1
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Seabaugh JA, Anderson DM. Pathogenicity and virulence of Yersinia. Virulence 2024; 15:2316439. [PMID: 38389313 PMCID: PMC10896167 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2316439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The genus Yersinia includes human, animal, insect, and plant pathogens as well as many symbionts and harmless bacteria. Within this genus are Yersinia enterocolitica and the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis complex, with four human pathogenic species that are highly related at the genomic level including the causative agent of plague, Yersinia pestis. Extensive laboratory, field work, and clinical research have been conducted to understand the underlying pathogenesis and zoonotic transmission of these pathogens. There are presently more than 500 whole genome sequences from which an evolutionary footprint can be developed that details shared and unique virulence properties. Whereas the virulence of Y. pestis now seems in apparent homoeostasis within its flea transmission cycle, substantial evolutionary changes that affect transmission and disease severity continue to ndergo apparent selective pressure within the other Yersiniae that cause intestinal diseases. In this review, we will summarize the present understanding of the virulence and pathogenesis of Yersinia, highlighting shared mechanisms of virulence and the differences that determine the infection niche and disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarett A. Seabaugh
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA
| | - Deborah M. Anderson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA
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2
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Ledvina HE, Whiteley AT. Conservation and similarity of bacterial and eukaryotic innate immunity. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024; 22:420-434. [PMID: 38418927 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-024-01017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Pathogens are ubiquitous and a constant threat to their hosts, which has led to the evolution of sophisticated immune systems in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. Bacterial immune systems encode an astoundingly large array of antiviral (antiphage) systems, and recent investigations have identified unexpected similarities between the immune systems of bacteria and animals. In this Review, we discuss advances in our understanding of the bacterial innate immune system and highlight the components, strategies and pathogen restriction mechanisms conserved between bacteria and eukaryotes. We summarize evidence for the hypothesis that components of the human immune system originated in bacteria, where they first evolved to defend against phages. Further, we discuss shared mechanisms that pathogens use to overcome host immune pathways and unexpected similarities between bacterial immune systems and interbacterial antagonism. Understanding the shared evolutionary path of immune components across domains of life and the successful strategies that organisms have arrived at to restrict their pathogens will enable future development of therapeutics that activate the human immune system for the precise treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Ledvina
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Aaron T Whiteley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
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3
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Xu R, Yuan LS, Gan YQ, Lu N, Li YP, Zhou ZY, Zha QB, He XH, Wong TS, Ouyang DY. Potassium ion efflux induces exaggerated mitochondrial damage and non-pyroptotic necrosis when energy metabolism is blocked. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 212:117-132. [PMID: 38151213 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as extracellular ATP and nigericin (a bacterial toxin) not only act as potassium ion (K+) efflux inducers to activate NLRP3 inflammasome, leading to pyroptosis, but also induce cell death independently of NLRP3 expression. However, the roles of energy metabolism in determining NLRP3-dependent pyroptosis and -independent necrosis upon K+ efflux are incompletely understood. Here we established cellular models by pharmacological blockade of energy metabolism, followed by stimulation with a K+ efflux inducer (ATP or nigericin). Two energy metabolic inhibitors, namely CPI-613 that targets α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase (a rate-limiting enzyme) and 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) that targets hexokinase, are recruited in this study, and Nlrp3 gene knockout macrophages were used. Our data showed that CPI-613 and 2-DG dose-dependently inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation, but profoundly increased cell death in the presence of ATP or nigericin. The cell death was K+ efflux-induced but NLRP3-independent, which was associated with abrupt reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential, and oligomerization of mitochondrial proteins, all indicating mitochondrial damage. Notably, the cell death induced by K+ efflux and blockade of energy metabolism was distinct from pyroptosis, apoptosis, necroptosis or ferroptosis. Furthermore, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, a high-energy intermediate of glycolysis, significantly suppressed CPI-613+nigericin-induced mitochondrial damage and cell death. Collectively, our data show that energy deficiency diverts NLRP3 inflammasome activation-dependent pyroptosis to Nlrp3-independent necrosis upon K+ efflux inducers, which can be dampened by high-energy intermediate, highlighting a critical role of energy metabolism in cell survival and death under inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Li-Sha Yuan
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ying-Qing Gan
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Na Lu
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ya-Ping Li
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Heyuan 517000, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Reconstruction, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital (Heyuan Shenhe People's Hospital), Jinan University, Heyuan 517000, China
| | - Zhi-Ya Zhou
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qing-Bing Zha
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Heyuan 517000, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Reconstruction, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital (Heyuan Shenhe People's Hospital), Jinan University, Heyuan 517000, China; Department of Fetal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Xian-Hui He
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Heyuan 517000, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Reconstruction, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital (Heyuan Shenhe People's Hospital), Jinan University, Heyuan 517000, China.
| | - Tak-Sui Wong
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
| | - Dong-Yun Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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4
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Berneking L, Bekere I, Rob S, Schnapp M, Huang J, Ruckdeschel K, Aepfelbacher M. A bacterial effector protein promotes nuclear translocation of Stat3 to induce IL-10. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151364. [PMID: 37806297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional Yersinia effector YopM inhibits effector triggered immunity and increases production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine Interleukin-10 (IL-10) to suppress the host immune response. Previously it was shown that YopM induces IL-10 gene expression by elevating phosphorylation of the serine-threonine kinase RSK1 in the nucleus of human macrophages. Using transcriptomics, we found that YopM strongly affects expression of genes belonging to the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Further analysis revealed that YopM mediates nuclear translocation of the transcription factor Stat3 in Y. enterocolitica infected macrophages and that knockdown of Stat3 inhibited YopM-induced IL-10 gene expression. YopM-induced Stat3 translocation did not depend on autocrine IL-10, activation of RSK1 or tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3. Thus, besides activation of RSK1, stimulation of nuclear translocation of Stat3 is another mechanism by which YopM increases IL-10 gene expression in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Berneking
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Indra Bekere
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sören Rob
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marie Schnapp
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jiabin Huang
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Ruckdeschel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Aepfelbacher
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany.
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5
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Pang J, Vince JE. The role of caspase-8 in inflammatory signalling and pyroptotic cell death. Semin Immunol 2023; 70:101832. [PMID: 37625331 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The programmed cell death machinery exhibits surprising flexibility, capable of crosstalk and non-apoptotic roles. Much of this complexity arises from the diverse functions of caspase-8, a cysteine-aspartic acid protease typically associated with activating caspase-3 and - 7 to induce apoptosis. However, recent research has revealed that caspase-8 also plays a role in regulating the lytic gasdermin cell death machinery, contributing to pyroptosis and immune responses in contexts such as infection, autoinflammation, and T-cell signalling. In mice, loss of caspase-8 results in embryonic lethality from unrestrained necroptotic killing, while in humans caspase-8 deficiency can lead to an autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, immunodeficiency, inflammatory bowel disease or, when it can't cleave its substrate RIPK1, early onset periodic fevers. This review focuses on non-canonical caspase-8 signalling that drives immune responses, including its regulation of inflammatory gene transcription, activation within inflammasome complexes, and roles in pyroptotic cell death. Ultimately, a deeper understanding of caspase-8 function will aid in determining whether, and when, targeting caspase-8 pathways could be therapeutically beneficial in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyi Pang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; The Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - James E Vince
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; The Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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6
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Malik HS, Magnotti F, Loeven NA, Delgado JM, Kettenbach AN, Henry T, Bliska JB. Phosphoprotein phosphatase activity positively regulates oligomeric pyrin to trigger inflammasome assembly in phagocytes. mBio 2023; 14:e0206623. [PMID: 37787552 PMCID: PMC10653879 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02066-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Pyrin, a unique cytosolic receptor, initiates inflammatory responses against RhoA-inactivating bacterial toxins and effectors like Yersinia's YopE and YopT. Understanding pyrin regulation is crucial due to its association with dysregulated inflammatory responses, including Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF), linked to pyrin gene mutations. FMF mutations historically acted as a defense mechanism against plague. Negative regulation of pyrin through PKN phosphorylation is well established, with Yersinia using the YopM effector to promote pyrin phosphorylation and counteract its activity. This study highlights the importance of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity in positively regulating pyrin inflammasome assembly in phagocytic cells of humans and mice. Oligomeric murine pyrin has S205 phosphorylated before inflammasome assembly, and this study implicates the dephosphorylation of murine pyrin S205 by two catalytic subunits of PP2A in macrophages. These findings offer insights for investigating the regulation of oligomeric pyrin and the balance of kinase and phosphatase activity in pyrin-associated infectious and autoinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleema S. Malik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Flora Magnotti
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm U111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Nicole A. Loeven
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jose M. Delgado
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Arminja N. Kettenbach
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Dartmouth Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Thomas Henry
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Inserm U111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - James B. Bliska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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7
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Chai Q, Lei Z, Liu CH. Pyroptosis modulation by bacterial effector proteins. Semin Immunol 2023; 69:101804. [PMID: 37406548 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a proinflammatory form of programmed cell death featured with membrane pore formation that causes cellular swelling and allows the release of intracellular inflammatory mediators. This cell death process is elicited by the activation of the pore-forming proteins named gasdermins, and is intricately orchestrated by diverse regulatory factors in mammalian hosts to exert a prompt immune response against infections. However, growing evidence suggests that bacterial pathogens have evolved to regulate host pyroptosis for evading immune clearance and establishing progressive infection. In this review, we highlight current understandings of the functional role and regulatory network of pyroptosis in host antibacterial immunity. Thereafter, we further discuss the latest advances elucidating the mechanisms by which bacterial pathogens modulate pyroptosis through adopting their effector proteins to drive infections. A better understanding of regulatory mechanisms underlying pyroptosis at the interface of host-bacterial interactions will shed new light on the pathogenesis of infectious diseases and contribute to the development of promising therapeutic strategies against bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyao Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Zehui Lei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Cui Hua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China.
