1
|
Nayak SK, Yamijala SSRKC. Computing accurate bond dissociation energies of emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: Achieving chemical accuracy using connectivity-based hierarchy schemes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 468:133804. [PMID: 38377911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the bond dissociation energies (BDEs) of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) helps in devising their efficient degradation pathways. However, there is only limited experimental data on the PFAS BDEs, and there are uncertainties associated with the BDEs computed using density functional theory. Although quantum chemical methods like the G4 composite method can provide highly accurate BDEs (< 1 kcal mol-1), they are limited to small system sizes. To address DFT's accuracy limitations and G4's system size constraints, we examined the connectivity-based hierarchy (CBH) scheme and found that it can provide BDEs that are reasonably close to the G4 accuracy while retaining the computational efficiency of DFT. To further improve the accuracy, we modified the CBH scheme and demonstrated that BDEs calculated using it have a mean-absolute deviation of 0.7 kcal mol-1 from G4 BDEs. To validate the reliability of this new scheme, we computed the ground state free energies of seven PFAS compounds and BDEs for 44 C-C and C-F bonds at the G4 level of theory. Our results suggest that the modified CBH scheme can accurately compute the BDEs of both small and large PFAS at near G4 level accuracy, offering promise for more effective PFAS degradation strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samir Kumar Nayak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036 India; Centre for Atomistic Modelling and Materials Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Sharma S R K C Yamijala
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036 India; Centre for Atomistic Modelling and Materials Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India; Centre for Molecular Materials and Functions, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India; Centre for Quantum Information, Communication, and Computing, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sohn S, Kim MK, Lee YM, Sohn EJ, Choi GY, Chae SH, Zoh KD. Removal characteristics of 53 micropollutants during ozonation, chlorination, and UV/H 2O 2 processes used in drinking water treatment plant. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141360. [PMID: 38325620 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The removal of 53 emerging micropollutants (MPs), including 10 per- and polyfluorinated substances (PFASs), 25 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), 7 pesticides, 5 endocrine disrupters (EDCs), 3 nitrosamines, and 3 taste and odor compounds (T&Os), by chlorination, ozonation, and UV/H2O2 treatment was examined in deionized water and surface waters used as the raw waters in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in South Korea. The UV/H2O2 treatment was effective in the removal of most MPs, whereas chlorination was selectively effective for 19 MPs, including EDCs (>70 %). MPs containing aromatic ring with electron-donating functional group, or primary and secondary amines were effectively removed by chlorination immediately upon reaction initiation. The removal of MPs by ozonation was generally lower than that of the other two processes at a low ozone dose (1 mg L-1), but higher than chlorination at a high ozone dose (3 mg L-1), particularly for 16 MPs, including T&Os. Compared in deionized water, the removals of MPs in the raw water samples were lower in all three processes. The regression models predicting the rate constants (kobs) of 53 MPs showed good agreement between modeled and measured value for UV/H2O2 treatment (R2 = 0.948) and chlorination (R2 = 0.973), despite using only dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and oxidant concentration as variables, whereas the ozonation model showed a variation (R2 = 0.943). Our results can provide the resources for determining which oxidative process is suitable for treating specific MPs present in the raw waters of DWTPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seungwoon Sohn
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Moon-Kyung Kim
- Institute of Health & Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Min Lee
- Institute of Health & Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Erica Jungmin Sohn
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Grace Y Choi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seon-Ha Chae
- Korea Water Resources Corporation, K-water Institute, Deajeon, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Duk Zoh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Antonopoulou M, Spyrou A, Tzamaria A, Efthimiou I, Triantafyllidis V. Current state of knowledge of environmental occurrence, toxic effects, and advanced treatment of PFOS and PFOA. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169332. [PMID: 38123090 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are anthropogenic synthetic compounds, with high chemical and thermal stability and a persistent, stable and bioaccumulative nature that renders them a potential hazard for the environment, its organisms, and humans alike. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are the most well-known substances of this category and even though they are phased out from production they are still highly detectable in several environmental matrices. As a result, they have been spread globally in water sources, soil and biota exerting toxic and detrimental effects. Therefore, up and coming technologies, namely advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and advanced reduction processes (ARPs) are being tested for their implementation in the degradation of these pollutants. Thus, the present review compiles the current knowledge on the occurrence of PFOS and PFOA in the environment, the various toxic effects they have induced in different organisms as well as the ability of AOPs and ARPs to diminish and/or eliminate them from the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonopoulou
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture, University of Patras, 30131 Agrinio, Greece.
| | - Alexandra Spyrou
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture, University of Patras, 30131 Agrinio, Greece
| | - Anna Tzamaria
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture, University of Patras, 30131 Agrinio, Greece
| | - Ioanna Efthimiou
- Department of Biology, Section of Genetics Cell Biology and Development, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ersan MS, Wang B, Wong MS, Westerhoff P. Advanced oxidation processes may transform unknown PFAS in groundwater into known products. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140865. [PMID: 38048829 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of fluorinated organic contaminants classified as persistent in the aquatic environment. Early studies using targeted analysis approaches to evaluate the degradation of PFAS by advanced oxidation processes (AOP) in real water matrices may have been misinterpreted due to the presence of undetected or unknown PFAS in these matrices. The aims of the present study were to (1) screen selected commercially available AOPs (UV, UV + H2O2, O3/H2O2) and UV photocatalysis in a pilot system using commercially used and novel photocatalysts (TiO2, boron nitride [BN]) for removing PFAS contaminants and (2) evaluate their role on the conversion of non-detected/unknown to known PFAS compounds in real groundwater used as drinking water supplies. Results indicated that, while AOPs have the potential to achieve removal of the EPA method 533 target PFAS compounds (PFDA [100%], PFNA [100%], PFOA [85-94%], PFOS [25-100%], PFHxS [3-100%], PFPeS [100%], PFBS [100%]), AOPs transformed non-detected/unknown longer-chain PFAS compounds to detectable shorter-chain ones under very high-dose AOP operating conditions, leading to an increase in ∑PFAS concentration ranging from 95% to 340%. As emerging PFAS treatment processes transition from lab-scale investigations of target PFAS to pilot testing of real water matrices, studies will need to consider impact of the presence of non-target long-chain PFAS to transform into targeted PFAS compounds. A promising approach to address the potential risks and unforeseen consequences could involve an increased reliance on adsorbable organic fluorine (AOF) analysis before and after advanced oxidation process (AOP) treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut S Ersan
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA; School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5306, USA; Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Arizona State University, USA.
