPC and cholesterol and decrease membrane rigidity caused by the excess cholesterol in biomembrane, thus compensating strong condensing effect of cholesterol and restoring proper membrane fluidity, which is of utmost importance for normal cells functioning. The agreement between model - in vitro - studies and biological results prove the usefulness of the Langmuir monolayer technique, which helps in understanding the mode of action of biologically relevant substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Fidalgo Rodríguez
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - P Dynarowicz-Latka
- Department of General Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - J Miñones Conde
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Cedó L, Farràs M, Lee-Rueckert M, Escolà-Gil JC. Molecular Insights into the Mechanisms Underlying the Cholesterol- Lowering Effects of Phytosterols. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:6704-6723. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190822154701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dietary phytosterols, which comprise plant sterols and stanols, reduce plasma Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (LDL-C) levels when given 2 g/day. Since this dose has not been reported to cause health-related side effects in long-term human studies, food products containing these plant compounds are used as potential therapeutic dietary options to reduce LDL-C and cardiovascular disease risk. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the cholesterol-lowering action of phytosterols. They may compete with dietary and biliary cholesterol for micellar solubilization in the intestinal lumen, impairing intestinal cholesterol absorption. Recent evidence indicates that phytosterols may also regulate other pathways. Impaired intestinal cholesterol absorption is usually associated with reduced cholesterol transport to the liver, which may reduce the incorporation of cholesterol into Very-Low- Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) particles, thereby lowering the rate of VLDL assembly and secretion. Impaired liver VLDL production may reduce the rate of LDL production. On the other hand, significant evidence supports a role for plant sterols in the Transintestinal Cholesterol Excretion (TICE) pathway, although the exact mechanisms by which they promote the flow of cholesterol from the blood to enterocytes and the intestinal lumen remains unknown. Dietary phytosterols may also alter the conversion of bile acids into secondary bile acids, and may lower the bile acid hydrophobic/hydrophilic ratio, thereby reducing intestinal cholesterol absorption. This article reviews the progress to date in research on the molecular mechanisms underlying the cholesterol-lowering effects of phytosterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lídia Cedó
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Farràs
- Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease Division, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Zhu H, Chen J, He Z, Hao W, Liu J, Kwek E, Ma KY, Bi Y. Plasma Cholesterol-Lowering Activity of Soybean Germ Phytosterols. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112784. [PMID: 31731675 PMCID: PMC6893772 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean germ phytosterols (SGP) largely exist in soybean germ oil. Our previous study demonstrated that soybean germ oil was effective in reducing plasma cholesterol. However, it remains unknown if its phytosterols are the active ingredients responsible for the plasma cholesterol-lowering activity. The present study aimed to test the effect of SGP on plasma cholesterol and to investigate its associated underlying mechanisms using hamsters as animal model. Male hamsters (n = 40) were randomly divided into five groups (n = 8/group) and fed one of the five diets: a non-cholesterol diet (NCD), a high cholesterol diet (HCD), a HCD diet containing 0.5% cholestyramine (PC), and two HCD diets containing 0.1% (LP) and 0.2% (HP) SGP, respectively, for six weeks. Results showed that SPG reduced plasma cholesterol level in a dose-dependent manner, whereas it dose-dependently increased the excretion of both fecal neutral and acidic sterols. SGP was also effective in displacing cholesterol from micelles. It was concluded that SGP possessed hypocholesterolemic activity, likely by inhibiting cholesterol absorption in the intestine and promoting fecal sterol excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyue Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China; (H.Z.); (Z.H.); (W.H.); (J.L.); (E.K.); (K.Y.M.)
| | - Jingnan Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China;
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +86-371-6775-8022
| | - Zouyan He
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China; (H.Z.); (Z.H.); (W.H.); (J.L.); (E.K.); (K.Y.M.)
| | - Wangjun Hao
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China; (H.Z.); (Z.H.); (W.H.); (J.L.); (E.K.); (K.Y.M.)
| | - Jianhui Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China; (H.Z.); (Z.H.); (W.H.); (J.L.); (E.K.); (K.Y.M.)
| | - Erika Kwek
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China; (H.Z.); (Z.H.); (W.H.); (J.L.); (E.K.); (K.Y.M.)
| | - Ka Ying Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China; (H.Z.); (Z.H.); (W.H.); (J.L.); (E.K.); (K.Y.M.)
| | - Yanlan Bi
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China;
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Yuan C, Zhang X, Long X, Jin J, Jin R. Effect of β-sitosterol self-microemulsion and β-sitosterol ester with linoleic acid on lipid-lowering in hyperlipidemic mice. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:157. [PMID: 31351498 PMCID: PMC6661088 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1096-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The hypolipidemic effect of phytosterols has been wildely recognized, but its application is limited due to its insolubility in water and low solubility in oil. In this study, β-sitosterol ester with linoleic acids and β-sitosterol self-microemulsions were prepared and their hypolipidemic effects on hyperlipidemia mice were studied. Methods Firstly, the mice were randomly divided into normal group and model group,they were fed with basic diet and high-fat diet for 70 days respectively. After high-fat model mice was successfully established, the model group was further divided into eight groups: HFD (high-fat diet feeding), SELA-TSO(8 ml/kg, SELA:700 mg/kg), TSO (8 ml/kg), SSSM (8 ml/kg,SS:700 mg/kg), NLSM (8 ml/kg), SSHT-TSO (8 ml/kg, SS: 700 mg/kg) and SS-TSO (8 ml/kg, SS: 700 mg/kg) groups, and treated with β-sitosterol ester with linoleic acid, β-sitosterol self-microemulsion, commercial β-sitosterol health tablets and β-sitosterol powder for 35 days, respectively, and blank control groups were established. At the end of the treatment period, the blood lipid level, tissues, cholesterol and lipids in feces of mice in each group were investigated. Statistical and analytical data with SPSS 17.0 Software,statistical significance was set at p* < 0.05 and p** < 0.01 levels . Results The order of lowering blood lipid effect is listed as: SSSM> SELA-TSO > SSHT-TSO > SS-TSO, which shows that β-sitosterolself-microemulsion have the highest treatment effect among the experimental groups. Conclusions In this study, a new formulation of β-sitosterol was developed, and its hypolipidemic effect was investigated. The results showed that β-sitosterol self-microemulsion has a good blood lipid lowering effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxun Yuan
- Hefei University of Technology (South Campus), No. 198 Tunxi Road, Baohe District, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xueru Zhang
- Hefei University of Technology (South Campus), No. 198 Tunxi Road, Baohe District, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xue Long
- Hefei University of Technology (South Campus), No. 198 Tunxi Road, Baohe District, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jing Jin
- Hefei University of Technology (South Campus), No. 198 Tunxi Road, Baohe District, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Risheng Jin
- Hefei University of Technology (South Campus), No. 198 Tunxi Road, Baohe District, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China.
