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Xie Z, Koysomboon C, Zhang H, Lu Z, Zhang X, Chen F. Vinegar Volatile Organic Compounds: Analytical Methods, Constituents, and Formation Processes. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:907883. [PMID: 35847078 PMCID: PMC9279916 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.907883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vinegar is an acid condiment shared all over the world. According to the raw materials, vinegar can be mainly divided into fruit and cereal ones, both of which possess unique aroma and flavor characteristics and corresponding volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Many studies about vinegar VOCs' (VVOCs) sorts, analytical methods, and forming mechanisms have been done. In this review, the main categories of vinegar and their distribution in the world are briefly introduced, then VVOCs' analytical and identified methods, types, and forming processes are summarized. Additionally, the VVOCs' research directions are discussed and prospected. According to the searched literatures, this study is the first to systematically review the analytical methods, sorts, and formation mechanisms of VVOCs, which will make the readers better understand the vinegar's aromas and flavors and their producing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Xie
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chanisara Koysomboon
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenming Lu
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiuyan Zhang
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fusheng Chen
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC×GC-MS) is a powerful tool for the analysis of complex mixtures, and it is ideally suited to discovery studies where the entire sample is potentially of interest. Unfortunately, when unit mass resolution mass spectrometers are used, many detected compounds have spectra that do not match well with libraries. This could be due to the compound not being in the library, or the compound having a weak/nonexistent molecular ion cluster. While high-speed, high-resolution mass spectrometers, or ion sources with softer ionization than 70 eV electron impact (EI) may help with some of this, many GC×GC systems presently in use employ low-resolution mass spectrometers and 70 eV EI ionization. Scripting tools that apply filters to GC×GC-TOFMS data based on logical operations applied to spectral and/or retention data have been used previously for environmental and petroleum samples. This approach rapidly filters GC×GC-TOFMS peak tables (or raw data) and is available in software from multiple vendors. In this work, we present a series of scripts that have been developed to rapidly classify major groups of compounds that are of relevance to metabolomics studies including: fatty acid methyl esters, free fatty acids, aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, amino acids, and carbohydrates.
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Liu H, Ma S, Zhang X, Yu Y. Application of thermal desorption methods for airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon measurement: A critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:113018. [PMID: 31419659 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Thermal desorption (TD) is a universal solvent-free pre-concentration technique. It is often used to pre-concentrate semi-volatile and volatile organic compounds in various sample types. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread contaminants from incomplete combustion of organic matter and fossil fuel, which have carcinogenic effects on human health. Conventional methods for determining PAHs, represented by solvent extraction, are gradually being replaced by solvent-free methods, typically the TD technique, because of TD's many advantages, including time savings and environmentally friendly treatment. This work presents an extensive review of the universal methods used to determine PAHs in the atmosphere based on the TD technique. The methods currently used for collection and detection of both gas- and particle-phase PAHs in the air are critically reviewed. In addition, the operating parameters of the TD unit are summarized and discussed. The design shortcomings of existing studies and the problems that researchers should address are presented, and promising alternatives are suggested. This paper also discusses important parameters, such as reproducibility and limit of detection, that form a crucial part of quality assurance. Finally, the limitations and the future prospects of the TD technique for use in airborne PAH analyses are addressed. This is the first review of the latest developments of the TD technique for analysis of PAHs and their derivatives in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515100, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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4
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Characterising Particulate Organic Nitrogen at A Savannah-Grassland Region in South Africa. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10090492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although atmospheric organic N compounds are considered to be important, especially in new particle formation and their contribution to brown carbon, these species are not that well understood. This can be partially attributed to their chemical complexity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the characteristics of organic N compounds utilising comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (GCxGC-TOFMS) in aerosol samples that were collected at a savanna-grassland background region and to determine the possible sources. 135 atmospheric organic N compounds were tentatively characterised and semi-quantified, which included amines, nitriles, amides, urea, pyridine derivatives, amino acids, nitro-and nitroso compounds, imines, cyanates and isocyanates, and azo compounds. Amines contributed to 51% of the semi-quantified concentrations, while nitriles, pyridine derivatives, and amides comprised 20%, 11%, and 8%, respectively, of the semi-quantified concentrations. Amines, nitriles, amides, and pyridine derivatives concentrations were higher during the dry season, which were attributed to meteorology and open biomass burning. Anthropogenic sources impacting air masses measured at Welgegund, as well as regional agricultural activities, were considered as the major sources of amines, while the regional influence of household combustion was most likely the main source of nitriles, amides, and pyridine derivatives. The other organic N species were most likely related to the influence of local and regional agricultural activities.
