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Jordan CJ, Xi ZX. Identification of the Risk Genes Associated With Vulnerability to Addiction: Major Findings From Transgenic Animals. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:811192. [PMID: 35095405 PMCID: PMC8789752 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.811192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding risk factors for substance use disorders (SUD) can facilitate medication development for SUD treatment. While a rich literature exists discussing environmental factors that influence SUD, fewer articles have focused on genetic factors that convey vulnerability to drug use. Methods to identify SUD risk genes include Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) and transgenic approaches. GWAS have identified hundreds of gene variants or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). However, few genes identified by GWAS have been verified by clinical or preclinical studies. In contrast, significant progress has been made in transgenic approaches to identify risk genes for SUD. In this article, we review recent progress in identifying candidate genes contributing to drug use and addiction using transgenic approaches. A central hypothesis is if a particular gene variant (e.g., resulting in reduction or deletion of a protein) is associated with increases in drug self-administration or relapse to drug seeking, this gene variant may be considered a risk factor for drug use and addiction. Accordingly, we identified several candidate genes such as those that encode dopamine D2 and D3 receptors, mGluR2, M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, and α5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which appear to meet the risk-gene criteria when their expression is decreased. Here, we describe the role of these receptors in drug reward and addiction, and then summarize major findings from the gene-knockout mice or rats in animal models of addiction. Lastly, we briefly discuss future research directions in identifying addiction-related risk genes and in risk gene-based medication development for the treatment of addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J. Jordan
- Division of Alcohol, Drugs and Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Chloe J. Jordan,
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Zheng-Xiong Xi,
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2
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Dong X, Zhang R, Zhornitsky S, Le TM, Wang W, Li CSR, Zhang S. Depression Mediates the Relationship between Childhood Trauma and Internet Addiction in Female but Not Male Chinese Adolescents and Young Adults. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10215015. [PMID: 34768534 PMCID: PMC8584624 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10215015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Internet addiction is associated with a range of psychological risk factors such as childhood trauma and depression. Studies have also suggested sex differences in internet and other behavioral addictions. However, it remains unclear how childhood trauma, depression and internet addiction inter-relate differently between the sexes. A total of 1749 adolescents and young adults aged 12–27 participated in a survey of sociodemographic characteristics and standardized assessments to evaluate internet addiction (Internet Addiction Test), childhood trauma (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire) and depression (Beck Depression Inventory). Mediation and path analyses were used to examine the relationship between childhood trauma, depression and internet addiction. Internet-addicted females relative to males showed more severe depression but the control participants showed the opposite. Childhood trauma was associated with depression for both internet-addicted males and females; however, internet-addicted females but not males showed significant associations between depression and the severity of internet addiction as well as between childhood trauma and the severity of internet addiction. Further, in females, depression mediated the correlations between all types of childhood trauma and the severity of internet addiction. A path analysis suggested that sexual abuse and emotional neglect contributed most significantly to internet addiction when all types of childhood trauma were examined in one model. The findings suggest sex differences in the relationship between childhood trauma, depression and internet addiction. Childhood trauma contributes to internet addiction through depression only in females. The findings may guide future prevention and intervention strategies of internet addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Dong
- Youth Mental Health Education Center, Department of Psychology, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi’an 710021, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519-1109, USA; (S.Z.); (T.M.L.); (W.W.); (C.-S.R.L.)
- Correspondence: (X.D.); (S.Z.); Tel.: +86-159-2990-5919 (X.D.); +86-120-3974-7310 (S.Z.)
| | - Ruxin Zhang
- Department of Economics and Management, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710054, China;
| | - Simon Zhornitsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519-1109, USA; (S.Z.); (T.M.L.); (W.W.); (C.-S.R.L.)
| | - Thang M. Le
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519-1109, USA; (S.Z.); (T.M.L.); (W.W.); (C.-S.R.L.)
| | - Wuyi Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519-1109, USA; (S.Z.); (T.M.L.); (W.W.); (C.-S.R.L.)
| | - Chiang-Shan R. Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519-1109, USA; (S.Z.); (T.M.L.); (W.W.); (C.-S.R.L.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519-1109, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519-1109, USA
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519-1109, USA; (S.Z.); (T.M.L.); (W.W.); (C.-S.R.L.)
- Correspondence: (X.D.); (S.Z.); Tel.: +86-159-2990-5919 (X.D.); +86-120-3974-7310 (S.Z.)
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3
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Barron I, Freitas F, Bosch CA. Pilot Randomized Control Trial: Efficacy of a Group-Based Psychosocial Program for Youth with PTSD in the Brazilian Favelas. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2021; 14:335-345. [PMID: 34471452 PMCID: PMC8357894 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-020-00328-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate Teaching Recovery Techniques (TRT) delivered to Brazilian youth who experienced drug violence in one Favela. Thirty children, 8 to 14 years, were randomly assigned to TRT (n = 14) or to a treatment as usual group (n = 16) involving boxing/martial arts. Youth received five 90-min sessions over successive weeks. Standardized measures assessed Posttraumatic Stress and Depression at 2 weeks pre and post-test. An exploratory assessment of posttraumatic growth was also utilized. An interview with group leaders explored perceptions of delivering TRT within the favela. Medium effect sizes were found for PTSD and Depression, and a small effect size for posttraumatic growth. Group leaders emphasized understanding the favela context for program adaptation. In conclusion, TRT was found to be effective for children with PTSD and Depression who experienced drug violence in a Brazilian favela. TRT is recommended for future delivery. Larger scale RCTs are needed in Brazilian favelas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Barron
- Center for International Education, College of Education, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA USA
| | | | - Christina Anderson Bosch
- Center for International Education, College of Education, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA USA
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4
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Loureiro CM, Fachim HA, Corsi-Zuelli F, Shuhama R, Menezes PR, Dalton CF, Del-Ben CM, Reynolds GP, Louzada-Junior P. The relationship of childhood trauma and DNA methylation of NMDA receptor genes in first-episode schizophrenia. Epigenomics 2021; 13:927-937. [PMID: 33942662 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2020-0451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: We investigated GRIN1, GRIN2A, GRIN2B and LINE-1 DNA methylation in first-episode schizophrenia patients, their nonaffected siblings and age- and sex-matched controls testing for associations between DNA methylation and exposition to childhood trauma. Materials & methods: The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire evaluated the history of childhood trauma. Genomic DNA was bisulfite converted and pyrosequencing was employed to quantify DNA methylation. Results: GRIN2A, GRIN2B and LINE-1 DNA methylation was not associated with childhood trauma in patients, siblings and controls. Siblings with childhood trauma had hypermethylation at CpG1 of GRIN1 compared with siblings without trauma. Conclusion: Childhood trauma may influence GRIN1 methylation in subjects with liability to psychosis, but not in frank schizophrenia or controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila M Loureiro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049 9002, Brazil.,Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S1 1WB3, UK.,Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049 9004, Brazil.,Population Mental Health Center - NAP-SaMP, University of São Paulo, 01246 9035, Brazil
| | - Helene A Fachim
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, Salford, M6 8HD6, UK
| | - Fabiana Corsi-Zuelli
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049 9004, Brazil.,Department of Neurosciences & Behaviour, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049 9007, Brazil
| | - Rosana Shuhama
- Population Mental Health Center - NAP-SaMP, University of São Paulo, 01246 9035, Brazil.,Department of Neurosciences & Behaviour, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049 9007, Brazil
| | - Paulo R Menezes
- Population Mental Health Center - NAP-SaMP, University of São Paulo, 01246 9035, Brazil.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 01246 9035, Brazil
| | - Caroline F Dalton
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S1 1WB3, UK
| | - Cristina M Del-Ben
- Population Mental Health Center - NAP-SaMP, University of São Paulo, 01246 9035, Brazil.,Department of Neurosciences & Behaviour, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049 9007, Brazil
| | - Gavin P Reynolds
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S1 1WB3, UK
| | - Paulo Louzada-Junior
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049 9002, Brazil.,Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049 9004, Brazil
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5
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Gama CMF, Portugal LCL, Gonçalves RM, de Souza Junior S, Vilete LMP, Mendlowicz MV, Figueira I, Volchan E, David IA, de Oliveira L, Pereira MG. The invisible scars of emotional abuse: a common and highly harmful form of childhood maltreatment. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:156. [PMID: 33731084 PMCID: PMC7968325 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood maltreatment (CM) is unfortunately widespread globally and has been linked with an increased risk of a variety of psychiatric disorders in adults, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These associations are well established in the literature for some maltreatment forms, such as sexual and physical abuse. However, the effects of emotional maltreatment are much less explored, even though this type figures among the most common forms of childhood maltreatment. Thus, the present study aims to investigate the impact of each type of childhood maltreatment, both individually and conjointly, on revictimization and PTSD symptom severity using a nonclinical college student sample. METHODS Five hundred and two graduate and undergraduate students participated in the study by completing questionnaires assessing lifetime traumatic experiences in general, maltreatment during childhood and PTSD symptoms. Bivariate and multivariate negative binomial regressions were applied to examine the associations among childhood maltreatment, revictimization, and PTSD symptom severity. RESULTS Our results showed that using bivariate models, all types of CM were significantly associated with revictimization and PTSD symptom severity. Multivariate models showed that emotional abuse was the type of maltreatment associated with the highest incidence rates of revictimization and PTSD symptom severity. CONCLUSIONS These data provide additional evidence of the harmful effects of childhood maltreatment and its long-term consequences for individuals' mental health. Notably, the findings highlight the importance of studying the impacts of emotional abuse, which seems to be a highly prevalent, understudied, and chronic form of maltreatment that is as toxic as other maltreatment forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Monteiro Fabricio Gama
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia do Comportamento (LABNEC), Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Liana Catarina Lima Portugal
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia do Comportamento (LABNEC), Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Raquel Menezes Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia do Comportamento (LABNEC), Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Sérgio de Souza Junior
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia do Comportamento (LABNEC), Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Liliane Maria Pereira Vilete
- Laboratório Integrado de Pesquisa em Estresse, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av Venceslau Bras 71, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-140, Brazil
| | - Mauro Vitor Mendlowicz
- Laboratório Integrado de Pesquisa em Estresse, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av Venceslau Bras 71, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-140, Brazil
- Departamento de Psiquiatria e Saúde Mental, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Ivan Figueira
- Laboratório Integrado de Pesquisa em Estresse, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av Venceslau Bras 71, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-140, Brazil
| | - Eliane Volchan
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Isabel Antunes David
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia do Comportamento (LABNEC), Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Leticia de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia do Comportamento (LABNEC), Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Mirtes Garcia Pereira
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia do Comportamento (LABNEC), Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.