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15
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Jia H, Tian L, Zhang B, Fan X, Zhao D. The soluble fraction of soy protein peptic hydrolysate reduces cholesterol micellar solubility and uptake. Int J Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jia
- Department of Food Science and Technology School of Agriculture and Biology Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Lingmin Tian
- Department of Food Science and Technology Jinan University Guangzhou China
| | - Bingcheng Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology School of Agriculture and Biology Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Xin Fan
- Department of Food Science and Technology School of Agriculture and Biology Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Dayun Zhao
- Department of Food Science and Technology School of Agriculture and Biology Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
- Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
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16
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Blanco-Morales V, López-García G, Cilla A, Garcia-Llatas G, Barberá R, Lagarda MJ, Sánchez-Siles LM, Alegría A. The impact of galactooligosaccharides on the bioaccessibility of sterols in a plant sterol-enriched beverage: adaptation of the harmonized INFOGEST digestion method. Food Funct 2018; 9:2080-2089. [PMID: 29594273 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00155c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the addition of galactooligosaccharides (GOS) on sterol bioaccessibility in three plant sterol (PS)-enriched milk-based fruit beverages (without GOS addition (MfB) and with 2.5 g (MfB-G2) and 5.0 g (MfB-G5) GOS per 250 mL) was evaluated after micellar gastrointestinal digestion. Cholesterol bioaccessibility was very similar among beverages, though a slight significant increase (from 80% to 85%) was observed by the addition of 5.0 g GOS. The addition of GOS did not affect total PS bioaccessibility (≈37%). Based on the results obtained after micellar digestion, it has been demonstrated that these beverages could be a suitable food matrix for simultaneous enrichment with PS and GOS. The harmonized in vitro digestion model INFOGEST was applied to the MfB beverage, but the cholesterol content could not be quantified due to its contribution of bile salts. Hence, it was proposed: (i) a change in porcine bile salt concentration from 10 mM to 1.4 mM (in order to compare with micellar digestion); or (ii) a change of bile salt origin (bovine instead of porcine), maintaining physiological concentration (10 mM, INFOGEST condition). Both options allowed cholesterol quantification, with bioaccessibilities of 62% (reduction of bile salts) and 38% (replacement of the bile salt source), whereas plant sterol bioaccessibilities were 22% and 14%, respectively. Therefore, the change of bile salt origin maintaining INFOGEST concentration is proposed as a method to evaluate sterol (cholesterol and PS) bioaccessibility in these beverages, demonstrating the need for the selection of appropriate conditions of the INFOGEST harmonized method according to the food matrix and compounds to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Blanco-Morales
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 - Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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17
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Hamdan IJA, Sanchez-Siles LM, Garcia-Llatas G, Lagarda MJ. Sterols in Infant Formulas: A Bioaccessibility Study. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:1377-1385. [PMID: 29369630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The design of infant formulas (IFs) seeks to resemble human milk (HM) composition and functionality. The fat sources used usually comprise vegetable oil blends to mimic the fatty acid composition of HM and introduce changes in the animal/plant sterol ratio. In contrast, the use of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM)-rich ingredients could improve this aspect by increasing the ratio. The present study evaluates the bioaccessibility (BA) of sterols (cholesterol, desmosterol, brassicasterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol) in three IFs (with or without MFGM) using an in vitro digestion method simulating infant conditions. Analytical parameters confirmed the suitability of the method for all of these sterols. Results showed the presence of MFGM to increase cholesterol content (6-7 vs 2 mg/100 mL), this being the most bioaccessible sterol in the IFs. Although the BA of cholesterol was reduced in MFGM-enriched IF (65.6-80.4% vs 99.7%), the intake of bioaccessible cholesterol from these IFs was higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam J A Hamdan
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia , Avenida Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, Valencia 46100, Spain
| | - Luis Manuel Sanchez-Siles
- R&D Department, Institute of Infant Nutrition, Hero Group , Avenida Murcia 1, Alcantarilla , Murcia 30820, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Garcia-Llatas
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia , Avenida Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, Valencia 46100, Spain
| | - María Jesús Lagarda
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia , Avenida Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, Valencia 46100, Spain
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18
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Tissue sterol composition in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) depends on the dietary cholesterol content and on the dietary phytosterol:cholesterol ratio, but not on the dietary phytosterol content. Br J Nutr 2018; 119:599-609. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517003853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of the study was to investigate how the dietary sterol composition, including cholesterol, phytosterol:cholesterol ratio and phytosterols, affect the absorption, biliary excretion, retention, tissue storage and distribution of cholesterol and individual phytosterols in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). A feeding trial was conducted at two different temperatures (6 and 12°C), using nine different diets with varying contents of phytosterols, cholesterol and phytosterol:cholesterol ratio. Cholesterol retention values were clearly dependent on dietary cholesterol, and showed that fish fed cholesterol levels <1000 mg/kg feed produced considerable quantities of cholesterol de novo. Despite this production, cholesterol content increased with increasing dietary cholesterol in liver, plasma, bile, muscle, adipose tissue and whole fish at 12°C, and in plasma, bile and whole fish at 6°C. The tissue sterol composition generally depended on the dietary cholesterol content and on the dietary phytosterol:cholesterol ratio, but not on the dietary phytosterol content in itself. Campesterol and brassicasterol appeared to be the phytosterols with the highest intestinal absorption in Atlantic salmon. There was a high biliary excretion of campesterol, but not of brassicasterol, which accumulated in tissues and particularly in adipose tissue, with 2-fold-higher retention at 12°C compared with 6°C. Campesterol had the second highest retention of the phytosterols in the fish, but with no difference between the two temperatures. Other phytosterols had very low retention. Although brassicasterol retention decreased with increasing dietary phytosterols, campesterol retention decreased with increasing dietary cholesterol, indicating differences in the uptake mechanisms for these two sterols.