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Zhou Z, Ji Z, Liu S, Han X, Zheng F, Mao J. Characterization of the volatile compounds of huangjiu using comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time of flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC‐TOFMS). J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.14159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhilei Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Zhongwei Ji
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Shuangping Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi China
- Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute Jiangnan University (Rugao) Food Biotechnology Research Institute Nantong China
| | - Xiao Han
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi China
- Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute Jiangnan University (Rugao) Food Biotechnology Research Institute Nantong China
| | - Fuping Zheng
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Jian Mao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi China
- Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute Jiangnan University (Rugao) Food Biotechnology Research Institute Nantong China
- National Engineering Research Center for Huangjiu Shaoxing China
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Weggler BA, Gruber B, Dorman FL. Rapid Screening of Complex Matrices: Utilizing Kendrick Mass Defect To Enhance Knowledge-Based Group Type Evaluation of Multidimensional Gas Chromatography–High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Data. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10949-10954. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt A. Weggler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, 107 Althouse Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- MolSys—Organic and Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Liège, Quartier Agora, Place du Six Août 11, B6c, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Beate Gruber
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, 107 Althouse Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Research Instiute for Chromatography, President Kennedypark 26, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Frank L. Dorman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, 107 Althouse Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Johnston MV, Kerecman DE. Molecular Characterization of Atmospheric Organic Aerosol by Mass Spectrometry. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2019; 12:247-274. [PMID: 30901261 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061516-045135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosol, particulate matter suspended in the air we breathe, exerts a strong impact on our health and the environment. Controlling the amount of particulate matter in air is difficult, as there are many ways particles can form by both natural and anthropogenic processes. We gain insight into the sources of particulate matter through chemical composition measurements. A substantial portion of atmospheric aerosol is organic, and this organic matter is exceedingly complex on a molecular scale, encompassing hundreds to thousands of individual compounds that distribute between the gas and particle phases. Because of this complexity, no single analytical technique is sufficient. However, mass spectrometry plays a crucial role owing to its combination of high sensitivity and molecular specificity. This review surveys the various ways mass spectrometry is used to characterize atmospheric organic aerosol at a molecular level, tracing these methods from inception to current practice, with emphasis on current and emerging areas of research. Both offline and online approaches are covered, and molecular measurements with them are discussed in the context of identifying sources and elucidating the underlying chemical mechanisms of particle formation. There is an ongoing need to improve existing techniques and develop new ones if we are to further advance our knowledge of how to mitigate the unwanted health and environmental impacts of particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray V Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA;
| | - Devan E Kerecman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA;
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Ren H, Xue M, An Z, Zhou W, Jiang J. Quartz filter-based thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry for in-situ molecular level measurement of ambient organic aerosols. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1589:141-148. [PMID: 30642676 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatography (TAG) is an effective technique for online chemical characterization of organics in atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on the molecular level. Unlike the previously reported impactor- or metal filter-based TAG, in this study, a replaceable quartz filter-based TAG (Q-TAG) was developed to achieve online measurement of organic constituents in ambient PM2.5. A homemade device for automatic online sampling and pretreatment of aerosols was developed and coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) by a 4-port valve. Performance of the Q-TAG system was evaluated using C7 - C40 n-alkanes to cover a wide range of volatility. C11 - C40 could be measured by Q-TAG. The response of their peaks depends on their volatility and thermal desorption conditions (the desorption time and the flow rate). Under the optimized conditions, good precision (<12%), acceptable linearity (R2> 0.98) and high sensitivity (detection limits from 0.02 to 0.01 ng) of C13 - C40 were obtained. The developed Q-TAG system was applied for online analysis of organic species in ambient PM2.5. The Q-TAG is suitable for detection of semi and low volatile organic species in particulate matter, and its filter can be easily changed, making it a useful tool in molecular characterization of ambient organic aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Ren
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Mo Xue
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - ZhaoJin An
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Castanheiro A, Joos P, Wuyts K, De Wael K, Samson R. Leaf-deposited semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs): An exploratory study using GCxGC-TOFMS on leaf washing solutions. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 214:103-110. [PMID: 30261416 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM) includes semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), which can be deposited on vegetation matrices such as plant leaves. In alternative to air-point measurements or artificial passive substrates, leaf monitoring offers a cost-effective, time-integrating means of assessing local air quality. In this study, leaf washing solutions from ivy (Hedera hibernica) leaves exposed during one-month at different land use classes were explored via comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOFMS). The composition of leaf-deposited SVOCs, corrected for those of unexposed leaves, was compared against routinely monitored pollutants concentrations (PM10, PM2.5, O3, NO2, SO2) measured at co-located air monitoring stations. The first study on leaf-deposited SVOCs retrieved from washing solutions, herein reported, delivered a total of 911 detected compounds. While no significant land use (rural, urban, industrial, traffic, mixed) effects were observed, increasing exposure time (from one to 28 days) resulted in a higher number and diversity of SVOCs, suggesting cumulative time-integration to be more relevant than local source variations between sites. After one day, leaf-deposited SVOCs were mainly due to alcohols, N-containing compounds, carboxylic acids, esters and lactones, while ketones, diketones and hydrocarbons compounds gained relevance after one week, and phenol compounds after one month. As leaf-deposited SVOCs became overall more oxidized throughout exposure time, SVOCs transformation or degradation at the leaf surface is suggested to be an important phenomenon. This study confirmed the applicability of GCxGC-TOFMS to analyze SVOCs from leaf washing solutions, further research should include validation of the methodology and comparison with atmospheric organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Castanheiro
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Pieter Joos
- Laboratory Water-Link, Mechelsesteenweg 111, 2840, Rumst, Belgium; Department of Bioengineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Karen Wuyts
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Wael
- AXES Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Roeland Samson
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
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Differences among Unique Nanoparticle Protein Corona Constructs: A Case Study Using Data Analytics and Multi-Variant Visualization to Describe Physicochemical Characteristics. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8122669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) used in pharmaceutical treatments have been shown to effectively deliver a payload, such as an active pharmaceutical ingredient or image contrast agent, to targeted tissues in need of therapy or diagnostics while minimizing exposure, availability, and accumulation to surrounding biological compartments. Data sets collected in this field of study include some toxico- and pharmacodynamic properties (e.g., distribution and metabolism) but many studies lack information about adsorption of biological molecules or absorption into cells. When nanoparticles are suspended in blood serum, a protein corona cloud forms around its surface. The extent of the applications and implications of this formed cloud are unknown. Some researchers have speculated that the successful use of nanoparticles in pharmaceutical treatments relies on a comprehensive understanding of the protein corona composition. The work presented in this paper uses a suite of data analytics and multi-variant visualization techniques to elucidate particle-to-protein interactions at the molecular level. Through mass spectrometry analyses, corona proteins were identified through large and complex datasets. With such high-output analyses, complex datasets pose a challenge when visualizing and communicating nanoparticle-protein interactions. Thus, the creation of a streamlined visualization method is necessary. A series of user-friendly data informatics techniques were used to demonstrate the data flow of protein corona characteristics. Multi-variant heat maps, pie charts, tables, and three-dimensional regression analyses were used to improve results interpretation, facilitate an iterative data transfer process, and emphasize features of the nanoparticle-protein corona system that might be controllable. Data informatics successfully highlights the differences between protein corona compositions and how they relate to nanoparticle surface charge.
