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Janićijević Ž, Huang T, Bojórquez DIS, Tonmoy TH, Pané S, Makarov D, Baraban L. Design and Development of Transient Sensing Devices for Healthcare Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307232. [PMID: 38484201 PMCID: PMC11132064 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
With the ever-growing requirements in the healthcare sector aimed at personalized diagnostics and treatment, continuous and real-time monitoring of relevant parameters is gaining significant traction. In many applications, health status monitoring may be carried out by dedicated wearable or implantable sensing devices only within a defined period and followed by sensor removal without additional risks for the patient. At the same time, disposal of the increasing number of conventional portable electronic devices with short life cycles raises serious environmental concerns due to the dangerous accumulation of electronic and chemical waste. An attractive solution to address these complex and contradictory demands is offered by biodegradable sensing devices. Such devices may be able to perform required tests within a programmed period and then disappear by safe resorption in the body or harmless degradation in the environment. This work critically assesses the design and development concepts related to biodegradable and bioresorbable sensors for healthcare applications. Different aspects are comprehensively addressed, from fundamental material properties and sensing principles to application-tailored designs, fabrication techniques, and device implementations. The emerging approaches spanning the last 5 years are emphasized and a broad insight into the most important challenges and future perspectives of biodegradable sensors in healthcare are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željko Janićijević
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer ResearchHelmholtz‐Zentrum Dresden‐Rossendorf e. V.01328DresdenGermany
| | - Tao Huang
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer ResearchHelmholtz‐Zentrum Dresden‐Rossendorf e. V.01328DresdenGermany
| | | | - Taufhik Hossain Tonmoy
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer ResearchHelmholtz‐Zentrum Dresden‐Rossendorf e. V.01328DresdenGermany
| | - Salvador Pané
- Multi‐Scale Robotics Lab (MSRL)Institute of Robotics & Intelligent Systems (IRIS)ETH ZürichZürich8092Switzerland
| | - Denys Makarov
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials ResearchHelmholtz‐Zentrum Dresden‐Rossendorf e. V.01328DresdenGermany
| | - Larysa Baraban
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer ResearchHelmholtz‐Zentrum Dresden‐Rossendorf e. V.01328DresdenGermany
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Hu Z, Zhao J, Guo H, Li R, Wu M, Shen J, Wang Y, Qiao Z, Xu Y, Haugstad G, An D, Xie Z, Kandela I, Nandoliya KR, Chen Y, Yu Y, Yuan Q, Hou J, Deng Y, AlDubayan AH, Yang Q, Zeng L, Lu D, Koo J, Bai W, Song E, Yao S, Wolverton C, Huang Y, Rogers JA. Ultrathin, Transferred Layers of Silicon Oxynitrides as Tunable Biofluid Barriers for Bioresorbable Electronic Systems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307782. [PMID: 38303684 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Bio/ecoresorbable electronic systems create unique opportunities in implantable medical devices that serve a need over a finite time period and then disappear naturally to eliminate the need for extraction surgeries. A critical challenge in the development of this type of technology is in materials that can serve as thin, stable barriers to surrounding ground water or biofluids, yet ultimately dissolve completely to benign end products. This paper describes a class of inorganic material (silicon oxynitride, SiON) that can be formed in thin films by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition for this purpose. In vitro studies suggest that SiON and its dissolution products are biocompatible, indicating the potential for its use in implantable devices. A facile process to fabricate flexible, wafer-scale multilayer films bypasses limitations associated with the mechanical fragility of inorganic thin films. Systematic computational, analytical, and experimental studies highlight the essential materials aspects. Demonstrations in wireless light-emitting diodes both in vitro and in vivo illustrate the practical use of these materials strategies. The ability to select degradation rates and water permeability through fine tuning of chemical compositions and thicknesses provides the opportunity to obtain a range of functional lifetimes to meet different application requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Hu
- Querrey-Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hexia Guo
- Querrey-Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis, Optimization and CAE Software for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, and International Research Center for Computational Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Mingzheng Wu
- Querrey-Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jiahong Shen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yue Wang
- Querrey-Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Zheng Qiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yue Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Greg Haugstad
- Characterization Facility, University of Minnesota, 100 Union St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Dongqi An
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis, Optimization and CAE Software for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, and International Research Center for Computational Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoqian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis, Optimization and CAE Software for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, and International Research Center for Computational Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Irawati Kandela
- Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Chemistry Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Khizar R Nandoliya
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yi Yu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Qunyao Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Junyu Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yujun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Abdulaziz H AlDubayan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Quansan Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Liangsong Zeng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Di Lu
- Querrey-Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jahyun Koo
- Querrey-Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Wubin Bai
- Querrey-Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Enming Song
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Shenglian Yao
- Querrey-Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Chris Wolverton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - John A Rogers
- Querrey-Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Neurological Surgery, and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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First Evidence of "Earth Wax" Inside the Casting Molds from the Roman Era. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144259. [PMID: 34299534 PMCID: PMC8306946 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This research was focused on the analysis of material composition and organic residues present in three molds found in the Moravian region (Czech Republic) belonging to the Roman era. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy pointed out the possible remelting of Roman objects in Barbarian territory. The analysis of organic residues retrieved from the internal part of mold #2 by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry proved the presence of ozokerite wax (“earth wax”). Consequent analysis of this organic residue by Atmospheric Solids Analysis Probe–ion mobility spectrometry–high-resolution mass spectrometry (ASAP-IMS-HRMS) confirmed the presence of ceresin, the main component of ozokerite. Ceresin was also detected in a sample of the organic residue from mold #1. Note that this is the first application of ASAP-IMS-HRMS in archaeological research. The remains of earth wax in molds suggest the production of wax models as an intermediate stage for the production of lost-wax ceramic casting molds.
