1
|
Recent trends in the determination of organic UV filters by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in environmental samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
|
2
|
Determination of UV Filters in Waste Sludge Using QuEChERS Method Followed by In-Port Derivatization Coupled with GC-MS/MS. Methods Protoc 2022; 5:mps5060092. [PMID: 36548134 PMCID: PMC9784948 DOI: 10.3390/mps5060092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
UV filters (UVFs) are widely used in personal care and in industrial products for protection against photodegradation. In recent years, their potential toxicological and environmental effects have received growing attention. Due to their excessive use, their residue levels in the environment are gradually increasing and they tend to accumulate on biological wastewater treatment sludge. The utilization of sludge as fertilizer could be one of the main routes of UVF contamination in the environment. Therefore, the development of a reliable and sensitive method of analyzing their trace level residues in waste sludge samples is of great importance. The success of the method largely depends on the sample preparation technique in such complex matrices. This study presents a rapid, sensitive and green analysis method for eight UVFs in sludge samples, selected for their rather low no-observed-effect concentrations (NOEC). For this purpose, the QuEChERS methodology was coupled with in-port derivatization for subsequent detection of the targeted UVFs via GC−MS/MS. The analysis time was substantially shortened using this method, and reagent utilization was also reduced. The method was validated in the sludge samples, and high recovery (66−123%) and low RSD values (<25.6%) were obtained. In addition, major contributing uncertainty sources and expanded uncertainties were determined.
Collapse
|
3
|
Fagervold SK, Lebaron P. Evaluation of the degradation capacity of WWTP sludge enrichment cultures towards several organic UV filters and the isolation of octocrylene-degrading microorganisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 826:154013. [PMID: 35189223 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic UV filters are present in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) due to the use of these compounds in many personal care products (PCPs) and their subsequent release into the wastewater system from showering/bathing. Once in the wastewater system, organic UV filters generally partition into the solid phase but might also undergo other processes, such as degradation by microorganisms. To further understand the fate of organic UV filters in WWTPs, the degradation of 7 UV filters by WWTP sludge was investigated The UV filters 2-ethylhexyl salicylate (ES), homosalate (HS), butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (BM) and octocrylene (OC) were degraded after 20-60 days. The rest of the filters tested, namely, bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine (BEMT), methylene bis-benzotriazolyl tetramethylbutylphenol (MBBT) and diethylhexyl butamido triazone (DBT), did not degrade even after 120 days of incubation. The microbial community from the microcosms degrading ES, HS, OC and BM was transferred every 30 days into new microcosms to enrich for microorganisms capable of utilizing the individual UV filters for growth. The enrichment cultures continued to degrade throughout 20 transfers. The microbial community was clearly different between the enrichments degrading ES, HS, OC and BM, meaning that the microbial community was strongly influenced by the UV filter present. Furthermore, several strains were isolated from OC-degrading cultures and two of these strains, Gordonia sp. strain OC_S5 and Sphingopyxis sp. strain OC_4D, degraded OC with and without other carbon sources present. These experiments show that several organic UV filters can be degraded by a specific set of microorganisms. The lack of degradation observed for BEMT, MBBT and DBT is probably due to limited bioavailability. Indeed, this is the first biodegradation study of these filters, in addition to being the first description of ES and HS degradation in microcosm experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S K Fagervold
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes, LBBM, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650 Banyuls-sur-mer, France.