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6
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Chung MC, Chen ZS. The Interrelationship Between Child Abuse, Emotional Processing Difficulties, Alexithymia And Psychological Symptoms Among Chinese Adolescents. J Trauma Dissociation 2021; 22:107-121. [PMID: 32673192 DOI: 10.1080/15299732.2020.1788689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the interrelationship between child abuse, emotional processing difficulties, alexithymia, and psychological symptoms with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms from past traumas adjusted among Chinese adolescents. Eight hundred adolescents completed questionnaires measuring the preceding psychological constructs. After controlling for PTSD from past trauma, structural equation modeling showed that child abuse correlated with emotional processing difficulty which correlated with alexithymia. In turn, alexithymia correlated with psychological symptom severity. To conclude, child abuse can affect psychological health among Chinese adolescents. This relationship, however, is influenced by the degree to which processing distressing emotions and getting in touch with internal feelings is avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Cheung Chung
- Department of Educational Psychology, Ho Tim Building, Faculty of Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Zhuo Sheng Chen
- China University of Political Science and Law , Beijing, China
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7
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Yildiz D, Ciftci A, Yalcin O. The Association between Trauma History, Trauma-Related Psychopathology and Treatment Completion at an Adolescent Inpatient Substance Abuse Treatment Center in Turkey. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2020.1837319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Yildiz
- School of Health Sciences, Istanbul Gelisim University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Arzu Ciftci
- Istanbul Bakirkoy Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Mental Health and Neurology, Neurosurgery Research and Trainee Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozhan Yalcin
- Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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8
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Mall S, Platt JM, Temmingh H, Musenge E, Campbell M, Susser E, Stein DJ. The relationship between childhood trauma and schizophrenia in the Genomics of Schizophrenia in the Xhosa people (SAX) study in South Africa. Psychol Med 2020; 50:1570-1577. [PMID: 31387660 PMCID: PMC7053504 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719001703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence from high-income countries suggests that childhood trauma is associated with schizophrenia. Studies of childhood trauma and schizophrenia in low and middle income (LMIC) countries are limited. This study examined the prevalence of childhood traumatic experiences among cases and controls and the relationship between specific and cumulative childhood traumatic experiences and schizophrenia in a sample in South Africa. METHODS Data were from the Genomics of Schizophrenia in the South African Xhosa people study. Cases with schizophrenia and matched controls were recruited from provincial hospitals and clinics in the Western and Eastern Cape regions in South Africa. Childhood traumatic experiences were measured using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Adjusted logistic regression models estimated associations between individual and cumulative childhood traumatic experiences and schizophrenia. RESULTS Traumatic experiences were more prevalent among cases than controls. The odds of schizophrenia were 2.44 times higher among those who experienced any trauma than those who reported no traumatic experiences (95% CI 1.77-3.37). The odds of schizophrenia were elevated among those who experienced physical/emotional abuse (OR 1.59, CI 1.28-1.97), neglect (OR 1.39, CI 1.16-1.68), and sexual abuse (OR 1.22, CI 1.03-1.45) compared to those who did not. Cumulative physical/emotional abuse and neglect experiences increased the odds of schizophrenia as a dose-response relationship. CONCLUSION Childhood trauma is common in this population. Among many other benefits, interventions to prevent childhood trauma may contribute to a decreasing occurrence of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaya Mall
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jonathan M. Platt
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Henk Temmingh
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Eustasius Musenge
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Megan Campbell
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ezra Susser
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA
| | - Dan J. Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- SU/UCT Medical Research Council Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, South Africa
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Aloba O, Opakunle T, Ogunrinu O. Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF): Dimensionality, validity, reliability and gender invariance among Nigerian adolescents. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 101:104357. [PMID: 31986317 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood abuse and neglect have been associated with long term psychological consequences. There is no valid, reliable and gender invariant scale available for the evaluation of childhood abuse and neglect among Nigerian adolescents. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF) in terms of its factor structure, validity, reliability, and gender measurement invariance among Nigerian adolescents. METHOD Senior high school adolescents (n = 1337, aged 13-18 years) completed the CTQ-SF in addition to the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the 12-items General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) and the Positive and Negative Suicide Ideation Inventory (PANSI). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to test the original (Bernstein et al., 2003) and alternative (Gerdner & Allgulander, 2009) CTQ-SF models. The fit indices of these two models tested applying CFA were compared. Concurrent validity of the CTQ-SF was examined with correlational analyses with other study measures. The internal consistencies of the CTQ-SF and its subscales were examined with the MacDonald's omega (ωh) coefficients. Gender measurement invariance was evaluated with multiple-group CFA (MGCFA). RESULTS The alternative CTQ-SF model compared to the original model exhibited a better fit (CFI = 0.928, RMSEA = 0.046 [90 %CI: 0.043-0.050], SRMR = 0.044). The internal consistency and concurrent validity of this model were satisfactory. MGCFA provided evidence that supported the configural, metric and scalar gender measurement invariance. CONCLUSION The alternative CTQ-SF exhibited satisfactory validity, reliability, and gender measurement invariance and, therefore, could be used for the evaluation and gender comparison of abuse and neglect among Nigerian adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olutayo Aloba
- Department of Mental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.