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New results with regard to the Flora bust controversy: radiocarbon dating suggests nineteenth century origin. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8249. [PMID: 33859211 PMCID: PMC8050239 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85505-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Many works of art have been attributed to Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), the great artist-scientist-engineer of the Italian Renaissance; however, art historians have struggled to find definitive proof to connect Leonardo to these art pieces. The Flora wax bust in the Bode Museum, Berlin, was attributed to Leonardo because her face resembles several Leonardo portraits, but this attribution has the subject of intense debate since the bust’s acquisition in 1909. Using new chemical analyses and absolute 14C dating, we are able to resolve the question of authenticity. We show that the Flora wax bust is made primarily of spermaceti which was extracted from sperm whales. Therefore, 14C dating must consider the Marine Reservoir Effect. We have generated a new calibration method and dated the bust to the 19th c. This proves that the bust was not produced during the Renaissance, and thus cannot be attributed to da Vinci, and illustrates that 14C dating can be applied to unusual materials.
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La Nasa J, Doherty B, Rosi F, Braccini C, Broers FTH, Degano I, Matinero JM, Miliani C, Modugno F, Sabatini F, Sandu ICA, Cartechini L. An integrated analytical study of crayons from the original art materials collection of the MUNCH museum in Oslo. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7152. [PMID: 33785789 PMCID: PMC8010065 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the artists' materials of the nineteenth century, pastel crayons merit scientific interest since their early commercial formulations are mostly unknown and, until now, have been considerably less studied with respect to other contemporary painting materials. In this framework, research herein reports the results of a comprehensive multi-analytical study of 44 pastel crayons of two recognized brands (LeFranc and Dr. F. Schoenfeld) from the Munch museum collection of original materials belonging to Edvard Munch. The integrated use of complementary spectroscopic and hyphenated mass-spectrometry techniques allowed the compositional profiles of the crayons to be traced providing the identification of the inorganic and organic pigments, the fillers/extenders and the binders. All crayons resulted to be oil- based and the binder was identified to be a mixture of a drying oil (safflower or linseed oil), palm oil or Japan wax and beeswax. Among others, pigments such as ultramarine, chrome yellows, Prussian blue, manganese violet, viridian and madder lake have been identified. A significant alignment in formulations of the brands was observed with the only exception of the greens which showed distinctive pigment and filler compositions. The analytical information provided for these commercial artists' materials will be of great interest for academia, museum and other institutions hosting art collections dating from the same period and it will be used by the Munch museum to draw proper conservation strategies of its own artwork collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo La Nasa
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Brenda Doherty
- Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G.Natta" CNR-SCITEC, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 01628, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Francesca Rosi
- Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G.Natta" CNR-SCITEC, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 01628, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Chiara Braccini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Frederique T H Broers
- Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G.Natta" CNR-SCITEC, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 01628, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Degano
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jordi Moles Matinero
- Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G.Natta" CNR-SCITEC, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 01628, Perugia, Italy
| | - Costanza Miliani
- Istituto CNR per le Scienze del Patrimonio Culturale (CNR-ISPC), Via Cardinale Guglielmo Sanfelice 8, 80134, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesca Modugno
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Sabatini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Irina Crina Anca Sandu
- Department of Collection Care and Management, MUNCH, Edvard Munchs Plass 1, Sørenga, Postboks 3304, 0194, Oslo, Norway
| | - Laura Cartechini
- Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G.Natta" CNR-SCITEC, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 01628, Perugia, Italy