| | - Bo Wang
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Arizona State University, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Michael S Wong
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Arizona State University, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5306, USA; Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Arizona State University, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Alinezhad A, Shao H, Litvanova K, Sun R, Kubatova A, Zhang W, Li Y, Xiao F. Mechanistic Investigations of Thermal Decomposition of Perfluoroalkyl Ether Carboxylic Acids and Short-Chain Perfluoroalkyl Carboxylic Acids. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:8796-8807. [PMID: 37195265 PMCID: PMC10269594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the thermal decomposition mechanisms of perfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic acids (PFECAs) and short-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) that have been manufactured as replacements for phased-out per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). C-C, C-F, C-O, O-H, and C═C bond dissociation energies were calculated at the M06-2X/Def2-TZVP level of theory. The α-C and carboxyl-C bond dissociation energy of PFECAs declines with increasing chain length and the attachment of an electron-withdrawing trifluoromethyl (-CF3) group to the α-C. Experimental and computational results show that the thermal transformation of hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid to trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) occurs due to the preferential cleavage of the C-O ether bond close to the carboxyl group. This pathway produces precursors of perfluoropropionic acid (PFPeA) and TFA and is supplemented by a minor pathway (CF3CF2CF2OCFCF3COOH → CF3CF2CF2· + ·OCFCF3COOH) through which perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) is formed. The weakest C-C bond in PFPeA and PFBA is the one connecting the α-C and the β-C. The results support (1) the C-C scission in the perfluorinated backbone as an effective PFCA thermal decomposition mechanism and (2) the thermal recombination of radicals through which intermediates are formed. Additionally, we detected a few novel thermal decomposition products of studied PFAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Alinezhad
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Heng Shao
- Key
Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education,
State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China
| | - Katerina Litvanova
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Runze Sun
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Alena Kubatova
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Wen Zhang
- John
A. Reif, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Yang Li
- Key
Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences of Ministry of Education,
State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Xiao
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cardoso IMF, Pinto da Silva L, Esteves da Silva JCG. Nanomaterial-Based Advanced Oxidation/Reduction Processes for the Degradation of PFAS. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13101668. [PMID: 37242085 DOI: 10.3390/nano13101668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on a critical analysis of nanocatalysts for advanced reductive processes (ARPs) and oxidation processes (AOPs) designed for the degradation of poly/perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water. Ozone, ultraviolet and photocatalyzed ARPs and/or AOPs are the basic treatment technologies. Besides the review of the nanomaterials with greater potential as catalysts for advanced processes of PFAS in water, the perspectives for their future development, considering sustainability, are discussed. Moreover, a brief analysis of the current state of the art of ARPs and AOPs for the treatment of PFAS in water is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inês M F Cardoso
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Pinto da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joaquim C G Esteves da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhong T, Lin T, Zhang X, Jiang F, Chen H. Impact of biological activated carbon filtration and backwashing on the behaviour of PFASs in drinking water treatment plants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 446:130641. [PMID: 36580789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
PFASs are present in surface water, tap water and even commercial drinking water and pose a risk to human health. In this study, the treatment efficiency of 14 PFASs was studied in a large drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) using Taihu Lake as the source, and it was found that the ozone/biological activated carbon (O3-BAC) process was the most effective process for the removal of PFASs in DWTPs. For the O3-BAC process, there were differences in the removal of PFASs by BACs (1,4,7,13 years) of different ages. The sterilization experiments revealed that for GAC, its physical adsorption capacity reached saturation after one year, while for BAC with mature biofilms, biosorption was the main mechanism for the removal of PFASs. The abundance of Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria in biofilms was positively correlated with the age of the BAC. The microbial community with higher abundance is beneficial to the biodegradation of organic matter and thus provides more active sites for the adsorption of PFASs. PFASs can leak in the early stage of filtration after backwashing, so it is necessary to pay close attention to the influent and effluent concentrations of PFASs during biofilm maturation after backwashing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Tao Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Xue Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; Suzhou Water Supply Company, Suzhou 215002, PR China
| | - Fuchun Jiang
- Suzhou Water Supply Company, Suzhou 215002, PR China
| | - Han Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tasfaout A, Ibrahim F, Morrin A, Brisset H, Sorrentino I, Nanteuil C, Laffite G, Nicholls IA, Regan F, Branger C. Molecularly imprinted polymers for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances enrichment and detection. Talanta 2023; 258:124434. [PMID: 36940572 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are highly toxic pollutants of significant concern as they are being detected in water, air, fish and soil. They are extremely persistent and accumulate in plant and animal tissues. Traditional methods of detection and removal of these substances use specialised instrumentation and require a trained technical resource for operation. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), polymeric materials with predetermined selectivity for a target molecule, have recently begun to be exploited in technologies for the selective removal and monitoring of PFAS in environmental waters. This review offers a comprehensive overview of recent developments in MIPs, both as adsorbents for PFAS removal and sensors that selectively detect PFAS at environmentally-relevant concentrations. PFAS-MIP adsorbents are classified according to their method of preparation (e.g., bulk or precipitation polymerization, surface imprinting), while PFAS-MIP sensing materials are described and discussed according to the transduction methods used (e.g., electrochemical, optical). This review aims to comprehensively discuss the PFAS-MIP research field. The efficacy and challenges facing the different applications of these materials in environmental water applications are discussed, as well as a perspective on challenges for this field that need to be overcome before exploitation of the technology can be fully realised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aicha Tasfaout
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Farah Ibrahim
- Université de Toulon, Laboratoire Matériaux Polymères Interfaces Environnement Marin (MAPIEM), Toulon, France
| | - Aoife Morrin
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Hugues Brisset
- Université de Toulon, Laboratoire Matériaux Polymères Interfaces Environnement Marin (MAPIEM), Toulon, France
| | - Ilaria Sorrentino
- Klearia, 61 Avenue Simone Veil, CEEI Nice Côte d'Azur - Immeuble Premium, 06200, Nice, France
| | - Clément Nanteuil
- Klearia, 61 Avenue Simone Veil, CEEI Nice Côte d'Azur - Immeuble Premium, 06200, Nice, France
| | - Guillaume Laffite
- Klearia, 61 Avenue Simone Veil, CEEI Nice Côte d'Azur - Immeuble Premium, 06200, Nice, France
| | - Ian A Nicholls
- Bioorganic & Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry & Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-39182, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Fiona Regan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Catherine Branger
- Université de Toulon, Laboratoire Matériaux Polymères Interfaces Environnement Marin (MAPIEM), Toulon, France.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Saawarn B, Mahanty B, Hait S, Hussain S. Sources, occurrence, and treatment techniques of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in aqueous matrices: A comprehensive review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:114004. [PMID: 35970375 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a class of synthetic organic pollutants, have prompted concerns about their global prevalence and possible health effects. This review consolidates the most recent data on different aspects of PFAS, such as their occurrence, and prominent sources. The current literature analysis of PFAS occurrence suggests significant variation in their concentration ranging from 0.025 to 1.2 × 108 ng/L in wastewater, 0.01 to 8.9 × 105 ng/L in surface water, and <0.01 to 1.3 × 104 ng/L in groundwater globally. Since conventional treatment techniques are inadequate in remediating PFAS, innovative treatment approaches based on their removal or mineralization mechanism have been comprehensively reviewed. Advanced treatment technologies have shown degradation or removal of PFAS to be around 6 and > 99.9% in different aqueous matrices. However, due to significant drawbacks in their applicability in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), a novel treatment train approach has emerged as an effective alternative. This approach synergistically integrates multiple remediation techniques while addressing the impediments of individual treatments. Furthermore, nanofiltration (NF270) combined with electrochemical degradation has been demonstrated to be the most efficient (>98%) treatment train approach in PFAS remediation. If implemented in WWTPs, nanofiltration followed by adsorption using activated carbon is also a viable method for PFAS removal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhavini Saawarn
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, 801 106, India
| | - Byomkesh Mahanty
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, 801 106, India
| | - Subrata Hait
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, 801 106, India.
| | - Sahid Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, 801 106, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang Y, Li L, Huang Q. Electrooxidation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in chloride-containing water on surface-fluorinated Ti 4O 7 anodes: Mitigation and elimination of chlorate and perchlorate formation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135877. [PMID: 35931258 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electrooxidation (EO) has been shown effective in degrading per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in water, but concurrent formation of chlorate and perchlorate in the presence of chloride is of concern due to their toxicity. This study examined EO treatment of three representative PFASs, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS), in chloride-containing solutions on pristine and surface-fluorinated Ti4O7 anodes having different percentage of surface fluorination. The experiment results indicate that surface fluorination of Ti4O7 anodes slightly inhibited PFAS degradation, while significantly decreased the formation of chlorate and perchlorate. Further studies with spectroscopic and electrochemical characterizations and density functional theory (DFT) computation reveal the mechanisms of the impact on EO performance by anode fluorination. In particular, chlorate and perchlorate formation were fully inhibited when fluorinated Ti4O7 anode was used in reactive electrochemical membrane (REM) under a proper anodic potential range (<3.0 V vs Standard Hydrogen Electrode), resulting from slower intermediate reaction steps and short residence time of the REM system. The results of this study provide a basis for design and optimization of modified Ti4O7 anodes for efficient EO treatment of PFAS while limiting chlorate and perchlorate formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaye Wang
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, 30223, United States
| | - Lei Li
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, 30223, United States
| | - Qingguo Huang
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, 30223, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu F, Guan X, Xiao F. Photodegradation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water: A review of fundamentals and applications. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 439:129580. [PMID: 35905606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent, mobile, and toxic chemicals that are hazardous to human health and the environment. Several countries, including the United States, plan to set an enforceable maximum contamination level for certain PFAS compounds in drinking water sources. Among the available treatment options, photocatalytic treatment is promising for PFAS degradation and mineralization in the aqueous solution. In this review, recent advances in the abatement of PFAS from water using photo-oxidation and photo-reduction are systematically reviewed. Degradation mechanisms of PFAS by photo-oxidation involving the holes (hvb+) and oxidative radicals and photo-reduction using the electrons (ecb-) and hydrated electrons (eaq-) are integrated. The recent development of innovative heterogeneous photocatalysts and photolysis systems for enhanced degradation of PFAS is highlighted. Photodegradation mechanisms of alternative compounds, such as hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (GenX) and chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (F-53B), are also critically evaluated. This paper concludes by identifying major knowledge gaps and some of the challenges that lie ahead in the scalability and adaptability issues of photocatalysis for natural water treatment. Development made in photocatalysts design and system optimization forges a path toward sustainable treatment of PFAS-contaminated water through photodegradation technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiang Liu