| | - Tolulope Opakunle
- Department of Mental Health, State Specialist Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Olakunle Ogunrinu
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
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Khosravani V, Samimi Ardestani SM, Sharifi Bastan F, Mohammadzadeh A, Amirinezhad A. Childhood maltreatment, cognitive emotion regulation strategies, and alcohol craving and dependence in alcohol-dependent males: Direct and indirect pathways. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2019; 98:104197. [PMID: 31600610 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Childhood maltreatment (CM) and cognitive emotion regulation strategies (CERSs) may be important in alcohol craving and dependence in alcohol-dependent individuals. The aim of this study was to evaluate direct effects of CM on the subscales of alcohol craving and alcohol dependence and its indirect effects via CERSs in individuals with a diagnosis of alcohol dependence. METHODS In a cross-sectional design, 329 alcohol-dependent males completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire-Short version (CERQ-Short), the Alcohol Dependence Scale (ADS), the Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS), and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). RESULTS Participants with alcohol dependence had early age of onset of alcohol use (mean = 20.78 years), relatively long duration of alcohol use (mean = 11.14 years), and low education (mean = 9.55 years). Indirect effects were observed from CM to the subscales of alcohol craving and dependence only through maladaptive CERSs after adjusting for demographic and clinical factors. No direct effect was observed through CM on the subscales of alcohol craving and dependence. CONCLUSIONS Although drawing causal conclusions from the current research is impossible, the findings suggest that maladaptive CERSs may be a possible mechanism relating CM to alcohol craving and dependence in treatment-seeking alcohol-dependent individuals, while adaptive CERSs may be less important regarding this relation. However, the findings of the current study need longitudinal research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Khosravani
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mehdi Samimi Ardestani
- Departments of Psychiatry, Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Ali Amirinezhad
- Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
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Torres-Berrio A, Cuesta S, Lopez-Guzman S, Nava-Mesa MO. Interaction Between Stress and Addiction: Contributions From Latin-American Neuroscience. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2639. [PMID: 30622500 PMCID: PMC6308142 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug addiction is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder that escalates from an initial exposure to drugs of abuse, such as cocaine, cannabis, or heroin, to compulsive drug-seeking and intake, reduced ability to inhibit craving-induced behaviors, and repeated cycles of abstinence and relapse. It is well-known that chronic changes in the brain’s reward system play an important role in the neurobiology of addiction. Notably, environmental factors such as acute or chronic stress affect this system, and increase the risk for drug consumption and relapse. Indeed, the HPA axis, the autonomic nervous system, and the extended amygdala, among other brain stress systems, interact with the brain’s reward circuit involved in addictive behaviors. There has been a growing interest in studying the molecular, cellular, and behavioral mechanisms of stress and addiction in Latin-America over the last decade. Nonetheless, these contributions may not be as strongly acknowledged by the broad scientific audience as studies coming from developed countries. In this review, we compile for the first time a series of studies conducted by Latin American-based neuroscientists, who have devoted their careers to studying the interaction between stress and addiction, from a neurobiological and clinical perspective. Specific contributions about this interaction include the study of CRF receptors in the lateral septum, investigations on the neural mechanisms of cross-sensitization for psychostimulants and ethanol, the identification of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway as a critical neural substrate for stress and addiction, and the emergence of the cannabinoid system as a promising therapeutic target. We highlight animal and human studies, including for instance, reports coming from Latin American laboratories on single nucleotide polymorphisms in stress-related genes and potential biomarkers of vulnerability to addiction, that aim to bridge the knowledge from basic science to clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Torres-Berrio
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Santiago Cuesta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Silvia Lopez-Guzman
- Neuroscience Research Group, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mauricio O Nava-Mesa
- Neuroscience Research Group, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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Kim S, Kim JS, Shim M, Im CH, Lee SH. Altered cortical functional network during behavioral inhibition in individuals with childhood trauma. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10123. [PMID: 29973600 PMCID: PMC6031680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28329-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals who have prior history of childhood traumatic experiences are at a high risk for a variety of psychological and behavioral problems throughout their lifetime. This study aimed to investigate whether such individuals exhibit altered cortical functional networks during a behavioral inhibition task. One hundred fifty-three non-clinical individuals were recruited and instructed to perform a Go/NoGo task during an electroencephalograph. Source-level weighted functional networks based on the graph theory were analyzed for NoGo-P3 processing. Based on their total scores on the childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ) participants were divided into three groups: low CTQ, middle CTQ, and high CTQ. Results at the global level indicated decreased strength, clustering coefficient, and efficiency for the low and gamma bands in the high CTQ group. In addition, the path length of the low beta band was observed to be longer in the high CTQ group than the low CTQ group. At the nodal level, the nodal clustering coefficient of high CTQ group was decreased in left primary somatosensory cortex and middle occipital gyrus for the low beta band, and in left superior temporal gyrus for the gamma band. The nodal clustering coefficient of the left primary somatosensory cortex showed a significant negative correlation with the total CTQ score for the low beta band. In addition, the nodal clustering coefficient of the left middle occipital gyrus for the low beta band and superior temporal gyrus for the gamma band showed significant negative correlations with the emotional neglect score. Our results demonstrate an altered cortical functional network in individuals who experienced childhood trauma. In particular, the left primary somatosensory cortex, middle occipital gyrus, and superior temporal gyrus were found to be vulnerable in individuals who experienced childhood trauma, especially emotional neglect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungkean Kim
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Inje University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Sun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Miseon Shim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Chang-Hwan Im
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Inje University, Goyang, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Psychiatry, Inje University, Ilsan-Paik Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea.
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Hingray C, Donné C, Martini H, Cohn A, El Hage W, Schwan R, Paille F. Description of type of trauma in alcohol-dependent women. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF TRAUMA & DISSOCIATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ghazanfari F, Rezaei M, Rezaei F. The mediating role of repetitive negative thinking and experiential avoidance on the relationship between childhood trauma and depression. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2018; 32:432-438. [PMID: 29784226 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehdi Rezaei
- Department of Psychology, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rezaei
- Department of Psychology, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran
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Arnekrans AK, Calmes SA, Laux JM, Roseman CP, Piazza NJ, Reynolds JL, Harmening D, Scott HL. College Students' Experiences of Childhood Developmental Traumatic Stress: Resilience, First-Year Academic Performance, and Substance Use. JOURNAL OF COLLEGE COUNSELING 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jocc.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John M. Laux
- Department of School Psychology, Higher Education, and Counselor Education; The University of Toledo
| | - Christopher P. Roseman
- Department of School Psychology, Higher Education, and Counselor Education; The University of Toledo
| | - Nick J. Piazza
- Department of School Psychology, Higher Education, and Counselor Education; The University of Toledo
| | - Jennifer L. Reynolds
- Department of School Psychology, Higher Education, and Counselor Education; The University of Toledo
| | - Debra Harmening
- Department of School Psychology, Higher Education, and Counselor Education; The University of Toledo
| | - Holly L. Scott
- Harold Abel School of Social and Behavioral Science; Capella University
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Impact of trauma on addiction and psychopathology profile in alcohol-dependent women. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF TRAUMA & DISSOCIATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejtd.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Consoloni JL, Ibrahim EC, Lefebvre MN, Zendjidjian X, Olié E, Mazzola-Pomietto P, Desmidt T, Samalin L, Llorca PM, Abbar M, Lopez-Castroman J, Haffen E, Baumstarck K, Naudin J, Azorin JM, El-Hage W, Courtet P, Belzeaux R. Serotonin transporter gene expression predicts the worsening of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts along a long-term follow-up of a Major Depressive Episode. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 28:401-414. [PMID: 29287766 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The quest for biomarkers in suicidal behaviors has been elusive so far, despite their potential utility in clinical practice. One of the most robust biological findings in suicidal behaviors is the alteration of the serotonin transporter function in suicidal individuals. Our main objective was to investigate the predictive value of the serotonin transporter gene expression (SLC6A4) for suicidal ideation and as secondary, for suicide attempts in individuals with a major depressive episode (MDE). A 30-week prospective study was conducted on 148 patients with a MDE and 100 healthy controls including 4 evaluation times (0, 2, 8 and 30 weeks). Blood samples and clinical data were collected and SLC6A4 mRNA levels were measured from peripheral blood mononuclear cells using RT-qPCR. We first demonstrated the stability and reproducibility of SLC6A4 mRNA expression measures over time in healthy controls (F=0.658; p=0.579; η2=0.008; ICC=0.91, 95% CI [0.87-0.94]). Baseline SLC6A4 expression level (OR=0.563 [0.340-0.932], p=0.026) as well as early changes in SLC6A4 expression between baseline and the 2nd week (β=0.200, p=0.042) predicted the worsening of suicidal ideation (WSI) in the following 8 weeks. Moreover, changes in SLC6A4 expression between the 2nd and 8th weeks predicted the occurrence of a suicide attempt within 30 weeks (OR=10.976 [1.438-83.768], p=0.021). Altogether, the baseline level and the changes in SLC6A4 mRNA expression during a MDE might predict the WSI and the occurrence of suicidal attempts and could be a useful biomarker in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia-Lou Consoloni