| | - P Lebaron
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes, LBBM, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650 Banyuls-sur-mer, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hsieh SC, Lai WWP, Lin AYC. Kinetics and mechanism of 4-methylbenzylidene camphor degradation by UV-activated persulfate oxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:18021-18034. [PMID: 33410042 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11795-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
4-Methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC), a widely used ultraviolet (UV) filter detected in various aquatic environments, has been shown to evoke estrogenic activity. In this study, the use of UV light-activated persulfate for 4-MBC degradation is evaluated for the first time. Our results showed that the combination of UV and persulfate (UV/persulfate) can significantly remove 4-MBC, with a pseudo-first-order rate constant (kobs) of 0.1349 min-1 under the conditions of [4-MBC]0 = 0.4 μM, [persulfate]0 = 12.6 μM, and initial pH = 7. The kobs and persulfate dose exhibited a linear proportional relationship in the persulfate dose range of 4.2-42 μM. The kobs remained similar at pH 5 and pH 7 but significantly decreased at pH 9. A radical scavenging test indicated that SO4-• was the dominant species in 4-MBC degradation; the second-order rate constant of SO4-• with 4-MBC was calculated to be (2.82 ± 0.05) × 109 M-1 s-1. During the UV/persulfate reaction, 4-MBC was continuously degraded, while SO4-• was gradually converted to SO42-. 4-MBC degradation involved the hydroxylation and demethylation pathways, resulting in the generation of transformation byproducts P1 (m/z 271) and P2 (m/z 243), respectively. The Microtox® acute toxicity test (Vibrio fischeri) showed increasing toxicity during the UV/persulfate degradation of 4-MBC. The 4-MBC degradation rate was markedly lower in outdoor swimming pool water than in deionized water. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Chuan Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71-Chou-shan Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Webber Wei-Po Lai
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71-Chou-shan Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, 407, Taiwan
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71-Chou-shan Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
- International Graduate Program of Molecular Science and Technology, National Taiwan University (NTU-MST), Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chiriac FL, Paun I, Pirvu F, Iancu V, Galaon T. Distribution, removal efficiencies and environmental risk assessment of benzophenone and salicylate UV filters in WWTPs and surface waters from Romania. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05214k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This article presents the environmental pollution level with organic UV filters and the effect they pose on aquatic organisms in Romania.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Iuliana Paun
- National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology – ECOIND
- Bucharest
- Romania
| | - Florinela Pirvu
- National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology – ECOIND
- Bucharest
- Romania
| | - Vasile Iancu
- National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology – ECOIND
- Bucharest
- Romania
| | - Toma Galaon
- National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology – ECOIND
- Bucharest
- Romania
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Votani A, Chisvert A, Giokas DL. On-line extraction coupled to liquid chromatographic analysis of hydrophobic organic compounds from complex solid samples-Application to the analysis of UV filters in soils and sediments. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1610:460561. [PMID: 31564565 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This work investigates the applicability of on-line extraction (OLE) directly coupled to liquid chromatography (LC) for the dynamic extraction of hydrophobic organic compounds from complex solid samples. The method operates within the existing apparatus of the LC by replacing the valve loop with an extraction vessel comprised of an empty guard column loaded with the sample. In this manner, extraction is accomplished by the mobile phase as it flows through the extraction vessel under high pressure without the need for additional apparatus other than those comprising the LC system or additional sample pretreatment steps. The experimental parameters affecting the extraction efficiency of the method were investigated and discussed in relation to both the extraction performance and the chromatographic efficiency. The method was optimized and applied for the first time to the extraction of hydrophobic UV filters from spiked soil and sediment samples yielding recoveries between 59 and 117% and reproducibility from 4.8 to 14.3%, which are comparable to those reported from more advanced sample preparation methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Votani
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Alberto Chisvert
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Dimosthenis L Giokas
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang C, Lim W, You S, Song G. 4-Methylbenzylidene-camphor inhibits proliferation and induces reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptosis of human trophoblast cells. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 84:49-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
8
|
Zhao L, Qin X, Hou X, Li Y, Zhang K, Gong W, Nie J, Wang T. Research on determination of BTEX in human whole blood using purge and trap-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with isotope internal standard. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
9
|