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiaohong Guan
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Feng Xiao
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of North Dakota, 243 Centennial Drive Stop 8115, Grand Forks, ND 58202, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang M, Cai Y, Zhou B, Yuan R, Chen Z, Chen H. Removal of PFASs from water by carbon-based composite photocatalysis with adsorption and catalytic properties: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 836:155652. [PMID: 35508243 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a class of persistent organic pollutants widely distributed in aquatic environments. The adsorption and photocatalytic methods have been widely used to remove PFASs in water because of their respective advantages. Still, they have apparent defects when used alone. Therefore, the adsorption and photocatalytic technologies are combined through suitable preparation methods, and the excellent properties of the two are used to synergize the treatment of organic pollutants. This strategy of "concentrating" pollutants and then degrading them in a centralized manner plays an essential role in removing trace PFASs. Nevertheless, a review focusing on this kind of adsorption photocatalyst system is lacking. This review will fill this gap and provide a reference for developing a carbon-based composite photocatalyst. Firstly, different carbon-based composite photocatalysts are reviewed in detail, focusing on the differences in various composite materials' excellent adsorption and catalytic properties. Secondly, the factors influencing the removal effect of carbon-based composite photocatalysts are discussed. Thirdly, the removal mechanism of carbon-based composite photocatalysts is summarized in detail. The removal process involves two steps: adsorption and photodegradation. The adsorption process involves multiple cooperative adsorption mechanisms, and photocatalytic degradation includes oxidative and reductive degradation. Fourthly, the comparison of adsorption-photocatalysis with common treatment techniques (including removal rate, range of adaptation, cost, and the possibility of expanding application) is summarized. Finally, the prospects of carbon-based composite photocatalysts for repairing PFASs are given by evaluating the performance of different composites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingran Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yanping Cai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Beihai Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Rongfang Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhongbing Chen
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Huilun Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Üner NB, Baldaguez Medina P, Dinari JL, Su X, Sankaran RM. Rate, Efficiency, and Mechanisms of Electrochemical Perfluorooctanoic Acid Degradation with Boron-Doped Diamond and Plasma Electrodes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:8975-8986. [PMID: 35838411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The removal of per- or polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) has received increasing attention because of their extreme stability, our increasing awareness of their toxicity at even low levels, and scientific challenges for traditional treatment methods such as separation by activated carbon or destruction by advanced oxidation processes. Here, we performed a direct and systematic comparison of two electrified approaches that have recently shown promise for effective degradation of PFAS: plasma and conventional electrochemical degradation. We tailored a reactor configuration where one of the electrodes could be a plasma or a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode and operated both electrodes galvanostatically by continuous direct current. We show that while both methods achieved near-complete degradation of PFAS, the plasma was only effective as the cathode, whereas the BDD was only effective as the anode. Compared to the BDD, plasma required more than an order of magnitude higher voltage but lower current to achieve similar degradation efficiency with more rapid degradation kinetics. All these factors considered, it was noted that plasma or BDD degradation resulted in similar energy efficiencies. The BDD electrode exhibited zero-order kinetics, and thus, PFAS degradation using the conventional electrochemical method was kinetically controlled. On the contrary, analysis using a film model indicated that the plasma degradation kinetics of PFAS using plasma were mass-transfer-controlled because of the fast reaction kinetics. With the help of a simple quantitative model that incorporates mass transport, interfacial reaction, and surface accumulation, we propose that the degradation reaction kinetically follows an Eley-Rideal-type mechanism for the plasma electrode, and an intrinsic rate constant of 2.89 × 108 m4 mol-1 s-1 was obtained accordingly. The investigation shows that to realize the true kinetic potential of plasma degradation for water treatment, mass transfer to the interface must be enhanced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Necip B Üner
- Department of Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering, University Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801, Illinois, United States
- Chemical Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Paola Baldaguez Medina
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801, Illinois, United States
| | - Jasmine L Dinari
- Department of Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering, University Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801, Illinois, United States
| | - Xiao Su
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801, Illinois, United States
| | - R Mohan Sankaran
- Department of Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering, University Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801, Illinois, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Biswas S, Yamijala SSRKC, Wong BM. Degradation of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances with Hydrated Electrons: A New Mechanism from First-Principles Calculations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:8167-8175. [PMID: 35481774 PMCID: PMC10365488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are synthetic contaminants found in drinking groundwater sources and a wide variety of consumer products. Because of their adverse environmental and human health effects, remediation of these persistent compounds has attracted significant recent attention. To gain mechanistic insight into their remediation, we present the first ab initio study of PFAS degradation via hydrated electrons─a configuration that has not been correctly considered in previous computational studies up to this point. To capture these complex dynamical effects, we harness ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations to probe the reactivities of perfluorooctanoic (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) with hydrated electrons in explicit water. We complement our AIMD calculations with advanced metadynamics sampling techniques to compute free energy profiles and detailed statistical analyses of PFOA/PFOS dynamics. Although our calculations show that the activation barrier for C-F bond dissociation in PFOS is three times larger than that in PFOA, all the computed free energy barriers are still relatively low, resulting in a diffusion-limited process. We discuss our results in the context of recent studies on PFAS degradation with hydrated electrons to give insight into the most efficient remediation strategies for these contaminants. Most importantly, we show that the degradation of PFASs with hydrated electrons is markedly different from that with excess electrons/charges, a common (but largely incomplete) approach used in several earlier computational studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sohag Biswas
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Materials Science & Engineering Program, Department of Physics & Astronomy, and Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Sharma S R K C Yamijala
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomistic Modelling and Materials Design, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai 6000036, India
| | - Bryan M Wong
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Materials Science & Engineering Program, Department of Physics & Astronomy, and Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sun C, Yu M, Li Y, Niu B, Qin F, Yan N, Xu Y, Zheng Y. MoS2 nanoflowers decorated natural fiber-derived hollow carbon microtubes for boosting perfluorooctanoic acid degradation. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
16
|
Kazwini T, Yadav S, Ibrar I, Al-Juboori RA, Singh L, Ganbat N, Karbassiyazdi E, Samal AK, Subbiah S, Altaee A. Updated review on emerging technologies for PFAS contaminated water treatment. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
17
|
Fagan WP, Villamena FA, Zweier JL, Weavers LK. In Situ EPR Spin Trapping and Competition Kinetics Demonstrate Temperature-Dependent Mechanisms of Synergistic Radical Production by Ultrasonically Activated Persulfate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:3729-3738. [PMID: 35226467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound coupled with activated persulfate can synergistically degrade aqueous organic contaminants. Here, in situ electron paramagnetic resonance spin trapping was used to compare radicals produced by ultrasonically activated persulfate (US-PS) and its individual technologies, ultrasound alone (US) and heat-activated persulfate (PS), with respect to temperature. Radicals were trapped using 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide, DMPO, to form detectable nitroxide adducts. Using initial rates of radical adduct formation, and compared to US and PS, US-PS at 40 and 50 °C resulted in the largest synergistic production of radicals. Radicals generated from US were reasonably consistent from 40 to 70 °C, indicating that temperature had little effect on cavitational bubble collapse over this range. However, synergy indexes calculated from initial rates showed that ultrasonic activation of persulfate at the bubble interface changes with temperature. From these results, we speculate that higher temperatures enhance persulfate uptake into cavitation bubbles via nanodroplet injection. DMPO-OH was the predominant adduct detected for all conditions. However, competition modeling and spin trapping in the presence of nitrobenzene and atrazine probes showed that SO4•- predominated. Therefore, the DMPO-OH signal is derived from SO4•- trapping with subsequent DMPO-SO4- hydrolysis to DMPO-OH. Spin trapping is effective in quantifying total radical adduct formation but limited in measuring primary radical speciation in this case.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William P Fagan
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Frederick A Villamena
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jay L Zweier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Linda K Weavers
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cao H, Peng J, Zhou Z, Sun Y, Wang Y, Liang Y. Insight into the defluorination ability of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances based on machine learning and quantum chemical computations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:151018. [PMID: 34662613 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