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8
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Kowalski S, Karska J, Łapińska Z, Hetnał B, Saczko J, Kulbacka J. An overview of programmed cell death: Apoptosis and pyroptosis-Mechanisms, differences, and significance in organism physiology and pathophysiology. J Cell Biochem 2023. [PMID: 37269535 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Regulated cell death is an essential and heterogeneous process occurring in the life cycle of organisms, from embryonic development and aging to the regulation of homeostasis and organ maintenance. Under this term, we can distinguish many distinct pathways, including apoptosis and pyroptosis. Recently, there has been an increasing comprehension of the mechanisms governing these phenomena and their characteristic features. The coexistence of different types of cell death and the differences and similarities between them has been the subject of many studies. This review aims to present the latest literature in the field of pyroptosis and apoptosis and compare their molecular pathway's elements and significance in the physiology and pathophysiology of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Kowalski
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Julia Karska
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Zofia Łapińska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Hetnał
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jolanta Saczko
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Julita Kulbacka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
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9
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Contreras MP, Pai H, Selvaraj M, Toghani A, Lawson DM, Tumtas Y, Duggan C, Yuen ELH, Stevenson CEM, Harant A, Maqbool A, Wu CH, Bozkurt TO, Kamoun S, Derevnina L. Resurrection of plant disease resistance proteins via helper NLR bioengineering. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg3861. [PMID: 37134163 PMCID: PMC10156107 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg3861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Parasites counteract host immunity by suppressing helper nucleotide binding and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins that function as central nodes in immune receptor networks. Understanding the mechanisms of immunosuppression can lead to strategies for bioengineering disease resistance. Here, we show that a cyst nematode virulence effector binds and inhibits oligomerization of the helper NLR protein NRC2 by physically preventing intramolecular rearrangements required for activation. An amino acid polymorphism at the binding interface between NRC2 and the inhibitor is sufficient for this helper NLR to evade immune suppression, thereby restoring the activity of multiple disease resistance genes. This points to a potential strategy for resurrecting disease resistance in crop genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hsuan Pai
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - AmirAli Toghani
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - David M Lawson
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
| | - Yasin Tumtas
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Cian Duggan
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | | | - Adeline Harant
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Abbas Maqbool
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
| | - Chih-Hang Wu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Lida Derevnina
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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10
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Fang X, Kang L, Qiu YF, Li ZS, Bai Y. Yersinia enterocolitica in Crohn’s disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1129996. [PMID: 36968108 PMCID: PMC10031030 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1129996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing attention is being paid to the unique roles gut microbes play in both physiological and pathological processes. Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract with unknown etiology. Currently, gastrointestinal infection has been proposed as one initiating factor of CD. Yersinia enterocolitica, a zoonotic pathogen that exists widely in nature, is one of the most common bacteria causing acute infectious gastroenteritis, which displays clinical manifestations similar to CD. However, the specific role of Y. enterocolitica in CD is controversial. In this Review, we discuss the current knowledge on how Y. enterocolitica and derived microbial compounds may link to the pathogenesis of CD. We highlight examples of Y. enterocolitica-targeted interventions in the diagnosis and treatment of CD, and provide perspectives for future basic and translational investigations on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yu Bai
- *Correspondence: Zhao-Shen Li, ; Yu Bai,
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11
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Chen KW, Brodsky IE. Yersinia interactions with regulated cell death pathways. Curr Opin Microbiol 2023; 71:102256. [PMID: 36584489 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2022.102256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cell death in response to infection is conserved across all kingdoms of life. In metazoans, cell death upon bacterial infection is primarily carried out by the cysteine and aspartate protease and receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase families. The Gram-negative bacterial genus Yersinia includes pathogens that cause disease in humans and other animals ranging from plague to gastrointestinal infections. Pathogenic Yersiniae express a type-III secretion system (T3SS), which translocates effectors that disrupt phagocytosis and innate immune signaling to evade immune defenses and replicate extracellularly in infected tissues. Blockade of innate immune signaling, disruption of the actin cytoskeleton, and the membrane-disrupting activity of the T3SS translocon pore, are all sensed by innate immune cells. Here, we discuss recent advances in understanding the pathways that regulate Yersinia-induced cell death, and how manipulation of these cell death pathways over the course of infection promotes bacterial dissemination or host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwen W Chen
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Igor E Brodsky
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, United States; Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, United States.
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12
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Yang R, Atkinson S, Chen Z, Cui Y, Du Z, Han Y, Sebbane F, Slavin P, Song Y, Yan Y, Wu Y, Xu L, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Hinnebusch BJ, Stenseth NC, Motin VL. Yersinia pestis and Plague: some knowns and unknowns. ZOONOSES (BURLINGTON, MASS.) 2023; 3:5. [PMID: 37602146 PMCID: PMC10438918 DOI: 10.15212/zoonoses-2022-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Since its first identification in 1894 during the third pandemic in Hong Kong, there has been significant progress of understanding the lifestyle of Yersinia pestis, the pathogen that is responsible for plague. Although we now have some understanding of the pathogen's physiology, genetics, genomics, evolution, gene regulation, pathogenesis and immunity, there are many unknown aspects of the pathogen and its disease development. Here, we focus on some of the knowns and unknowns relating to Y. pestis and plague. We notably focus on some key Y. pestis physiological and virulence traits that are important for its mammal-flea-mammal life cycle but also its emergence from the enteropathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Some aspects of the genetic diversity of Y. pestis, the distribution and ecology of plague as well as the medical countermeasures to protect our population are also provided. Lastly, we present some biosafety and biosecurity information related to Y. pestis and plague.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifu Yang
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Steve Atkinson
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Biomolecular Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ziqi Chen
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yujun Cui
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zongmin Du
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yanping Han
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Florent Sebbane
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Philip Slavin
- Division of History and Politics, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LJ, UK
| | - Yajun Song
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yanfeng Yan
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yarong Wu
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chutian Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - B. Joseph Hinnebusch
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Nils Chr. Stenseth
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Vladimir L. Motin
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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13
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Oh C, Li L, Verma A, Reuven AD, Miao EA, Bliska JB, Aachoui Y. Neutrophil inflammasomes sense the subcellular delivery route of translocated bacterial effectors and toxins. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111688. [PMID: 36417874 PMCID: PMC9827617 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In neutrophils, caspase-11 cleaves gasdermin D (GSDMD), causing pyroptosis to clear cytosol-invasive bacteria. In contrast, caspase-1 also cleaves GSDMD but seems to not cause pyroptosis. Here, we show that this pyroptosis-resistant caspase-1 activation is specifically programmed by the site of translocation of the detected microbial virulence factors. We find that pyrin and NLRC4 agonists do not trigger pyroptosis in neutrophils when they access the cytosol from endosomal compartment. In contrast, when the same ligands penetrate through the plasma membrane, they cause pyroptosis. Consistently, pyrin detects extracellular Yersinia pseudotuberculosis ΔyopM in neutrophils, driving caspase-1-GSDMD pyroptosis. This pyroptotic response drives PAD4-dependent H3 citrullination and results in extrusion of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Our data indicate that caspase-1, GSDMD, or PAD4 deficiency renders mice more susceptible to Y. pseudotuberculosis ΔyopM infection. Therefore, neutrophils induce pyroptosis in response to caspase-1-activating inflammasomes triggered by extracellular bacterial pathogens, but after they phagocytose pathogens, they are programmed to forego pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhoon Oh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Lupeng Li
- Department of Immunology and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ambika Verma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Arianna D Reuven
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03768, USA
| | - Edward A Miao
- Department of Immunology and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - James B Bliska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03768, USA
| | - Youssef Aachoui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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14
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Fung HY, Teryek M, Lemenze AD, Bergsbaken T. CD103 fate mapping reveals that intestinal CD103 - tissue-resident memory T cells are the primary responders to secondary infection. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabl9925. [PMID: 36332012 PMCID: PMC9901738 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abl9925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells remain poised in the tissue and mediate robust protection from secondary infection. TRM cells within the intestine and other tissues are heterogeneous in their phenotype and function; however, the contributions of these TRM subsets to secondary infection remain poorly defined. To address the plasticity of intestinal TRM subsets and their role in local and systemic immunity, we generated mice to fate map intestinal CD103+ TRM cells and track their location and function during secondary infection with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. We found that CD103+ TRM cells remained lodged in the tissue and were poorly reactivated during secondary challenge. CD103- TRM cells were the primary responders to secondary infection and expanded within the tissue, with limited contribution from circulating memory T cells. The transcriptional profile of CD103- TRM cells demonstrated maintenance of a gene signature similar to circulating T cells along with increased cytokine production and migratory potential. CD103- TRM cells also expressed genes associated with T cell receptor (TCR) activation and displayed enhanced TCR-mediated reactivation both in vitro and in vivo compared with their CD103+ counterparts. These studies reveal the limited recall potential of CD103+ TRM subsets and the role of CD103- TRM cells as central memory-like T cells within peripheral tissues.