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Ahn YG, Jeon SH, Lim HB, Choi NR, Hwang GS, Kim YP, Lee JY. Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ambient Aerosols by Using One-Dimensional and Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Combined with Mass Spectrometric Method: A Comparative Study. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2018; 2018:8341630. [PMID: 29805841 PMCID: PMC5901813 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8341630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Advanced separation technology paired with mass spectrometry is an ideal method for the analysis of atmospheric samples having complex chemical compositions. Due to the huge variety of both natural and anthropogenic sources of organic compounds, simultaneous quantification and identification of organic compounds in aerosol samples represents a demanding analytical challenge. In this regard, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) has become an effective analytical method. However, verification and validation approaches to quantify these analytes have not been critically evaluated. We compared the performance of gas chromatography with quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-qMS) and GC×GC-TOFMS for quantitative analysis of eighteen target polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The quantitative obtained results such as limits of detection (LODs), limits of quantification (LOQs), and recoveries of target PAHs were approximately equivalent based on both analytical methods. Furthermore, a larger number of analytes were consistently identified from the aerosol samples by GC×GC-TOFMS compared to GC-qMS. Our findings suggest that GC×GC-TOFMS would be widely applicable to the atmospheric and related sciences with simultaneous target and nontarget analysis in a single run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Gyong Ahn
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hyeon Jeon
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Bae Lim
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Rae Choi
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum-Sook Hwang
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Pyo Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yi Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea
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Choi JH, Ryu J, Jeon S, Seo J, Yang YH, Pack SP, Choung S, Jang KS. In-depth compositional analysis of water-soluble and -insoluble organic substances in fine (PM 2.5) airborne particles using ultra-high-resolution 15T FT-ICR MS and GC×GC-TOFMS. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 225:329-337. [PMID: 28274593 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter consisting of ionic species, salts, heavy metals and carbonaceous material is one of the most serious environmental pollutants owing to its impacts on the environment and human health. Although elemental and organic carbon compounds are known to be major components of aerosols, information on the elemental composition of particulate matter remains limited because of the broad range of compounds involved and the limits of analytical instruments. In this study, we investigated water-soluble and -insoluble organic compounds in fine (PM2.5) airborne particles collected during winter in Korea to better understand the elemental compositions and distributions of these compounds. To collect ultra-high-resolution mass profiles, we analyzed water-soluble and -insoluble organic compounds, extracted with water and dichloromethane, respectively, using an ultra-high-resolution 15 T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (15T FT-ICR) mass spectrometer in positive ion mode (via both electrospray ionization [ESI] and atmospheric pressure photoionization [APPI] for water-extracts and via APPI for dichloromethane-extracts). In conjunction with the FT-ICR mass spectrometry (MS) data, subsequent two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) data were used to identify potentially hazardous organic components, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. This analysis provided information on the sources of ambient particles collected during winter season and partial evidence of contributions to the acidity of organic content in PM2.5 particles. The compositional and structural features of water-soluble and -insoluble organic compounds from PM2.5 particles are important for understanding the potential impacts of aerosol-carried organic substances on human health and global ecosystems in future toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hoon Choi
- Biomedical Omics Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea; Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Jijeong Ryu
- Mass Spectrometry and Advanced Instrumentation Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Sodam Jeon
- Division of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungju Seo
- Mass Spectrometry and Advanced Instrumentation Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung-Hun Yang
- Department of Microbial Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Pil Pack
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwook Choung
- Mass Spectrometry and Advanced Instrumentation Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyoung-Soon Jang
- Biomedical Omics Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Worton DR, Decker M, Isaacman-VanWertz G, Chan AWH, Wilson KR, Goldstein AH. Improved molecular level identification of organic compounds using comprehensive two-dimensional chromatography, dual ionization energies and high resolution mass spectrometry. Analyst 2017; 142:2395-2403. [PMID: 28555694 DOI: 10.1039/c7an00625j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A new analytical methodology combining comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC), dual ionization energies and high resolution time of flight mass spectrometry has been developed that improves molecular level identification of organic compounds in complex environmental samples. GC×GC maximizes compound separation providing cleaner mass spectra by minimizing erroneous fragments from interferences and co-eluting peaks. Traditional electron ionization (EI, 70 eV) provides MS fragmentation patterns that can be matched to published EI MS libraries while vacuum ultraviolet photoionization (VUV, 10.5 eV) yields MS with reduced fragmentation enhancing the abundance of the molecular ion providing molecular formulas when combined with high resolution mass spectrometry. We demonstrate this new approach by applying it to a sample of organic aerosol. In this sample, 238 peaks were matched to EI MS library data with FM ≥ 800 but a fifth (42 compounds) were determined to be incorrectly identified because the molecular formula was not confirmed by the VUV MS data. This highlights the importance of using a complementary technique to confirm compound identifications even for peaks with very good matching statistics. In total, 171 compounds were identified by EI MS matching to library spectra with confirmation of the molecular formula from the high resolution VUV MS data and were not dependent on the matching statistics being above a threshold value. A large number of unidentified peaks were still observed with FM < 800, which in routine analysis would typically be neglected. Where possible, these peaks were assigned molecular formulas from the VUV MS data (211 in total). In total, the combination of EI and VUV MS data provides more than twice as much molecular level peak information than traditional approaches and improves confidence in the identification of individual organic compounds. The molecular formula data from the VUV MS data was used, in conjunction with GC×GC retention times and the observed EI MS, to generate a new, searchable EI MS library compatible with the standard NIST MS search program. This library is deliberately dynamic and editable so that other end users can add new entries and update existing entries as new information becomes available.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Worton
- Department of Environmental Sciences Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Monika Decker
- Department of Environmental Sciences Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz
- Department of Environmental Sciences Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Arthur W H Chan