Ramos S, Homem V, Santos L. Development and optimization of a QuEChERS-GC-MS/MS methodology to analyse ultraviolet-filters and synthetic musks in sewage sludge. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:2606-2614. [PMID: 30340195 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) methodology followed by gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) analysis was developed to extract synthetic musk compounds (SMCs) (6 polycyclic, 2 macrocyclic and 5 nitro musks) and ultraviolet-filters (UVFs) (6 compounds) from sludge. This methodology fills a gap in the literature, since the proposed technique does not require specific equipment, nor large amounts of solvents, sorbents and time to extract SMCs and UVFs from sludge. To optimize this new methodology, a design of experiments (DoE) approach was used, applying first a screening design (SD) and then a central composite design (CCD). The best conditions achieved to extract these 19 compounds simultaneously were: 500 mg freeze dried sludge, 2.5 min of vortex and 15 min ultrasound and the use of a QuEChERS for the dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) containing 500 mg MgSO4, 410 mg C18 and 315 mg PSA. Then, this methodology was successfully validated. Recoveries of the target compounds ranged from 75% (cashmeran, DPMI) to 122% (2‑ethylhexyl 4‑methoxycinnamate, EHMC), with good repeatability (relative standard deviation < 10%). The instrumental detection limits (IDLs) and quantification (IQLs) varied from 0.001 pg (musk moskene, MM) to 7.5 pg (musk xylene, MX) and from 0.003 (MM) to 25 pg (MX), respectively. The method detection and quantification limits (MDLs and MQLs) ranged between 0.5 (DPMI) and 1394 (exaltolide, EXA) ng/g dw and 2 and 4648 ng/g-dw, respectively. Both SMCs and UVFs were detected in all sludge samples analysed. Higher concentrations were found for octocrylene (OC: maximum value of 115,486 ng/g-dw) followed by galaxolide (HHCB: 81,771 ng/g-dw). Only the nitro musks ambrette, xylene, moskene and tibetene and macrocyclic musk ethylene brassylate (EB) were not detected in any sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ramos
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vera Homem
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Lúcia Santos
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Benedé JL, Chisvert A, Moyano C, Giokas DL, Salvador A. Expanding the application of stir bar sorptive-dispersive microextraction approach to solid matrices: Determination of ultraviolet filters in coastal sand samples. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1564:25-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
11
|
Casado J, Castro G, Rodríguez I, Ramil M, Montes R, Cela R. Liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry identification and determination of tri- and hexaaryl chloro imidazoles in sewage sludge. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2017; 52:69-77. [PMID: 27966255 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The identification and further quantification of 2-chloro-triarylimidazole (o-Cl-TAI) and its dimer (o-DCl-HABI) in sludge from a sewage treatment plant (STP) is reported for the first time. Liquid chromatography (LC) quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometry (MS) was used as analytical technique during screening and determination steps. Pollutants were identified following a post-run search strategy, applying the chlorine mass filter, and characterized by their accurate MS and product ion scan spectra. Finally, their identities were confirmed with authentic standards. The species (o-Cl-TAI) has been rated as potentially genotoxic and carcinogenic for mice and rats. Effects of sample preparation in the stability and the extraction efficiency of both compounds are discussed. Under final conditions, they were extracted from freeze-dried samples (0.5 g of sludge or biosolids dispersed with 2 g of C18 and packed into a polypropylene syringe) with 20 ml of methanol, which also flowed through a clean-up layer of Florisil and PSA sorbents (0.5 g each). This method attained quantitative extraction yields and limits of quantification between 4 and 10 ng/g. The pollutants o-Cl-TAI and o-DCl-HABI were ubiquitous in sludge and biosolids obtained in consecutive years from the investigated STP. Their concentrations varied from 0.02 to more than 13 μg/g (freeze-dried sample). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Casado
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Constantino Candeira sn, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - G Castro
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Constantino Candeira sn, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - I Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Constantino Candeira sn, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - M Ramil
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Constantino Candeira sn, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - R Montes
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Constantino Candeira sn, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - R Cela
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Constantino Candeira sn, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hopkins ZR, Blaney L. An aggregate analysis of personal care products in the environment: Identifying the distribution of environmentally-relevant concentrations. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 92-93:301-316. [PMID: 27128715 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 3-4 decades, per capita consumption of personal care products (PCPs) has steadily risen, resulting in increased discharge of the active and inactive ingredients present in these products into wastewater collection systems. PCPs comprise a long list of compounds employed in toothpaste, sunscreen, lotions, soaps, body washes, and insect repellants, among others. While comprehensive toxicological studies are not yet available, an increasing body of literature has shown that PCPs of all classes can impact aquatic wildlife, bacteria, and/or mammalian cells at low concentrations. Ongoing research efforts have identified PCPs in a variety of environmental compartments, including raw wastewater, wastewater effluent, surface water, wastewater solids, sediment, groundwater, and drinking water. Here, an aggregate analysis of over 5000 reported detections was conducted to better understand the distribution of environmentally-relevant PCP concentrations in, and between, these compartments. The distributions were used to identify whether aggregated environmentally-relevant concentration ranges intersected with available toxicity data. For raw wastewater, wastewater effluent, and surface water, a clear overlap was present between the 25th-75th percentiles and identified toxicity levels. This analysis suggests that improved wastewater treatment of antimicrobials, UV filters, and polycyclic musks is required to prevent negative impacts on aquatic species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Hopkins
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, 1000 Hilltop Circle, ECS 314, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Lee Blaney
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, 1000 Hilltop Circle, ECS 314, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
In-cell clean-up pressurized liquid extraction and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry determination of hydrophobic persistent and emerging organic pollutants in coastal sediments. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1429:107-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
14
|
Ramos S, Homem V, Alves A, Santos L. A review of organic UV-filters in wastewater treatment plants. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 86:24-44. [PMID: 26479831 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
UV-filters are a group of compounds which have been massively used in the past years due to the recent concerns with sunburns, premature skin ageing and the risk of developing skin cancer, related to sun exposure. At the moment, these compounds have been identified by the scientific community as emerging pollutants, due to their persistence in the environment, potential to accumulate in biota and potential threat as endocrine disruptors. At some point, the majority of sunscreens will find their way into wastewater (due to bathing and washing activities) and because wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are not able to remove and/or degrade them, consequently they find their way into rivers, lakes and ocean, so it is not surprising that UV-filters are found in the environment. Therefore, wastewater treatment plants should be the focus of the scientific community aiming to better understand the fate of the UV-filters and develop new technologies to remove them from wastewater and sludge. This review, aims to provide the current state of the art in the occurrence and fate of UV-filters in wastewater treatment plants and how the technologies that are being used are successfully removing these compounds from both wastewater and sludge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ramos
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vera Homem
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Arminda Alves
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lúcia Santos
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Regueiro J, Wenzl T. Development and validation of a stable-isotope dilution liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of bisphenols in ready-made meals. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1414:110-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
16
|
Manasfi T, Storck V, Ravier S, Demelas C, Coulomb B, Boudenne JL. Degradation Products of Benzophenone-3 in Chlorinated Seawater Swimming Pools. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:9308-9316. [PMID: 26167727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxybenzone (2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenone, benzophenone-3) is one of the UV filters commonly found in sunscreens. Its presence in swimming pools and its reactivity with chlorine has already been demonstrated but never in seawater swimming pools. In these pools, chlorine added for disinfection results in the formation of bromine, due to the high levels of bromide in seawater, and leads to the formation of brominated disinfection byproducts, known to be more toxic than chlorinated ones. Therefore, it seems important to determine the transformation products of oxybenzone in chlorinated seawater swimming pools; especially that users of seawater swimming pools may apply sunscreens and other personal-care products containing oxybenzone before going to pools. This leads to the introduction of oxybenzone to pools, where it reacts with bromine. For this purpose, the reactivity of oxybenzone has been examined as a function of chlorine dose and temperature in artificial seawater to assess its potential to produce trihalomethanes and to determine the byproducts generated following chlorination. Increasing doses of chlorine and increasing temperatures enhanced the formation of bromoform. Experiments carried out with excess doses of chlorine resulted in the degradation of oxybenzone and allowed the determination of the degradation mechanisms leading to the formation of bromoform. In total, ten transformation products were identified, based on which the transformation pathway was proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Manasfi
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LCE FRE 3416, 13331 Marseille, France
| | - Veronika Storck
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LCE FRE 3416, 13331 Marseille, France
| | - Sylvain Ravier
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LCE FRE 3416, 13331 Marseille, France
| | - Carine Demelas
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LCE FRE 3416, 13331 Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Coulomb
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LCE FRE 3416, 13331 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Luc Boudenne