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15
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Cao S, Jiao Y, Jiang W, Wu Y, Qin S, Ren Y, You Y, Tan Y, Guo X, Chen H, Zhang Y, Wu G, Wang T, Zhou Y, Song Y, Cui Y, Shao F, Yang R, Du Z. Subversion of GBP-mediated host defense by E3 ligases acquired during Yersinia pestis evolution. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4526. [PMID: 35927280 PMCID: PMC9352726 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32218-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Plague has caused three worldwide pandemics in history, including the Black Death in medieval ages. Yersinia pestis, the etiological agent of plague, has evolved a powerful arsenal to disrupt host immune defenses during evolution from enteropathogenic Y. pseudotuberculosis. Here, we find that two functionally redundant E3 ligase of Y. pestis, YspE1 and YspE2, can be delivered via type III secretion injectisome into host cytosol where they ubiquitinate multiple guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) for proteasomal degradation. However, Y. pseudotuberculosis has no such capability due to lacking functional YspE1/2 homologs. YspE1/2-mediated GBP degradations significantly promote the survival of Y. pestis in macrophages and strongly inhibit inflammasome activation. By contrast, Gbpchr3−/−, chr5−/− macrophages exhibit much lowered inflammasome activation independent of YspE1/2, accompanied with an enhanced replication of Y. pestis. Accordingly, Gbpchr3−/−, chr5−/− mice are more susceptible to Y. pestis. We demonstrate that Y. pestis utilizes E3 ligases to subvert GBP-mediated host defense, which appears to be newly acquired by Y. pestis during evolution. Guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) recognize pathogen containing vacuoles, leading to lysis of this intracellular niche and induction of inflammasomes. Here, Cao et al. show that Y. pestis, the causative agent of plague, secret two functionally redundant E3 ligase, YspE1 and YspE2, into the host’s cytosol to ubiquitinate multiple GBPs for proteasomal degradation to subvert host immune defense. This capability appears to be newly acquired by Y. pestis during evolution, since its closely related progenitor Y. pseudotuberculosis is unable to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yarong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Si Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Yang You
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Yafang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Gengshan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Yazhou Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Yajun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Yujun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Shao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Ruifu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 100071, Beijing, China.
| | - Zongmin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 100071, Beijing, China.
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16
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Kienes I, Johnston EL, Bitto NJ, Kaparakis-Liaskos M, Kufer TA. Bacterial subversion of NLR-mediated immune responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:930882. [PMID: 35967403 PMCID: PMC9367220 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.930882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the mammalian Nod-like receptor (NLR) protein family are important intracellular sensors for bacteria. Bacteria have evolved under the pressure of detection by host immune sensing systems, leading to adaptive subversion strategies to dampen immune responses for their benefits. These include modification of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), interception of innate immune pathways by secreted effector proteins and sophisticated instruction of anti-inflammatory adaptive immune responses. Here, we summarise our current understanding of subversion strategies used by bacterial pathogens to manipulate NLR-mediated responses, focusing on the well-studied members NOD1/2, and the inflammasome forming NLRs NLRC4, and NLRP3. We discuss how bacterial pathogens and their products activate these NLRs to promote inflammation and disease and the range of mechanisms used by bacterial pathogens to evade detection by NLRs and to block or dampen NLR activation to ultimately interfere with the generation of host immunity. Moreover, we discuss how bacteria utilise NLRs to facilitate immunotolerance and persistence in the host and outline how various mechanisms used to attenuate innate immune responses towards bacterial pathogens can also aid the host by reducing immunopathologies. Finally, we describe the therapeutic potential of harnessing immune subversion strategies used by bacteria to treat chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Kienes
- Department of Immunology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ella L. Johnston
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalie J. Bitto
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Maria Kaparakis-Liaskos
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Thomas A. Kufer
- Department of Immunology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- *Correspondence: Thomas A. Kufer,
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17
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Abstract
Rotaviruses represent one of the most successful pathogens in the world, with high infectivity and efficient transmission between the young of many animal species, including humans. To overcome host defenses, rotaviruses have evolved a plethora of strategies to effectively evade the innate immune response, establish initial infection in the small intestine, produce progeny, and shed into the environment. Previously, studying the roles and relative contributions of specific rotaviral factors in innate immune evasion had been challenging without a plasmid-only reverse genetics system. Although still in its infancy, current reverse genetics technology will help address important research questions regarding rotavirus innate immune evasion, host range restriction, and viral pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the antiviral host innate immune defense mechanisms, countermeasures of rotavirus-encoded factors, and strategies to better understand these interactions using the rotavirus reverse genetics system.
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18
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Challagundla N, Saha B, Agrawal-Rajput R. Insights into inflammasome regulation: cellular, molecular, and pathogenic control of inflammasome activation. Immunol Res 2022; 70:578-606. [PMID: 35610534 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-022-09286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of immune homeostasis is an intricate process wherein inflammasomes play a pivotal role by contributing to innate and adaptive immune responses. Inflammasomes are ensembles of adaptor proteins that can trigger a signal following innate sensing of pathogens or non-pathogens eventuating in the inductions of IL-1β and IL-18. These inflammatory cytokines substantially influence the antigen-presenting cell's costimulatory functions and T helper cell differentiation, contributing to adaptive immunity. As acute and chronic disease conditions may accompany parallel tissue damage, we analyze the critical role of extracellular factors such as cytokines, amyloids, cholesterol crystals, etc., intracellular metabolites, and signaling molecules regulating inflammasome activation/inhibition. We develop an operative framework for inflammasome function and regulation by host cell factors and pathogens. While inflammasomes influence the innate and adaptive immune components' interplay modulating the anti-pathogen adaptive immune response, pathogens may target inflammasome inhibition as a survival strategy. As trapped between health and diseases, inflammasomes serve as promising therapeutic targets and their modus operandi serves as a scientific rationale for devising better therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Challagundla
- Immunology lab, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382007, India
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Lab-5, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Reena Agrawal-Rajput
- Immunology lab, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382007, India.
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19
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LaRock DL, Johnson AF, Wilde S, Sands JS, Monteiro MP, LaRock CN. Group A Streptococcus induces GSDMA-dependent pyroptosis in keratinocytes. Nature 2022; 605:527-531. [PMID: 35545676 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04717-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gasdermins (GSDMs) are a family of pore-forming effectors that permeabilize the cell membrane during the cell death program pyroptosis1. GSDMs are activated by proteolytic removal of autoinhibitory carboxy-terminal domains, typically by caspase regulators1-9. However, no activator is known for one member of this family, GSDMA. Here we show that the major human pathogen group A Streptococcus (GAS) secretes a protease virulence factor, SpeB, that induces GSDMA-dependent pyroptosis. SpeB cleavage of GSDMA releases an active amino-terminal fragment that can insert into membranes to form lytic pores. GSDMA is primarily expressed in the skin10, and keratinocytes infected with SpeB-expressing GAS die of GSDMA-dependent pyroptosis. Mice have three homologues of human GSDMA, and triple-knockout mice are more susceptible to invasive infection by a pandemic hypervirulent M1T1 clone of GAS. These results indicate that GSDMA is critical in the immune defence against invasive skin infections by GAS. Furthermore, they show that GSDMs can act independently of host regulators as direct sensors of exogenous proteases. As SpeB is essential for tissue invasion and survival within skin cells, these results suggest that GSDMA can act akin to a guard protein that directly detects concerning virulence activities of microorganisms that present a severe infectious threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris L LaRock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anders F Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shyra Wilde
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jenna S Sands
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marcos P Monteiro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christopher N LaRock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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20
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Activation and manipulation of inflammasomes and pyroptosis during bacterial infections. Biochem J 2022; 479:867-882. [PMID: 35438136 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Following detection of pathogen infection and disrupted cellular homeostasis, cells can activate a range of cell death pathways, such as apoptosis, necroptosis and pyroptosis, as part of their defence strategy. The initiation of pro-inflammatory, lytic pyroptosis is controlled by inflammasomes, which respond to a range of cellular perturbations. As is true for many host defence pathways, pathogens have evolved multiple mechanisms to subvert this pathway, many of which have only recently been described. Herein, we will discuss the mechanisms by which inflammasomes sense pathogen invasion and initiate pyroptosis and the effector mechanisms used by pathogens to suppress this pathway and preserve their niche.