- Department of Environmental Sciences Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Kevin R Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Sciences Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Streibel T, Schnelle-Kreis J, Czech H, Harndorf H, Jakobi G, Jokiniemi J, Karg E, Lintelmann J, Matuschek G, Michalke B, Müller L, Orasche J, Passig J, Radischat C, Rabe R, Reda A, Rüger C, Schwemer T, Sippula O, Stengel B, Sklorz M, Torvela T, Weggler B, Zimmermann R. Aerosol emissions of a ship diesel engine operated with diesel fuel or heavy fuel oil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:10976-10991. [PMID: 27137191 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6724-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Gaseous and particulate emissions from a ship diesel research engine were elaborately analysed by a large assembly of measurement techniques. Applied methods comprised of offline and online approaches, yielding averaged chemical and physical data as well as time-resolved trends of combustion by-products. The engine was driven by two different fuels, a commonly used heavy fuel oil (HFO) and a standardised diesel fuel (DF). It was operated in a standardised cycle with a duration of 2 h. Chemical characterisation of organic species and elements revealed higher concentrations as well as a larger number of detected compounds for HFO operation for both gas phase and particulate matter. A noteworthy exception was the concentration of elemental carbon, which was higher in DF exhaust aerosol. This may prove crucial for the assessment and interpretation of biological response and impact via the exposure of human lung cell cultures, which was carried out in parallel to this study. Offline and online data hinted at the fact that most organic species in the aerosol are transferred from the fuel as unburned material. This is especially distinctive at low power operation of HFO, where low volatility structures are converted to the particulate phase. The results of this study give rise to the conclusion that a mere switching to sulphur-free fuel is not sufficient as remediation measure to reduce health and environmental effects of ship emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Streibel
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA-Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA-Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hendryk Czech
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Horst Harndorf
- Chair of Piston Machines and Internal Combustion Engines, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Gert Jakobi
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA-Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jorma Jokiniemi
- Fine Particle and Aerosol Technology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Erwin Karg
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA-Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jutta Lintelmann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA-Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Georg Matuschek
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Michalke
- Research Unit Medical Radiation Physics and Diagnostics (AMSD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Laarnie Müller
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA-Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA-Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Passig
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christian Radischat
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Rom Rabe
- Chair of Piston Machines and Internal Combustion Engines, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ahmed Reda
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA-Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christopher Rüger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Theo Schwemer
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Olli Sippula
- Fine Particle and Aerosol Technology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Benjamin Stengel
- Chair of Piston Machines and Internal Combustion Engines, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Sklorz
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Tiina Torvela
- Fine Particle and Aerosol Technology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Benedikt Weggler
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA-Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA-Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
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15
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López P, Tienstra M, Lommen A, Mol HG. Validation of an automated screening method for persistent organic contaminants in fats and oils by GC × GC-ToFMS. Food Chem 2016; 211:645-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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16
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Weggler BA, Ly-Verdu S, Jennerwein M, Sippula O, Reda AA, Orasche J, Gröger T, Jokiniemi J, Zimmermann R. Untargeted Identification of Wood Type-Specific Markers in Particulate Matter from Wood Combustion. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:10073-10081. [PMID: 27552181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Residential wood combustion emissions are one of the major global sources of particulate and gaseous organic pollutants. However, the detailed chemical compositions of these emissions are poorly characterized due to their highly complex molecular compositions, nonideal combustion conditions, and sample preparation steps. In this study, the particulate organic emissions from a masonry heater using three types of wood logs, namely, beech, birch, and spruce, were chemically characterized using thermal desorption in situ derivatization coupled to a GCxGC-ToF/MS system. Untargeted data analyses were performed using the comprehensive measurements. Univariate and multivariate chemometric tools, such as analysis of variance (ANOVA), principal component analysis (PCA), and ANOVA simultaneous component analysis (ASCA), were used to reduce the data to highly significant and wood type-specific features. This study reveals substances not previously considered in the literature as meaningful markers for differentiation among wood types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt A Weggler
- Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
- Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock , 18059 Rostock 12, Germany
| | - Saray Ly-Verdu
- Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
- Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock , 18059 Rostock 12, Germany
| | - Maximilian Jennerwein
- Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
- Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock , 18059 Rostock 12, Germany
- ASG Analytik Service Gesellschaft mbH, 86356 Neusäß, Germany
| | - Olli Sippula
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Fine Particle and Aerosol Technology Laboratory, University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ahmed A Reda
- Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
- Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock , 18059 Rostock 12, Germany
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
- Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock , 18059 Rostock 12, Germany
| | - Thomas Gröger
- Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
- Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock , 18059 Rostock 12, Germany
| | - Jorma Jokiniemi
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Fine Particle and Aerosol Technology Laboratory, University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
- Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock , 18059 Rostock 12, Germany
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17
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Alam MS, Harrison RM. Recent advances in the application of 2-dimensional gas chromatography with soft and hard ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry in environmental analysis. Chem Sci 2016; 7:3968-3977. [PMID: 30155039 PMCID: PMC6013788 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00465b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional gas chromatography has huge power for separating complex mixtures. The principles of the technique are outlined together with an overview of detection methods applicable to GC × GC column effluent with a focus on selectivity. Applications of GC × GC techniques in the analysis of petroleum-related and airborne particulate matter samples are reviewed. Mass spectrometric detection can be used alongside spectral libraries to identify eluted compounds, but in complex petroleum-related and atmospheric samples, when used conventionally at high ionisation energies, may not allow differentiation of structural isomers. Available low energy ionisation methods are reviewed and an example given of the additional structural information which can be extracted by measuring mass spectra at both low and high ionisation energies, hence greatly enhancing the selectivity of the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Alam
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , Birmingham B15 2TT , UK .
| | - Roy M Harrison
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , Birmingham B15 2TT , UK .