UV-generated hydrated electrons play a critical role in the defluorination reaction of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). However, limited experimental data hinder insight into the effects of the structural characteristics of emerging PFAS on their defluorination abilities. Therefore, in this study, we adopted quantity structure-activity relationship models based on machine learning algorithms to develop the predictive models of the relative defluorination ability of PFAS. Five-fold cross-validations were used to perform the hyperparameter tuning of the models, which suggested that the gradient boosting algorithms with PaDEL descriptors as the best model possessed superior predictive performance (R2test = 0.944 and RMSEtest = 0.114). The importance of the descriptor indicated that the electrostatic properties and topological structure of the compounds significantly affected the defluorination ability of the PFAS. For the emerging PFAS the best model showed that most compounds, such as potential alternatives of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, were recalcitrant to reductive defluorination, whereas perfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic acids had relatively stronger defluorination abilities than perfluorooctanoic acid. The theoretical calculations implied that additional electrons on PFAS could cause molecular deconstruction, such as changes in the dihedral angle involved in the carbon chain, as well as C-F bond and ether C-O bond cleavages. In general, the current computational models could be useful for screening emerging PFAS to assess their defluorination ability for the molecular design of fluorochemical structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiming Cao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jianhua Peng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yuzhen Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yuan Y, Feng L, He X, Liu X, Xie N, Ai Z, Zhang L, Gong J. Efficient removal of PFOA with an In 2O 3/persulfate system under solar light via the combined process of surface radicals and photogenerated holes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:127176. [PMID: 34555762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The environmental persistence, high toxicity and wide spread presence of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in aquatic environment urgently necessitate the development of advanced technologies to eliminate PFOA. Here, the simultaneous application of a heterogeneous In2O3 photocatalyst and homogeneous persulfate oxidation (In2O3/PS) was demonstrated for PFOA degradation under solar light irradiation. The synergistic effect of direct hole oxidation and in-situ generated radicals, especially surface radicals, was found to contribute significantly to PFOA defluorination. Fourier infrared transform (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman, electrochemical scanning microscope (SECM) tests and density functional theory (DFT) calculation showed that the pre-adsorption of PFOA and PS onto In2O3 surface were dramatically critical steps, which could efficiently facilitate the direct hole oxidation of PFOA, and boost PS activation to yield high surface-confined radicals, thus prompting PFOA degradation. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to regulate the operation parameters for PFOA defluorination. Outstanding PFOA decomposition (98.6%) and near-stoichiometric equivalents of fluorides release were achieved within illumination 10 h. An underlying mechanism for PFOA destruction was proposed via a stepwise losing CF2 unit. The In2O3/PS remediation system under solar light provides an economical, sustainable and environmentally friendly approach for complete mineralization of PFOA, displaying a promising potential for treatment of PFOA-containing water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yijin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental & Applied Chemistry, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Lizhen Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental & Applied Chemistry, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Xianqin He
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental & Applied Chemistry, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental & Applied Chemistry, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Ning Xie
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental & Applied Chemistry, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Zhihui Ai
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental & Applied Chemistry, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental & Applied Chemistry, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Jingming Gong
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental & Applied Chemistry, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
McDonough JT, Anderson RH, Lang JR, Liles D, Matteson K, Olechiw T. Field-Scale Demonstration of PFAS Leachability Following In Situ Soil Stabilization. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:419-429. [PMID: 35036711 PMCID: PMC8756798 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A field-scale validation is summarized comparing the efficacy of commercially available stabilization amendments with the objective of mitigating per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) leaching from aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF)-impacted source zones. The scope of this work included bench-scale testing to evaluate multiple amendments and application concentrations to mitigate PFAS leachability and the execution of field-scale soil mixing in an AFFF-impacted fire-training area with nearly 2.5 years of post-soil mixing monitoring to validate reductions in PFAS leachability. At the bench scale, several amendments were evaluated and the selection of two amendments for field-scale evaluation was informed: FLUORO-SORB Adsorbent (FS) and RemBind (RB). Five ∼28 m3 test pits (approximately 3 m wide by 3 m long by 3 m deep) were mixed at a site using conventional construction equipment. One control test pit (Test Pit 1) included Portland cement (PC) only (5% dry weight basis). The other four test pits (Test Pits 2 through 5) compared 5 and 10% ratios (dry weight basis) of FS and RB (also with PC). Five separate monitoring events included two to three sample cores collected from each test pit for United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Method 1315 leaching assessment. After 1 year, a mass balance for each test pit was attempted comparing the total PFAS soil mass before, during, and after leach testing. Bench-scale and field-scale data were in good agreement and demonstrated >99% decrease in total PFAS leachability (mass basis; >98% mole basis) as confirmed by the total oxidizable precursor assay, strongly supporting the chemical stabilization of PFAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey T. McDonough
- Arcadis, 630 Plaza Drive
Suite 200, Highlands Ranch, Colorado 80129, United
States
- . Phone: 267-615-1863
| | - Richard H. Anderson
- Air
Force Civil Engineer Center (AFCEC), San Antonio, Texas 78056, United States
| | - Johnsie R. Lang
- Arcadis, 630 Plaza Drive
Suite 200, Highlands Ranch, Colorado 80129, United
States
| | - David Liles
- Arcadis, 630 Plaza Drive
Suite 200, Highlands Ranch, Colorado 80129, United
States
| | - Kasey Matteson
- Arcadis, 630 Plaza Drive
Suite 200, Highlands Ranch, Colorado 80129, United
States
| | - Theresa Olechiw
- Arcadis, 630 Plaza Drive
Suite 200, Highlands Ranch, Colorado 80129, United
States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kaiser AM, Saracevic E, Schaar HP, Weiss S, Hornek-Gausterer R. Ozone as oxidizing agent for the total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay and as a preceding step for activated carbon treatments concerning per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance removal. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 300:113692. [PMID: 34509127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Several thousands of highly persistent per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exist and it is therefore challenging to analytically determine a larger spectrum of these compounds simultaneously in one sample. It is even more difficult to efficiently remove mobile PFAS in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to protect the receiving waters. The total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay is an approach that enables the detection of the total PFAS content in a sample via oxidation of precursors, followed by subsequent analysis of the perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) concentration before and after oxidative processes. Activated carbon combined with a preceding ozonation step is considered a promising tool for the removal of micropollutants but considering PFAS removal efficiencies in effluents for this process combination more information is required. The focus of the study was to implement and assess the TOP assay with ozone as oxidizing agent to estimate the total PFAS content in a WWTP effluent. Additionally, granular activated carbon (GAC) and powdered activated carbon (PAC) with a preceding ozonation step was tested for the removal efficiencies for 22 PFAS. For the TOP assay the obtained accordance in molarity using spiked tap water as quality control was 95.2% (15 mg O3/L) and 99.1% (6 mg O3/L). Applying the TOP assay, an estimated total PFAS content of 840 ng/L was determined in the respective effluent, which was 91.1% higher than obtained by target PFAS analysis, implying the presence of unknown precursors not included in common monitoring. While all treatment techniques that included ozone or a preceding ozonation step solely transformed precursors and long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA, i.e., >C9) to shorter congeners, PAC was the only tested water treatment application that was able to remove 19.3% of the total PFAS molarity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ernis Saracevic
- TU Wien, Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Karlsplatz 12/226-1, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidemarie Paula Schaar
- TU Wien, Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Karlsplatz 12/226-1, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Weiss
- Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Reductive and Oxidative UV Degradation of PFAS—Status, Needs and Future Perspectives. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13223185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) consist of a group of environmentally persistent, toxic and bio-accumulative organic compounds of industrial origin that are widely present in water and wastewater. Despite restricted use due to current regulations on their use, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) remain the most commonly detected long-chain PFAS. This article reviews UV-based oxidative and reductive studies for the degradation of PFAS. Most of the UV-based processes studied at lab-scale include low pressure mercury lamps (emitting at 254 and 185 nm) with some studies using medium pressure mercury lamps (200–400 nm). A critical evaluation of the findings is made considering the degradation of PFAS, the impact of water quality conditions (pH, background ions, organics), types of oxidizing/reducing species, and source of irradiation with emphasis given to mechanisms of degradation and reaction by-products. Research gaps related to understanding of the factors influencing oxidative and reductive defluorination, impact of co-existing ions from the perspective of complexation with PFAS, and post-treatment toxicity are highlighted. The review also provides an overview of future perspectives regarding the challenges in relation to the current knowledge gaps, and future needs.
Collapse
|
23
|
Verma S, Varma RS, Nadagouda MN. Remediation and mineralization processes for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 794:148987. [PMID: 34426018 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are synthetic organic molecules used to manufacture various consumer and industrials products. In PFAS, the CF bond is stable, which renders these compounds chemically stable and prevents their breakdown. Several PFAS treatment processes such as adsorption, photolysis and photocatalysis, bioremediation, sonolysis, electrochemical oxidation, etc., have been explored and are being developed. The present review article has critically summarized degradative technologies and provides in-depth knowledge of photodegradation, electrochemical degradation, chemical oxidation, and reduction mineralization mechanism. Also, novel non-degradative technologies, including nano-adsorbents, natural and surface-modified clay minerals/zeolites, calixarene-based polymers, and molecularly imprinted polymers and adsorbents derived from biomaterials are discussed in detail. Of these novel approaches photocatalysis combined with membrane filtration or electrochemical oxidation via a treatment train approach shows promising results in removing PFAS in natural waters. The photocatalytic mineralization mechanism of PFOA is discussed, leading to recommendations for future research on novel remediation strategies for removing PFAS from water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanny Verma
- Pegasus Technical Services, Inc., 46 E. Hollister Street, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Mallikarjuna N Nadagouda
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pilli S, Pandey AK, Pandey V, Pandey K, Muddam T, Thirunagari BK, Thota ST, Varjani S, Tyagi RD. Detection and removal of poly and perfluoroalkyl polluting substances for sustainable environment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 297:113336. [PMID: 34325368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PFAs (poly and perfluoroalkyl compounds) are hazardous and bioaccumulative chemicals that do not readily biodegrade or neutralize under normal environmental conditions. They have various industrial, commercial, domestic and defence applications. According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, there are around 4700 PFAs registered to date. They are present in every stream of life, and they are often emerging and are even difficult to be detected by the standard chemical methods. This review aims to focus on the sources of various PFAs and the toxicities they impose on the environment and especially on humankind. Drinking water, food packaging, industrial areas and commercial household products are the primary PFAs sources. Some of the well-known treatment methods for remediation of PFAs presented in the literature are activated carbon, filtration, reverse osmosis, nano filtration, oxidation processes etc. The crucial stage of handling the PFAs occurs in determining and analysing the type of PFA and its remedy. This paper provides a state-of-the-art review of determination & tools, and techniques for remediation of PFAs in the environment. Improving new treatment methodologies that are economical and sustainable are essential for excluding the PFAs from the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Pilli
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Fathimanagar, Telangana, 506004, India.
| | - Ashutosh Kumar Pandey
- Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability-India, Lucknow, 226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vivek Pandey
- Department of Geography, Allahabad Degree College (A.D.C.), Allahabad University, Prayagraj, 211003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kritika Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology for Handicapped, Kanpur, 208024, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tulasiram Muddam
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Fathimanagar, Telangana, 506004, India
| | - Baby Keerthi Thirunagari
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Fathimanagar, Telangana, 506004, India
| | - Sai Teja Thota
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Fathimanagar, Telangana, 506004, India
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, 382 010, Gujarat, India.