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21
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Tummers B, Green DR. The evolution of regulated cell death pathways in animals and their evasion by pathogens. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:411-454. [PMID: 34898294 PMCID: PMC8676434 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00002.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The coevolution of host-pathogen interactions underlies many human physiological traits associated with protection from or susceptibility to infections. Among the mechanisms that animals utilize to control infections are the regulated cell death pathways of pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis. Over the course of evolution these pathways have become intricate and complex, coevolving with microbes that infect animal hosts. Microbes, in turn, have evolved strategies to interfere with the pathways of regulated cell death to avoid eradication by the host. Here, we present an overview of the mechanisms of regulated cell death in Animalia and the strategies devised by pathogens to interfere with these processes. We review the molecular pathways of regulated cell death, their roles in infection, and how they are perturbed by viruses and bacteria, providing insights into the coevolution of host-pathogen interactions and cell death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Tummers
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
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22
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Role of the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Virulence Plasmid in Pathogen-Phagocyte Interactions in Mesenteric Lymph Nodes. EcoSal Plus 2021; 9:eESP00142021. [PMID: 34910573 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0014-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is an Enterobacteriaceae family member that is commonly transmitted by the fecal-oral route to cause infections. From the small intestine, Y. pseudotuberculosis can invade through Peyer's patches and lymph vessels to infect the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs). Infection of MLNs by Y. pseudotuberculosis results in the clinical presentation of mesenteric lymphadenitis. MLNs are important for immune responses to intestinal pathogens and microbiota in addition to their clinical relevance to Y. pseudotuberculosis infections. A characteristic of Y. pseudotuberculosis infection in MLNs is the formation of pyogranulomas. Pyogranulomas are composed of neutrophils, inflammatory monocytes, and lymphocytes surrounding extracellular microcolonies of Y. pseudotuberculosis. Key elements of the complex pathogen-host interaction in MLNs have been identified using mouse infection models. Y. pseudotuberculosis requires the virulence plasmid pYV to induce the formation of pyogranulomas in MLNs. The YadA adhesin and the Ysc-Yop type III secretion system (T3SS) are encoded on pYV. YadA mediates bacterial binding to host receptors, which engages the T3SS to preferentially translocate seven Yop effectors into phagocytes. The effectors promote pathogenesis by blocking innate immune defenses such as superoxide production, degranulation, and inflammasome activation, resulting in survival and growth of Y. pseudotuberculosis. On the other hand, certain effectors can trigger immune defenses in phagocytes. For example, YopJ triggers activation of caspase-8 and an apoptotic cell death response in monocytes within pyogranulomas that limits dissemination of Y. pseudotuberculosis from MLNs to the bloodstream. YopE can be processed as an antigen by phagocytes in MLNs, resulting in T and B cell responses to Y. pseudotuberculosis. Immune responses to Y. pseudotuberculosis in MLNs can also be detrimental to the host in the form of chronic lymphadenopathy. This review focuses on interactions between Y. pseudotuberculosis and phagocytes mediated by pYV that concurrently promote pathogenesis and host defense in MLNs. We propose that MLN pyogranulomas are immunological arenas in which opposing pYV-driven forces determine the outcome of infection in favor of the pathogen or host.
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23
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Uğurlu Ö, Evran S. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay to explore protein-protein interactions of the Yersinia virulence factor YopM. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 582:43-48. [PMID: 34689104 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Yersinia outer protein M (YopM) is one of the effector proteins and essential for virulence. YopM is delivered by the Yersinia type III secretion system (T3SS) into the host cell, where it shows immunosuppressive effect through interaction with host proteins. Therefore, protein-protein interactions of YopM is significant to understand its molecular mechanism. In this study, we aimed to explore protein-protein interactions of YopM with the two components of T3SS, namely LcrV and LcrG. We used bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay and monitored the reassembly of green fluorescence protein in Escherichia coli. As an indicator of the protein-protein interaction, we monitored the in vivo reconstitution of fluorescence by measuring fluorescence intensity and imaging the cells under fluorescence microscope. We showed, for the first time, that YopM interacts with LcrG, but not with LcrV. Here, we propose BiFC assay as a simple method to screen novel interaction partners of YopM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Uğurlu
- Ege University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, 35100, Bornova-Izmir, Turkey; Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Hatay Vocational School of Health Services, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Tayfur Sökmen Campus, 31060, Alahan-Antakya/ Hatay, Turkey
| | - Serap Evran
- Ege University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, 35100, Bornova-Izmir, Turkey.
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24
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Sontyana B, Shrivastava R, Battu S, Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay S. Phagosome maturation and modulation of macrophage effector function by intracellular pathogens: target for therapeutics. Future Microbiol 2021; 17:59-76. [PMID: 34877879 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are important cells that regulate various innate functions. Macrophages after engulfment of pathogens proceed for phagosome maturation and finally fuse with lysosomes to kill pathogens. Although pathogen degradation is one of the important functions of phagosomes, various immune-effector functions of macrophages are also dependent on the phagosome maturation process. This review discusses signaling processes regulating phagosome maturation as well as various effector functions of macrophages such as apoptosis, antigen presentation, autophagy and inflammasome that are dependent on the phagosome maturation process. It also discusses strategies adopted by various intracellular pathogens to counteract these functions to evade intracellular destruction mechanisms. These studies may give direction for the development of new therapeutics to control various intracellular infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahmaji Sontyana
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500039, Telangana, India.,Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Rohini Shrivastava
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500039, Telangana, India.,Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Srikanth Battu
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500039, Telangana, India
| | - Sudip Ghosh
- Molecular Biology Unit, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai Osmania PO, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Sangita Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500039, Telangana, India
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyu Li
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Long Zhang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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26
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Luchetti G, Roncaioli JL, Chavez RA, Schubert AF, Kofoed EM, Reja R, Cheung TK, Liang Y, Webster JD, Lehoux I, Skippington E, Reeder J, Haley B, Tan MW, Rose CM, Newton K, Kayagaki N, Vance RE, Dixit VM. Shigella ubiquitin ligase IpaH7.8 targets gasdermin D for degradation to prevent pyroptosis and enable infection. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:1521-1530.e10. [PMID: 34492225 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pore-forming protein gasdermin D (GSDMD) executes lytic cell death called pyroptosis to eliminate the replicative niche of intracellular pathogens. Evolution favors pathogens that circumvent this host defense mechanism. Here, we show that the Shigella ubiquitin ligase IpaH7.8 functions as an inhibitor of GSDMD. Shigella is an enteroinvasive bacterium that causes hemorrhagic gastroenteritis in primates, but not rodents. IpaH7.8 contributes to species specificity by ubiquitinating human, but not mouse, GSDMD and targeting it for proteasomal degradation. Accordingly, infection of human epithelial cells with IpaH7.8-deficient Shigella flexneri results in increased GSDMD-dependent cell death compared with wild type. Consistent with pyroptosis contributing to murine disease resistance, eliminating GSDMD from NLRC4-deficient mice, which are already sensitized to oral infection with Shigella flexneri, leads to further enhanced bacterial replication and increased disease severity. This work highlights a species-specific pathogen arms race focused on maintenance of host cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Luchetti
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Justin L Roncaioli
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Berkeley CA 94720, USA
| | - Roberto A Chavez
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Berkeley CA 94720, USA
| | - Alexander F Schubert
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Eric M Kofoed
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Rohit Reja
- Department of Oncology Bioinformatics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Tommy K Cheung
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, and Lipidomics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yuxin Liang
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, and Lipidomics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Joshua D Webster
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Isabelle Lehoux
- Department of Biomolecular Resources, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Elizabeth Skippington
- Department of OMNI Bioinformatics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Janina Reeder