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Mezzatesta E, Perraud A, Vieillescazes C, Mathe C. Analysis of balms taken from Egyptian human mummies using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:850-859. [PMID: 33283962 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to establish a protocol by solid-phase extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry leading to a wide and fine qualitative chemical characterization of the several natural substances present in human mummies' balms, using a minimal quantity of samples. In this study, nine samples were analyzed from mummies dating back from the Third Intermediate Period to the Roman Period, and were provided by the Confluences Museum (Lyon, France). Using solid-phase extraction, three fractions were examined in this protocol. The first one, eluted with hexane, concerned chemical families of hydrocarbons of bitumen. The second, eluted with ethanol, enabled terpenic compounds to be characterized and beeswax. The last one, composed of diethyl ether with 2% acetic acid, extracted carboxylic acids with a long aliphatic chain (fatty matter) and glycerides. This study also allowed the characterization of non-saponified compounds from beeswax to be obtained while excluding the common saponification step. The analyzed mummification balms were shown to contain fatty matter, beeswax, bitumen, and diterpenic resinous material. This one-pot solid-phase extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method was efficient in reducing both the number of analytical steps and the complexity of the archaeological balms subsequently analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Mezzatesta
- IMBE UMR7263/ IRD237, Avignon University/ CNRS/ IRD/ Aix-Marseille University, Restoration Engineering of Natural and Cultural Heritage F-84000, Avignon, France
| | - Annie Perraud
- Paul Valéry-Montpellier 3 University. UMR 5140 Archaeology of Mediterranean Societies, team Nilotic and Mediterranean Egypt, Montpellier, France
| | - Cathy Vieillescazes
- IMBE UMR7263/ IRD237, Avignon University/ CNRS/ IRD/ Aix-Marseille University, Restoration Engineering of Natural and Cultural Heritage F-84000, Avignon, France
| | - Carole Mathe
- IMBE UMR7263/ IRD237, Avignon University/ CNRS/ IRD/ Aix-Marseille University, Restoration Engineering of Natural and Cultural Heritage F-84000, Avignon, France
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La Nasa J, Nardella F, Andrei L, Giani M, Degano I, Colombini MP, Ribechini E. Profiling of high molecular weight esters by flow injection analysis-high resolution mass spectrometry for the characterization of raw and archaeological beeswax and resinous substances. Talanta 2020; 212:120800. [PMID: 32113562 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a method to characterize high molecular esters in beeswax and resinous substances based on the use of microwave-assisted extraction and flow injection analysis-high resolution mass spectrometry that combines the high efficiency of the extraction procedure with the advantages of high resolution mass spectrometry. This approach allows us to identify archaeological beeswax and plant resinous substances by the characterization of the survived intact high molecular weight components. By this way, several raw materials (beeswax, pine resin and pitch, and resin extracted from Euphorbia tirucalli) were studied and used as reference substances. The procedure was then tested on an adhesive dated 44-42 ka BP recovered from Border Cave (KwaZulu-Natal, Africa), allowing us to detect the high molecular weight species even after almost 50,000 years, and then used to chemically investigate unknown archaeological adhesives from Antinoopolis (Egypt), dated to the 4th-5th century AD. The results allowed us to extend our knowledge on the long-term behavior of beeswax and resinous substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo La Nasa
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Federica Nardella
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Andrei
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marta Giani
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Degano
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Perla Colombini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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Yatsishina EB, Pozhidaev VM, Sergeeva YE, Malakhov SN, Slushnaya IS. An Integrated Study of the Hair Coating of Ancient Egyptian Mummies. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934819120141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Šoltys K, Planý M, Biocca P, Vianello V, Bučková M, Puškárová A, Sclocchi MC, Colaizzi P, Bicchieri M, Pangallo D, Pinzari F. Lead soaps formation and biodiversity in a XVIII Century wax seal coloured with minium. Environ Microbiol 2019; 22:1517-1534. [PMID: 31291047 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A multidisciplinary approach was carried out in order to study the biodeterioration and the associated microbiome of a XVIII Century wax seal coloured with minium. A small wax seal fragment was observed by scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy in non-destructive mode. The same object was analysed by Raman and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The identification of the microbiota growing on the seal was performed with both a culture-dependent strategy, combined with hydrolytic assays, and high-throughput sequencing using the MinION platform. The whole bacterial 16S rRNA gene and the fungal markers ITS and 28S rRNA were targeted. It was observed that the carnauba wax coloured with lead tetroxide (minium) was covered by a biofilm consisting of a network of filaments and other structures of microbial origin. The culture-dependent and culture-independent investigations showed the presence of a complex microbiota composed mainly by fungal members, which demonstrated interesting properties related to lipids and lead processing. The formation of lead soaps and secondary biogenic minerals was also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Šoltys