| | - Rajeshwar Dayal Tyagi
- Chief Scientific Officer, BOSK Bioproducts, 399 Rue Jacquard, Suite 100, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chen C, Ma Q, Liu F, Gao J, Li X, Sun S, Yao H, Liu C, Young J, Zhang W. Photocatalytically reductive defluorination of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) using Pt/La 2Ti 2O 7 nanoplates: Experimental and DFT assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 419:126452. [PMID: 34198220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To enable efficient degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), we prepared and investigated a nanosheet photocatalyst (Pt/La2Ti2O7). Doping platinum nanoparticles on La2Ti2O7 varied the band structure and improved the photocatalytic activity due to the enhanced charge separation. Methanol as the electron donor and sacrificial reagent significantly promoted the photocatalytically reductive degradation of PFOA that reduced by 40% within 180 min under UV254 irradiation (1 mW∙cm2). The density functional theory calculations were used to analyze the effects of Pt doping and band structures on interfacial electron transfer and degradation pathways. As opposed to photocatalytic oxidation, this UV/Pt/La2Ti2O7/CH3OH photocatalysis could abstract electrons from methanol and convert to free reactive radicals and photo-generated electrons to reductively defluorinate PFOA and potentially other polyhalogenated or perhalogenated organic compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, PR China; John A. Reif, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Qingquan Ma
- John A. Reif, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Fangzhou Liu
- John A. Reif, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Jianan Gao
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, PR China; John A. Reif, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Xinyang Li
- Beijing International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water Pollution Control Techniques for Antibiotics and Resistance Genes, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, Department of municipal and environmental Engineering, School of civil engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, PR China
| | - Shaobin Sun
- Beijing International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water Pollution Control Techniques for Antibiotics and Resistance Genes, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, Department of municipal and environmental Engineering, School of civil engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, PR China
| | - Hong Yao
- Beijing International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water Pollution Control Techniques for Antibiotics and Resistance Genes, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, Department of municipal and environmental Engineering, School of civil engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, PR China
| | - Changqing Liu
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, PR China
| | - Joshua Young
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Wen Zhang
- John A. Reif, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Light-Induced Advanced Oxidation Processes as PFAS Remediation Methods: A Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11188458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PFAS substances, which have been under investigation in recent years, are certainly some of the most critical emerging contaminants. Their presence in drinking water, correlated with diseases, is consistently being confirmed by scientific studies in the academic and health sectors. With the aim of developing new technologies to mitigate the water contamination problem, research activity based on advanced oxidation processes for PFAS dealkylation and subsequent mineralization is active. While UV radiation could be directly employed for decontamination, there are nevertheless considerable problems regarding its use, even from a large-scale perspective. In contrast, the use of cheap, robust, and green photocatalytic materials active under near UV-visible radiation shows interesting prospects. In this paper we take stock of the health problems related to PFAS, and then provide an update on strategies based on the use of photocatalysts and the latest findings regarding reaction mechanisms. Finally, we detail some brief considerations in relation to the economic aspects of possible solutions.
Collapse
|
27
|
Borrull J, Colom A, Fabregas J, Borrull F, Pocurull E. Presence, behaviour and removal of selected organic micropollutants through drinking water treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 276:130023. [PMID: 33744648 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates the occurrence and removal of 60 organic micropollutants (OMPs) including pharmaceuticals, personal care products, pesticides and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) treating raw water from the Ebro River (NE Spain). The behaviour of the OMPs was evaluated in each treatment: pre-ozonation, flocculation-coagulation-decantation-sand filtration, post-ozonation and granular activated carbon filtration. Thirty-one of the sixty OMPs studied were detected in source water with individual median concentrations below 10 ng L-1 for all the compounds except for caffeine (64.1 ng L-1). The highest concentration peaks in the source water were found for caffeine (124.5 ng L-1), terbuthylazine (52.0 ng L-1), imidacloprid (30.2 ng L-1) and paracetamol (25.6 ng L-1). Of the 31 compounds detected in the source water, 17 were also detected in the finished drinking water. Of these 17 compounds, 10 were PFASs, which indicated that this group of compounds had not been effectively removed throughout the drinking water treatments. The overall removal efficiencies of OMPs in the DWTP ranged from -50.9% to 100%. The most efficient removal technologies were ozonation and granular activated carbon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josep Borrull
- Consorci d'Aigües de Tarragona, N-340 km 1.094. 43895 L'Ampolla, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili. Marcel·lí Domingo s/n. Sescelades Campus, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Agustí Colom
- Consorci d'Aigües de Tarragona, N-340 km 1.094. 43895 L'Ampolla, Spain
| | - Josepa Fabregas
- Consorci d'Aigües de Tarragona, N-340 km 1.094. 43895 L'Ampolla, Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili. Marcel·lí Domingo s/n. Sescelades Campus, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Eva Pocurull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili. Marcel·lí Domingo s/n. Sescelades Campus, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sasi PC, Alinezhad A, Yao B, Kubátová A, Golovko SA, Golovko MY, Xiao F. Effect of granular activated carbon and other porous materials on thermal decomposition of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: Mechanisms and implications for water purification. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 200:117271. [PMID: 34082264 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Thermal treatment is routinely used to reactivate the spent granular activated carbon (GAC) from water purification facilities. It is also an integral part of sewage sludge treatment and municipal solid waste management. This study presents a detailed investigation of the fate of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and one PFAS alternative (GenX) in thermal processes, focusing on the effect of GAC. We demonstrate that the thermolysis of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), including perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and GenX can occur at temperatures of 150‒200 °C. Three temperature zones were discovered for PFOA, including a stable and nonvolatile zone (≤90 °C), a phase-transfer and thermal decomposition zone (90‒400 °C), and a fast decomposition zone (≥400 °C). The thermal decomposition began with the homolysis of a C‒C bond next to the carboxyl group of PFCAs, which formed unstable perfluoroalkyl radicals. Dual decomposition pathways seem to exist. The addition of a highly porous adsorbent, such as GAC or a copolymer resin, compressed the intermediate sublimation zone of PFCAs, changed their thermal decomposition pathways, and increased the decomposition rate constant by up to 150-fold at 250 °C. The results indicate that the observed thermal decomposition acceleration was linked to the adsorption of gas-phase PFCA molecules on GAC. The presence of non-activated charcoals/biochars with a low affinity for PFOA did not accelerate its thermal decomposition, suggesting that the π electron-rich, polyaromatic surface of charcoal/GAC played an insignificant role compared to the adsorbent's porosity. Overall, the results indicate that (1) substantial decomposition of PFCAs and GenX during conventional thermal GAC/sludge/waste treatment is very likely, and (2) the presence or addition of GAC or other highly porous materials can accelerate thermal PFAS decomposition and alter decomposition pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavankumar Challa Sasi
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of North Dakota, 243 Centennial Drive Stop 8115, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Ali Alinezhad
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of North Dakota, 243 Centennial Drive Stop 8115, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Bin Yao
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of North Dakota, 243 Centennial Drive Stop 8115, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, 151 Cornell Street Stop 9024, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Alena Kubátová
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, 151 Cornell Street Stop 9024, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Svetlana A Golovko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 Columbia Road North Stop 9037, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Mikhail Y Golovko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 Columbia Road North Stop 9037, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Feng Xiao
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of North Dakota, 243 Centennial Drive Stop 8115, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hou J, He X, Zhang S, Yu J, Feng M, Li X. Recent advances in cobalt-activated sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes for water remediation: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 770:145311. [PMID: 33736411 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) have attracted increasing attention for the degradation of organic contaminants in water. The oxidants of SR-AOPs could be activated to generate different kinds of reactive oxygen species (ROS, e.g., hydroxyl radicals (OH), sulfate radicals (SO4-), singlet oxygen (1O2), and superoxide radicals (O2-)) by various catalysts. As one of the promising catalysts, cobalt-based catalysts have been extensively investigated in catalytic activity and stability during water remediation. This article mainly summarizes recent advances in preparation and applications of cobalt-based catalysts on peroxydisulfate (PDS)/peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation since 2016. The review covers the development of homogeneous cobalt ions, cobalt oxides, supported cobalt composites, and cobalt-based mixed metal oxides for PDS/PMS activation, especially for the latest nanocomposites such as cobalt-based metal-organic frameworks and single-atom catalysts. This article also discussed the activation mechanisms and the influencing factors of different cobalt-based catalysts for activating PDS/PMS. Finally, the future perspectives on the challenges and applications of cobalt-based catalysts are presented at the end of this paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jifei Hou
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiudan He
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Shengqi Zhang
- College of Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jialin Yu
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Mingbao Feng
- College of Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Xuede Li
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Tan X, Zhong J, Fu C, Dang H, Han Y, Král P, Guo J, Yuan Z, Peng H, Zhang C, Whittaker AK. Amphiphilic Perfluoropolyether Copolymers for the Effective Removal of Polyfluoroalkyl Substances from Aqueous Environments. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Tan
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jiexi Zhong
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Changkui Fu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Huy Dang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Yanxiao Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Petr Král
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Jianhua Guo
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Zhiguo Yuan
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Hui Peng
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew K. Whittaker
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang K, Huang D, Wang W, Li Y, Xu L, Li J, Zhu Y, Niu J. Enhanced decomposition of long-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids (C9-C10) by electrochemical activation of peroxymonosulfate in aqueous solution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143666. [PMID: 33257073 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The decomposition of long-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs), including perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), were investigated by electrochemical activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) on porous Ti/SnO2-Sb membrane anode. The results indicated that PMS activation could efficiently promote PFNA/PFDA decomposition, with pseudo-first-order rate constants about 3.12/2.06 times as compared with that of direct electro-oxidations. The energy consumptions of PFNA and PFDA decomposition were 36.31 and 37.46 kWh·m-3·order-1, respectively. The quantitative detection results of •OH with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) demonstrated that PMS activation promoted •OH formation. The inhibited performance in radical scavengers indicated both •OH and SO4•- might be mainly involved in PFNA decomposition, while SO4•- might be mainly involved in PFDA decomposition during PMS activation process. The mineralization mechanism for long-chain PFCAs decomposition which was mainly by repeating CF2-unzipping cycle via radical reaction based on the intermediates verification and mass balance of C and F, was proposed. These results suggested that electrochemical activation of PMS on porous Ti/SnO2-Sb membrane anode exhibited high efficiency in mineralizing PFNA and PFDA under mild conditions. This work might provide an efficient way for persistent organic pollutants, including, but not limited to long-chain PFCAs elimination from wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Dahong Huang