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18
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Gröger T, Gruber B, Harrison D, Saraji-Bozorgzad M, Mthembu M, Sutherland A, Zimmermann R. A Vacuum Ultraviolet Absorption Array Spectrometer as a Selective Detector for Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography: Concept and First Results. Anal Chem 2016; 88:3031-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gröger
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre,
Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr. Lorenz Weg 1, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Beate Gruber
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre,
Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr. Lorenz Weg 1, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Dale Harrison
- VUV Analytics, Inc., Austin, Texas 78717, United States
| | | | - Makhosazana Mthembu
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr. Lorenz Weg 1, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Aimée Sutherland
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre,
Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr. Lorenz Weg 1, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre,
Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr. Lorenz Weg 1, 18051 Rostock, Germany
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19
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Zimmermann R. Aerosols and health: a challenge for chemical and biological analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:5863-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8832-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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20
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Nozière B, Kalberer M, Claeys M, Allan J, D'Anna B, Decesari S, Finessi E, Glasius M, Grgić I, Hamilton JF, Hoffmann T, Iinuma Y, Jaoui M, Kahnt A, Kampf CJ, Kourtchev I, Maenhaut W, Marsden N, Saarikoski S, Schnelle-Kreis J, Surratt JD, Szidat S, Szmigielski R, Wisthaler A. The molecular identification of organic compounds in the atmosphere: state of the art and challenges. Chem Rev 2015; 115:3919-83. [PMID: 25647604 DOI: 10.1021/cr5003485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Nozière
- †Ircelyon/CNRS and Université Lyon 1, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Barbara D'Anna
- †Ircelyon/CNRS and Université Lyon 1, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Irena Grgić
- ○National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Yoshiteru Iinuma
- ¶Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Ivan Kourtchev
- ‡University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Willy Maenhaut
- §University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.,□Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Jason D Surratt
- ▼University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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21
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Methods for characterization of organic compounds in atmospheric aerosol particles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:5877-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8394-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Weggler BA, Gröger T, Zimmermann R. Advanced scripting for the automated profiling of two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry data from combustion aerosol. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1364:241-8. [PMID: 25234498 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.08.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Multidimensional gas chromatography is an appropriate tool for the non-targeted and comprehensive characterisation of complex samples generated from combustion processes. Particulate matter (PM) emission is composed of a large number of compounds, including condensed semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs). However, the complex amount of information gained from such comprehensive techniques is associated with difficult and time-consuming data analysis. Because of this obstacle, two-dimensional gas chromatography still receives relatively little use in aerosol science [1-4]. To remedy this problem, advanced scripting algorithms based on knowledge-based rules (KBRs) were developed in-house and applied to GCxGC-TOFMS data. Previously reported KBRs and newer findings were considered for the development of these algorithms. The novelty of the presented advanced scripting tools is a notably selective search criterion for data screening, which is primarily based on fragmentation patterns and the presence of specific fragments. Combined with "classical" approaches based on retention times, a fast, accurate and automated data evaluation method was developed, which was evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively for type 1 and type 2 errors. The method's applicability was further tested for PM filter samples obtained from ship fuel combustion. Major substance classes, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), alkanes, benzenes, esters and ethers, can be targeted. This approach allows the classification of approximately 75% of the peaks of interest within real PM samples. Various conditions of combustion, such as fuel composition and engine load, could be clearly characterised and differentiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt A Weggler
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group ``Comprehensive Molecular Analytics'' Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, D85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Institute of Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry UNiversity of Rostock, D18057 Rostock, Germany; Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health - Aerosol and Health (HICE)
| | - Thomas Gröger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group ``Comprehensive Molecular Analytics'' Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, D85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Institute of Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry UNiversity of Rostock, D18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group ``Comprehensive Molecular Analytics'' Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, D85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Institute of Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry UNiversity of Rostock, D18057 Rostock, Germany; Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health - Aerosol and Health (HICE)
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23
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Stefanuto PH, Perrault K, Stadler S, Pesesse R, Brokl M, Forbes S, Focant JF. Reading Cadaveric Decomposition Chemistry with a New Pair of Glasses. Chempluschem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201402003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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24