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19
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Alvarez-Sala A, Blanco-Morales V, Cilla A, Silvestre RÁ, Hernández-Álvarez E, Granado-Lorencio F, Barberá R, Garcia-Llatas G. A positive impact on the serum lipid profile and cytokines after the consumption of a plant sterol-enriched beverage with a milk fat globule membrane: a clinical study. Food Funct 2018; 9:5209-5219. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00353j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Positive impact on serum lipids and cytokines after functional beverage's intake by postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Alvarez-Sala
- Nutrition and Food Science Area
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Valencia
- Burjassot (Valencia)
- Spain
| | - Virginia Blanco-Morales
- Nutrition and Food Science Area
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Valencia
- Burjassot (Valencia)
- Spain
| | - Antonio Cilla
- Nutrition and Food Science Area
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Valencia
- Burjassot (Valencia)
- Spain
| | - Ramona Ángeles Silvestre
- Clinical Biochemistry. Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Spain
| | - Elena Hernández-Álvarez
- Clinical Biochemistry. Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Spain
| | - Fernando Granado-Lorencio
- Clinical Biochemistry. Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Spain
| | - Reyes Barberá
- Nutrition and Food Science Area
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Valencia
- Burjassot (Valencia)
- Spain
| | - Guadalupe Garcia-Llatas
- Nutrition and Food Science Area
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Valencia
- Burjassot (Valencia)
- Spain
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20
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Gil-Ramírez A, Morales D, Soler-Rivas C. Molecular actions of hypocholesterolaemic compounds from edible mushrooms. Food Funct 2018; 9:53-69. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00835j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Edible mushrooms contain bioactive compounds able to modulate the expression of genes related to absorption, biosynthesis and transport of cholesterol and regulation of its homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Gil-Ramírez
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods
- CIAL – Research Institute in Food Science (UAM+CSIC)
- C/Nicolas Cabrera 9
- Campus de Cantoblanco
- Universidad Autonoma de Madrid
| | - Diego Morales
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods
- CIAL – Research Institute in Food Science (UAM+CSIC)
- C/Nicolas Cabrera 9
- Campus de Cantoblanco
- Universidad Autonoma de Madrid
| | - Cristina Soler-Rivas
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods
- CIAL – Research Institute in Food Science (UAM+CSIC)
- C/Nicolas Cabrera 9
- Campus de Cantoblanco
- Universidad Autonoma de Madrid
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21
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Scholz B, Weiherer R, Engel KH. Impact of thermooxidation of phytosteryl and phytostanyl fatty acid esters on cholesterol micellarization in vitro. Steroids 2017; 125:81-92. [PMID: 28673668 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The effects of thermooxidation of a phytosteryl/-stanyl and a phytostanyl fatty acid ester mixture on cholesterol micellarization were investigated using an in vitro digestion model simulating enzymatic hydrolysis by cholesterol esterase and subsequent competition of the liberated phytosterols/-stanols with cholesterol for incorporation into mixed micelles. As a first step, relationships between different doses of the ester mixtures and the resulting micellarized cholesterol were established. Subsequent subjection of the thermooxidized ester mixtures to the in vitro digestion model resulted in three principal observations: (i) thermal treatment of the ester mixtures led to substantial decreases of the intact esters, (ii) in vitro digestion of cholesterol in the presence of the thermooxidized ester mixtures resulted in significant increases of cholesterol micellarization, and (iii) the extents of the observed effects on cholesterol micellarization were strongly associated to the remaining contents of intact esters. The loss of efficacy to inhibit cholesterol micellarization due to thermally induced losses of intact esters corresponded to a loss of efficacy that would have been induced by an actual removal of these amounts of esters prior to the in vitro digestion. The obtained results suggest that in particular oxidative modifications of the fatty acid moieties might be responsible for the observed increases of cholesterol micellarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Scholz
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Lebensmitteltechnologie, Technische Universität München, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, D-85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Renate Weiherer
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Lebensmitteltechnologie, Technische Universität München, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Engel
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Lebensmitteltechnologie, Technische Universität München, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, D-85354 Freising, Germany
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22
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Jesch ED, Carr TP. Food Ingredients That Inhibit Cholesterol Absorption. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2017; 22:67-80. [PMID: 28702423 PMCID: PMC5503415 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2017.22.2.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is a vital component of the human body. It stabilizes cell membranes and is the precursor of bile acids, vitamin D and steroid hormones. However, cholesterol accumulation in the bloodstream (hypercholesterolemia) can cause atherosclerotic plaques within artery walls, leading to heart attacks and strokes. The efficiency of cholesterol absorption in the small intestine is of great interest because human and animal studies have linked cholesterol absorption with plasma concentration of total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. Cholesterol absorption is highly regulated and influenced by particular compounds in the food supply. Therefore, it is desirable to learn more about natural food components that inhibit cholesterol absorption so that food ingredients and dietary supplements can be developed for consumers who wish to manage their plasma cholesterol levels by non-pharmacological means. Food components thus far identified as inhibitors of cholesterol absorption include phytosterols, soluble fibers, phospholipids, and stearic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot D Jesch
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Timothy P Carr
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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23
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Emami S, Azadmard-Damirchi S, Peighambardoust SH, Hesari J, Valizadeh H, Faller R. Molecular dynamics simulations of ternary lipid bilayers containing plant sterol and glucosylceramide. Chem Phys Lipids 2017; 203:24-32. [PMID: 28088325 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