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, PR China
| | - Weilai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Lei Xu
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, PR China
| | - Jiayin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Yunqing Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China
| | - Junfeng Niu
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhao S, Liu S, Wang F, Lu X, Li Z. Sorption behavior of 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (F-53B) on four kinds of nano-materials. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:144064. [PMID: 33316510 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (with the trade name F-53B, a substitute for PFOS) is one type of Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), which is widely used as a chromium mist inhibitor in China. It has been found in environment commonly. In this study, the sorption behavior of F-53B on four kinds of nano-materials: alumina nanopowder (ANP), alumina nanowires (ANW), hydrophilic bentonite nanoclay (HBNC) and surface modified nanoclay (SMNC) were investigated. The kinetics results indicated that the sorption of F-53B on four nano-materials reached equilibrium within 2 h and the sorption process were fitted better by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model than the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The thermodynamic study showed that the sorption of F-53B on nano-materials were exothermic and spontaneous. As the increase of temperature, the maximum sorption capacity of ANP, ANW, HBNC, SMNC increased, and reached 868.75, 91.35, 5.15, 2465.09 μg/g at 25 °C, respectively. The surface modified nanoclay (SMNC) was better than the others for removing F-53B from aquatic environment. To investigate the effects of pH and ion strength, the particle size and zeta potential of sorbents at different pH and ion strength were measured by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), and concluded that the sorption mechanism of F-53B on two kinds of nanoalumina mainly included electrostatic attraction and agglomeration effects, while hydrophobic interaction played an important role on the sorption of F-53B on nanoclay. This study revealed the sorption behavior and mechanism of F-53B on four kinds of nano-materials, and the results provided theoretical support for removing F-53B from electroplating wastewater with nano-materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Xingwen Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhe Li
- School of Engineering and Materials Science Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kim KY, Ekpe OD, Lee HJ, Oh JE. Perfluoroalkyl substances and pharmaceuticals removal in full-scale drinking water treatment plants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 400:123235. [PMID: 32947684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of 14 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and 46 pharmaceuticals in raw water and drinking water from five drinking water treatment plants were determined to assess removal of the chemicals during treatment. 10 out of 14 PFASs were detected in the raw and drinking water samples. The mean perfluorohexane sulfonate concentrations in raw and drinking water were the highest with levels of 106 and 69.6 ng L-1, respectively and the other PFAS concentrations were lower. The ∑14PFAS and individual PFAS removal efficiencies for the treatment plants were -36.9% to 70.7% (mean 31.3%) but the granular activated carbon process removed >80% of the total amount of long-chain PFASs that was removed. The removal efficiency increased as the perfluorocarbon chain length increased. The removal efficiencies increased by 14.2% and 11.2% from the shortest to the longest perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid and perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid chain lengths, respectively. 20 out of 46 pharmaceuticals were detected in the raw water samples, but most were removed completely during treatment. Only caffeine, carbamazepine, crotamiton, fenbendazole, metformin, and sulfamethoxazole were detected in the drinking water samples. Oxidation processes contributed >90% of the overall treatment plant removal efficiency except for metformin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ki Yong Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Okon Dominic Ekpe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon-Jun Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Rao U, Su Y, Khor CM, Jung B, Ma S, Cwiertny DM, Wong BM, Jassby D. Structural Dependence of Reductive Defluorination of Linear PFAS Compounds in a UV/Electrochemical System. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:10668-10677. [PMID: 32786552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), legacy chemicals used in firefighting and the manufacturing of many industrial and consumer goods, are widely found in groundwater resources, along with other regulated compounds, such as chlorinated solvents. Due to their strong C-F bonds, these molecules are extremely recalcitrant, requiring advanced treatment methods for effective remediation, with hydrated electrons shown to be able to defluorinated these compounds. A combined photo/electrochemical method has been demonstrated to dramatically increase defluorination rates, where PFAS molecules sorbed onto appropriately functionalized cathodes charged to low cell potentials (-0.58 V vs Ag/AgCl) undergo a transient electron transfer event from the electrode, which "primes" the molecule by reducing the C-F bond strength and enables the bond's dissociation upon the absorption of a hydrated electron. In this work, we explore the impact of headgroup and chain length on the performance of this two-electron process and extend this technique to chlorinated solvents. We use isotopically labeled PFAS molecules to take advantage of the kinetic isotope effect and demonstrate that indeed PFAS defluorination is likely driven by a two-electron process. We also present density functional theory calculations to illustrate that the externally applied potential resulted in an increased rate of electron transfer, which ultimately increased the measured defluorination rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Unnati Rao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-153, United States
| | - Yiming Su
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-153, United States
| | - Chia Miang Khor
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-153, United States
| | - Bongyeon Jung
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-153, United States
| | - Shengcun Ma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-153, United States
| | - David M Cwiertny
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Bryan M Wong
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - David Jassby
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-153, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lee YC, Li YF, Chen MJ, Chen YC, Kuo J, Lo SL. Efficient decomposition of perfluorooctanic acid by persulfate with iron-modified activated carbon. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 174:115618. [PMID: 32088387 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Using persulfate (PS) oxidation to remove the persistent perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in water typically requires an elevated temperature or an extended reaction time. Under relatively ambient temperatures (15-45 °C), feasibility of employing PS with iron-modified activated carbon (AC) for PFOA oxidation was evaluated. With presence of Fe/AC in PS oxidation, 61.7% of PFOA was decomposed to fluoride ions and intermediates of short-chain perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) with a 41.9% defluorination efficiency at 25 °C after 10 h. Adsorption of PFOA onto Fe/AC can be regarded as a pre-concentration step prior to subsequent oxidation of PFOA. Fe/AC not only removes PFOA through adsorption, but also activates PS to form sulfate radicals that accelerate the decomposition and mineralization of PFOA. With Fe/AC in the PS system, activation energies (Ea) of PFOA removal and defluorination were significantly reduced from 66.8 to 13.2 and 97.3 to 14.5 kJ/mol, respectively. It implies that PFOA degradation and defluorination could proceed at a lower reaction temperature within a shorter reaction time. Besides, the surface characteristics of AC and Fe/AC before and after PS oxidation were evaluated by XPS and SEM. A quenching test used MeOH as an inhibitor and EPR spectra of free radicals were conducted to develop the proposed reaction mechanisms for PFOA oxidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chi Lee
- Research Center for Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control Technology, Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yueh-Feng Li
- Research Center for Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control Technology, Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Meng-Jia Chen
- Research Center for Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control Technology, Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ying-Chin Chen
- Research Center for Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control Technology, Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jeff Kuo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, California State University, Fullerton, 800 N. State College Blvd., Fullerton, USA
| | - Shang-Lien Lo
- Research Center for Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control Technology, Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chen Z, Li C, Gao J, Dong H, Chen Y, Wu B, Gu C. Efficient Reductive Destruction of Perfluoroalkyl Substances under Self-Assembled Micelle Confinement. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:5178-5185. [PMID: 32062968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recently, perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have received great attention from both academia and the industry due to their persistence and health risks. Here, we developed a simple ternary self-assembled micelle composite, consisting of a photosensitive substance (indole acetic acid, IAA), cationic surfactant (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide), and contaminant (PFAS). Owing to the rapid hydrated electron transfer from IAA to the PFAS in the micelle, the PFAS degradation and defluorination were greatly enhanced even under ambient conditions. After 2.5 h UV irradiation, the perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) concentration decreased from 10 mg L-1 to ∼60 ng L-1, which is below the drinking water health advisory level of the United States Environmental Protection Agency for the combined concentration of PFOA and perfluorooctane sulfonate (70 ng L-1). Meanwhile, the dissolved organic carbon content of the reaction solution was also reduced to ∼3 mg L-1 due to the quick settlement and automatic separation of the micelle. Furthermore, the newly developed composite was also adaptable to a wide pH range (pH 4-8), attributing to the barrier created by the ternary micelle system. This novel self-assembly method is expected to directly treat industrial PFAS-containing wastewater or PFAS-enriched concentrates derived from adsorption processes. The conceptually new advanced reduction technique represents a major breakthrough toward PFAS rapid destruction and efficient usage of hydrated electrons and might also shed light on other environmental applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanghao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Chen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Juan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, P.R. China
| | - Hailiang Dong
- Department of Geology and Environmental Earth Science, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Bing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Yuan Y, Feng L, Xie N, Zhang L, Gong J. Rapid photochemical decomposition of perfluorooctanoic acid mediated by a comprehensive effect of nitrogen dioxide radicals and Fe 3+/Fe 2+ redox cycle. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 388:121730. [PMID: 31784137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Developing efficient methods to degrade perfluorochemicals (PFCs), an emerging class of highly recalcitrant contaminants, are urgently needed in recent years, due to their persistence, high toxicity, and resistance to most regular treatment procedures. Here, a UV-photolysis system is reported for efficient mineralization of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) via irradiation of ferric nitrate aqueous solution, where in-situ generating •NO2 and the effective Fe3+/Fe2+ redox cycle synergistically play great roles on rapidly mediating the mineralization of PFOA. A fast PFOA removal kinetics with first-order kinetic constants of 2.262 h-1 is observed at initial PFOA concentration of 5 ppm (50 mL volume), reaching ∼ 92 % removal efficiency within only 0.5-h irradiation. Near-stoichiometric fluoride ions liberation and high total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency (∼100 %) further validated the capability for completely destructive removal of PFOA. A tentative pathway for PFOA destruction is proposed. This work, by UV photolysis of abundant existing iron/nitrate-based systems in natural environment, provides an economical, sustainable and highly efficient approach for complete mineralization of perfluorinated chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yijin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
| | - Lizhen Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
| | - Ning Xie
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China.