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LCE FRE 3416, 13331 Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Vila M, Lamas JP, Garcia-Jares C, Dagnac T, Llompart M. Optimization of an analytical methodology for the simultaneous determination of different classes of ultraviolet filters in cosmetics by pressurized liquid extraction–gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1405:12-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
18
|
Cerqueira MBR, Guilherme JR, Caldas SS, Martins ML, Zanella R, Primel EG. Evaluation of the QuEChERS method for the extraction of pharmaceuticals and personal care products from drinking-water treatment sludge with determination by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 107:74-82. [PMID: 24875873 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A modified version of the QuEChERS method has been evaluated for the determination of 21 pharmaceuticals and 6 personal care products (PPCPs) in drinking-water sludge samples by employing ultra high liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The performance of the method was evaluated through linearity, recovery, precision (intra-day), method detection and quantification limits (MDL and MQL) and matrix effect. The calibration curves prepared in acetonitrile and in the matrix extract showed a correlation coefficient ranging from 0.98 to 0.99. MQLs values were on the ng g(-1) order of magnitude for most compounds. Recoveries between 50% and 93% were reached with RSDs lower than 10% for most compounds. Matrix effect was almost absent with values lower than 16% for 93% of the compounds. By coupling a quick and simple extraction called QuEChERS with the UPLC-MS/MS analysis, a method that is both selective and sensitive was obtained. This methodology was successfully applied to real samples and caffeine and benzophenone-3 were detected in ng g(-1) levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maristela B R Cerqueira
- Post-Graduation Program in Technological and Environmental Chemistry, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Laboratório de Análise de Compostos Orgânicos e Metais (LACOM), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av Itália, km 8, s/n, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul State 96201-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana R Guilherme
- Post-Graduation Program in Technological and Environmental Chemistry, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Laboratório de Análise de Compostos Orgânicos e Metais (LACOM), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av Itália, km 8, s/n, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul State 96201-900, Brazil
| | - Sergiane S Caldas
- Post-Graduation Program in Technological and Environmental Chemistry, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Laboratório de Análise de Compostos Orgânicos e Metais (LACOM), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av Itália, km 8, s/n, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul State 96201-900, Brazil
| | - Manoel L Martins
- Laboratório de Análises de Resíduos de Pesticidas (LARP), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil
| | - Renato Zanella
- Laboratório de Análises de Resíduos de Pesticidas (LARP), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil
| | - Ednei G Primel
- Post-Graduation Program in Technological and Environmental Chemistry, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Laboratório de Análise de Compostos Orgânicos e Metais (LACOM), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av Itália, km 8, s/n, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul State 96201-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cerqueira MB, Caldas SS, Primel EG. New sorbent in the dispersive solid phase extraction step of quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe for the extraction of organic contaminants in drinking water treatment sludge. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1336:10-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
20
|
Celano R, Rodríguez I, Cela R, Rastrelli L, Piccinelli AL. Liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry quantification and screening of organophosphate compounds in sludge. Talanta 2013; 118:312-20. [PMID: 24274302 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, we assess the performance of liquid chromatography (LC) quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometry (MS) for the selective quantification of eight organophosphate compounds (OPs), used as plasticizers and flame retardants additives, in sludge from urban sewage treatment plants (STPs). Moreover, the usefulness of accurate, full scan MS and MS/MS spectra to screen and to confirm the presence of additional OPs, without using reference standards, in sludge samples is discussed. Matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) was used as a sample preparation technique. Under optimized conditions, MSPD provided quantitative recoveries for the group of targeted analytes, requiring just 15 mL of solvent and integrating extraction and clean-up processes in the same step. For these species, the achieved limits of quantification (LOQs) varied between 2 and 50 ng g(-1) and the efficiency of electrospray ionization (ESI) did not change significantly between pure standards and sludge extracts. Among targeted OPs, tri(chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) were ubiquitous in sludge. The average concentrations of TCPP and TBEP stayed above 700 ng g(-1), whereas the mean value for TPP was 67 ng g(-1). Full scan, accurate spectra provided relevant clues for the screening of additional OPs, using a database containing just their empirical formulae and exact molecular weights; however, the occurrence of in-source fragmentation processes hampered the detection and correct identification of those species which did not render the expected [M+H](+) molecular ion, as was the case of 2-ethylhexyl-diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Celano