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Parshintsev J, Lai CK, Hartonen K, Kulmala M, Riekkola ML. A new approach to determine vapor pressures of compounds in multicomponent systems by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Talanta 2014; 124:21-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Pipal AS, Tiwari S, Satsangi PG, Taneja A, Bisht DS, Srivastava AK, Srivastava MK. Sources and characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols at Agra "World heritage site" and Delhi "capital city of India". ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:8678-8691. [PMID: 24723344 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2768-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Agra, one of the oldest cities "World Heritage site", and Delhi, the capital city of India are both located in the border of Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) and heavily loaded with atmospheric aerosols due to tourist place, anthropogenic activities, and its topography, respectively. Therefore, there is need for monitoring of atmospheric aerosols to perceive the scenario and effects of particles over northern part of India. The present study was carried out at Agra (AGR) as well as Delhi (DEL) during winter period from November 2011 to February 2012 of fine particulate (PM₂.₅: d < 2.5 μm) as well as associated carbonaceous aerosols. PM₂.₅ was collected at both places using medium volume air sampler (offline measurement) and analyzed for organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC). Also, simultaneously, black carbon (BC) was measured (online) at DEL. The average mass concentration of PM₂.₅ was 165.42 ± 119.46 μg m(-3) at AGR while at DEL it was 211.67 ± 41.94 μg m(-3) which is ~27% higher at DEL than AGR whereas the BC mass concentration was 10.60 μg m(-3). The PM₂.₅ was substantially higher than the annual standard stipulated by central pollution control board and United States Environmental Protection Agency standards. The average concentrations of OC and EC were 69.96 ± 34.42 and 9.53 ± 7.27 μm m(-3), respectively. Total carbon (TC) was 79.01 ± 38.98 μg m(-3) at AGR, while it was 50.11 ± 11.93 (OC), 10.67 ± 3.56 μg m(-3) (EC), and 60.78 ± 14.56 μg m(-3) (TC) at DEL. The OC/EC ratio was 13.75 at (AGR) and 5.45 at (DEL). The higher OC/EC ratio at Agra indicates that the formation of secondary organic aerosol which emitted from variable primary sources. Significant correlation between PM₂.₅ and its carbonaceous species were observed indicating similarity in sources at both sites. The average concentrations of secondary organic carbon (SOC) and primary organic carbon (POC) at AGR were 48.16 and 26.52 μg m(-3) while at DEL it was 38.78 and 27.55 μg m(-3), respectively. In the case of POC, similar concentrations were observed at both places but in the case of SOC higher over AGR by 24 in comparison to DEL, it is due to the high concentration of OC over AGR. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) was 42% higher at AGR than DEL which confirms the formation of secondary aerosol at AGR due to rural environment with higher concentrations of coarse mode particles. The SOA contribution in PM₂.₅ was also estimated and was ~32 and 12% at AGR and DEL respectively. Being high loading of fine particles along with carbonaceous aerosol, it is suggested to take necessary and immediate action in mitigation of the emission of carbonaceous aerosol in the northern part of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Pipal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pune, Pune, India, 411007,
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26
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Brokl M, Bishop L, Wright CG, Liu C, McAdam K, Focant JF. Analysis of mainstream tobacco smoke particulate phase using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1037-44. [PMID: 23427113 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive 2D GC coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry was applied for the characterization of the particulate phase of mainstream tobacco smoke particulate. Five 3R4F research cigarettes were smoked on a rotary smoking machine under standardized conditions, total particular matter was collected on Cambridge filter pads and extracted using methanol-based liquid extraction and dynamic headspace (DHS) approaches. Automated peak finding and mass spectral deconvolution combined with scripting and manual revision of library hits were used to evaluate the library search results. The revised peak table contained nearly 1800 individual compounds for the DHS sample and over 900 for the solvent extracted sample. These methods of extraction were shown to be complementary, leading to only 11% of repeated analytes, and their combination gave rise to a list of almost 2500 individual compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Brokl
- CART-Chemistry Department, Organic & Biological Analytical Chemistry, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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27
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MEHDIKHANI ALI, LOTFIZADEH HAMIDREZA, ARMAN KAMYAR, NOORIZADEH HADI. AN IMPROVED QSPR STUDY OF REVERSE FACTOR OF NANOPARTICLES IN ROADSIDE ATMOSPHERE ON KERNEL PARTIAL LEAST SQUARES AND GENETIC ALGORITHM. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633612501064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thermal desorption-comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TD–GC × GC–HRTOF-MS) is one of the most powerful tools in analytical nanoparticle compounds. Genetic algorithm and partial least square (GA-PLS) and kernel PLS (GA-KPLS) models were used to investigate the correlation between reverse factor (RF) and descriptors for 50 nanoparticles fraction with a diameter of 29–58 nm in roadside atmosphere which obtained by TD–GC×GC–HRTOF-MS. The correlation coefficient leave-group-out cross validation (LGO-CV (Q2)) of prediction for the GA-PLS and GA-KPLS models for training and test sets were (0.761 and 0.718) and (0.825 and 0.814), respectively, revealing the reliability of these models. This is the first research on the quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) of the nanoparticles in roadside atmosphere using the GA-PLS and GA-KPLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- ALI MEHDIKHANI
- General Inspection Organization, Ilam Office, Ilam City, Iran
| | | | - KAMYAR ARMAN
- Department of Water and Wastewater Engineering, School of Environment and Energy, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - HADI NOORIZADEH
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ilam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ilam, Iran
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28
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Murray JA. Qualitative and quantitative approaches in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1261:58-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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29
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Rhourrhi-Frih B, West C, Pasquier L, André P, Chaimbault P, Lafosse M. Classification of natural resins by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry using chemometric analysis. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1256:177-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Grabowsky J, Streibel T, Sklorz M, Chow JC, Watson JG, Mamakos A, Zimmermann R. Hyphenation of a carbon analyzer to photo-ionization mass spectrometry to unravel the organic composition of particulate matter on a molecular level. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:3153-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5425-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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van Stee LL, Brinkman UA. Peak clustering in two-dimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection based on theoretical calculation of two-dimensional peak shapes: The 2DAid approach. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7878-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Salo K, Westerlund J, Andersson PU, Nielsen C, D’Anna B, Hallquist M. Thermal Characterization of Aminium Nitrate Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:11671-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp204957k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kent Salo
- Department of Chemistry, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, SE 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Jonathan Westerlund
- Department of Chemistry, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, SE 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Patrik U. Andersson
- Department of Chemistry, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, SE 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Claus Nielsen