| | - Jingming Gong
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Mahinroosta R, Senevirathna L. A review of the emerging treatment technologies for PFAS contaminated soils. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 255:109896. [PMID: 32063301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of soils with poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has become a challenging issue due to the adverse effects of these substances on both the environment and public health. PFAS have strong chemical structures and their bonding with soil makes them challenging to eliminate from soil environments. Traditional methods of soil remediation have not been successful in their reduction or removal from the environment. This paper provides a comprehensive evaluation of existing and emerging technologies for remediating PFAS contaminated soils with guidance on which approach to use in different contexts. The functions of all remediation technologies, their suitability, limitations, and the scale applied from laboratory to the field are presented as a baseline for understanding the research need for treatment in soil environments. To date, the immobilization method has been a significant part of the remediation solution for PFAS contaminated soils, although its long-term efficiency still needs further investigation. Soil washing and thermal treatment techniques have been tested at the field scale, but they are expensive and energy-intensive due to the use of a large volume of washing solvent and the high melting point of PFAS, respectively; both methods need a large initial investment for their installation. Other remediation technologies, such as chemical oxidation, ball milling, and electron beams, have been progressed in the laboratory. However, additional research is needed to make them feasible, cost-effective and applicable in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mahinroosta
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Business, Justice and Behavioural Sciences, Charles Sturt University, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Lalantha Senevirathna
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Business, Justice and Behavioural Sciences, Charles Sturt University, New South Wales, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Chemometrics-Assisted Monitoring in Raman Spectroscopy for the Biodegradation Process of an Aqueous Polyfluoroalkyl Ether from a Fire-Fighting foam in an Environmental Matrix. ENVIRONMENTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/environments7010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Surfactants based on polyfluoroalkyl ethers are commonly used in fire-fighting foams on airport platforms, including for training sessions. Because of their persistence into the environment, their toxicity and their bioaccumulation, abnormal amounts can be found in ground and surface water following the operations of airport platforms. As with many other anthropogenic, organic compounds, some concerns are raised about their biodegradation. That is why the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 301 F protocol was implemented to monitor the oxygen consumption during the biodegradation of a commercial fire-fighting foam. However, a Raman spectroscopic monitoring of the process was also attached to this experimental procedure to evaluate to what extent a polyfluoroalkyl ether disappeared from the environmental matrix. Our approach relies on the use of chemometrics, such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares (PLS), in order to monitor the kinetics of the biodegradation reaction of one fire-fighting foam, Tridol S3B, containing a polyfluoroalkyl ether. This study provided a better appreciation of the partial biodegradation of some polyfluoroalkyl ethers by coupling Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics. This will ultimately facilitate the design of future purification and remediation devices for airport platforms.
Collapse
|
40
|
Selected advanced water treatment technologies for perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances: A review. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
41
|
Khan MY, So S, da Silva G. Decomposition kinetics of perfluorinated sulfonic acids. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 238:124615. [PMID: 31454742 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) is a widespread and persistent pollutant of concern to human health and the environment. Although incineration is often used to treat material contaminated with PFOS and related per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), little is known about the precise chemical mechanism for the thermal decomposition of these substances of concern. Here, we present the first study of the thermal decomposition kinetics of PFOS and related perfluorinated acids, using computational chemistry and reaction rate theory methods. We discover that the preferred channel for PFOS decomposition is via an α-sultone that spontaneously decomposes to form perfluorooctanal and SO2. At 1000 K the halflife for PFOS is predicted to be 0.2 s, decreasing sharply as temperature increases further. These results show that the acid headgroup in PFOS can be efficiently destroyed in incinerators operating at relatively modest temperatures. The new insights provided into the exact decomposition mechanism and kinetics of PFOS will help to improve remediation technologies actively under development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Yasir Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Sui So
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Gabriel da Silva
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Chen Z, Tian H, Li H, Li J, Hong R, Sheng F, Wang C, Gu C. Application of surfactant modified montmorillonite with different conformation for photo-treatment of perfluorooctanoic acid by hydrated electrons. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 235:1180-1188. [PMID: 31561309 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a class of highly persistent contaminants with high bioaccumulation and toxicity. Our previous studies showed that perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) can be completely defluorinated under UV irradiation in organo-montmorillonite/indole acetic acid (IAA) system. However, there is still lack of information for the degradation mechanism and the test for wastewater treatment. Here, we systematically investigated the defluorination reaction in the presence of different organo-montmorillonites and found that the degradation process was apparently controlled by the configuration of surfactants. In hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium (HDTMA)-modified montmorillonite, HDTMA exists as a tilt conformation and isolated clay interlayer from the aqueous solution, protecting hydrated electrons generated by photo-irradiation of IAA from quenching by oxygen. Defluorination hydrogenation process was the dominant degradation pathway. While in poly-4-vinylpyridine-co-styrene (PVPcoS)-modified montmorillonite, due to the multiple charges of PVPcoS, a flat conformation parallel to clay surface was expected. Hydroxyl radicals, which were generated by the reaction of hydrated electrons with oxygen molecules diffused into clay interlayer, are also involved in the degradation process. Our results further demonstrate that mixture modified montmorillonite could combine the advantages of both modifications, thus showing superior reactivity even for actual industrial wastewater without any pretreatment. This technique would have great potential for treatment of actual wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanghao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Haoting Tian
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Soil Conservation & Environmental Protection, College of Resource and Environment, Linyi University, Linyi, 276005, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States
| | - JianSheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province for Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Ran Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Feng Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Cheng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Crone BC, Speth TF, Wahman DG, Smith SJ, Abulikemu G, Kleiner EJ, Pressman JG. Occurrence of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Source Water and Their Treatment in Drinking Water. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2019; 49:2359-2396. [PMID: 32831535 PMCID: PMC7433796 DOI: 10.1080/10643389.2019.1614848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) occurrence in drinking water and treatment methods for their removal are reviewed. PFAS are fluorinated substances whose unique properties make them effective surface-active agents with uses ranging from stain repellants to fire-fighting foams. In response to concerns about drinking water contamination and health risks from PFAS exposure, the United States Environmental Protection Agency published Health Advisories (HAs) for perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid. The occurrence of six PFAS in drinking water has been reported in the Third Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR3), and subsequent analysis of the dataset suggested that four percent of water systems reported at least one detectable PFAS compound and 1.3 percent of water systems reported results above the HAs. Many treatment technologies have been evaluated in the literature, with the most promising and readily applied treatment technologies being activated carbon, anion exchange resins, and high-pressure membrane systems. From these data and literature reports, research and data gaps were identified and suggestions for future research are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian C. Crone
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, OH 45268
| | - Thomas F. Speth
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, OH 45268
| | - David G. Wahman
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, OH 45268
| | | | | | - Eric J. Kleiner
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, OH 45268
| | - Jonathan G. Pressman
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, OH 45268
- Corresponding Author: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 Martin Luther King Drive West, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, USA; phone: (513) 569-7625;
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Henke AH, Saunders TP, Pedersen JA, Hamers RJ. Enhancing Electrochemical Efficiency of Hydroxyl Radical Formation on Diamond Electrodes by Functionalization with Hydrophobic Monolayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:2153-2163. [PMID: 30550713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b04030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical formation of high-energy species such as hydroxyl radicals in aqueous media is inefficient because oxidation of H2O to form O2 is a more thermodynamically favorable reaction. Boron-doped diamond (BDD) is widely used as an electrode material for generating •OH radicals because it has a very large kinetic overpotential for O2 production, thus increasing electrochemical efficiency for •OH production. Yet, the underlying mechanisms of O2 and •OH production at diamond electrodes are not well understood. We demonstrate that boron-doped diamond surfaces functionalized with hydrophobic, polyfluorinated molecular ligands (PF-BDD) have significantly higher electrochemical efficiency for •OH production compared with hydrogen-terminated (H-BDD), oxidized (O-BDD), or poly(ethylene ether)-functionalized (E-BDD) boron-doped diamond samples. Our measurements show that •OH production is nearly independent of surface functionalization and pH (pH = 7.4 vs 9.2), indicating that •OH is produced by oxidation of H2O in an outer-sphere electron-transfer process. In contrast, the total electrochemical current, which primarily produces O2, differs strongly between samples with different surface functionalizations, indicating an inner-sphere electron-transfer process. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements show that although both H-BDD and PF-BDD electrodes are oxidized over time, PF-BDD showed longer stability (≈24 h of use) than H-BDD. This work demonstrates that increasing surface hydrophobicity using perfluorinated ligands selectively inhibits inner-sphere oxidation to O2 and therefore provides a pathway to increased efficiency for formation of •OH via an outer-sphere process. The use of hydrophobic electrodes may be a general approach to increasing selectivity toward outer-sphere electron-transfer processes in aqueous media.