- Department of OMNI Bioinformatics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Benjamin Haley
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Man Wah Tan
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Christopher M Rose
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, and Lipidomics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Kim Newton
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Nobuhiko Kayagaki
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Russell E Vance
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Berkeley CA 94720, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720, USA
| | - Vishva M Dixit
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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Sheppe AEF, Santelices J, Czyz DM, Edelmann MJ. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis YopJ Limits Macrophage Response by Downregulating COX-2-Mediated Biosynthesis of PGE2 in a MAPK/ERK-Dependent Manner. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0049621. [PMID: 34319170 PMCID: PMC8552654 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00496-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is an essential immunomodulatory lipid released by cells in response to infection with many bacteria, yet its function in macrophage-mediated bacterial clearance is poorly understood. Yersinia overall inhibits the inflammatory circuit, but its effect on PGE2 production is unknown. We hypothesized that one of the Yersinia effector proteins is responsible for the inhibition of PGE2 biosynthesis. We identified that yopB-deficient Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis deficient in the secretion of virulence proteins via a type 3 secretion system (T3SS) failed to inhibit PGE2 biosynthesis in macrophages. Consistently, COX-2-mediated PGE2 biosynthesis is upregulated in cells treated with heat-killed or T3SS-deficient Y. pseudotuberculosis but diminished in the presence of a MAPK/ERK inhibitor. Mutants expressing catalytically inactive YopJ induce similar levels of PGE2 as heat-killed or ΔyopB Y. pseudotuberculosis, reversed by YopJ complementation. Shotgun proteomics discovered host pathways regulated in a YopJ-mediated manner, including pathways regulating PGE2 synthesis and oxidative phosphorylation. Consequently, this study identified that YopJ-mediated inhibition of MAPK signal transduction serves as a mechanism targeting PGE2, an alternative means of inflammasome inhibition by Yersinia. Finally, we showed that EP4 signaling supports macrophage function in clearing intracellular bacteria. In summary, our unique contribution was to determine a bacterial virulence factor that targets COX-2 transcription, thereby enhancing the intracellular survival of yersiniae. Future studies should investigate whether PGE2 or its stable synthetic derivatives could serve as a potential therapeutic molecule to improve the outcomes of specific bacterial infections. Since other pathogens encode YopJ homologs, this mechanism is expected to be present in other infections. IMPORTANCE PGE2 is a critical immunomodulatory lipid, but its role in bacterial infection and pathogen clearance is poorly understood. We previously demonstrated that PGE2 leads to macrophage polarization toward the M1 phenotype and stimulates inflammasome activation in infected macrophages. Finally, we also discovered that PGE2 improved the clearance of Y. enterocolitica. The fact that Y. enterocolitica hampers PGE2 secretion in a type 3 secretion system (T3SS)-dependent manner and because PGE2 appears to assist macrophage in the clearance of this bacterium indicates that targeting of the eicosanoid pathway by Yersinia might be an adaption used to counteract host defenses. Our study identified a mechanism used by Yersinia that obstructs PGE2 biosynthesis in human macrophages. We showed that Y. pseudotuberculosis interferes with PGE2 biosynthesis by using one of its T3SS effectors, YopJ. Specifically, YopJ targets the host COX-2 enzyme responsible for PGE2 biosynthesis, which happens in a MAPK/ER-dependent manner. Moreover, in a shotgun proteomics study, we also discovered other pathways that catalytically active YopJ targets in the infected macrophages. YopJ was revealed to play a role in limiting host LPS responses, including repression of EGR1 and JUN proteins, which control transcriptional activation of proinflammatory cytokine production such as interleukin-1β. Since YopJ has homologs in other bacterial species, there are likely other pathogens that target and inhibit PGE2 biosynthesis. In summary, our study's unique contribution was to determine a bacterial virulence factor that targets COX-2 transcription. Future studies should investigate whether PGE2 or its stable synthetic derivatives could serve as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin E. F. Sheppe
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - John Santelices
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Daniel M. Czyz
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mariola J. Edelmann
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Delaney MA, Hartigh AD, Carpentier SJ, Birkland TP, Knowles DP, Cookson BT, Frevert CW. Avoidance of the NLRP3 Inflammasome by the Stealth Pathogen, Coxiella burnetii. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:624-642. [PMID: 33357072 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820981369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii, a highly adapted obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen and the cause of the zoonosis Q fever, is a reemerging public health threat. C. burnetii employs a Type IV secretion system (T4SS) to establish and maintain its intracellular niche and modulate host immune responses including the inhibition of apoptosis. Interactions between C. burnetii and caspase-1-mediated inflammasomes are not fully elucidated. This study confirms that C. burnetii does not activate caspase-1 during infection of mouse macrophages in vitro. C. burnetii-infected cells did not develop NLRP3 and ASC foci indicating its ability to avoid cytosolic detection. C. burnetii is unable to inhibit the pyroptosis and IL-1β secretion that is induced by potent inflammasome stimuli but rather enhances these caspase-1-mediated effects. We found that C. burnetii upregulates pro-IL-1β and robustly primes NLRP3 inflammasomes via TLR2 and MyD88 signaling. As for wildtype C. burnetii, T4SS-deficient mutants primed and potentiated NLRP3 inflammasomes. An in vivo model of pulmonary infection in C57BL/6 mice was developed. Mice deficient in NLRP3 or caspase-1 were like wildtype mice in the development and resolution of splenomegaly due to red pulp hyperplasia, and histologic lesions and macrophage kinetics, but had slightly higher pulmonary bacterial burdens at the greatest measured time point. Together these findings indicate that C. burnetii primes but avoids cytosolic detection by NLRP3 inflammasomes, which are not required for the clinical resistance of C57BL/6 mice. Determining mechanisms employed by C. burnetii to avoid cytosolic detection via NLRP3 inflammasomes will be beneficial to the development of preventative and interventional therapies for Q fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha A Delaney
- Departments of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, and the Comparative Pathology Program, 7284University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Current address: Martha A. Delaney, Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois, Brookfield, IL, USA
| | - Andreas den Hartigh
- Departments of Microbiology and Lab Medicine, 7284University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Samuel J Carpentier
- Departments of Microbiology and Lab Medicine, 7284University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Timothy P Birkland
- Departments of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, and the Comparative Pathology Program, 7284University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Donald P Knowles
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, 6760Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - Brad T Cookson
- Departments of Microbiology and Lab Medicine, 7284University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Charles W Frevert
- Departments of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, and the Comparative Pathology Program, 7284University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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Paradoxical Temporal Enlargement: An Expansion of Superficial Temporal Fat Pad Following Interfacial Technique for Pterional Craniotomy. J Craniofac Surg 2021; 32:2597-2602. [PMID: 34183631 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000007730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Contour irregularities in the temporal region have been reported previously after procedures involving temporal dissection. In this study, we report paradoxical temporal enlargement (PTE) following interfascial pterional craniotomy. METHODS A retrospective review of patients who underwent a unilateral transcranial procedure with frontotemporal approach at our institution between September 2013 and December 2017 was performed. Patients with a previous craniotomy or bilateral craniotomy were excluded. Radiological imaging series including computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging were utilized to calculate temporal soft tissue volumes both preoperatively and postoperatively by using advanced software technology. Relative soft tissue volume differences between the operative side and the contralateral side were calculated at different time-points including preoperative, 3-months follow-up (3M), 12-months (12M) follow-up, and the last follow-up (LFU, over 1-year). RESULTS Forty-three patients were included. Mean age was 52.7 ± 4.5 years. Mean follow-up was 27.9 ± 15.8 months. Significant changes of temporal fat pad relative-volume difference were observed between the preoperative and the corresponding 3M (t [82] = -2.8865, P = 0.0050); 12M (t [77] = -4.4321, P < 0.0001), and LFU (t [74] = -4.9862, P < 0.0001) postoperative time points. No significant change of the temporalis muscle was observed between the preoperative and the corresponding 3M (P = 0.3629), 12M (P = 0.1553), or LFU (P = 0.0715). Soft tissue volume showed a significant increase on the operative side between the preoperative and the corresponding LFU (t [74] = -2.5866, P = 0.0117). CONCLUSIONS Paradoxical temporal enlargement with more than 10% volumetric change was observed in 24% of the patients at their LFU (>1-year). This change was not due to temporalis muscle changes. Paradoxical temporal enlargement was due to hypertrophy of the superficial temporal fat pad. Before surgical correction of postoperative temporal contour changes, it is important to obtain imaging and characterize the etiology of the deformity.