- APHM, Department of psychiatry, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRN2M, UMR 7286, Marseille, France; Fondation FondaMental, Fondation de Recherche et de Soins en Santé Mentale, Créteil, France
| | - El Chérif Ibrahim
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRN2M, UMR 7286, Marseille, France; Fondation FondaMental, Fondation de Recherche et de Soins en Santé Mentale, Créteil, France; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INT, Inst Neurosci Timone, Marseille, France
| | | | - Xavier Zendjidjian
- APHM, Department of psychiatry, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, SPMC, EA 3279, Public Health, Chronic Diseases and Quality of Life - Research Unit, Marseille, France
| | - Emilie Olié
- Fondation FondaMental, Fondation de Recherche et de Soins en Santé Mentale, Créteil, France; Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, CHU Montpellier, France; Inserm, U1061, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Thomas Desmidt
- CHRU de Tours, Clinique Psychiatrique Universitaire, Tours, France; Inserm U1253 Imaging & Brain, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Ludovic Samalin
- Fondation FondaMental, Fondation de Recherche et de Soins en Santé Mentale, Créteil, France; CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Department of Psychiatry, EA 7280, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pierre-Michel Llorca
- Fondation FondaMental, Fondation de Recherche et de Soins en Santé Mentale, Créteil, France; CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Department of Psychiatry, EA 7280, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mocrane Abbar
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, CHRU Nimes, Nimes, France
| | - Jorge Lopez-Castroman
- Inserm, U1061, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Department of Adult Psychiatry, CHRU Nimes, Nimes, France
| | - Emmanuel Haffen
- Fondation FondaMental, Fondation de Recherche et de Soins en Santé Mentale, Créteil, France; Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital, Besançon, France; EA 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France; CIC-1431 Inserm, University Hospital, Besançon, France
| | - Karine Baumstarck
- Aix Marseille Univ, SPMC, EA 3279, Public Health, Chronic Diseases and Quality of Life - Research Unit, Marseille, France
| | - Jean Naudin
- APHM, Department of psychiatry, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Michel Azorin
- APHM, Department of psychiatry, Marseille, France; Fondation FondaMental, Fondation de Recherche et de Soins en Santé Mentale, Créteil, France; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INT, Inst Neurosci Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Wissam El-Hage
- CHRU de Tours, Clinique Psychiatrique Universitaire, Tours, France; Inserm U1253 Imaging & Brain, Université de Tours, Tours, France; Inserm CIC 1415, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Courtet
- Fondation FondaMental, Fondation de Recherche et de Soins en Santé Mentale, Créteil, France; Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, CHU Montpellier, France; Inserm, U1061, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Raoul Belzeaux
- APHM, Department of psychiatry, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRN2M, UMR 7286, Marseille, France; Fondation FondaMental, Fondation de Recherche et de Soins en Santé Mentale, Créteil, France; McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Ramiro FDS, Padovani RDC, Fidalgo TM, Tucci AM. Women Crack Users, Pregnancy and Motherhood: Potential Periods for Health Care. PSICOLOGIA: TEORIA E PESQUISA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/0102.3772e34425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract This study aimed to understand how women report their behaviors concerning drug use during pregnancy and breastfeeding. This is a qualitative study, conducted in the metropolitan area of Santos. Twelve women who have used crack were interviewed through a semistructured interview. The interviews were analyzed from the perspective of content analysis. Our data indicate that pregnancy is a critical time to sensitize these women and try to lessen the damage and the risks associated with the use of crack among them.
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Kim S, Kim JS, Jin MJ, Im CH, Lee SH. Dysfunctional frontal lobe activity during inhibitory tasks in individuals with childhood trauma: An event-related potential study. Neuroimage Clin 2017; 17:935-942. [PMID: 29527497 PMCID: PMC5842757 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Individuals who experience childhood trauma are vulnerable to various psychological and behavioral problems throughout their lifetime. This study aimed to investigate whether individuals with childhood trauma show altered frontal lobe activity during response inhibition tasks. Methods In total, 157 healthy individuals were recruited and instructed to perform a Go/Nogo task during electroencephalography recording. Source activities of N2 and P3 of Nogo event-related potentials (ERP) were analyzed. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS) were applied. Individuals were divided into three groups based on their total CTQ score: low CTQ, middle CTQ, and high CTQ groups. Results The high CTQ group exhibited significantly higher BIS scores than the low CTQ group. P3 amplitudes of the differences between Nogo and Go ERP waves exhibited higher mean values in the low CTQ than the high CTQ group, with trending effects. In Nogo-P3, the source activities of the right anterior cingulate cortex, bilateral medial frontal cortex (MFC), bilateral superior frontal gyrus (SFG), and right precentral gyrus were significantly lower in the high CTQ than the low CTQ group. Motor impulsivity showed a significant negative correlation with activities of the bilateral MFC and SFG in Nogo-P3 conditions. Conclusions Our study revealed that individuals with childhood trauma have inhibitory failure and frontal lobe dysfunction in regions related to Nogo-P3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungkean Kim
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Inje University, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Sun Kim
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Inje University, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jin Jin
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Inje University, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychology, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hwan Im
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Inje University, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry, Inje University, Ilsan-Paik Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Hardy R, Fani N, Jovanovic T, Michopoulos V. Food addiction and substance addiction in women: Common clinical characteristics. Appetite 2017; 120:367-373. [PMID: 28958901 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Food addiction is characterized by poorly controlled intake of highly-palatable, calorically-dense, foods. While previous studies indicate that risk factors for food addiction are similar to substance use disorders (SUD), these studies have looked at food addiction and SUD in independent samples, limiting the ability to directly compare food addiction to SUD. The present study was conducted to assess rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, childhood and adult trauma exposure, as well as presence and severity of emotion dysregulation, in a sample of women (N = 229) who either meet criteria for no addiction, food addiction only or SUD only. The prevalence of food addiction was 18.3% and the prevalence of SUD was 30.6% in this sample. Women with food addiction and women with SUD endorsed more depression and PTSD symptoms when compared with individuals with no addiction. Individuals with food addiction and SUD had higher total emotion dysregulation scores, specifically with difficulties in goal directed behaviors, non-acceptance of emotional responses, impulse control, limited access to emotion regulation strategies, and lack of emotional clarity, when compared to individuals with no addiction (all p's < 0.05). There were no differences in PTSD and depression symptoms and emotion dysregulation scores between food addiction and SUD groups (all p > 0.05). However, women with SUD endorsed higher levels of total childhood (p < 0.01) and adulthood trauma (p < 0.01) as compared with women with no addiction or food addiction. These results suggest that women with food addiction and those with SUD share similar psychological characteristics and risk factors, with the exception of trauma histories. These findings have implications for the detection of risk for and treatment of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raven Hardy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Negar Fani
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tanja Jovanovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vasiliki Michopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Kerr-Corrêa F, Pinheiro Júnior FML, Martins TA, Costa DLDC, Macena RHM, Mota RMS, Yaegaschi MY, Carneiro KLL, Kendall C, Kerr LRFS. Hazardous alcohol use among transwomen in a Brazilian city. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2017; 33:e00008815. [DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00008815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract: There is a lack of information about alcohol use by transgender women. We estimated the prevalence of dangerous alcohol use in the last 12 months by transgender women, who are known as travestis in Brazil, and we identified the associated risk factors. Three hundred travestis were recruited using Respondent Driving Sampling (RDS). We applied the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). We controlled the sample by applying a weight to each interviewee. Three quarters (74.2%) of travestis were regular drinkers, half (48.7%) scored over eight in the AUDIT and 14.8% scored over 20. The risk factors for alcohol use were: aged over 24, low income and unprotected sex. The dangerous use of alcohol is prevalent among travestis. Given that this group has a greater risk of HIV infection and transmission, and that the dangerous use of alcohol was associated with unsafe sex, specific intervention strategies are required.