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario (IIAA), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Fisciano 84084, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jiménez-Díaz I, Molina-Molina J, Zafra-Gómez A, Ballesteros O, Navalón A, Real M, Sáenz J, Fernández M, Olea N. Simultaneous determination of the UV-filters benzyl salicylate, phenyl salicylate, octyl salicylate, homosalate, 3-(4-methylbenzylidene) camphor and 3-benzylidene camphor in human placental tissue by LC–MS/MS. Assessment of their in vitro endocrine activity. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 936:80-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
22
|
Zhao H, Wei D, Li M, Du Y. Substituent contribution to the genotoxicity of benzophenone-type UV filters. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 95:241-246. [PMID: 23790521 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenones (BPs) are widely used in UV filters, fragrance enhancers, and plastic additives. In this study, the genotoxicity of 14 BPs was tested using the SOS/umu assay, and the related substituent contribution was disclosed. The results of this study revealed that the major contributor to the genotoxicity of the BPs was the ortho,para-di-substitution, and the increasing hydroxy substitution on the benzene ring. In addition, the higher the dispersion of the substituent species on the two benzene rings, the lower the genotoxicity exhibited by the compound. Furthermore, 2 dimensional and 3 dimenional quantitative structure-activity relationships (2D- and 3D-QSAR) studies indicated that hydrogen-bond interactions and electrostatic effects were determinants for the genotoxicity of the BPs. The current results provide useful information for the assessment of the potential ecological risk and health effects of BP-type UV filters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction plus simultaneous silylation for rapid determination of salicylate and benzophenone-type ultraviolet filters in aqueous samples. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1302:20-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
24
|
Fully automated determination of nine ultraviolet filters and transformation products in natural waters and wastewaters by on-line solid phase extraction–liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1294:106-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
25
|
Casado J, Rodríguez I, Carpinteiro I, Ramil M, Cela R. Gas chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry determination of benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers in sludge samples. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1293:126-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
26
|
Regueiro J, Matamoros V, Thibaut R, Porte C, Bayona JM. Use of effect-directed analysis for the identification of organic toxicants in surface flow constructed wetland sediments. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 91:1165-1175. [PMID: 23399301 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Wetlands constitute one of the most efficient ecosystems with a great capacity to recycle the organic matter and able to attenuate or mitigate the chemical pollution. However, limited information exists on the ecotoxicological effects that may be caused due to the presence of these pollutants in wetland sediments. In this work, a bioassay-directed approach was used to identify toxicologically active compounds retained in sediments from a surface flow constructed wetland located in the North-Eastern of Spain. Sediment fractionation was accomplished by pressurized-liquid extraction (PLE) followed by semipreparative normal phase high performance liquid chromatography (NP-HPLC). During the extraction procedure, different solvents were sequentially applied in order to selectively extract the compounds as a function of their polarity. The cytotoxicity of the resulting fractions was assessed on the fish hepatoma cell line PLHC-1 by using the thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, while the presence of CYP1A inducing agents was determined by measuring the activity 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) in exposed cells. Identification of the compounds was performed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), polycyclic musk fragrances and pesticides were identified in the most toxic fractions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Regueiro
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, E-32004 Ourense, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gago-Ferrero P, Demeestere K, Silvia Díaz-Cruz M, Barceló D. Ozonation and peroxone oxidation of benzophenone-3 in water: effect of operational parameters and identification of intermediate products. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 443:209-217. [PMID: 23186632 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to bring forward new data and insights with respect to the effect of operational variables and reaction pathways during ozonation and peroxone oxidation of the UV filter compound benzophenone-3 (BP3) in water. A systematic parameter study, investigating the effect of the ozone inlet concentration, temperature, pH, H(2)O(2) and t-butanol addition in a lab-scale bubble reactor, showed the promising potential of ozonation towards BP3 degradation. pH showed to be a major process parameter, with half-life times (5.1-15.0 min) being more than two times shorter at pH10 compared to neutral and acid conditions. This indicates the important role of hydroxyl radicals as supported by the addition of H(2)O(2) and t-butanol as HO promoter and scavenger, respectively. Ozonation intermediate products were identified by liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-QqTOF-MS/MS). Demethylation and non-selective HO attack proved to be the major reaction mechanisms. Where available, identified intermediates were confirmed using analytical standards, and concentration profiles along the ozonation process were determined through selective targeted MS/MS analysis. Benzophenone-1 (BP1), also being a UV-filter compound, and 2,2'-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (DHMB) revealed to be the major BP3 degradation products, showing a maximum concentration at about the half-life time of BP3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Gago-Ferrero