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Hajra D, Nair AV, Chakravortty D. An elegant nano-injection machinery for sabotaging the host: Role of Type III secretion system in virulence of different human and animal pathogenic bacteria. Phys Life Rev 2021; 38:25-54. [PMID: 34090822 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Various Gram-negative bacteria possess a specialized membrane-bound protein secretion system known as the Type III secretion system (T3SS), which transports the bacterial effector proteins into the host cytosol thereby helping in bacterial pathogenesis. The T3SS has a special needle-like translocon that can sense the contact with the host cell membrane and translocate effectors. The export apparatus of T3SS recognizes these effector proteins bound to chaperones and translocates them into the host cell. Once in the host cell cytoplasm, these effector proteins result in modulation of the host system and promote bacterial localization and infection. Using molecular biology, bioinformatics, genetic techniques, electron microscopic studies, and mathematical modeling, the structure and function of the T3SS and the corresponding effector proteins in various bacteria have been studied. The strategies used by different human pathogenic bacteria to modulate the host system and thereby enhance their virulence mechanism using T3SS have also been well studied. Here we review the history, evolution, and general structure of the T3SS, highlighting the details of its comparison with the flagellar export machinery. Also, this article provides mechanistic details about the common role of T3SS in subversion and manipulation of host cellular processes. Additionally, this review describes specific T3SS apparatus and the role of their specific effectors in bacterial pathogenesis by considering several human and animal pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipasree Hajra
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, India
| | - Abhilash Vijay Nair
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, India
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Abstract
Nearly all animal cells contain proteins evolved to trigger the destruction of the cell in which they reside. The activation of these proteins occurs via sequential programs, and much effort has been expended in delineating the molecular mechanisms underlying the resulting processes of programmed cell death (PCD). These efforts have led to the definition of apoptosis as a form of nonimmunogenic PCD that is required for normal development and tissue homeostasis, and of pyroptosis and necroptosis as forms of PCD initiated by pathogen infection that are associated with inflammation and immune activation. While this paradigm has served the field well, numerous recent studies have highlighted cross talk between these programs, challenging the idea that apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis are linear pathways with defined immunological outputs. Here, we discuss the emerging idea of cell death as a signaling network, considering connections between cell death pathways both as we observe them now and in their evolutionary origins. We also discuss the engagement and subversion of cell death pathways by pathogens, as well as the key immunological outcomes of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelise G Snyder
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Andrew Oberst
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA;
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Ta A, Vanaja SK. Inflammasome activation and evasion by bacterial pathogens. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 68:125-133. [PMID: 33338767 PMCID: PMC7925435 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune system plays an essential role in combating infectious diseases by recognizing invading pathogens and activating host defense response. Inflammasomes complexes are a central component of the cytosolic innate immune surveillance and are vital in host defense against bacterial pathogens. Bacterial products or pathogen-induced modifications in the intracellular environment are sensed by the inflammasome receptors that form complexes that serve as a platform for caspase-1-dependent or caspase-11-dependent induction of pyroptosis and secretion of cytokines, IL-1β and IL-18. However, several pathogenic bacteria have developed strategies to evade inflammasome activation. This review highlights the recent advances in the mechanism of inflammasome activation by bacterial pathogens and some of the bacterial evasion strategies of inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atri Ta
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Sivapriya Kailasan Vanaja
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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33
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Hanford HE, Von Dwingelo J, Abu Kwaik Y. Bacterial nucleomodulins: A coevolutionary adaptation to the eukaryotic command center. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009184. [PMID: 33476322 PMCID: PMC7819608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Through long-term interactions with their hosts, bacterial pathogens have evolved unique arsenals of effector proteins that interact with specific host targets and reprogram the host cell into a permissive niche for pathogen proliferation. The targeting of effector proteins into the host cell nucleus for modulation of nuclear processes is an emerging theme among bacterial pathogens. These unique pathogen effector proteins have been termed in recent years as "nucleomodulins." The first nucleomodulins were discovered in the phytopathogens Agrobacterium and Xanthomonas, where their nucleomodulins functioned as eukaryotic transcription factors or integrated themselves into host cell DNA to promote tumor induction, respectively. Numerous nucleomodulins were recently identified in mammalian pathogens. Bacterial nucleomodulins are an emerging family of pathogen effector proteins that evolved to target specific components of the host cell command center through various mechanisms. These mechanisms include: chromatin dynamics, histone modification, DNA methylation, RNA splicing, DNA replication, cell cycle, and cell signaling pathways. Nucleomodulins may induce short- or long-term epigenetic modifications of the host cell. In this extensive review, we discuss the current knowledge of nucleomodulins from plant and mammalian pathogens. While many nucleomodulins are already identified, continued research is instrumental in understanding their mechanisms of action and the role they play during the progression of pathogenesis. The continued study of nucleomodulins will enhance our knowledge of their effects on nuclear chromatin dynamics, protein homeostasis, transcriptional landscapes, and the overall host cell epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E. Hanford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Juanita Von Dwingelo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Yousef Abu Kwaik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Center for Predicative Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
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34
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Sun J, LaRock DL, Skowronski EA, Kimmey JM, Olson J, Jiang Z, O'Donoghue AJ, Nizet V, LaRock CN. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa protease LasB directly activates IL-1β. EBioMedicine 2020; 60:102984. [PMID: 32979835 PMCID: PMC7511813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary damage by Pseudomonas aeruginosa during cystic fibrosis lung infection and ventilator-associated pneumonia is mediated both by pathogen virulence factors and host inflammation. Impaired immune function due to tissue damage and inflammation, coupled with pathogen multidrug resistance, complicates the management of these deep-seated infections. Pathological inflammation during infection is driven by interleukin-1β (IL-1β), but the molecular processes involved are not fully understood. METHODS We examined IL-1β activation in a pulmonary model infection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and in vitro using genetics, specific inhibitors, recombinant proteins, and targeted reporters of protease activity and IL-1β bioactivity. FINDINGS Caspase-family inflammasome proteases canonically regulate maturation of this proinflammatory cytokine, but we report that plasticity in IL-1β proteolytic activation allows for its direct maturation by the pseudomonal protease LasB. LasB promotes IL-1β activation, neutrophilic inflammation, and destruction of lung architecture characteristic of severe P. aeruginosa pulmonary infection. INTERPRETATION Preservation of lung function and effective immune clearance may be enhanced by selectively controlling inflammation. Discovery of this IL-1β regulatory mechanism provides a distinct target for anti-inflammatory therapeutics, such as matrix metalloprotease inhibitors that inhibit LasB and limit inflammation and pathology during P. aeruginosa pulmonary infections. FUNDING Full details are provided in the Acknowledgements section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Sun
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Doris L LaRock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta GA, United States
| | - Elaine A Skowronski
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Joshua Olson
- Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Zhenze Jiang
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Anthony J O'Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Victor Nizet
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Christopher N LaRock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta GA, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta GA, United States; Antimicrobial Resistance Center, Emory University, Atlanta GA, United States.
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35
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Schubert KA, Xu Y, Shao F, Auerbuch V. The Yersinia Type III Secretion System as a Tool for Studying Cytosolic Innate Immune Surveillance. Annu Rev Microbiol 2020; 74:221-245. [PMID: 32660389 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-020518-120221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microbial pathogens have evolved complex mechanisms to interface with host cells in order to evade host defenses and replicate. However, mammalian innate immune receptors detect the presence of molecules unique to the microbial world or sense the activity of virulence factors, activating antimicrobial and inflammatory pathways. We focus on how studies of the major virulence factor of one group of microbial pathogens, the type III secretion system (T3SS) of human pathogenic Yersinia, have shed light on these important innate immune responses. Yersinia are largely extracellular pathogens, yet they insert T3SS cargo into target host cells that modulate the activity of cytosolic innate immune receptors. This review covers both the host pathways that detect the Yersinia T3SS and the effector proteins used by Yersinia to manipulate innate immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Andrea Schubert
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA;
| | - Yue Xu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Feng Shao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Victoria Auerbuch
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA;
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Gan J, Giogha C, Hartland EL. Molecular mechanisms employed by enteric bacterial pathogens to antagonise host innate immunity. Curr Opin Microbiol 2020; 59:58-64. [PMID: 32862049 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many Gram-negative enteric pathogens, including enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EPEC and EHEC), Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia species have evolved strategies to combat host defence mechanisms. Critical bacterial virulence factors, which often include but are not limited to type III secreted effector proteins, are deployed to cooperatively interfere with key host defence pathways. Recent studies in this area have not only contributed to our knowledge of bacterial pathogenesis, but have also shed light on the host pathways that are critical for controlling bacterial infection. In this review, we summarise recent breakthroughs in our understanding of the mechanisms utilised by enteric bacterial pathogens to rewire critical host innate immune responses, including cell death and inflammatory signaling and cell-intrinsic anti-microbial responses such as xenophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyao Gan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cristina Giogha
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth L Hartland
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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37
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Malik HS, Bliska JB. The pyrin inflammasome and the Yersinia effector interaction. Immunol Rev 2020; 297:96-107. [PMID: 32721043 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pyrin is a cytosolic pattern-recognition receptor that normally functions as a guard to trigger capase-1 inflammasome assembly in response to bacterial toxins and effectors that inactivate RhoA. The MEFV gene encoding human pyrin is preferentially expressed in phagocytes. Key domains in pyrin include a pyrin domain (PYD), a linker region, and a B30.2 domain. Binding of ASC to pyrin by a PYD-PYD interaction triggers inflammasome assembly. Pyrin is held in an inactive conformation by negative regulation mechanisms to avoid premature inflammasome assembly. One mechanism of negative regulation involves phosphorylation of the linker by PRK kinase which in turn is positively regulated by active RhoA. The B30.2 domain also negatively regulates pyrin. Gain of function mutations in MEFV responsible for the autoinflammatory disease Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) map to exon 10 encoding the B30.2 domain. Insights into pyrin regulation have come from studies of several Yersinia effectors, which are injected into phagocytes and interact with the RhoA-PRK-pyrin axis during infection. Two effectors, YopE and YopT, inactivate RhoA to disrupt phagocytic signaling. To counteract an effector-triggered immune response, a third effector, YopM, binds to and inhibits pyrin by hijacking PRK and RSK and directing linker phosphorylation. Inhibition of pyrin by YopM is required for virulence of Yersinia pestis, the agent of plague. Recent results from infection studies with human phagocytes and mice producing pyrin B30.2 FMF variants show that gain of function MEFV mutations bypass inhibition by YopM. Population genetic data suggest that MEFV mutations were selected for in individuals of Mediterranean decent during historic plague pandemics. This review discusses current concepts of pyrin regulation and its interaction with Yersinia effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleema S Malik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - James B Bliska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
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38