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Comenius University Science Park, Ilkovičova 8, Bratislava, 84104, Slovakia.,Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina Ilkovičova 6, Bratislava, 84215, Slovakia
| | - Matej Planý
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, Bratislava, 84551, Slovakia
| | - Paola Biocca
- Department of Chemistry, Istituto centrale restauro conservazione patrimonio archivistico librario, Via Milano 76, 00184, Roma, Italy
| | - Valentina Vianello
- Department of Restoration, Istituto centrale restauro conservazione patrimonio archivistico librario, Via Milano 76, 00184, Roma, Italy
| | - Mária Bučková
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, Bratislava, 84551, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Puškárová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, Bratislava, 84551, Slovakia
| | - Maria Carla Sclocchi
- Department of Biology, Istituto centrale restauro conservazione patrimonio archivistico librario, Via Milano 76, 00184, Roma, Italy
| | - Piero Colaizzi
- Department of Biology, Istituto centrale restauro conservazione patrimonio archivistico librario, Via Milano 76, 00184, Roma, Italy
| | - Marina Bicchieri
- Department of Chemistry, Istituto centrale restauro conservazione patrimonio archivistico librario, Via Milano 76, 00184, Roma, Italy
| | - Domenico Pangallo
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, Bratislava, 84551, Slovakia.,Caravella s.r.o., Tupolevova 2, Bratislava, 85101, Slovakia
| | - Flavia Pinzari
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment, Via della Navicella 2-4, 00184, Rome, Italy.,Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, SW7 5BD, London, UK
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Sutherland K. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry techniques for the characterisation of organic materials in works of art. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2018-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The power of GC/MS to resolve, characterise and quantify complex mixtures of organic compounds with high sensitivity has made it an indispensable analytical tool to address detailed questions about the chemical constituents of works of art. This paper provides an overview of the technique and its particular suitability to material studies of art and historical artefacts, and reviews its diverse research applications concerning the organic composition of artists’ and conservation materials. Options with regard to sample preparation by chemical derivatisation, pyrolysis techniques, and methods for the analysis of volatile organic compounds are discussed, as well as various approaches to the treatment and interpretation of data. The greatest value is gained from GC/MS when it is used as a complementary technique, informed by and in synergy with other methods of analysis.
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Inter-Correlation among the Hydrophilic–Lipophilic Balance, Surfactant System, Viscosity, Particle Size, and Stability of Candelilla Wax-Based Dispersions. COATINGS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings8120469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Owing to a decrease in mineral oil resources, it is crucial to develop packaging materials based on renewable resources. Hence, a water vapor-barrier coating is developed as a natural wax-based dispersion. This dispersion should be stable over the storage time. In this study, the physical stability of a wax-based melt dispersion was analyzed (24 h and 21 days after production), and instability phenomena such as agglomeration, coalescence, and flotation were identified. Furthermore, the inter-correlations among the particle size, viscosity of the continuous phase, physical stability, surfactant chemistry, and hydrophilic–lipophilic balance value were characterized. Particle sizes were described by volume/surface mean d3,2, volume moment mean d4,3, and number mean d1,0 diameter, as well as the span of the volume and number distribution. Stability was characterized by the flotation rate, emulsion stability index, and Turbiscan stability index. Coalescence and agglomeration were not observed after the solidification of the wax particles. A significant correlation was observed for the emulsion stability index, with d3,2, and for flotation rate, with d1,0, d4,3, and viscosity as well, with d1,0, d3,2. Surfactants with hydrophilic–lipophilic balance values of 11–13.5 seem to be the most suitable for stabilizing candelilla wax-in-water suspensions. Particles were smaller, and wax suspensions were better stabilized using Tween 20 and Span 20, compared with Tween 80 and Span 80.
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Abstract
The aim of this article is to introduce the museum we have at the Pathology Department, School of Medicine of the National University of Rosario, Argentina. The origin dates from to 1922 when Dermatology Professor Dr. Enrique P. Fidanza bought moulages at L'Hôpital Saint-Louis in Paris for the purpose of teaching. The collection included around 100 moulages and was worth approximately 1000 dollars. These pieces were exhibited at the Dermatology Department for many years and later moved to the Pathology Department where some pieces started being repaired, whereas others have deteriorated. The collection is composed of 100 moulages done by a French craftsman by the name of Niclet and 258 made by Argentine craftsmen including Alba Ramirez and G. Rouzaut, among others. The pieces are classified according to different dermatological diseases such as: the different stages of syphilis, lupus, benign and malignant neoplasm, infectious diseases, etc.