An atomic-level molecular dynamics simulation was carried out to study the effects of a plant sterol (sitosterol) and glucosylceramide (GlcCer) on a 1,2-dilinoleoylposphocholine (DLiPC) membrane. Initially, a membrane containing 50mol% sitosterol was compared with that containing the same ratio of cholesterol. These simulations showed differential condensing and ordering effects of sitosterol and cholesterol, with cholesterol being slightly more efficient than sitosterol in packing the membrane more tightly to a liquid ordered phase. By incorporation of 9.3% GlcCer on DLiPC/sterol membrane no notable change was observed in terms of area per lipid, bilayer thickness, order parameter and lateral diffusion. Some clusters of GlcCer/sterol were observed at higher ratio of GlcCer (15.5%), supporting the existence of GlcCer/sitosterol-enriched Lo-domains on the nanometer scale in the plant lipid mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Emami
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, 5166616471, Iran
| | - Sodeif Azadmard-Damirchi
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, 5166616471, Iran
| | | | - Javad Hesari
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, 5166616471, Iran
| | - Hadi Valizadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roland Faller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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24
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Coreta-Gomes FM, Vaz WLC, Wasielewski E, Geraldes CFG, Moreno MJ. Quantification of Cholesterol Solubilized in Dietary Micelles: Dependence on Human Bile Salt Variability and the Presence of Dietary Food Ingredients. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:4564-4574. [PMID: 27079626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The solubility of cholesterol in bile salt (BS) micelles is important to understand the availability of cholesterol for absorption in the intestinal epithelium and to develop strategies to decrease cholesterol intake from the intestinal lumen. This has been the subject of intense investigation, due to the established relation between the development of diseases such as atherosclerosis and high levels of cholesterol in the blood. In this work we quantify the effect of BS variability on the amount of cholesterol solubilized. The effect of some known hypocholesterolemic agents usually found in the diet is also evaluated, as well as some insight regarding the mechanisms involved. The results show that, depending on the bile salt composition, the average value of sterol per micelle is equal to or lower than 1. The amount of cholesterol solubilized in the BS micelles is essentially equal to its total concentration until the solubility limit is reached. Altogether, this indicates that the maximum cholesterol solubility in the BS micellar solution is the result of saturation of the aqueous phase and depends on the partition coefficient of cholesterol between the aqueous phase and the micellar pseudophase. The effect on cholesterol maximum solubility for several food ingredients usually encountered in the diet was characterized using methodology developed recently by us. This method allows the simultaneous quantification of both cholesterol and food ingredient solubilized in the BS micelles even in the presence of larger aggregates, therefore avoiding their physical separation with possible impacts on the overall equilibrium. The phytosterols stigmasterol and stigmastanol significantly decreased cholesterol solubility with a concomitant reduction in the total amount of sterol solubilized, most pronounced for stigmasterol. Those results point toward coprecipitation being the major cause for the decrease in cholesterol solubilization by the BS micelles. The presence of tocopherol and oleic acid leads to a small decrease in the amount of cholesterol solubilized while palmitic acid slightly increases the solubility of cholesterol. Those dietary food ingredients are completely solubilized by the BS micelles, indicating that the effects on cholesterol solubility are due to changes in the properties of the mixed micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe M Coreta-Gomes
- Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra Rua Larga , Largo D. Dinis, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, CQC, Rua Larga, University of Coimbra , 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Winchil L C Vaz
- Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra Rua Larga , Largo D. Dinis, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Emeric Wasielewski
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, CQC, Rua Larga, University of Coimbra , 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos F G Geraldes
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra 3000-393 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, CQC, Rua Larga, University of Coimbra , 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria João Moreno
- Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra Rua Larga , Largo D. Dinis, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, CQC, Rua Larga, University of Coimbra , 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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25
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Gleize B, Nowicki M, Daval C, Koutnikova H, Borel P. Form of phytosterols and food matrix in which they are incorporated modulate their incorporation into mixed micelles and impact cholesterol micellarization. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:749-59. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Gleize
- INRA, UMR 1260 «Nutrition, Obesity and Risk of Thrombosis»; Marseille France
- INSERM; UMR 1062 Marseille France
- Aix-Marseille University; Marseille France
| | - Marion Nowicki
- INRA, UMR 1260 «Nutrition, Obesity and Risk of Thrombosis»; Marseille France
- INSERM; UMR 1062 Marseille France
- Aix-Marseille University; Marseille France
| | | | | | - Patrick Borel
- INRA, UMR 1260 «Nutrition, Obesity and Risk of Thrombosis»; Marseille France
- INSERM; UMR 1062 Marseille France
- Aix-Marseille University; Marseille France
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26
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Ubeyitogullari A, Ciftci ON. Phytosterol nanoparticles with reduced crystallinity generated using nanoporous starch aerogels. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20675a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytosterol nanoparticles with reduced crystallinity were generated by impregnation of the phytosterols into nanoporous starch aerogels using supercritical carbon dioxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ubeyitogullari
- Department of Food Science and Technology
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln
- Lincoln
- USA
| | - Ozan N. Ciftci
- Department of Food Science and Technology
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln
- Lincoln
- USA
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27
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Su J, Wang H, Ma C, Liu C, Gao C, Nie R, Tanver Rahman MR. Hypocholesterolaemic mechanism of bitter melon aqueous extracts via inhibition of pancreatic cholesterol esterase and reduction of cholesterol micellar solubility. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2015; 67:20-8. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2015.1121470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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28
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Hypolipidemic mechanism of gypenosides via inhibition of pancreatic lipase and reduction in cholesterol micellar solubility. Eur Food Res Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-015-2540-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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29