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Zeng CY, Li CG, Shu JX, Xu LH, Ouyang DY, Mai FY, Zeng QZ, Zhang CC, Li RM, He XH. ATP induces caspase-3/gasdermin E-mediated pyroptosis in NLRP3 pathway-blocked murine macrophages. Apoptosis 2020; 24:703-717. [PMID: 31175486 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-019-01551-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
ATP acts as a canonical activator to induce NLRP3 (NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3) inflammasome activation in macrophages, leading to caspase-1/gasdermin D (GSDMD)-mediated pyroptosis. It remains unclear whether ATP can induce pyroptosis in macrophages when the NLRP3 pathway is blocked by pathogenic infection. In this study, we used cellular models to mimic such blockade of NLRP3 activation: bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) treated with NLRP3-specific inhibitor MCC950 and RAW264.7 cells deficient in ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain) expression. The results showed that ATP treatment induced lytic cell death morphologically resembling canonical pyroptosis in both MCC950-treated BMDMs and RAW264.7 cells, but did not cause the activation of caspase-1 (by detecting caspase-1p10 and mature interleukin-1β) and cleavage of GSDMD. Instead, both apoptotic initiator (caspase-8 and -9) and executioner (caspase-3 and -7) caspases were evidently activated and gasdermin E (GSDME) was cleaved to generate its N-terminal fragment (GSDME-NT) which executes pyroptosis. The GSDME-NT production and lytic cell death induced by ATP were diminished by caspase-3 inhibitor. In BMDMs without MCC950 treatment, ATP induced the formation of ASC specks which were co-localized with caspase-8; with MCC950 treatment, however, ATP did not induced the formation of ASC specks. In RAW264.7 cells, knockdown of GSDME by small interfering RNA attenuated ATP-induced lytic cell death and HMGB1 release into culture supernatants. Collectively, our results indicate that ATP induces pyroptosis in macrophages through the caspase-3/GSDME axis when the canonical NLRP3 pathway is blocked, suggestive of an alternative mechanism for combating against pathogen evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Ying Zeng
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen-Guang Li
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Xiang Shu
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Hui Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Yun Ouyang
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng-Yi Mai
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiong-Zhen Zeng
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Zhang
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui-Man Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xian-Hui He
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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39
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Demarco B, Chen KW, Broz P. Cross talk between intracellular pathogens and cell death. Immunol Rev 2020; 297:174-193. [PMID: 32567717 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Infections with bacterial pathogens often results in the initiation of programmed cell death as part of the host innate immune defense, or as a bacterial virulence strategy. Induction of host cell death is controlled by an elaborate network of innate immune and cell death signaling pathways and manifests in different morphologically and functionally distinct forms of death, such as apoptosis, necroptosis, NETosis and pyroptosis. The mechanism by which host cell death restricts bacterial replication is highly cell-type and context depended, but its physiological importance is highlighted the diversity of strategies bacterial pathogens use to avoid induction of cell death or to block cell death signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss the latest insights into how bacterial pathogens elicit and manipulate cell death signaling, how different forms of cell death kill or restrict bacteria and how cell death and innate immune pathway cross talk to guard against pathogen-induced inhibition of host cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Demarco
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Kaiwen W Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Petr Broz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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40
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FitzGerald ES, Luz NF, Jamieson AM. Competitive Cell Death Interactions in Pulmonary Infection: Host Modulation Versus Pathogen Manipulation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:814. [PMID: 32508813 PMCID: PMC7248393 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of pulmonary infection, both hosts and pathogens have evolved a multitude of mechanisms to regulate the process of host cell death. The host aims to rapidly induce an inflammatory response at the site of infection, promote pathogen clearance, quickly resolve inflammation, and return to tissue homeostasis. The appropriate modulation of cell death in respiratory epithelial cells and pulmonary immune cells is central in the execution of all these processes. Cell death can be either inflammatory or anti-inflammatory depending on regulated cell death (RCD) modality triggered and the infection context. In addition, diverse bacterial pathogens have evolved many means to manipulate host cell death to increase bacterial survival and spread. The multitude of ways that hosts and bacteria engage in a molecular tug of war to modulate cell death dynamics during infection emphasizes its relevance in host responses and pathogen virulence at the host pathogen interface. This narrative review outlines several current lines of research characterizing bacterial pathogen manipulation of host cell death pathways in the lung. We postulate that understanding these interactions and the dynamics of intracellular and extracellular bacteria RCD manipulation, may lead to novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of intractable respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan S FitzGerald
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Nivea F Luz
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Amanda M Jamieson
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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41
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Sanchez‐Garrido J, Slater SL, Clements A, Shenoy AR, Frankel G. Vying for the control of inflammasomes: The cytosolic frontier of enteric bacterial pathogen-host interactions. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13184. [PMID: 32185892 PMCID: PMC7154749 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Enteric pathogen-host interactions occur at multiple interfaces, including the intestinal epithelium and deeper organs of the immune system. Microbial ligands and activities are detected by host sensors that elicit a range of immune responses. Membrane-bound toll-like receptors and cytosolic inflammasome pathways are key signal transducers that trigger the production of pro-inflammatory molecules, such as cytokines and chemokines, and regulate cell death in response to infection. In recent years, the inflammasomes have emerged as a key frontier in the tussle between bacterial pathogens and the host. Inflammasomes are complexes that activate caspase-1 and are regulated by related caspases, such as caspase-11, -4, -5 and -8. Importantly, enteric bacterial pathogens can actively engage or evade inflammasome signalling systems. Extracellular, vacuolar and cytosolic bacteria have developed divergent strategies to subvert inflammasomes. While some pathogens take advantage of inflammasome activation (e.g. Listeria monocytogenes, Helicobacter pylori), others (e.g. E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia sp.) deploy a range of virulence factors, mainly type 3 secretion system effectors, that subvert or inhibit inflammasomes. In this review we focus on inflammasome pathways and their immune functions, and discuss how enteric bacterial pathogens interact with them. These studies have not only shed light on inflammasome-mediated immunity, but also the exciting area of mammalian cytosolic immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Avinash R. Shenoy
- Department of Infectious Disease, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology & InfectionImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Gad Frankel
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonLondonUK
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42
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Lacey CA, Miao EA. Programmed Cell Death in the Evolutionary Race against Bacterial Virulence Factors. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a036459. [PMID: 31501197 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune sensors can recognize when host cells are irrevocably compromised by pathogens, and in response can trigger programmed cell death (pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis). Innate sensors can directly bind microbial ligands; for example, NAIP/NLRC4 detects flagellin/rod/needle, whereas caspase-11 detects lipopolysaccharide. Other sensors are guards that monitor normal function of cellular proteins; for instance, pyrin monitors Rho GTPases, whereas caspase-8 and receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK)3 guards RIPK1 transcriptional signaling. Some proteins that need to be guarded can be duplicated as decoy domains, as seen in the integrated decoy domains within NLRP1 that watch for microbial attack. Here, we discuss the evolutionary battle between pathogens and host innate immune sensors/guards, illustrated by the Red Queen hypothesis. We discuss in depth four pathogens, and how they either fail in this evolutionary race (Chromobacterium violaceum, Burkholderia thailandensis), or how the evolutionary race generates increasingly complex virulence factors and host innate immune signaling pathways (Yersinia species, and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli [EPEC]).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A Lacey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Edward A Miao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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43
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Winsor N, Krustev C, Bruce J, Philpott DJ, Girardin SE. Canonical and noncanonical inflammasomes in intestinal epithelial cells. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13079. [PMID: 31265745 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are cytosolic, multimeric protein complexes capable of activating pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-18, which play a key role in host defence. Inflammasome components are highly expressed in the intestinal epithelium. In recent years, studies have begun to demonstrate that epithelial-intrinsic inflammasomes play a critical role in regulating epithelial homeostasis, both by defending the epithelium from pathogenic insult and through the regulation of the mucosal environment. However, the majority of research regarding inflammasome activation has focused on professional immune cells, such as macrophages. Here, we present an overview of the current understanding of inflammasome function in epithelial cells and at mucosal surfaces and, in particular, in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Winsor
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christian Krustev
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica Bruce
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dana J Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen E Girardin
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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44
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Armstrong H, Bording-Jorgensen M, Chan R, Wine E. Nigericin Promotes NLRP3-Independent Bacterial Killing in Macrophages. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2296. [PMID: 31632394 PMCID: PMC6779719 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered microbiota has been associated with a number of diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases, diabetes, and cancer. This dysregulation is thought to relate the host inflammatory response to enteric pathogens. Macrophages play a key role in host response to microbes and are involved in bacterial killing and clearance. This process is partially mediated through the potassium efflux-dependent, cytosolic, PYCARD-containing inflammasome protein complex. Surprisingly, we discovered an alternative mechanism for bacterial killing, independent of the NLRP3 inflammasome/PYCARD. Using the NLRP3 inflammasome-deficient Raw 264.7 and PYCARD-deficient J77 macrophages, which both lack PYCARD, we found that the potassium efflux activator nigericin enhances bacterial killing. Macrophage response to nigericin was examined by RT gene profiling and subsequent qPCR, which demonstrated altered expression of a series of genes involved in the IL-18 bacterial killing pathway. Based on our results we propose a model of bacterial killing, unrelated to NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophage cells. Improving understanding of the molecular pathways driving bacterial clearance within macrophage cells will aid in the development of novel immune-targeted therapeutics in a number of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Armstrong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Centre of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research (CEGIIR), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Michael Bording-Jorgensen
- Centre of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research (CEGIIR), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Richard Chan
- Centre of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research (CEGIIR), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Eytan Wine
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Centre of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research (CEGIIR), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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45
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Hydrogen peroxide release by bacteria suppresses inflammasome-dependent innate immunity. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3493. [PMID: 31375698 PMCID: PMC6677825 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11169-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has a major function in host-microbial interactions. Although most studies have focused on the endogenous H2O2 produced by immune cells to kill microbes, bacteria can also produce H2O2. How microbial H2O2 influences the dynamics of host-microbial interactions is unclear. Here we show that H2O2 released by Streptococcus pneumoniae inhibits inflammasomes, key components of the innate immune system, contributing to the pathogen colonization of the host. We also show that the oral commensal H2O2-producing bacteria Streptococcus oralis can block inflammasome activation. This study uncovers an unexpected role of H2O2 in immune suppression and demonstrates how, through this mechanism, bacteria might restrain the immune system to co-exist with the host. The functions of microbial hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in host-pathogen interactions are unclear. Here, Erttmann and Gekara show that H2O2 released by Streptococcus pneumoniae inhibits inflammasomes, and thereby contributes to the pathogen’s ability to colonize the host.