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Ndiripo A, Pasch H. Comprehensive Analysis of Oxidized Waxes by Solvent and Thermal Gradient Interaction Chromatography and Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2018; 90:7626-7634. [PMID: 29807432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This report addresses the comprehensive analysis of oxidized/functionalized polyethylene waxes according to chemical composition and molar mass by selective chromatographic methods. For the first time, tailored high-temperature interaction chromatography in solvent gradient (HT-SGIC) and thermal gradient (HT-TGIC) modes are used for the chemical composition separation of these materials. Separation protocols are developed using three model wax samples with different degrees of oxidation. For the chromatographic separations polar silica gel is used as the stationary phase. Solvent gradients of decane and cyclohexanone are used in HT-SGIC at 110 °C to separate the bulk waxes into several heterogeneous fractions according to polarity and the type of functionality. Column temperature and gradient manipulation are shown to influence chromatographic resolution and retention. The HT-SGIC investigations are complemented by HT-TGIC separations where a solvent mixture of decane and cyclohexanone is used as the mobile phase in isocratic mode. It is shown that HT-SGIC and HT-TGIC provide different types of separation, however, both are predominantly based on differences in functionality. To provide comprehensive information on chemical composition (functionality) and molar mass, HT-SGIC and HT-TGIC are coupled to HT-SEC, using ortho-dichlorobenzene as the second dimension mobile phase. Clear differences between oxidized and nonoxidized waxes are detected in HT-2D-LC providing comprehensive information on the molecular heterogeneity of these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Ndiripo
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science , University of Stellenbosch , 7602 Matieland , South Africa
| | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science , University of Stellenbosch , 7602 Matieland , South Africa
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Fico D, Margapoti E, Pennetta A, De Benedetto GE. An Enhanced GC/MS Procedure for the Identification of Proteins in Paint Microsamples. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2018; 2018:6032084. [PMID: 29805835 PMCID: PMC5902064 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6032084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The chemical characterization of materials used in works of art is extremely useful for gaining a better knowledge of the artistic heritage and to guarantee its preservation. A derivatization GC/MS procedure for the identification of proteins in a microsample from painted works of art has been optimized. The amino acid fraction is derivatized using anhydrous dimethylformamide (DMF) as solvent instead of pyridine (Py), commonly used to facilitate the reaction. Although pyridine is often considered a silylation catalyst, there are many instances in which silylation reactions actually are slower in pyridine than other solvents. In addition, pyridine also may have other undesirable effects such as the promotion of secondary products and other chromatographic anomalies. Using DMF, the formation of artifacts is limited and the derivatization yield of hydrophilic amino acids such as proline and hydroxyproline has improved, thus making the identification of organic paint media more straightforward. The method has been validated and successfully applied to identify the binder of the sample taken from the pictorial cycle of the 12th century monastery of Santa Maria delle Cerrate (Lecce, Italy), thus highlighting the use of eggs as a binding medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Fico
- Laboratorio di Spettrometria di Massa Analitica ed Isotopica, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - E. Margapoti
- IBAM-CNR, Sede di Lecce, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - A. Pennetta
- Laboratorio di Spettrometria di Massa Analitica ed Isotopica, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - G. E. De Benedetto
- Laboratorio di Spettrometria di Massa Analitica ed Isotopica, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- IBAM-CNR, Sede di Lecce, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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Ndiripo A, Pasch H. A multidimensional fractionation protocol for the oligomer analysis of oxidized waxes. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1027:137-148. [PMID: 29866263 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized waxes possess far superior properties as compared to the alkanes they are derived from. The separation of alkane oligomers via gas chromatography (GC) becomes a challenge when polar oxygen-containing functional groups are introduced or when higher molar masses are targeted. In the present study, the separation and analysis of oligomers in oxidized and non-oxidized waxes using different liquid chromatographic techniques are investigated. Oligomers in two oxidized waxes and a non-oxidized wax from which they are derived, are separated using high-temperature solvent gradient interaction chromatography (HT-SGIC) and high-temperature two-dimensional liquid chromatography (HT-2D-LC). Evaporative light scattering detector conditions are tailored to provide the best detection with the solvent system at use. It is shown that oligomers in oxidized and non-oxidized waxes can be separated and identified using the mentioned techniques. It has been found that the ELSD detector response systematically decreases as the oxidation levels of the waxes increase. Coupling of HT-HPLC and high-temperature size exclusion chromatography (HT-SEC) in a comprehensive 2D-LC setup shows a broadening of the molar mass distributions of the lower oligomer fractions as a consequence of the modification indicating changes in the oligomer chain microstructures. A preparative fractionation technique is utilized to collect specific oligomer fractions from the bulk waxes followed by hyphenation to HT-HPLC and other techniques. HPLC is shown to provide more detailed information on the oligomer composition of waxes when coupled to a pre-fractionation technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Ndiripo
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, 7602, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, 7602, Matieland, South Africa.