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Matsuoka K, Kase A, Matsuo T, Ashida Y. Competitive Solubilization of Cholesterol/Cholesteryl Oleate and Seven Species of Sterol/Stanol in Model Intestinal Solution System. J Oleo Sci 2015; 64:783-91. [PMID: 26136176 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess15044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The addition of plant sterols/stanols (sterols or stanols) can reduce the solubilization of cholesterol in a model intestinal solution system. We studied the molecular structure of seven different sterols/stanols and the effect they had on the solubilization of cholesterol or cholesterol ester in a model intestinal solution. The differences in the molecular structures of the sterol/stanol species influenced their abilities to reduce the solubility of cholesterol in the competitive solubilization experiments. Cholestanol whose molecular structure resembled cholesterol was the most effective at reducing the solubilization of cholesterol and cholesterol ester, with the solubilities of cholesterol and cholesteryl oleate being 41% and 39% respectively of the values observed for the single solubilizate systems. β-Sitosterol was also able to reduce the solubilities of cholesterol and cholesteryl oleate to 43% and 45% of those observed in a single solubilizate system. Both, stigmasterol and brassicasterol have an unsaturated double bond in a steroid side chain and did not exhibit major cholesterol-lowering effects. These results were reflected by the Gibbs free energy change values (ΔG(0)) for solubilization, where the sterol/stanol species with cholesterol-lowering effects had similar or larger negative ΔG(0) values than those observed for cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Matsuoka
- Faculty of Education, Laboratory of Chemistry, Saitama University
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30
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Native Oils from Apple, Blackcurrant, Raspberry, and Strawberry Seeds as a Source of Polyenoic Fatty Acids, Tocochromanols, and Phytosterols: A Health Implication. J CHEM-NY 2015. [DOI: 10.1155/2015/659541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The oils from strawberry, blackcurrant, raspberry, and apple seeds were characterized by a high content of unsaturated fatty acids (90.8%, 88.6%, 94.0%, and 86.9%, resp.). Strawberry and raspberry oils had high levels of C18:2 (45.4% and 49.0%) andαC18:3 (29.0% and 33.0%, resp.). Blackcurrant oil was the richest source ofγC18:3 (18.5%) and C18:4 (3.6%). Apple oil had high levels of C18:2 (55.5%) and C18:1 (29.4%). Blackcurrant oil had 229.5 mg/100 g of tocochromanols, predominantlyγ-tocopherol (117.8 mg/100 g) andα-tocopherol (84.3 mg/100 g). Raspberry oil was rich inγ-,α-, andδ-tocopherol (193.5; 65.6; and 32.2 mg/100 g, resp.). Strawberry oil containedγ- andδ-tocopherol, 49.0 and 6.1 mg/100 g, respectively. Apple contained all isomers ofα-,β-,γ-, andδ-tocopherols at 41.7, 62.7, 13.6, and 21.8 mg/100 g, respectively. The level of tocotrienols in the analysed oils ranged from 0.85 to 6.73 mg/100 g. Ten different phytosterols were found in the tested oils. The richest sources of phytosterols were blackcurrant oil (6824.9 μg/g) followed by raspberry (5384.1 μg/g), strawberry (4643.1 μg/g), and apple oil (3460.0 μg/g). The dominant compound in the analysed oils was sitosterol, from 2630 μg/g in apple oil to 3630 μg/g in blackcurrant oil.
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Deng J, Zhang X, Long X, Tao L, Wang Z, Niu G, Kang B. Effects of dietary cholesterol supplementation on growth and cholesterol metabolism of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed diets with cottonseed meal or rapeseed meal. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2014; 40:1827-1838. [PMID: 25119853 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-014-9971-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of cholesterol on growth and cholesterol metabolism of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed diets with cottonseed meal (CSM) or rapeseed meal (RSM). Four experimental diets were formulated to contain 550 g kg(-1) CSM or 450 g kg(-1) RSM with or without 9 g kg(-1) supplemental cholesterol. Growth rate and feed utilization efficiency of fish fed diets with 450 g kg(-1) RSM were inferior to fish fed diets with 550 g kg(-1) CSM regardless of cholesterol level. Dietary cholesterol supplementation increased the growth rate of fish fed diets with RSM, and growth rate and feed utilization efficiency of fish fed diets with CSM. Similarly, dietary cholesterol supplementation increased the plasma total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triiodothyronine levels, but decreased the plasma triglycerides and cortisol levels of fish fed diets with RSM or CSM. In addition, supplemental cholesterol increased the free cholesterol and TC levels in intestinal contents, but decreased the hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase activity of fish fed diets with RSM or CSM. These results indicate that 9 g kg(-1) cholesterol supplementation seems to improve the growth of rainbow trout fed diets with CSM or RSM, and the growth-promoting action may be related to the alleviation of the negative effects caused by antinutritional factors and/or make up for the deficiency of endogenous cholesterol in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junming Deng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
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Gil-Ramírez A, Ruiz-Rodríguez A, Marín FR, Reglero G, Soler-Rivas C. Effect of ergosterol-enriched extracts obtained from Agaricus bisporus on cholesterol absorption using an in vitro digestion model. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Wang Y, Yi X, Ghanam K, Zhang S, Zhao T, Zhu X. Berberine decreases cholesterol levels in rats through multiple mechanisms, including inhibition of cholesterol absorption. Metabolism 2014; 63:1167-77. [PMID: 25002181 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine the mechanisms of action of berberine (BBR) on cholesterol homeostasis using in vivo and in vitro models. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed the AIN-93G diet (normal control) or modified AIN-93G diet containing 28% fat, 2% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid with treatment of 0 (atherogenic control), 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg·d of BBR, respectively by gavaging in water for 8 weeks. Cholesterol absorption rate was measured with the dual stable isotope ratio method, and plasma lipids were determined using the enzymatic methods. Gene and protein expressions of Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase-2 were analyzed in vivo and in vitro. Cholesterol micellarization, uptake and permeability were determined in vitro. RESULTS Rats on the atherogenic diet showed significantly hypercholesterolemic characteristics compared to normal control rats. Treatment with BBR in rats on the atherogenic diet reduced plasma total cholesterol and nonHDL cholesterol levels by 29%-33% and 31%-41%, respectively, with no significant differences being observed among the three doses. The fractional dietary cholesterol absorption rate was decreased by 40%-51%. Rats fed the atherogenic diet showed lower plasma triacylglycerol levels, and no changes were observed after the BBR treatment. BBR interfered with cholesterol micellarization, decreased cholesterol uptake by Caco-2 cells and permeability through Caco-2 monolayer. BBR also inhibited the gene and protein expressions of acyl-coenzyme A cholesterol acyltransferease-2 in the small intestine and Caco-2 cells. CONCLUSION BBR lowered blood cholesterol levels at least in part through inhibiting the intestinal absorption and further by interfering with intraluminal cholesterol micellarization and decreasing enterocyte cholesterol uptake and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwen Wang
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, Charlottetown, PE, Canada; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada.