- Centre of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, POB 1033 Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Barbara D’Anna
- Université Lyon 1, Lyon, CNRS, UMR5256, IRCELYON, Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et L’Environnement de Lyon, Villeurbanne, F-69626, France
| | - Mattias Hallquist
- Department of Chemistry, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, SE 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
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Kraus U, Breitner S, Schnelle-Kreis J, Cyrys J, Lanki T, Rückerl R, Schneider A, Brüske I, Gu J, Devlin R, Wichmann HE, Zimmermann R, Peters A. Particle-associated organic compounds and symptoms in myocardial infarction survivors. Inhal Toxicol 2011; 23:431-47. [PMID: 21639711 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2011.580471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The aerosol components responsible for the adverse health effects of the exposure to particulate matter (PM) have not been conclusively identified, and there is especially little information on the role of particulate organic compounds (POC). OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the role of PM and POC with regard to daily symptoms. METHODS One hundred and fifty-three myocardial infarction survivors from Augsburg, Germany, recorded daily occurrence of different symptoms in winter 2003/2004. Ambient concentrations of PM with a diameter <2.5 μm (PM(2.5)), particle number concentration (PNC), PM(2.5)-bound hopanes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were quantified. Data were analyzed using generalized estimating equations adjusting for meteorological and other time-variant confounders. RESULTS The odds for avoidance of physically demanding activities due to heart problems increased immediately associated with most POC measures (e.g. 5% per 1.08 ng/m(3) increase in benzo[a]pyrene, 95%-confidence interval (CI):1-9%) and tended to a delayed decrease. After a 2-day delayed decrease associated with hopanes, the odds for shortness of breath increased consistently after 3 days with almost all POC measures (e.g. 4% per 0.21 ng/m(3) increase in 17α(H), 21β(H)-hopane, CI: 1-8%). The odds for heart palpitations marginally increased immediately in association with PNC (8% per 8146 cm(-3) increase in PNC, CI: 0-16%). CONCLUSIONS The study showed an association between PM, particle-bound POC, and daily symptoms. The organic compounds may be causally related with cardiovascular health or act rather as indicators for traffic- and combustion-related particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Kraus
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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Sielicki P, Janik H, Guzman A, Namieśnik J. The Progress in Electron Microscopy Studies of Particulate Matters to Be Used as a Standard Monitoring Method for Air Dust Pollution. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2011; 41:314-334. [PMID: 28094548 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2011.607076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The present article reviews studies on air solid particles carried out with the use of electron microscopy. Particle analysis combining scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) can be used to derive size-resolved information of the composition, mixing state, morphology, and complex refractive index of atmospheric aerosol particles. It seems that electron microscopy is more widely used in atmospheric particulate matter analysis, but the usage of this method is sometimes problematic. First of all, there is no standard methodology adapted for dust analysis, and it is difficult to compare the results coming from different laboratories. Nevertheless, it was shown that this method has potential to be used in the future as a standard monitoring procedure of air solid particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Sielicki
- a Department of Polymer Technology, Chemical Faculty , Gdansk University of Technology , Gdansk , Poland
| | - Helena Janik
- a Department of Polymer Technology, Chemical Faculty , Gdansk University of Technology , Gdansk , Poland
| | - Agnieszka Guzman
- a Department of Polymer Technology, Chemical Faculty , Gdansk University of Technology , Gdansk , Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- b Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty , Gdansk University of Technology , Gdansk , Poland
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Arsene C, Vione D, Grinberg N, Olariu RI. GC × GC-MS HYPHENATED TECHNIQUES FOR THE ANALYSIS OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN AIR. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.587749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Arsene
- a Faculty of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, “Al. I. Cuza” University of Iasi , Iasi, Romania
| | - Davide Vione
- b Dipartimento di Chimica Analitica , Università di Torino , Torino, Italy
- c Centro Interdipartimentale NatRisk, Università di Torino , Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Nelu Grinberg
- d Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Romeo Iulian Olariu
- a Faculty of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, “Al. I. Cuza” University of Iasi , Iasi, Romania
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Hashimoto S, Takazawa Y, Fushimi A, Tanabe K, Shibata Y, Ieda T, Ochiai N, Kanda H, Ohura T, Tao Q, Reichenbach SE. Global and selective detection of organohalogens in environmental samples by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3799-810. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ruiz-Jiménez J, Parshintsev J, Laitinen T, Hartonen K, Riekkola ML, Petäjä T, Kulmala M. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography, a valuable technique for screening and semiquantitation of different chemical compounds in ultrafine 30 nm and 50 nm aerosol particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:2994-3003. [DOI: 10.1039/c1em10486a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hilton DC, Jones RS, Sjödin A. A method for rapid, non-targeted screening for environmental contaminants in household dust. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:6851-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Murillo-Tovar MA, Amador-Muñoz O, Villalobos-Pietrini R, Marriott PJ. Selective Separation of Oxy-PAH from n-Alkanes and PAH in Complex Organic Mixtures Extracted from Airborne PM2.5. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1738-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Fujimori T, Takaoka M, Tsuruga S, Oshita K, Takeda N. Real-time gas-phase analysis of mono- to tri-chlorobenzenes generated from heated MSWI fly ashes containing various metal compounds: application of VUV-SPI-IT-TOFMS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:5528-5533. [PMID: 20550108 DOI: 10.1021/es1008888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We measured sensitive real-time change of low-chlorinated (Cl(1)-Cl(3)) benzenes in gas phase from heated model and real solid samples using the recently developed vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) single-photon ionization (SPI) ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometer (VUV-SPI-IT-TOFMS). Model solid samples that contained activated carbon, potassium chloride, silicon dioxide, and trace metallic compounds (copper, iron, lead, and zinc) were used to simulate fly ash at a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI). The concentrations of chlorobenzenes determined by integrating the area for 30 min using VUV-SPI-IT-TOFMS were correlated with gas-phase concentrations analyzed by GC/MS. Real-time changes had characteristic patterns dependent on metal species and compounds. Comparing gas-phase real-time patterns of low-chlorinated benzenes between real and model fly ashes, copper chloride- and oxide-like compounds in real fly ash at the postcombustion zone in a MSWI may play key factors in the formation of low-chlorinated benzenes. Lead and zinc compounds and iron oxide in solid phase did not affect the formation of low-chlorinated benzenes in gas phase. VUV-SPI-IT-TOFMS can be applied to the time-dependent characterization of volatile low-chlorinated benzenes in gas phase in various artificial and environmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Fujimori