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16
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Doan CD, To CM, De Vrieze M, Lynen F, Danthine S, Brown A, Dewettinck K, Patel AR. Chemical profiling of the major components in natural waxes to elucidate their role in liquid oil structuring. Food Chem 2016; 214:717-725. [PMID: 27507530 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the composition of waxes is of utmost importance to explain their behavior in liquid oil structuring. The chemical components (hydrocarbons - HCs, free fatty acids - FFAs, free fatty alcohols - FALs and wax esters - WEs) of natural waxes were analyzed using HPLC-ELSD and GC-MS followed by evaluation of their oil structuring properties. The gel strength, including the average storage modulus and oscillation yield stress, displayed a negative correlation with FALs and a positive correlation with HCs, FFAs and WEs. The components dictating the gel strength are HCs, FFAs and WEs in a descending order of importance. The consistency of the oleogels increased with the increasing amount of FFAs and HCs and the decreasing amount of WEs and FALs. The presence of more WEs results in a strong but brittle gel with a high initial flow yield stress. We believe these results might be useful in selecting the right waxes to combine in certain fat-based food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Diem Doan
- Laboratory of Food Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 653 Coupure Links, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Food Technology, College of Agriculture and Applied Science, Cantho University, Viet Nam.
| | - Chak Ming To
- Laboratory of Food Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 653 Coupure Links, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mike De Vrieze
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, 281 Krijgslaan, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frederic Lynen
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, 281 Krijgslaan, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sabine Danthine
- Department of Food Technology, Gembloux Agricultural University, Passage des Déportés 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Allison Brown
- Laboratory of Food Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 653 Coupure Links, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Dewettinck
- Laboratory of Food Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 653 Coupure Links, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ashok R Patel
- Laboratory of Food Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 653 Coupure Links, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Li B, Zhou Y, Zhao M, Hou B, Zhang D, Wang Q, Huang Y. Visible and Near-Infrared Hyper-Spectral Imaging for the Identification of the Type of Wax on Pears. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baicheng Li
- Ministry of Education Optical Instrument and Systems Engineering Center, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System; University of Shanghai for Science and Technology; No.516 Jungong Road Shanghai 200093 China
| | - Yao Zhou
- Ministry of Education Optical Instrument and Systems Engineering Center, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System; University of Shanghai for Science and Technology; No.516 Jungong Road Shanghai 200093 China
| | - Mantong Zhao
- Ministry of Education Optical Instrument and Systems Engineering Center, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System; University of Shanghai for Science and Technology; No.516 Jungong Road Shanghai 200093 China
| | - Baolu Hou
- Ministry of Education Optical Instrument and Systems Engineering Center, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System; University of Shanghai for Science and Technology; No.516 Jungong Road Shanghai 200093 China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Ministry of Education Optical Instrument and Systems Engineering Center, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System; University of Shanghai for Science and Technology; No.516 Jungong Road Shanghai 200093 China
| | - Qi Wang
- Ministry of Education Optical Instrument and Systems Engineering Center, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System; University of Shanghai for Science and Technology; No.516 Jungong Road Shanghai 200093 China
| | - Yuanshen Huang
- Ministry of Education Optical Instrument and Systems Engineering Center, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System; University of Shanghai for Science and Technology; No.516 Jungong Road Shanghai 200093 China
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Charlier P, Huynh-Charlier I, Poupon J, Lancelot E, Campos PF, Favier D, Jeannel GF, Bonati MR, de la Grandmaison GL, Hervé C. A glimpse into the early origins of medieval anatomy through the oldest conserved human dissection (Western Europe, 13(th) c. A.D.). Arch Med Sci 2014; 10:366-73. [PMID: 24904674 PMCID: PMC4042035 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2013.33331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Medieval autopsy practice is very poorly known in Western Europe, due to a lack of both descriptive medico-surgical texts and conserved dissected human remains. This period is currently considered the dark ages according to a common belief of systematic opposition of Christian religious authorities to the opening of human cadavers. MATERIAL AND METHODS The identification in a private collection of an autopsied human individual dated from the 13(th) century A.D. is an opportunity for better knowledge of such practice in this chrono-cultural context, i.e. the early origins of occidental dissections. A complete forensic anthropological procedure was carried out, completed by radiological and elemental analyses. RESULTS The complete procedure of this body opening and internal organs exploration is explained, and compared with historical data about forensic and anatomical autopsies from this period. During the analysis, a red substance filling all arterial cavities, made of mercury sulfide (cinnabar) mixed with vegetal oil (oleic and palmitic acids) was identified; it was presumably used to highlight vascularization by coloring in red such vessels, and help in the preservation of the body. CONCLUSIONS Of particular interest for the description of early medical and anatomical knowledge, this "human preparation" is the oldest known yet, and is particularly important for the fields of history of medicine, surgery and anatomical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Charlier
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, University Hospital R. Poincaré, Paris, France
| | | | - Joël Poupon
- Department of Biological Toxicology, University Hospital Lariboisière (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | | | | | - Dominique Favier
- International Flavors and Fragrancies, Neuilly sur Seine, France
| | | | | | | | - Christian Hervé
- Laboratory of Medical Ethics and Forensic Medicine, University of Paris 5, Paris, France
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Ménager M, Azémard C, Vieillescazes C. Study of Egyptian mummification balms by FT-IR spectroscopy and GC–MS. Microchem J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2013.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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WU C, WANG LQ, YANG L, Ma ZZ. Application of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for the Identification of Organic Compounds in Cultural Relics. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(13)60693-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Regert M. Analytical strategies for discriminating archeological fatty substances from animal origin. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:177-220. [PMID: 21337597 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an essential tool in the field of biomolecular archeology to characterize amorphous organic residues preserved in ancient ceramic vessels. Animal fats of various nature and origin, namely subcutaneous fats of cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, and also of dairy products, are those most commonly identified in organic residues in archeological pottery. Fats and oils of marine origin have also been revealed. Since the first applications of MS coupled with gas chromatography (GC) in archeology at the end of 1980s, several developments have occurred, including isotopic determinations by GC coupled to isotope ratio MS and identification of triacylglycerols (TAGs) structure by soft ionization techniques (ESI and APCI). The combination of these methods provides invaluable insights into the strategies of exploitation of animal products in prehistory. In this review, I focus on the analytical strategies based upon MS that allow elucidation of the structure of biomolecular constituents and determination of their isotopic values to identify the nature of animal fat components preserved in highly complex and degraded archeological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Regert
- Centre d'Etudes Préhistoire, Antiquité, Moyen Âge, UMR 6130, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Bât. 1; 250, rue Albert Einstein, F-06560 Valbonne, France.