| | - Xin Yi
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, Charlottetown, PE, Canada; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Khadija Ghanam
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, Charlottetown, PE, Canada; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Shuocheng Zhang
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Tiantian Zhao
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Xuemei Zhu
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council of Canada, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
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Pieszka M, Tombarkiewicz B, Roman A, Migdał W, Niedziółka J. Effect of bioactive substances found in rapeseed, raspberry and strawberry seed oils on blood lipid profile and selected parameters of oxidative status in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 36:1055-1062. [PMID: 24121557 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Rapeseed, strawberry and raspberry seed oils are a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants such as tocols, bioflavonoids and phytosterols. The aim of the study was to determine changes in the blood lipid profile of rats fed with rapeseed, strawberry and raspberry seed oils and their effects on selected parameters of oxidative status. The experiment was carried out on male Wistar rats. The oils were administered by oral gavage for 5 weeks once daily at the dose of about 0.8 ml per rat. Blood samples were taken before and after supplementation period. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (cGPx) was assessed in erythrocytes and contents of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol, low-density fraction of cholesterol (LDL) and high-density fraction of cholesterol (HDL) were assessed in plasma. The experiment shows that oils supplemented in the diet for 5 weeks had no significant effect on the level of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol as well as HDL and LDL fractions. Reduced activity of cGPX and SOD in the group of rats receiving raspberry and strawberry seed oils suggests that these native oils may contribute to oxidative stability (improves antioxidant status). Thus, strawberry and raspberry seed oils can be considered as special biological oils, which constitute potential nutraceuticals reducing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Pieszka
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, National Research Institute of Animal Production, ul. Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland.
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Deng J, Bi B, Kang B, Kong L, Wang Q, Zhang X. Improving the growth performance and cholesterol metabolism of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed soyabean meal-based diets using dietary cholesterol supplementation. Br J Nutr 2013; 110:29-39. [PMID: 23182370 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512004680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A 9-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary cholesterol supplementation at different levels (0, 0·3, 0·6, 0·9, 1·2 and 1·5 %) on growth and cholesterol metabolism of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed soyabean meal (SBM)-based diets. Daily growth coefficient (DGC) steadily increased when the supplemental cholesterol was increased by up to 1·2 %, but declined upon further addition. The total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in plasma generally increased when the supplemental cholesterol was increased by up to 1·2 %. Thereafter, the TC level reached a plateau, the LDL-C level showed a marked decline, whereas the HDL-C level continued to increase. Dietary cholesterol supplementation generally increased the total lipid and cholesterol levels in liver; the total lipid and TAG levels in muscle; the TC, free cholesterol, cholesteryl ester and total bile acid levels in intestinal contents; and the triiodothyronine and Ca levels in plasma. However, significant differences were mainly observed with high levels of supplemental cholesterol (0·9-1·5 %). Low levels of supplemental cholesterol (0·3-0·9 %) decreased hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase activities, but high levels of supplemental cholesterol (1·5 %) increased hepatic acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl transferase and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase activities. These results suggest that rainbow trout fed SBM-based diets have a certain 'cholesterol-buffering capacity', which in turn suggests the possibility of the inhibition of exogenous cholesterol absorption and/or inadequate endogenous production of cholesterol in trout fed SBM-based diets. DGC increased steadily with increasing supplemental cholesterol level up to 1·2 %, and the growth-promoting effects might be related to the alleviation of the negative effects caused by a soyabean diet and/or make up for the deficiency of endogenous cholesterol in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junming Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
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Yang Y, McClements DJ. Vitamin E and vitamin E acetate solubilization in mixed micelles: physicochemical basis of bioaccessibility. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 405:312-21. [PMID: 23768725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin E is an essential micronutrient for humans and animals due to its antioxidant and non-antioxidant biological activities. In this study, an emulsion titration assay was used to quantify the kinetics and extent of vitamin E and vitamin E acetate solubilization in model mixed micelles. The composition of the mixed micelles was designed to mimic those produced during digestion of lipids in the human small intestine: bile salts, phospholipids, and free fatty acids. Initially, the optimum conditions required to form model mixed micelles were established. The solubilization capacities of vitamin E and vitamin E acetate in the mixed micelles were then compared. The solubilization capacity of the mixed micelles for vitamin E was higher than that for vitamin E acetate, which was attributed to differences in the ability of the vitamin molecules to be incorporated into the micelle structure. The solubilization capacities also depended on the composition of the mixed micelles: micelle solubilization of vitamin E was increased by the presence of phospholipid (DOPC), but did not depend strongly on the presence of free fatty acid (octanoic acid or linoleic acid). Overall, this research has important implications for understanding the digestion, absorption, and transportation of vitamin E in the human gastrointestinal tract and for designing suitable delivery systems to increase its bioaccessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Biopolymers and Colloids Research Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MS 01003, USA