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Biello KB, Oldenburg CE, Safren SA, Rosenberger JG, Novak DS, Mayer KH, Mimiaga MJ. Multiple syndemic psychosocial factors are associated with reduced engagement in HIV care among a multinational, online sample of HIV-infected MSM in Latin America. AIDS Care 2016; 28 Suppl 1:84-91. [PMID: 26883009 PMCID: PMC4828614 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2016.1146205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Latin America has some of the highest levels of antiretroviral therapy (ART) coverage of any developing region in the world. Early initiation and optimal adherence to ART are necessary for improved health outcomes and reduction in onward transmission. Previous work has demonstrated the role of psychosocial problems as barriers to uptake and adherence to ART, and recently, a syndemic framework has been applied to the role of multiple psychosocial syndemic factors and adherence to ART, in the USA. However, to our knowledge, these associations have not been investigated outside of the USA, nor in a multi-country context. To address these gaps, we assessed the association between multiple co-occurring psychosocial factors and engagement in HIV-related medical care and adherence to ART among a large, multinational sample of sexually-active HIV-infected men who have sex with men in Latin America. Among the 2020 respondents, 80.7% reported currently receiving HIV-related medical care, 72.3% reported currently receiving ART; among those, 62.5% reported 100% adherence. Compared with experiencing no psychosocial health problems, experiencing five or more psychosocial health problems is associated with 42% lower odds of currently receiving HIV-related medical care (adjusted odds ratio, aOR = 0.58, 95% CI 0.36, 0.95) and of currently receiving ART (aOR = 0.58, 95% CI 0.38, 0.91). The number of psychosocial health problems experienced was associated with self-reported ART adherence in a dose–response relationship; compared to those with none of the factors, individuals with one syndemic factor had 23% lower odds (aOR = 0.77, 95% CI 0.60, 0.97) and individuals with five or more syndemic factors had 72% lower odds (aOR = 0.28, 95% CI 0.14, 0.55) of reporting being 100% adherent to ART. Addressing co-occurring psychosocial problems as potential barriers to uptake and adherence of ART in Latin America may improve the effectiveness of secondary prevention interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie B Biello
- a Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences , Brown University School of Public Health , Providence , RI , USA.,b The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | | | - Steven A Safren
- d Department of Psychology , University of Miami , Miami , FL , USA
| | - Joshua G Rosenberger
- e Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, University Park , PA , USA
| | - David S Novak
- f OLB Research Institute, Online Buddies, Inc ., Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Kenneth H Mayer
- b The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health , Boston , MA , USA.,g Department of Infectious Disease , Harvard Medical School/Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Matthew J Mimiaga
- a Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences , Brown University School of Public Health , Providence , RI , USA.,b The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health , Boston , MA , USA
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do Prado CH, Grassi-Oliveira R, Wieck A, Zaparte A, Filho LD, da Silva Morrone M, Moreira JC, Bauer ME. The impact of childhood maltreatment on redox state: Relationship with oxidative damage and antioxidant defenses in adolescents with no psychiatric disorder. Neurosci Lett 2016; 617:173-7. [PMID: 26845563 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS) has been associated with biological and psychosocial alterations due to developmental reprogramming. Here, we investigated whether childhood maltreatment is associated with an imbalance between the production of oxidative markers and antioxidant defenses. Thirty adolescents with no psychiatric disorder but reporting childhood maltreatment and twenty-seven adolescents with no psychiatric disorder and no history of ELS were recruited for the study. Childhood maltreatment was investigated by the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Redox state was estimated by plasma levels of protein carbonylation, total thiol content (SH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), as well as total reactive antioxidant potential (TRAP). Childhood maltreatment was associated with oxidative stress as shown by increased protein carbonylation. Interestingly, adolescents exposed to maltreatment also displayed higher SOD levels, TRAP kinetics and reduced GPx levels when compared with adolescents who had not undergone childhood maltreatment. No significant differences were observed for SH levels. Taken together, we provide novel evidence indicating that childhood maltreatment is associated with increased oxidative stress markers in otherwise healthy adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Hartmann do Prado
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifical Catholic University of the Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group (GNCD), Centre of Studies and Research in Traumatic Stress (NEPTE), Postgraduate Program in Psychology, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Andréa Wieck
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifical Catholic University of the Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Aline Zaparte
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifical Catholic University of the Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ledo Daruy Filho
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group (GNCD), Centre of Studies and Research in Traumatic Stress (NEPTE), Postgraduate Program in Psychology, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maurilio da Silva Morrone
- Centro de Estudos em estresse Oxidativo, Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - José C Moreira
- Centro de Estudos em estresse Oxidativo, Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Moisés Evandro Bauer
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, Institute of Biomedical Research, Pontifical Catholic University of the Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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de Carvalho HW, Pereira R, Frozi J, Bisol LW, Ottoni GL, Lara DR. Childhood trauma is associated with maladaptive personality traits. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2015; 44:18-25. [PMID: 25541148 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The association between childhood trauma and personality traits has been poorly characterized and reported. Our aim was to evaluate whether distinct types of childhood abuse and neglect are associated with various personality dimensions using data from a large web-based survey. A total of 12,225 volunteers responded anonymously to the Internet versions of the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised (TCI-R) and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) via our research website, but only 8,114 subjects (75.7% women, mean age 34.8±11.3yrs) who met the criteria for validity were included in the analysis. Childhood trauma was positively associated with harm avoidance and was negatively associated with self-directedness and, to a lesser extent, with cooperativeness. The associations were robust with emotional abuse and neglect but were non-significant or mild with physical trauma. Emotional neglect was associated with reduced reward dependence and persistence. All types of abuse, but not neglect, were associated with increased novelty seeking scores. Reporting of childhood trauma, especially of an emotional nature, was associated with maladaptive personality traits. Further investigation of the effects of different types of childhood trauma on psychological and neurobiological parameters is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hudson W de Carvalho
- Departamento de Psicologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rebeca Pereira
- Serviço de Psiquiatria, Hospital São Lucas da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Julia Frozi
- Faculdade de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luísa W Bisol
- Serviço de Psiquiatria, Hospital São Lucas da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gustavo L Ottoni
- Hospital Presidente Vargas, Fundação Faculdade Federal de Ciências Médicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Diogo R Lara
- Serviço de Psiquiatria, Hospital São Lucas da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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What doesn't kill you makes you stronger and weaker: how childhood trauma relates to temperament traits. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 62:123-9. [PMID: 25623389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Childhood trauma arises from damaging experiences and the absence of a secure and reliable environment for child development. Despite many studies on the risk for developing psychiatric disorders, much less is known on the relationship between traumatic experiences and personality traits. A total of 10,800 participants (mean age 27.7 ± 7.8 years old, 69.8% women) anonymously answered the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and the Affective and Emotional Composite Temperament Scale (AFECTS) in the Brazilian Internet Study on Temperament and Psychopathology (BRAINSTEP). The results showed that total trauma score was associated with lower levels of positive traits (volition, control, coping, and stability), higher scores of negative traits (sensitivity, anger, anxiety) and a higher frequency of depressive and cyclothymic temperaments. Linear regression analysis showed similar findings for emotional abuse and neglect, whereas physical abuse and neglect were positively associated with more volition and coping as well as less fear, sensitivity and anxiety traits, especially in men. This study has a cross-sectional design and the sole use of self-reporting as the main limitations. In conclusion, dysfunctional temperament profiles were associated mainly with emotional trauma and sexual abuse. Some adaptive traits were associated with physical abuse and neglect, especially in men. These results reinforce the negative impact of emotional trauma and people's resilience to physical trauma, which may even translate into adaptive trait expression in males particularly. We propose that the "context-dependent nature" of stress should be further studied to break down the influence of specific types and contexts of adversity on psychological and psychiatric outcomes.