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22
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Li W, Kong XH, Ruan M, Ma FM, Jiang YF, Liu MZ, Chen Y, Zuo XH. Green waxes, adhesives and lubricants. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2010; 368:4869-90. [PMID: 20855324 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2010.0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
General characteristics of waxes, adhesives and lubricants as well as the recent fundamental investigations on their physical and mechanical behaviour are introduced. The current R&D status for new type/generation of waxes, adhesives and lubricants from natural products is reviewed, with an emphasis on their tribological applications. In particular, some crucial issues and challenges relating to technological improvement and materials development are discussed. Based on the current predicted shortage of energy resources and environmental concerns, prospective research on the development of green waxes, adhesives and lubricants is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Li
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering and Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Huangshi Institute of Technology, Huangshi 435003, People's Republic of China
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24
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Application of a multi-analytical toolset to a 16th century ointment: Identification as lead plaster mixed with beeswax. Microchem J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Jiménez JJ, Bernal JL, del Nozal MJ, Martín MT, Toribio L. Identification of adulterants added to beeswax: Estimation of detectable minimum percentages. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200800263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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26
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Preparation of double layered shell microparticles containing an acid dye by a melt dispersion–coacervation technique. POWDER TECHNOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2009.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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27
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Jetter R, Kunst L. Plant surface lipid biosynthetic pathways and their utility for metabolic engineering of waxes and hydrocarbon biofuels. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 54:670-83. [PMID: 18476871 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03467.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to their unique physical properties, waxes are high-value materials that are used in a variety of industrial applications. They are generated by chemical synthesis, extracted from fossil sources, or harvested from a small number of plant and animal species. As a result, the diversity of chemical structures in commercial waxes is low and so are their yields. These limitations can be overcome by engineering of wax biosynthetic pathways in the seeds of high-yielding oil crops to produce designer waxes for specific industrial end uses. In this review, we first summarize the current knowledge regarding the genes and enzymes generating the chemical diversity of cuticular waxes that accumulate at the surfaces of primary plant organs. We then consider the potential of cuticle biosynthetic genes for biotechnological wax production, focusing on selected examples of wax ester chain lengths and isomers. Finally, we discuss the genes/enzymes of cuticular alkane biosynthesis and their potential in future metabolic engineering of plants for the production of renewable hydrocarbon fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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28
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Lattuati-Derieux A, Thao S, Langlois J, Regert M. First results on headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of volatile organic compounds emitted by wax objects in museums. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1187:239-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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29
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Blaško J, Kubinec R, Husová B, Přikryl P, Pacáková V, Štulík K, Hradilová J. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of oils and oil binders in paintings. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:1067-73. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Mirabaud S, Rolando C, Regert M. Molecular criteria for discriminating adipose fat and milk from different species by NanoESI MS and MS/MS of their triacylglycerols: application to archaeological remains. Anal Chem 2007; 79:6182-92. [PMID: 17637040 DOI: 10.1021/ac070594p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new multistep analytical methodology is described in this paper for the precise identification of triacylglycerols, which are biomarkers of dairy products and subcutaneous fats, that may be chemically identified in archaeological pottery. It consists of the analysis of the total lipid extract from different kinds of fats by high-temperature gas chromatography, performed in order to select the ceramic vessels in which animal fats are well preserved, followed by nanoelectrospray QqTOF mass spectrometry that allows for distinguishing the specific origins of the lipids detected (namely, cow, sheep, or goat). The analysis of model samples, cow and goat dairy products and cow and sheep adipose fats, was successfully achieved. The fatty acid composition of each triacylglycerol was identified, which allowed for the discrimination of subcutaneous fats and dairy fats and distinguishing between cow and goat milk. This methodology was then applied to archaeological samples, and the presence of goat milk, cow milk, and possibly sheep subcutaneous fat was assessed based on the discriminating criteria found on modern fats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Mirabaud
- Equipe Physico-Chimie pour l'Analyse et la Biologie, Chimie Organique et Macromoléculaire UMR CNRS 8009, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