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Fisher S, Wachtel EJ, Aserin A, Garti N. Solubilization of simvastatin and phytosterols in a dilutable microemulsion system. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 107:35-42. [PMID: 23466540 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The usual treatment of hypercholesterolemia includes a class of drugs known as statins (simvastatin among them), which inhibit the production of cholesterol. Another way of reducing cholesterol levels is with the use of phytosterols, which reduce the transport of exogenic cholesterol from the intestine into the blood stream. The two treatments can be combined, achieving an additive effect. However, both simvastatin and phytosterols are practically insoluble in water, and therefore their absorption and activity are low. Nanosized self-assembled structured liquid systems are modified microemulsions that present an alternative pathway for improving the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. The goal of this study was to solubilize the maximal quantity of both simvastatin and phytosterols in a single, fully dilutable microemulsion system. We constructed a water-dilutable liquid drug delivery system that includes sucrose monolaurate, propylene glycol, and oleyl lactate. This system exhibits high solubilization capacity for both simvastatin (7.0 wt%) and phytosterols (3.5 wt%) when each is solubilized separately in a water-free concentrate. When simvastatin and phytosterols were solubilized together at a wt ratio of 2.5:1, maximum solubilization was obtained with 4.7 wt% simvastatin and 1.9 wt% phytosterols. Structural and analytical methods were applied including rheology, DSC, SD-NMR, SAXS, and cryo-TEM. The water-free "concentrate" consisted of direct micelles for which propylene glycol served as the hydrophilic phase. Upon water dilution, the direct micelles appear to form "lipophilic compounds dispersed in hydrophilic continuous phase". The solubilizates are located in the droplet core and/or at the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Fisher
- The Ratner Chair of Chemistry, Casali Institute of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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Moran-Valero MI, Martin D, Torrelo G, Reglero G, Torres CF. Phytosterols esterified with conjugated linoleic acid. In vitro intestinal digestion and interaction on cholesterol bioaccessibility. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:11323-11330. [PMID: 23130954 DOI: 10.1021/jf303148d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal in vitro digestion of phytosterols esterified with conjugated linoleic acid (PS-CLA) was performed to study (1) the potential bioaccessibility of the released bioactive-lipid products and (2) the interference with cholesterol bioaccessibility. Commercial food-grade PS ester (PS-C) was assayed as reference. Hydrolysis of PS-CLA by digestive enzymes was similar to that of PS-C (51 and 47%, respectively), most lipids products being mainly included in the bioaccessible fraction, namely, the micellar phase (MP). Control assays in the absence of PS esters showed most cholesterol solubilized within the MP, whereas a displacement of total cholesterol was caused from MP after digestion of PS esters (14 and 36% displacement for PS-CLA and PS-C, respectively), cholesterol being partially precipitated. Precipitated cholesterol was linearly related to a parallel precipitation of saturated-chain PS, mainly determined by sitosterol (R² = 0.936). The higher composition in sitosteryl esters of PS-C with respect to PS-CLA might explain their different effects on cholesterol. Therefore, besides being a lipid delivery form of PS similar to other commercial esterified PS, the PS-CLA might have the additional advantage of being a lipid delivery form of CLA. Moreover, PS-CLA might hinder the bioaccessibility of cholesterol. Furthermore, the qualitative/quantitative profile in esterified PS forms might determine the magnitude of cholesterol interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Moran-Valero
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación-CIAL-CSIC-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Comparable reduction in cholesterol absorption after two different ways of phytosterol administration in humans. Eur J Nutr 2012; 52:1215-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-012-0432-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Larsson K, Cavonius L, Alminger M, Undeland I. Oxidation of cod liver oil during gastrointestinal in vitro digestion. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:7556-7564. [PMID: 22746365 DOI: 10.1021/jf301444x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation of cod liver oil rich in long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) was investigated during a gastrointestinal (GI) in vitro digestion. The digestion stimulated TBA-reactive substances (TBARS) formation in both the gastric and intestinal steps, whereas levels of lipid hydroperoxides remained nearly constant. The presence of digestive compounds was decisive for the TBARS development because TBARS did not change when the cod liver oil was subjected only to the temperature and pH gradient of the GI model. Preformed oxidation products in the cod liver oil resulted in further elevated TBARS levels during the digestion. Addition of hemoglobin (11.5 μM) to emulsified cod liver oil dramatically increased TBARS and lipid hydroperoxide levels during GI digestion, whereas 1 mg α-tocopherol/g oil did not show any protection against oxidation. Specific concern thus needs to be taken in the design of foods containing LC n-3 PUFA to preserve these lipids and avoid harmful oxidation, both before and after consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Larsson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering-Food Science, Chalmers University of Technology , SE 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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Fate of dietary phytosteryl/-stanyl esters: analysis of individual intact esters in human feces. Eur J Nutr 2012; 52:997-1013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-012-0407-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Söderholm PP, Alfthan G, Koskela AH, Adlercreutz H, Tikkanen MJ. The effect of high-fiber rye bread enriched with nonesterified plant sterols on major serum lipids and apolipoproteins in normocholesterolemic individuals. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2012; 22:575-582. [PMID: 21215605 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2010.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plant sterols are naturally occurring cholesterol-lowering compounds which are industrially incorporated in various foods. A novel food carrier is rye bread, the intake of which can be monitored in trials utilizing newly defined plasma biomarkers. Our aim was to determine the effects of plant sterols incorporated into high-fiber rye bread on serum total and LDL cholesterol, apoB/apoA1 and total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratios and lipophilic (pro)vitamins in healthy free-living normocholesterolemic individuals. METHODS AND RESULTS In this double-blind, dietary intervention trial the subjects (n=68) were randomized to receive a rye bread (9.3g/d fiber) with added plant sterols (2g/d) (active) or without (control). In the second phase of the study the amount of rye bread was doubled providing 18.6g/d fiber and in the active group 4g/d plant sterols. Compliance was monitored utilizing 3-day food diaries and a novel rye fiber-derived biomarker in plasma. Intake of rye bread enriched with 2g/d of plant sterols during two weeks reduced significantly serum total and LDL cholesterol, apoB/apoA1 and total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratios by 5.1%, 8.1%, 8.3% and 7.2%, respectively, compared to controls. Correspondingly, the following two-week treatment with 4g/d of plant sterols resulted in 6.5%, 10.4%, 5.5% and 3.7% difference compared to controls, being most pronounced for LDL (0.33 mmol/L). The treatments did not affect lipophilic (pro)vitamin levels. CONCLUSION Rye bread enriched with 2-4g/d of nonesterified plant sterols beneficially modifies cardiovascular lipid risk factors in normocholesterolemic subjects compared to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Söderholm
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki, Finland.