Collapse
|
45
|
Sühnholz S, Kopinke FD, Weiner B. Hydrothermal treatment for regeneration of activated carbon loaded with organic micropollutants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 644:854-861. [PMID: 30743883 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal treatment (HT) at 200 °C and 240 °C for 4 and 16 h was studied for the regeneration of granular activated carbon (AC) loaded with a range of organic micropollutants having a broad range of physico-chemical properties. Carbamazepine, diazinon, diclofenac, estrone, iohexol, metoprolol and sulfamethoxazole were fully converted. Limits were seen for the conversion of caffeine, ibuprofen and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS). However, the degree of degradation was enhanced for the latter compounds in the adsorbed state as compared to experiments in aqueous solution. The methodology was tested in five loading and regeneration cycles for selected compounds with no change of the degradation potential and of the AC properties. In particular, the surface properties of the AC did not deteriorate upon HT as determined by the specific surface area (from BET isotherms), the point of zero charge, and the surface functional groups (from diffuse reflectance IR spectroscopy). As the total concentration of the loaded pollutants was minimized by HT, this method could be considered as a new low temperature regeneration technology for spent AC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Sühnholz
- Helmholtz-Center for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Engineering, Permoserstraβe 15, D-04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank-Dieter Kopinke
- Helmholtz-Center for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Engineering, Permoserstraβe 15, D-04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Barbara Weiner
- Helmholtz-Center for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Engineering, Permoserstraβe 15, D-04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abada B, Alivio TEG, Shao Y, O'Loughlin TE, Klemashevich C, Banerjee S, Jayaraman A, Chu KH. Photodegradation of fluorotelomer carboxylic 5:3 acid and perfluorooctanoic acid using zinc oxide. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:637-644. [PMID: 30219589 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Occurrence of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the environment and biota has raised a great concern to public health because these compounds are persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic. Biodegradation of polyfluoroalkyl substances, particularly long-chain fluorotelomer-based products, can lead to production of various short-chain PFASs, with 5:3 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid (referred as 5:3 FTCA hereafter) as a dominant polyfluoroalkyl metabolite. Perfluoroalkyl acids, particularly perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), are toxic and current removal methods are not cost-effective. This study reports the photodegradation of 5:3 FTCA and PFOA using ZnO as a photocatalyst under neutral pH and room temperature conditions. Under long UV wavelength (365 nm), both tetrapod and commercial ZnO can photodegrade 5:3 FTCA. Five removal products-perfluorohexanoic acid, perfluoropentanoic acid, perfluorobutyric acid, 5:2 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid (5:2 FTCA), and inorganic fluoride-were identified, with PFBA and F- as dominant end products. SEM and XPS high-resolution scans on the surface of the utilized ZnO showed less units of CF2 than that in 5:3 FTCA, supporting occurrence of photodegradation of 5:3 FTCA by ZnO. Defluorination of PFOA was not observed with ZnO only, but at pH 5 and in the co-presence of Fe-citrate. PFOA defluorination increased from 0.93% after 3 days of UV light exposure to 3.9% after additional 135 h under direct sunlight exposure. To the authors' best knowledge, this is the first report studying ZnO-catalyzed photodegradation of 5:3 FTCA, and examining the Fe co-addition for PFOA defluorination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Abada
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Theodore E G Alivio
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Yiru Shao
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Thomas E O'Loughlin
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Cory Klemashevich
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Sarbajit Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Arul Jayaraman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Kung-Hui Chu
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Glover CM, Quiñones O, Dickenson ERV. Removal of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in potable reuse systems. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 144:454-461. [PMID: 30071400 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a group of persistent contaminants that have been identified throughout the aquatic environment. In this study, ten targeted perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), three targeted PFAA precursors, and non-targeted PFAA precursors were monitored in four full- and pilot-scale potable reuse plants at each stage of advanced treatment. Non-targeted PFAA precursors were quantified by applying a total oxidizable precursor assay in which PFAA precursors are oxidized by hydroxyl radicals to targeted PFAAs. Two of the potable reuse systems had membrane-based treatments with reverse osmosis and UV-advanced oxidation (RO-UV/AOP) and two used ozone, biological activated carbon filtration and granular activated carbon adsorption (O3-BAC-GAC). The total targeted PFAAs in the four tertiary effluents, the influent sources for the potable reuse systems, ranged from 52 to 227 ng/L with non-targeted PFAA precursors accounting for 30-67% of total PFASs on a molar basis. The RO-UV/AOP treatment trains reduced PFAAs and PFAA precursors to below their method reporting limits through the barrier provided by RO. The O3-BAC-GAC based treatment trains reduced, but did not completely remove PFAAs or PFAA precursors and the PFASs present in the product water were primarily shorter-chain PFAAs, some of which lack human health guidance values for drinking water. The relative fraction of targeted shorter-chain PFAAs increased after each treatment step indicating that there was preferential removal of the PFAA precursors and longer-chain PFAAs. This study provides new insight on the concentrations and treatment of PFAA precursors through potable reuse treatment systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M Glover
- Water Quality Research and Development Division, Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV, 89193-9954, USA.
| | - Oscar Quiñones
- Water Quality Research and Development Division, Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV, 89193-9954, USA
| | - Eric R V Dickenson
- Water Quality Research and Development Division, Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV, 89193-9954, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Dong W, Liu B, Song Y, Zhang H, Li J, Cui X. Occurrence and Partition of Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCs) in Water and Sediment from the Songhua River, China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 74:492-501. [PMID: 29150771 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0474-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study provided the first evidence that perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were widely detected in the Songhua River, China. Seventeen surface water and sediment samples were collected and analyzed for the determination of 14 PFCs. The total concentrations of PFCs (Σ PFCs) ranged from 0.143 to 1.41 ng L-1 in water samples. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was detected with the highest detection frequency (%) ranging from below LOQ to 0.678 ng L-1. Σ PFCs were relatively low in sediments, and only four individual homologues were detected. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and PFOA were detected with the lowest levels in this study compared with other PFCs detected in all the rivers of China in previous studies. The concentrations of PFCs were highly influenced by distribution of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The effluents from WWTPs, which are discharged into the Songhua River, are regarded as the main contamination sources of PFCs in this study. Even though low risk for the concentrations of PFOS and PFOA to aquatic ecosystem of the Songhua River was found in the analysis of potential adverse effect, further experimental studies on occurrence of PFCs and their potential adverse effects to wildlife and humans should be conducted continuously in the Songhua River basin because of the increasing discharge. The mean partition coefficients (log K oc) of PFOS between sediment and water was 4.49 cm3 g-1, which was probably influenced by the sediment characteristics and hydrodynamic parameters. PFCs tend to accumulate in water compared with other persistent organic pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Dong
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Baolin Liu
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China.
| | - Yang Song
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Juying Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xiaoyu Cui
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ross I, McDonough J, Miles J, Storch P, Thelakkat Kochunarayanan P, Kalve E, Hurst J, S. Dasgupta S, Burdick J. A review of emerging technologies for remediation of PFASs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/rem.21553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Ross
- Senior Technical Director; Arcadis; Leeds West Yorkshire U.K
| | | | | | - Peter Storch
- Principal Chemical Engineer; Arcadis; Melbourne Australia
| | | | | | - Jake Hurst
- Principal Consultant; Arcadis; Leeds West Yorkshire U.K
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Liang S, Pierce R"D, Lin H, Chiang SYD, Huang Q"J. Electrochemical oxidation of PFOA and PFOS in concentrated waste streams. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/rem.21554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Randall "David" Pierce
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences; Department of Crop and Soil Sciences; University of Georgia; Griffin GA
| | - Hui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation; School of Environment; Beijing China
| | | | - Qingguo "Jack" Huang
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences; Department of Crop and Soil Sciences; University of Georgia; Griffin GA
| |
Collapse
|