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Badia-Fabregat M, Rodríguez-Rodríguez CE, Gago-Ferrero P, Olivares A, Piña B, Díaz-Cruz MS, Vicent T, Barceló D, Caminal G. Degradation of UV filters in sewage sludge and 4-MBC in liquid medium by the ligninolytic fungus Trametes versicolor. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2012; 104:114-120. [PMID: 22487399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) filters are xenobiotic compounds that can enter the environment through the liquid effluent of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and through adsorption in the sludge by-product because of their high hydrophobicity, as the sludge is subsequently applied as a fertiliser. A solid-state treatment of WWTP sludge with the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor is reported in the present work as a feasible method for UV filter degradation, with reductions ranging from 87% in the case of 3-(4'-methylbenzylidene) camphor (4-MBC) to 100% for benzophenone-3 (BP3) and its metabolite 4,4'-dihydroxybenzophenone (4DHB). This study represents a first step in the development of a future fungal treatment for UV filters; thus, it is essential to prove that elimination is due only to the action of the fungus and not that of other microorganisms. To this end, the sludge was sterilised prior to fungal treatment. Biological assays indicate that T. versicolor readily eliminates oestrogenic activity, although it may be inefficient at eliminating other compounds, including some with dioxin-like activity. Degradation studies of 4-MBC in liquid media were also performed, and complete removal was achieved in less than 24 h. The main metabolites were identified, and the first steps of the transformation pathway were elucidated: a mono- or di-hydroxylation by cytochrome P450 and a subsequent conjugation with a pentose. None of 4-MBC transformation products was found to be responsible for increased dioxin-like activity in the sludge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Badia-Fabregat
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Escola d'Enginyera, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
AbstractSpreading sewage sludge on agricultural lands has been actively promoted by national authorities as an economic way of recycling. However, as by-product of wastewater treatment, sewage sludge may contain toxic substances, which could be incorporated into agricultural products or be distributed in the environment. Moreover, sediments can be contaminated by the discharge of wastewater effluents into rivers. This article reviews the determination of emerging contaminants (surfactants, flame retardants, pharmaceuticals and personal care products) in environmental solid samples (sludge, soil and sediment). Sample preparation, including extraction and clean-up, as well as the subsequent instrumental determination of contaminants are discussed. Recent applications of extraction techniques, such as Soxhlet extraction, ultrasound assisted extraction, pressurised liquid extraction, microwave assisted extraction and matrix solid-phase dispersion to the analysis of emerging contaminants in environmental solid samples are reviewed. Determination of these contaminants, generally carried out by gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled with different detectors, especially mass spectrometry for the identification and quantification of residues, is also summarised and discussed.
Collapse
|
30
|
Carpinteiro I, Ramil M, Rodríguez I, Nogueira JMF. Combining stir-bar sorptive extraction and large volume injection-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of benzotriazole UV stabilizers in wastewater matrices. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:459-67. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
31
|
Richardson SD. Environmental Mass Spectrometry: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues. Anal Chem 2011; 84:747-78. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202903d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan D. Richardson
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sánchez-Brunete C, Miguel E, Albero B, Tadeo JL. Analysis of salicylate and benzophenone-type UV filters in soils and sediments by simultaneous extraction cleanup and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:4291-8. [PMID: 21636087 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An analytical method for the determination of UV filters in soil and sediment has been developed and validated considering benzophenones (BP) and salicylates as target analytes. Soil and sediment samples were extracted with ethyl acetate-methanol (90:10, v/v) assisted with sonication, performing a simultaneous clean-up step. Quantification of these compounds was carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after derivatization of the extracts with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA). Recoveries from spiked soil samples ranged from 89.8% to 104.4% and they were between 88.4% and 105.3% for spiked sediment samples. The effect of the residence time and soil moisture content on the recovery of these compounds was also studied. The precision, expressed as relative standard deviation, was in all cases below 6.1% and the limits of detection (S/N=3) varied from 0.07 to 0.10 ng g(-1) and from 0.11 to 0.28 ng g(-1) for soils and sediments, respectively. The validated method was applied to the analysis of five benzophenone and two salicylate UV filters in soil and sediment samples collected in different areas of Spain.
Collapse
|