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Black pepper and piperine reduce cholesterol uptake and enhance translocation of cholesterol transporter proteins. J Nat Med 2012; 67:303-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-012-0682-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Coreta-Gomes FM, Vaz WLC, Wasielewski E, Geraldes CFGC, Moreno MJ. Quantification of cholesterol solubilized in bile salt micellar aqueous solutions using (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance. Anal Biochem 2012; 427:41-8. [PMID: 22569559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we develop a methodology to quantitatively follow the solubilization of cholesterol on glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA) micelles using (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The amount of solubilized cholesterol enriched in (13)C at position 4, [4-(13)C]cholesterol, was quantified from the area of its resonance, at 44.5 ppm, using the CH(2) groups from GDCA as an internal reference. The loading of the micelles with cholesterol leads to a quantitative upper field shift of most carbons in the nonpolar surface of GDCA, and this was used to follow the solubilization of unlabeled cholesterol. The solubilization followed a pseudo first-order kinetics with a characteristic time constant of 3.6 h, and the maximum solubility of cholesterol in 50 mM total lipid (GDCA + cholesterol) is 3.0 ± 0.1mM, corresponding to a mean occupation number per micelle ≥1. The solubilization profile indicates that the affinity of cholesterol for the GDCA micelles is unaffected by the presence of the solute, leading essentially to full solubilization up to the saturation limit. The relaxation times of GDCA carbons at 50mM give information regarding its aggregation and indicate that GDCA is associated in small micelles (hydrodynamic [Rh] = 1.1 nm) without any evidence for formation of larger secondary micelles. This was confirmed by dynamic light scattering results.
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Saini RK, Dube A, Gupta PK, Das K. Diffusion of chlorin-p6 across phosphatidyl choline liposome bilayer probed by second harmonic generation. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:4199-205. [PMID: 22414064 DOI: 10.1021/jp205335z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the diffusion of the photosensitizer Chlorin-p(6) (Cp(6)) across a egg lecithin lipid bilayer at different pH by the Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) method. Cp(6) has three ionizable carboxylic acid groups, and consequently, neutral and several ionic forms of Cp(6) are expected to be present in the pH range 3-8. The absorption spectra of Cp(6) get considerably modified in the presence of liposomes as the pH is decreased indicating that the drug liposome binding is pH dependent. The first pK(a) of interconversion (D-C) has been identified at pH ~7.0 by fluorescence measurement in an earlier work. In this work, the second pK(a) of interconversion (C-B) has been identified at pH ~4.8 by the hyper-Rayleigh scattering method. At acidic pH (3, 4, and 5), where species A, B, and C are dominant, the addition of liposomes to a Cp(6) solution generates an instantaneous rise (less than 1 s) in the second harmonic (SH) signal followed by decays whose time constants ranged from ten to hundreds of seconds. The instantaneous rise is attributed to the adsorption of Cp(6) to the outer lipid bilayer, and the decay is attributed to the diffusion of the neutral and charged (A and B) species of the drug. The observed fast and slow time constants for diffusion in the pH range 3-5 are attributed to the neutral (A) and ionic form (B) of Cp(6), respectively. At pH 6, the intensity of the generated SH signals on the addition of liposome reduced, and at physiological pH, it was too weak to be detected. These results are consistent with previous studies that show that the interaction between Cp(6) and egg-PC liposomes is pH dependent. At lower pH due to the presence of the hydrophobic species (A and B) of Cp(6), its interaction with liposomes is strong, and at higher pH, the abundance of the negatively charged hydrophilic species (C and D) decreases the interaction with the like charged liposomes. We have also studied the effect of increasing the bilayer rigidity by decreasing the temperature of the medium or by incorporating 50 mol % cholesterol in the lipid bilayer and observed that lowering of temperature has more profound effect on the diffusion rates. The characteristics of the SH signal changed significantly when liposomes incorporating 50 mol % cholesterol were used at a low (3 °C) temperature. Under these conditions, the SH signal consisted of an instantaneous (<1s) followed by a slower rise (10-90s), and then, it decayed on a much longer time scale. This slow rise of the SH signal at pH 3 and 4 may be attributed to the temperature dependent adsorption of the anionic species (B) of Cp(6) with the liposomes. Further investigations are required in order to understand clearly the pH dependent diffusion of this drug across lipid bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Saini
- Laser Bio-Medical Applications & Instrumentation Division, Raja Ramanna Center for Advanced Technology, Indore, MP 452013, India
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Temelli F, Córdoba A, Elizondo E, Cano-Sarabia M, Veciana J, Ventosa N. Phase behavior of phytosterols and cholesterol in carbon dioxide-expanded ethanol. J Supercrit Fluids 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2011.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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48
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Gershkovich P, Sivak O, Contreras-Whitney S, Darlington JW, Wasan KM. Assessment of Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors Nanostructured Aluminosilicate and Cholestyramine Using In Vitro Lipolysis Model. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:291-300. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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49
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Competitive solubilization of cholesterol and β-sitosterol with changing biliary lipid compositions in model intestinal solution. Chem Phys Lipids 2012; 165:7-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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50
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Zhang Z, Tan W, Hu Y, Li G. Simultaneous determination of trace sterols in complicated biological samples by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry coupled with extraction using β-sitosterol magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer beads. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:4275-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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