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Jiménez JJ, Bernal JL, del Nozal MAJ, Martín MAT, Bernal J. Sample preparation methods for beeswax characterization by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1129:262-72. [PMID: 16854423 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.06.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2005] [Revised: 06/27/2006] [Accepted: 06/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
New and simpler methods of sample preparation to determine several families of compounds in beeswax by conventional and high temperature gas chromatography are proposed. To analyze hydrocarbons and palmitates, a dilution of sample is enough whereas for the total acid content, a hydrolysis and simultaneous methylation with BF3-methanol results more effective than the usual methods; for the total content of alcohols, a further acetylation with acetic anhydride is necessary. Free alcohols are directly acetylated in a sample dissolution but for free acids and monoesterified 1,2,3-propanetriols analysis, a previous extraction with acetonitrile is required. The concentrations of all the compounds studied are expressed in weight percentage referred only to one standard: octadecyl octadecanoate. The precision of the analytical methods has been evaluated showing its importance in the analysis of beeswaxes used in apiculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Jiménez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, Prado de la Magdalena s/n, Valladolid, Spain.
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Regert M, Langlois J, Laval E, Le Hô AS, Pagès-Camagna S. Elucidation of molecular and elementary composition of organic and inorganic substances involved in 19th century wax sculptures using an integrated analytical approach. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 577:140-52. [PMID: 17723665 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Revised: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Wax sculptures contain several materials from both organic and inorganic nature. These works of art are particularly fragile. Determining their chemical composition is thus of prime importance for their preservation. The identification of the recipes of waxy pastes used through time also provides valuable information in the field of art history. The aim of the present research was to develop a convenient analytical strategy, as non-invasive as possible, that allows to identify the wide range of materials involved in wax sculptures. A multi-step analytical methodology, based on the use of complementary techniques, either non- or micro-destructive, was elaborated. X-ray fluorescence and micro-Raman spectroscopy were used in a non-invasive way to identify inorganic pigments, opacifiers and extenders. The combination of structural and separative techniques, namely infrared spectroscopy, direct inlet electron ionisation mass spectrometry and high temperature gas chromatography, was shown to be appropriate for unravelling the precise composition of the organic substances. A micro-chemical test was also performed for the detection of starch. From this study it has been possible to elucidate the composition of the waxy pastes used by three different sculptors at the end of the 19th century. Complex and elaborated recipes, in which a large range of natural substances were combined, were highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Regert
- UMR 171 CNRS, MCC and GdR 2114 ChimArt, Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France (C2RMF), Palais du Louvre, Porte des Lions, 14, Quai François Mitterrand, 75001 Paris, France.
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34
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Rella R, Sturaro A, Parvoli G, Ferrara D, Casellato U. Identification of Binding Media in Paintings. Chromatographia 2006. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-006-0803-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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35
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Andreotti A, Bonaduce I, Colombini MP, Gautier G, Modugno F, Ribechini E. Combined GC/MS Analytical Procedure for the Characterization of Glycerolipid, Waxy, Resinous, and Proteinaceous Materials in a Unique Paint Microsample. Anal Chem 2006; 78:4490-500. [PMID: 16808458 DOI: 10.1021/ac0519615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel GC/MS analytical procedure for the identification of lipids, waxes, proteins, and resinous materials in the same microsample from painted works of art has been optimized. It is based on a sample multistep chemical pretreatment (solvent extractions and microwave-assisted chemolysis) that is able to separate the various organic components into different fractions, which are suitably treated and derivatized before analysis. In particular, the procedure allows the complete saponification of wax esters and the completeness of the Cannizzaro type reaction of shellac acids in conditions that are suitable also for glycerides saponification. The method was tested on reference materials for the identification of proteinaceous binders (egg, collagen, casein) on the basis of the quantitative determination of the amino acid profile and the identification of glycerolipids (linseed oil, poppy seed oil, walnut oil, and egg), plant resins (Pinaceae resins, sandarac, mastic, and dammar), animal resins (shellac), tars or pitches, and natural waxes (beeswax, carnauba wax) on the basis of the determination of fatty acid, alcohol, and hydrocarbon profiles and of significant terpenic molecular markers. The procedure was applied to the characterization of three old paint microsamples. Animal glue, egg, linseed oil, beeswax, Pinaceae resin, dammar, and shellac were the identified materials found in mixtures and recognized as original and/or restoration substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Andreotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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