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46
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LaRock DL, Sands JS, Ettouati E, Richard M, Bushway PJ, Adler ED, Nizet V, LaRock CN. Inflammasome inhibition blocks cardiac glycoside cell toxicity. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:12846-12854. [PMID: 31300552 PMCID: PMC6709640 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias have high morbidity and mortality, and drugs for the prevention and management of these diseases are a large part of the pharmaceutical market. Among these drugs are plant-derived cardiac glycosides, which have been used by various cultures over millennia as both medicines and poisons. We report that digoxin and related compounds activate the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages and cardiomyocytes at concentrations achievable during clinical use. Inflammasome activation initiates the maturation and release of the inflammatory cytokine IL-1β and the programmed cell death pathway pyroptosis in a caspase-1–dependent manner. Notably, the same fluxes of potassium and calcium cations that affect heart contraction also induce inflammasome activation in human but not murine cells. Pharmaceuticals that antagonize these fluxes, including glyburide and verapamil, also inhibit inflammasome activation by cardiac glycosides. Cardiac glycoside–induced cellular cytotoxicity and IL-1β signaling are likewise antagonized by inhibitors of the NLRP3 inflammasome or the IL-1 receptor–targeting biological agent anakinra. Our results inform on the molecular mechanism by which the inflammasome integrates the diverse signals that activate it through secondary signals like cation flux. Furthermore, this mechanism suggests a contribution of the inflammasome to the toxicity and adverse events associated with cardiac glycosides use in humans and that targeted anti-inflammatories could provide an additional adjunct therapeutic countermeasure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris L LaRock
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093.,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Jenna S Sands
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Ethan Ettouati
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093.,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Marine Richard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093.,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093.,Institut Supérieur de la Santé et des Bioproduits, Angers, France 49000
| | - Paul J Bushway
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Eric D Adler
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 .,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Christopher N LaRock
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 .,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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47
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Demeure C, Dussurget O, Fiol GM, Le Guern AS, Savin C, Pizarro-Cerdá J. Yersinia pestis and plague: an updated view on evolution, virulence determinants, immune subversion, vaccination and diagnostics. Microbes Infect 2019; 21:202-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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48
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Carpentier SJ, Ni M, Duggan JM, James RG, Cookson BT, Hamerman JA. The signaling adaptor BCAP inhibits NLRP3 and NLRC4 inflammasome activation in macrophages through interactions with Flightless-1. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/581/eaau0615. [PMID: 31088976 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aau0615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
B cell adaptor for phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) (BCAP) is a signaling adaptor that activates the PI3K pathway downstream of B cell receptor signaling in B cells and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling in macrophages. BCAP binds to the regulatory p85 subunit of class I PI3K and is a large, multidomain protein. We used proteomic analysis to identify other BCAP-interacting proteins in macrophages and found that BCAP specifically associated with the caspase-1 pseudosubstrate inhibitor Flightless-1 and its binding partner leucine-rich repeat flightless-interacting protein 2. Because these proteins inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome, we investigated the role of BCAP in inflammasome function. Independent of its effects on TLR priming, BCAP inhibited NLRP3- and NLRC4-induced caspase-1 activation, cell death, and IL-1β release from macrophages. Accordingly, caspase-1-dependent clearance of a Yersinia pseudotuberculosis mutant was enhanced in BCAP-deficient mice. Mechanistically, BCAP delayed the recruitment and activation of pro-caspase-1 within the NLRP3/ASC preinflammasome through its association with Flightless-1. Thus, BCAP is a multifunctional signaling adaptor that inhibits key pathogen-sensing pathways in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Carpentier
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Minjian Ni
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Duggan
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Richard G James
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Brad T Cookson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jessica A Hamerman
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA. .,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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49
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Yersinia pestis and plague: an updated view on evolution, virulence determinants, immune subversion, vaccination, and diagnostics. Genes Immun 2019; 20:357-370. [PMID: 30940874 PMCID: PMC6760536 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-019-0065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Plague is a vector-borne disease caused by Yersinia pestis. Transmitted by fleas from rodent reservoirs, Y. pestis emerged <6000 years ago from an enteric bacterial ancestor through events of gene gain and genome reduction. It is a highly remarkable model for the understanding of pathogenic bacteria evolution, and a major concern for public health as highlighted by recent human outbreaks. A complex set of virulence determinants, including the Yersinia outer-membrane proteins (Yops), the broad-range protease Pla, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and iron capture systems play critical roles in the molecular strategies that Y. pestis employs to subvert the human immune system, allowing unrestricted bacterial replication in lymph nodes (bubonic plague) and in lungs (pneumonic plague). Some of these immunogenic proteins as well as the capsular antigen F1 are exploited for diagnostic purposes, which are critical in the context of the rapid onset of death in the absence of antibiotic treatment (less than a week for bubonic plague and <48 h for pneumonic plague). Here, we review recent research advances on Y. pestis evolution, virulence factor function, bacterial strategies to subvert mammalian innate immune responses, vaccination, and problems associated with pneumonic plague diagnosis.
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50
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Schesser Bartra S, Lorica C, Qian L, Gong X, Bahnan W, Barreras H, Hernandez R, Li Z, Plano GV, Schesser K. Chromosomally-Encoded Yersinia pestis Type III Secretion Effector Proteins Promote Infection in Cells and in Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:23. [PMID: 30854334 PMCID: PMC6396649 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, possesses a number of virulence mechanisms that allows it to survive and proliferate during its interaction with the host. To discover additional infection-specific Y. pestis factors, a transposon site hybridization (TraSH)-based genome-wide screen was employed to identify genomic regions required for its survival during cellular infection. In addition to several well-characterized infection-specific genes, this screen identified three chromosomal genes (y3397, y3399, and y3400), located in an apparent operon, that promoted successful infection. Each of these genes is predicted to encode a leucine-rich repeat family protein with or without an associated ubiquitin E3 ligase domain. These genes were designated Yersinia leucine-rich repeat gene A (ylrA), B (ylrB), and C (ylrC). Engineered strains with deletions of y3397 (ylrC), y3399 (ylrB), or y3400 (ylrA), exhibited infection defects both in cultured cells and in the mouse. C-terminal FLAG-tagged YlrA, YlrB, and YlrC were secreted by Y. pestis in the absence but not the presence of extracellular calcium and deletions of the DNA sequences encoding the predicted N-terminal type III secretion signals of YlrA, YlrB, and YlrC prevented their secretion, indicating that these proteins are substrates of the type III secretion system (T3SS). Further strengthening the connection with the T3SS, YlrB was readily translocated into HeLa cells and expression of the YlrA and YlrC proteins in yeast inhibited yeast growth, indicating that these proteins may function as anti-host T3S effector proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Schesser Bartra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Cherish Lorica
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Lianfen Qian
- Department of Mathematics, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
| | - Xin Gong
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
| | - Wael Bahnan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Henry Barreras
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Rosmely Hernandez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Zhongwei Li
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
| | - Gregory V Plano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Kurt Schesser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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