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Keyser-Marcus L, Alvanzo A, Rieckmann T, Thacker L, Sepulveda A, Forcehimes A, Islam LZ, Leisey M, Stitzer M, Svikis DS. Trauma, gender, and mental health symptoms in individuals with substance use disorders. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2015; 30:3-24. [PMID: 24811286 PMCID: PMC4766974 DOI: 10.1177/0886260514532523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with substance use disorders are often plagued by psychiatric comorbidities and histories of physical and/or sexual trauma. Males and females, although different in their rates of expressed trauma and psychiatric symptomatology, experience comparable adverse consequences, including poorer substance abuse treatment outcomes, diminished psychosocial functioning, and severe employment problems. The goal of the current study was to examine the relationships between trauma history, lifetime endorsement of psychiatric symptoms, and gender in a sample of individuals participating in outpatient substance abuse treatment. Study participants (N = 625) from six psychosocial counseling and five methadone maintenance programs were recruited as part of a larger study conducted through the National Institute on Drug Abuse Clinical Trials Network (NIDA CTN). Study measures included lifetime trauma experience (yes/no), type of trauma experienced (sexual, physical, both), lifetime depression/anxiety, and lifetime suicidal thoughts/attempts (as measured by the Addiction Severity Index-Lite [ASI-Lite]). Lifetime endorsement of psychiatric symptoms was compared between individuals with and without trauma history. The role of gender was also examined. Results indicated that the experience of trauma was associated with an increase in lifetime report of psychiatric symptoms. Experience of physical and combined physical and sexual trauma consistently predicted positive report of psychiatric symptoms in both males and females, even when controlling for demographic and treatment-related variables. Employment outcomes, however, were not predicted by self-reported history of lifetime trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anika Alvanzo
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Alyssa Forcehimes
- University of New Mexico Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse, and Addictions, Albuquerque, USA
| | | | | | - Maxine Stitzer
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Marques AH, Oliveira PA, Scomparini LB, Silva UMRE, Silva AC, Doretto V, de Medeiros Filho MV, Scivoletto S. Community-Based Global Health Program for Maltreated Children and Adolescents in Brazil: The Equilibrium Program. Front Psychiatry 2015; 6:102. [PMID: 26283972 PMCID: PMC4519654 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The maltreatment of children and adolescents is a global public health problem that affects high- and low-middle income countries ("LMICs"). In the United States, around 1.2 million children suffer from abuse, while in LMICs, such as Brazil, these rates are much higher (an estimated 28 million children). Exposition to early environmental stress has been associated with suboptimal physical and brain development, persistent cognitive impairment, and behavioral problems. Studies have reported that children exposed to maltreatment are at high risk of behavioral problems, learning disabilities, communication and psychiatric disorders, and general clinical conditions, such as obesity and systemic inflammation later in life. The aim of this paper is to describe The Equilibrium Program ("TEP"), a community-based global health program implemented in São Paulo, Brazil to serve traumatized and neglected children and adolescents. We will describe and discuss TEP's implementation, highlighting its innovation aspects, research projects developed within the program as well as its population profile. Finally, we will discuss TEP's social impact, challenges, and limitations. The program's goal is to promote the social and family reintegration of maltreated children and adolescents through an interdisciplinary intervention program that provides multi-dimensional bio-psycho-social treatment integrated with the diverse services needed to meet the unique demands of this population. The program's cost effectiveness is being evaluated to support the development of more effective treatments and to expand similar programs in other areas of Brazil. Policy makers should encourage early evidence-based interventions for disadvantaged children to promote healthier psychosocial environments and provide them opportunities to become healthy and productive adults. This approach has already shown itself to be a cost-effective strategy to prevent disease and promote health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Horvath Marques
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP) - The Equilibrium Program (TEP) , São Paulo , Brazil ; Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP-PROTOC) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Paula Approbato Oliveira
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP) - The Equilibrium Program (TEP) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Luciana Burim Scomparini
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP) - The Equilibrium Program (TEP) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Uiara Maria Rêgo E Silva
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP) - The Equilibrium Program (TEP) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Angelica Cristine Silva
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP) - The Equilibrium Program (TEP) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Victoria Doretto
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP) - The Equilibrium Program (TEP) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Mauro Victor de Medeiros Filho
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP) - The Equilibrium Program (TEP) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Sandra Scivoletto
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP) - The Equilibrium Program (TEP) , São Paulo , Brazil
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Stefanovics EA, Filho MVM, Rosenheck RA, Scivoletto S. Functional outcomes of maltreated children and adolescents in a community-based rehabilitation program in Brazil: six-month improvement and baseline predictors. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2014; 38:1231-1237. [PMID: 24300697 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to implement outcomes monitoring and to review outcome data from a community-based rehabilitation program for maltreated children and adolescents in São Paulo, Brazil. Maltreated children and adolescents (N=452) were enrolled in The Equilibrium Program (TEP), a multidisciplinary community-based rehabilitation program. About half (n=230) of the participants were successfully evaluated using the Children's Global Assessment Scale (C-GAS) at entry, 3, and/or 6 months later. Analysis of outcomes used hierarchical linear modeling of functional change from baseline. With a baseline C-GAS score of 51.7 (SD=14.22), average improvement was 2.8 and 5.5 points at 3 and 6 months, respectively (reflecting small to moderate effect sizes=0.20 and 0.39). Improvement was associated with Problems related to upbringing (p<.02) at entry and absence of Physical abuse (p<.05) and Negative life events in childhood (p<.05) but was not associated with sociodemographics or any specific psychiatric diagnosis. This study showed that outcomes monitoring is feasible in a community-based program in a developing country. Although there was no untreated control group for comparison and specific evidence-based treatments were not used, it is notable that significant improvement, with small to moderate effect size, was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina A Stefanovics
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; VA New England Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mauro V M Filho
- The Equilibrim Program (TEP), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Medicine School, University of São Paulo (USP), R.Ovidio Campos Pieres Campos, 785, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Robert A Rosenheck
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; VA New England Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sandra Scivoletto
- The Equilibrim Program (TEP), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Medicine School, University of São Paulo (USP), R.Ovidio Campos Pieres Campos, 785, São Paulo, Brazil
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Oliveira JBD, Kerr-Correa F, Lima MCP, Bertolote JM, Tucci AM. Sexual abuse and alcohol use among women in metropolitan Sao Paulo, Brazil: a general population study. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2014; 16:817-25. [PMID: 24896587 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-790x2013000400002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed at estimating the prevalence of lifetime sexual abuse among women and at investigating its association with alcohol consumption. METHOD Population-based survey conducted through a representative and stratified cluster sample of metropolitan São Paulo. GENACIS questionnaire was used. Sample unit was the home, and all residents aged 18 years and over were interviewed. The outcome was lifetime sexual abuse. The univariate statistical analysis used the Rao-Scott test. Logistic regression was used for the multivariate analysis. RESULTS The final sample totalized 1,216 women aged 18 years and over; the response rate was 75.0%. Most women were married (56.6%) and had less than 12 years of formal education (59.0%); 46.2% were aged between 25 and 44 years, and 44.4% had a low income. Of the respondents, 7.5% reported having suffered lifetime sexual abuse. Multiple logistic regression model showed an association between lifetime sexual abuse and being a heavy drinker (OR = 4.97) and being a former drinker (OR = 2.04). CONCLUSIONS There are few population studies in Brazil investigating sexual abuse and its relation to alcohol use. Although the prevalence of lifetime sexual abuse in the present study was smaller than that observed in other studies, it is a highly expressive percentage on account of its social and economic impact, as well as its potential effect on the health system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina Barbosa de Oliveira
- School of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho, Marilia, SP, Brazil
| | - Florence Kerr-Correa
- Psychology and Psychiatry Department, Botucatu Medical School, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Pereira Lima
- Psychology and Psychiatry Department, Botucatu Medical School, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Jose Manoel Bertolote
- Psychology and Psychiatry Department, Botucatu Medical School, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Brooks SJ, Dalvie S, Cuzen NL, Cardenas V, Fein G, Stein DJ. Childhood adversity is linked to differential brain volumes in adolescents with alcohol use disorder: a voxel-based morphometry study. Metab Brain Dis 2014; 29:311-21. [PMID: 24496784 PMCID: PMC4023014 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9489-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous neuroimaging studies link both alcohol use disorder (AUD) and early adversity to neurobiological differences in the adult brain. However, the association between AUD and childhood adversity and effects on the developing adolescent brain are less clear, due in part to the confound of psychiatric comorbidity. Here we examine early life adversity and its association with brain volume in a unique sample of 116 South African adolescents (aged 12-16) with AUD but without psychiatric comorbidity. Participants were 58 adolescents with DSM-IV alcohol dependence and with no other psychiatric comorbidities, and 58 age-, gender- and protocol-matched light/non-drinking controls (HC). Assessments included the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). MR images were acquired on a 3T Siemens Magnetom Allegra scanner. Volumes of global and regional structures were estimated using SPM8 Voxel Based Morphometry (VBM), with analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and regression analyses. In whole brain ANCOVA analyses, a main effect of group when examining the AUD effect after covarying out CTQ was observed on brain volume in bilateral superior temporal gyrus. Subsequent regression analyses to examine how childhood trauma scores are linked to brain volumes in the total cohort revealed a negative correlation in the left hippocampus and right precentral gyrus. Furthermore, bilateral (but most significantly left) hippocampal volume was negatively associated with sub-scores on the CTQ in the total cohort. These findings support our view that some alterations found in brain volumes in studies of adolescent AUD may reflect the impact of confounding factors such as psychiatric comorbidity rather than the effects of alcohol per se. In particular, early life adversity may influence the developing adolescent brain in specific brain regions, such as the hippocampus.