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nisikyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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Janssen HG, Steenbergen H, de Koning S. The role of comprehensive chromatography in the characterization of edible oils and fats. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200900074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lapainis T, Rubakhin SS, Sweedler JV. Capillary electrophoresis with electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detection for single-cell metabolomics. Anal Chem 2009; 81:5858-64. [PMID: 19518091 DOI: 10.1021/ac900936g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A method that enables metabolomic profiling of single cells and subcellular structures is described using capillary electrophoresis coupled to electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. A nebulizer-free coaxial sheath-flow interface completes the circuit and provides a stable electrospray, yielding a signal with a relative standard deviation of under 5% for the total ion electropherogram. Detection limits are in the low nanomolar range (i.e., <50 nM (<300 amol)) for a number of cell-to-cell signaling molecules, including acetylcholine (ACh), histamine, dopamine, and serotonin. The instrument also yields high-efficiency separations, e.g., approximately 600,000 for eluting ACh bands. The utility of this setup for single-cell metabolomic profiling is demonstrated with identified neurons from Aplysia californica--the R2 neuron and metacerebral cell (MCC). Single-cell electropherograms are reproducible, with a large number of metabolites detected; more than 100 compounds yield signals of over 10(4) counts from the injection of only 0.1% of the total content from a single MCC. Expected neurotransmitters are detected within the cells (ACh in R2 and serotonin in MCC), as are compounds that have molecular masses consistent with all of the naturally occurring amino acids (except cysteine). Tandem MS using a quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometer distinguishes ACh from isobaric compounds in the R2 neuron and demonstrates the ability of this method to characterize and identify metabolites present within single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Lapainis
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Yang S, Sadilek M, Synovec RE, Lidstrom ME. Liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry measurement of targeted metabolites of Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 grown on two different carbon sources. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:3280-9. [PMID: 19268957 PMCID: PMC2746075 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Complementary methods using liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOF-MS) were developed and applied to determine targeted metabolites involved in central carbon metabolism [including tricarboxylic acid cycle, serine cycle, ethylmalonyl-coenzyme A (ethylmalonyl-CoA) pathway and poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate cycle] of the bacterium Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 grown on two carbon sources, ethylamine (C2) and succinate (C4). Nucleotides, acyl-CoAs and a few volatile metabolites in cell extracts of M. extorquens AM1 were readily separated using either hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography or reversed-phase liquid chromatography, and detected with good sensitivity by MS/MS. However, volatile intermediates within a low mass range (<300 m/z), especially at low abundance (such as glyoxylic acid and others <500nM), were more effectively analyzed by GCxGC-TOF-MS which often provided better sensitivity, resolution and reproducibility. The complementary nature of the LC-based and GC-based methods allowed the comparison of 39 metabolite concentrations (the lowest level was at 139.3nM). The overlap between the LC-based and GC-based methods of seven metabolites provided a basis to check for consistency between the two methods, and thus provided some validation of the quantification accuracy. The abundance change of 20 intermediates further suggested differences in pathways linked to C2 and C4 metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-2180, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Martin Sadilek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-2180, USA
| | - Robert E. Synovec
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-2180, USA
| | - Mary E. Lidstrom
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-2180, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-2180, USA
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Koning S, Janssen HG, Brinkman UAT. Modern Methods of Sample Preparation for GC Analysis. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0937-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Chapter 2 Basic Instrumentation for GC×GC. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(09)05502-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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47
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Chapter 6 Comprehensive Multidimensional Systems Incorporating GC×GC. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(09)05506-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Reichenbach SE. Chapter 4 Data Acquisition, Visualization, and Analysis. COMPREHENSIVE ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(09)05504-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Bente M, Sklorz M, Streibel T, Zimmermann R. Online Laser Desorption-Multiphoton Postionization Mass Spectrometry of Individual Aerosol Particles: Molecular Source Indicators for Particles Emitted from Different Traffic-Related and Wood Combustion Sources. Anal Chem 2008; 80:8991-9004. [DOI: 10.1021/ac801295f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Bente
- Institut für Ökologische Chemie, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie/Massenspektrometrie-Zentrum, Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany, and BIfA-Bayrisches Institut für Angewandte Umweltforschung and Technik GmbH, Kompetenzbereich Prozesstechnik and Chemische Analytik, 86167 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Martin Sklorz
- Institut für Ökologische Chemie, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie/Massenspektrometrie-Zentrum, Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany, and BIfA-Bayrisches Institut für Angewandte Umweltforschung and Technik GmbH, Kompetenzbereich Prozesstechnik and Chemische Analytik, 86167 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Streibel
- Institut für Ökologische Chemie, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie/Massenspektrometrie-Zentrum, Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany, and BIfA-Bayrisches Institut für Angewandte Umweltforschung and Technik GmbH, Kompetenzbereich Prozesstechnik and Chemische Analytik, 86167 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Institut für Ökologische Chemie, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie/Massenspektrometrie-Zentrum, Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany, and BIfA-Bayrisches Institut für Angewandte Umweltforschung and Technik GmbH, Kompetenzbereich Prozesstechnik and Chemische Analytik, 86167 Augsburg, Germany
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