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Abstract
With the anticipated publication of the DSM-5 in May 2013, much reflection and work has been done on reviewing existing psychiatric nomenclature including, but not limited to the field of traumatic exposure. Traditionally, understanding of the psychiatric and psychological effects of trauma have been developed from studies with adults and then applied to trauma-exposed children with some modifications. While this is an important step to understanding the sequelae of trauma in children and adolescents, the adverse developmental effects of traumatic exposures on the rapidly evolving neurological, physical, social and psychological capacities of children calls for a developmentally sensitive framework for understanding, assessing and treating trauma-exposed children. The importance of early attachment relationships in infancy and childhood means that severely disrupted early caregiving relationships may have far-reaching and lifelong developmental consequences and can therefore be considered traumatic. Given the high rates of violence and trauma exposure of South African children and adolescents, the need for a developmentally based understanding of the effects of trauma on child and adolescent mental health becomes even more pronounced. In this paper, we draw on theoretical perspectives to provide a practical, clinically driven approach to the management of developmental trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Gregorowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University
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Osório FL, Salum GA, Donadon MF, Forni-dos-Santos L, Loureiro SR, Crippa JAS. Psychometrics properties of early trauma inventory self report - short form (ETISR-SR) for the Brazilian context. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76337. [PMID: 24098478 PMCID: PMC3789732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to translate and validate Early Trauma Inventory Self Report -Short Form (ETISR-SF) to Brazilian Portuguese. 253 adult subjects answered the ETISR-SF, Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Fast Alcohol Screening Test (FAST). The instrument showed good internal consistency (0.83). Correlations with the PHQ-9 and BAI were moderate (r=0.26-0.47) and showed the expected associations with psychiatric constructs. No associations were found for FTND and FAST. Confirmatory Factor Analysis revealed that a correlated four-factor model as well as a second order model subsuming four lower order components presented the best model fit. Test-retest reliability was also excellent (ICC=0.78-0.90). ETISR-SF is suitable for assessing traumatic experiences in a Brazilian community sample. Given the importance of trauma as a public health problem, tools such as ETISR-SF may help clinicians/ researchers to better evaluate and measure such events and further advance clinical care of trauma victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia L. Osório
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior – Medical School of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Technology Institute (INCT, CNPq) for Translational Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Giovanni Abrahão Salum
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents - CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do, Federative Republic of Brazil, Sul, Brazil
| | - Mariana Fortunata Donadon
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior – Medical School of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Larissa Forni-dos-Santos
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior – Medical School of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Sonia Regina Loureiro
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior – Medical School of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Technology Institute (INCT, CNPq) for Translational Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - José Alexandre S. Crippa
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior – Medical School of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Technology Institute (INCT, CNPq) for Translational Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Gallagher III BJ, Jones BJ. Childhood Stressors and Symptoms of Schizophrenia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 7:124-30. [DOI: 10.3371/csrp.gajo.020113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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La Flair LN, Reboussin BA, Storr CL, Letourneau E, Green KM, Mojtabai R, Pacek LR, Alvanzo AA, Cullen B, Crum RM. Childhood abuse and neglect and transitions in stages of alcohol involvement among women: a latent transition analysis approach. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 132:491-8. [PMID: 23639389 PMCID: PMC3770786 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood abuse and neglect have been linked with alcohol disorders in adulthood yet less is known about the potential of early trauma to influence transitions in stages of alcohol involvement among women. Study aims were to (1) identify stages of women's alcohol involvement, (2) examine the probability of transitions between stages, and (3) investigate the influence of four domains of childhood abuse and neglect (sexual abuse, physical abuse, neglect, and witness to domestic violence), assessed individually and as poly-victimization, on transitions. METHODS The sample consisted of 11,750 adult female current drinkers identified in Wave 1 (2001-2002) and re-interviewed in Wave 2 (2004-2005) of the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. RESULTS Three stages of alcohol involvement emerged from latent class analysis of 11 DSM-IV abuse/dependence criteria: severe (1.5% at Wave 1, 1.9% at Wave 2), hazardous (13.6% at Wave 1, 16.0% at Wave 2), and non-problem drinking (82.1% at Wave 1, 84.5% at Wave 2). Adjusted latent transition analyses determined transition probabilities between stages across waves. Women reporting any childhood abuse and neglect were more likely to advance from the non-problem drinking class at Wave 1 to severe (AOR=3.90, 95% CI=1.78-8.53) and hazardous (AOR=1.56, 95% CI=1.22-2.01) drinking classes at Wave 2 relative to women without this history. Associations were also observed between individual domains and transition from no problems to severe alcohol stage. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest a long-term impact of childhood abuse and neglect as drivers of progression in women's alcohol involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lareina N. La Flair
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, Hampton House 894, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA,Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 410 302 3899; fax: +1 410 614 7469. (LN. La Flair)
| | - Beth A. Reboussin
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Carla L. Storr
- Department of Family and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA,Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Elizabeth Letourneau
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kerry M. Green
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Ramin Mojtabai
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Lauren R. Pacek
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Anika A.H. Alvanzo
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 East Monument Street, Room 8047a, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Bernadette Cullen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Rosa M. Crum
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Brietzke E, Kauer Sant'anna M, Jackowski A, Grassi-Oliveira R, Bucker J, Zugman A, Mansur RB, Bressan RA. Impact of childhood stress on psychopathology. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2013; 34:480-8. [PMID: 23429820 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbp.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Advances in our knowledge of mental disorder (MD) genetics have contributed to a better understanding of their pathophysiology. Nonetheless, several questions and doubts persist. Recent studies have focused on environmental influences in the development of MDs, and the advent of neuroscientific methodologies has provided new perspectives. Early life events, such as childhood stress, may affect neurodevelopment through mechanisms such as gene-environment interactions and epigenetic regulation, thus leading to diseases in adulthood. The aim of this paper is to review the evidence regarding the role of the environment, particularly childhood stress, in the pathophysiology of MD. METHODOLOGY We reviewed articles that evaluated environmental influences, with a particular focus on childhood trauma, brain morphology, cognitive functions, and the development of psychopathology and MD. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION MRI studies have shown that exposure to trauma at an early age can result in several neurostructural changes, such as the reduction of the hippocampus and corpus callosum. Cognitive performance and functioning are also altered in this population. Finally, childhood stress is related to an increased risk of developing MD such as depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and substance abuse. We conclude that there is robust evidence of the role of the environment, specifically adverse childhood experiences, in various aspects of MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Brietzke
- Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in at-Risk Mental States, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Childhood trauma, personality disorders symptoms and current major depressive disorder in Togo. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2013; 48:1095-103. [PMID: 23224674 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-012-0634-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Childhood trauma (CT) has been found to be associated with major depressive disorder (MDD) and personality disorders (PD) in adulthood in Western countries, but little is known about the relationship between CT, PD and MDD in sub-Saharan Africa. The present study aims to examine: (1) the frequency of the CT, (2) the association between CT, PD symptoms and MDD and (3) the mediating role of PD between CT and MDD in Togo. METHODS One hundred and eighty-one participants (91 individuals with current MDD and 90 healthy controls without psychiatric history) completed the 28-item CT Questionnaire (CTQ) and the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire (PDQ-4+). RESULTS Participants in the MDD group reported more frequently emotional, sexual and physical abuse and emotional and physical neglect than controls (p < 0.001). There was a significant positive correlation between the total abuse and the PDQ-4 + score (r = 0.48, p < 0.01) in the total sample. Emotional and sexual abuses were associated with current MDD and the number of PD criteria endorsed. Furthermore, PD symptoms mediated partially the relationship between CT and current MDD. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest an association between CT and current MDD in French-speaking sub-Saharan Africa, and that this relationship may be explained by PD symptoms. Prospective studies to confirm these results are warranted.
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Colman I, Garad Y, Zeng Y, Naicker K, Weeks M, Patten SB, Jones PB, Thompson AH, Wild TC. Stress and development of depression and heavy drinking in adulthood: moderating effects of childhood trauma. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2013; 48:265-74. [PMID: 22684339 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-012-0531-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Studies suggest that childhood trauma is linked to both depression and heavy drinking in adulthood, and may create a lifelong vulnerability to stress. Few studies have explored the effects of stress sensitization on the development of depression or heavy drinking among those who have experienced traumatic childhood events. This study aimed to determine the effect of childhood trauma on the odds of experiencing depression or heavy drinking in the face of an adult life stressor, using a large population-based Canadian cohort. METHODS A total of 3,930 participants were included from the National Population Health Survey. The associations among childhood trauma, recent stress and depression/heavy drinking from 1994/1995 to 2008/2009 were explored using logistic regression, as were interactions between childhood trauma and recent stress. A generalized linear mixed model was used to determine the effects of childhood trauma and stressful events on depression/heavy drinking. Analyses were stratified by sex. RESULTS Childhood trauma significantly increased the odds of becoming depressed (following 1 event: OR = 1.66; 95%CI 1.01, 2.71; 2+ events, OR = 3.89; 95%CI 2.44, 6.22) and drinking heavily (2+ events: OR = 1.79; 95%CI 1.03, 3.13). Recent stressful events were associated with depression, but not heavy drinking. While most interaction terms were not significant, in 2004/2005 the association between recent stress and depression was stronger in those who reported childhood trauma compared to those with no childhood trauma. CONCLUSIONS Childhood trauma increases risk for both depression and heavy drinking. Trauma may moderate the effect of stress on depression; the relationship among trauma, stress and heavy drinking is less clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Colman
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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Lemos VDA, Antunes HKM, Baptista MN, Tufik S, Mello MTD, Formigoni MLODS. Low family support perception: a 'social marker' of substance dependence? REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PSIQUIATRIA (SAO PAULO, BRAZIL : 1999) 2012; 34:52-9. [PMID: 22392389 DOI: 10.1590/s1516-44462012000100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Simultaneously assess the relationship between the family support perception and the intensity of hopelessness, depression, and anxiety symptoms in alcohol or drug dependent (AOD) patients and in non-AOD dependent control group (CON). METHOD 60 patients who met the DSM-IV criteria for AOD dependence and 65 individuals with similar profile, but not dependent on AOD completed the Family Support Perception Inventory (FSPI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS). RESULTS Logistic regression analysis indicated that high scores in family autonomy (OR = 0.08), and low scores in hopelessness (OR = 0.64) were negatively correlated with AOD dependence. Individuals with high scores in BAI had higher probability (OR = 1.22) of belonging to the AOD group, as well as those who reported previous psychiatric treatment (OR = 68.91). Only in the AOD group the total FSPI scores presented significant correlation with depression, anxiety, and hopelessness. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with AOD dependence and low scores of family support perception also presented high scores of depression, anxiety, and hopelessness, suggesting that FSPI scores could be a useful 'social marker' of AOD dependence with psychiatric comorbidities. These data also reinforce the relevance of evaluating family support in AOD treatment planning.
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Bücker J, Kapczinski F, Post R, Ceresér KM, Szobot C, Yatham LN, Kapczinski NS, Kauer-Sant'Anna M. Cognitive impairment in school-aged children with early trauma. Compr Psychiatry 2012; 53:758-64. [PMID: 22300905 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to traumatic events during childhood is often associated with the development of psychiatric disorders, cognitive impairment, and poor functioning in adulthood. However, few studies have examined cognitive function, including executive function, memory, and attention, in school-aged children with early trauma compared with age- and sex-matched controls. We recruited 30 medication-naive children between 5 and 12 years of age with a history of early severe trauma from a foster care home, along with 30 age- and sex-matched controls. Psychiatric diagnoses were based on Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Epidemiologic Version (K-SADS-E) for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria and were confirmed with a clinical interview. The neuropsychologic battery was tailored to assess broad cognitive domains such as learning/working memory, executive function, attention, verbal/premorbid intellectual functioning, and impulsivity. There was a higher prevalence of subsyndromal symptoms in children with a history of childhood trauma, although they rarely met all of the diagnostic criteria for a disorder. Moreover, lower estimated intellectual functioning scores were associated with subsyndromal symptoms in children with a history of trauma, and they performed more poorly on the Digits Span Test of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III Edition, suggesting attention impairment. There is a high prevalence of subsyndromal symptoms in school-aged children with trauma and an attention impairment, which may contribute to a cumulative deficit early in cognitive development. These findings further support the need for early interventions that can prevent cognitive impairment when childhood trauma occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Bücker
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Bipolar Disorders Program and INCT Translational Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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de Oliveira PA, Scarpari GK, Dos Santos B, Scivoletto S. Intellectual deficits in Brazilian victimized children and adolescents: a psychosocial problem? CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2012; 36:608-610. [PMID: 22858064 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Nickerson A, Aderka IM, Bryant RA, Hofmann SG. The relationship between childhood exposure to trauma and intermittent explosive disorder. Psychiatry Res 2012; 197:128-34. [PMID: 22464047 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
There has been a paucity of research linking intermittent explosive disorder (IED) to trauma and posttraumatic stress responses, despite evidence that trauma is strongly associated with anger reactions. The present study investigated the relationship between IED and a number of trauma-related factors, including trauma dosage, timing of first trauma, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Participants were 4844 trauma-exposed and 731 non trauma-exposed adults who took part in the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication (NCS-R). Findings indicated that IED was associated with greater trauma exposure, PTSD and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) diagnosis, and first exposure to traumatic events in childhood. Exploratory analyses investigating the link between IED and age at first trauma exposure across trauma types suggested that IED is related to childhood exposure to interpersonal traumatic events. These findings are discussed in the context of developmental trauma and cycles of violence models.
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Lemos VDA, Antunes HKM, Baptista MN, Tufik S, De Mello MT, de Souza Formigoni MLO. Low family support perception: a ‘social marker’ of substance dependence? BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1516-4446(12)70010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Vogel M, Meier J, Grönke S, Waage M, Schneider W, Freyberger HJ, Klauer T. Differential effects of childhood abuse and neglect: mediation by posttraumatic distress in neurotic disorder and negative symptoms in schizophrenia? Psychiatry Res 2011; 189:121-7. [PMID: 21295351 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Dissociation, though understood as a response to trauma, lacks a proven etiology. The assumption of a dose-response relationship between trauma, dissociation and Schneiderian symptoms led to the proposal of a dissociative subtype of schizophrenia characterized by severe child maltreatment, dissociation and psychosis. Child maltreatment and dissociation are common features of neurotic disorders as well, and the link between trauma, dissociation, and hallucinations is not specific for schizophrenia. This study compares childhood abuse and neglect, posttraumatic distress and adult dissociation in patients with psychotic vs. non-psychotic disorder. Thirty-five participants with non-psychotic disorder and twenty-five with schizophrenia were analyzed using the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS), the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS), the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale PDS (PDS), the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTO) and the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Methodik und Dokumentation in der Psychiatrie (AMDP)-module on dissociation. Trauma and clinical syndromes were compared by means of T-testing and logistic regression between 1) the diagnoses and 2) groups with and without post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), marked dissociation and psychotic symptoms. While non-psychotic disorder was related to abuse, schizophrenia showed an association with neglect. Childhood trauma predicted posttraumatic symptomatology and negative symptoms. Childhood abuse and neglect may effectuate different outcomes in neurotic and psychotic disorder. The underlying mechanisms, including dissociation, dovetail with cognitive, emotional and behavioural changes involved in depression, posttraumatic distress and chronic schizophrenia symptoms rather than being directly linked to trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Vogel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Rostock, Germany.
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Viitanen P, Vartiainen H, Aarnio J, von Gruenewaldt V, Lintonen T, Mattila AK, Wuolijoki T, Joukamaa M. Childhood maltreatment and mental disorders among Finnish prisoners. Int J Prison Health 2011; 7:17-25. [DOI: 10.1108/17449201111256871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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