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Wu Q, Wu M, Zhang K, Sun R, Li H, Tong J, Guo Y. Regulatory T cells as a therapeutic target in acute myocardial infarction. Mol Immunol 2024; 172:17-22. [PMID: 38865800 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2024.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI), mainly triggered by vascular occlusion or thrombosis, is the most prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality among all cardiovascular diseases. The devastating consequences of AMI are further aggravated by the intricate cellular processes involved in inflammation. In the past two decades, many studies have reported that regulatory T cells (Tregs), as the main immunoregulatory cells, play a crucial role in AMI progression. This review offers a comprehensive insight into the intricate relationship between Tregs and AMI development. Moreover, it explores emerging therapeutic strategies that focus on Tregs and their exosomes. Furthermore, we underscore the importance of employing noninvasive in vivo imaging techniques to advance the clinical applications of Tregs-based treatments in AMI. Although further research is essential to fully elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of Tregs, therapies tailored to these cells hold immense potential for the treatment of patients with AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- QiHong Wu
- Sichuan University, West China Second University Hospital, Development and Related Diseases of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
| | - Mengyue Wu
- Sichuan University, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, No. 17 People's South Road, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Sichuan University, West China Second University Hospital, Development and Related Diseases of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
| | - Ran Sun
- Sichuan University, West China Second University Hospital, Development and Related Diseases of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
| | - Hong Li
- Sichuan University, West China Second University Hospital, Development and Related Diseases of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
| | - Jiyu Tong
- Sichuan University, West China Second University Hospital, Development and Related Diseases of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China; Sichuan University, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, No. 17 People's South Road, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
| | - Yingkun Guo
- Sichuan University, West China Second University Hospital, Development and Related Diseases of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China; Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.
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2
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Zhao Y, Wang S, Lv S, Liu X, Li W, Song Y, Rong D, Zheng P, Huang H, Zheng H. Combined oral low-dose cyclophosphamide endocrine therapy may improve clinical response among patients with metastatic breast cancer via Tregs in TLSs. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13432. [PMID: 38862586 PMCID: PMC11166640 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite limited research on refractory and/or endocrine therapy failure in elderly metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients, a prior study showed that low-dose oral cyclophosphamide (CY) can improve the overall survival rate of MBC patients, possibly through the immunoregulation of regulatory T cells (Tregs). We preliminarily investigated the combination of endocrine therapy (ET) with oral low-dose CY as salvage therapy in elderly patients via peripheral blood regulatory T-cell analyses. In addition, we evaluated the associations of tumor tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) with therapeutic outcomes. HR+/HER2- advanced breast cancer patients who received low-dose CY combined with ET or ET only from April 2015 to August 2021 were enrolled in this retrospective study. The primary outcome was the clinical control rate (CCR), and the secondary outcome was progression-free survival (PFS). Circulating T lymphocyte subpopulations represented by Tregs were monitored during treatment by flow cytometry methods. TLSs wereconfirmed by hematoxylin-eosin staining of pretreatment specimens, and CD3, CD4, and Foxp3 were detected using Opal multicolor immunofluorescence. A total of 85 patients who received CY + ET and 50 patients who received ET only were enrolled, the percentage of patients who received CCR was 73% (62/85) vs. 70% (45/50), and the objective response rate (ORR) was 28% (24/85) vs. 24% (12/50). No deaths occurred during the study period. The mean PFS time was 13 vs. 11 months (P = 0.03). In the CY + ET group, decreases in CD4+/CD25+/Foxp3+ T cells (P < 0.001) were favorable for both clinical control and prolonged PFS (P < 0.001). Compared with patients without TLSs, those with TLSs were more likely to have better clinical control and PFS (mean time = 6 months), and a greater number of Treg cells during TLS pretreatment correlated with longer PFS (P = 0.043). Oral low-dose CY combined with standard ET exerts immunological effects by decreasing Treg levels to achieve improved clinical responses. Moreover, patients with TLSs might benefit more from such therapy than those without TLSs, and a high Treg cell count in TLSs before treatment predicts better therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuze Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 10 Tieyi Rd, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 10 Tieyi Rd, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Shuzhen Lv
- Breast Department, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- Department of Pathology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Weiping Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanxi Medical University Fenyang College, Fenyang, 032200, China
| | - Yuguang Song
- Department of Medical Oncology, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 10 Tieyi Rd, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Dongwen Rong
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Peiming Zheng
- Department of Pathology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Hongyan Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 10 Tieyi Rd, Beijing, 100038, China.
| | - Huixia Zheng
- Department of Pathology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
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Kennedy-Batalla R, Acevedo D, Luo Y, Esteve-Solé A, Vlagea A, Correa-Rocha R, Seoane-Reula ME, Alsina L. Treg in inborn errors of immunity: gaps, knowns and future perspectives. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1278759. [PMID: 38259469 PMCID: PMC10800401 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1278759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) are essential for immune balance, preventing overreactive responses and autoimmunity. Although traditionally characterized as CD4+CD25+CD127lowFoxP3hi, recent research has revealed diverse Treg subsets such as Tr1, Tr1-like, and CD8 Treg. Treg dysfunction leads to severe autoimmune diseases and immune-mediated inflammatory disorders. Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are a group of disorders that affect correct functioning of the immune system. IEI include Tregopathies caused by genetic mutations affecting Treg development or function. In addition, Treg dysfunction is also observed in other IEIs, whose underlying mechanisms are largely unknown, thus requiring further research. This review provides a comprehensive overview and discussion of Treg in IEI focused on: A) advances and controversies in the evaluation of Treg extended subphenotypes and function; B) current knowledge and gaps in Treg disturbances in Tregopathies and other IEI including Treg subpopulation changes, genotype-phenotype correlation, Treg changes with disease activity, and available therapies, and C) the potential of Treg cell-based therapies for IEI with immune dysregulation. The aim is to improve both the diagnostic and the therapeutic approaches to IEI when there is involvement of Treg. We performed a non-systematic targeted literature review with a knowledgeable selection of current, high-quality original and review articles on Treg and IEI available since 2003 (with 58% of the articles within the last 6 years) in the PubMed database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Kennedy-Batalla
- Laboratory of Immune-Regulation, Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Acevedo
- Clinical Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiencies Unit, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- Study Group for Immune Dysfunction Diseases in Children (GEMDIP), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yiyi Luo
- Clinical Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiencies Unit, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- Study Group for Immune Dysfunction Diseases in Children (GEMDIP), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Esteve-Solé
- Clinical Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiencies Unit, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- Study Group for Immune Dysfunction Diseases in Children (GEMDIP), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexandru Vlagea
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- Immunology Department, Biomedic Diagnostic Center (CDB), Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Clinical Immunology Unit Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Correa-Rocha
- Laboratory of Immune-Regulation, Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ma Elena Seoane-Reula
- Laboratory of Immune-Regulation, Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
- Pediatric Immuno-Allergy Unit, Allergy Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Primary Immunodeficiencies Unit, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laia Alsina
- Clinical Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiencies Unit, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- Study Group for Immune Dysfunction Diseases in Children (GEMDIP), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Surgery and Surgical Specializations, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Bi Y, Kong R, Peng Y, Yu H, Zhou Z. Umbilical cord blood and peripheral blood-derived regulatory T cells therapy: Progress in type 1 diabetes. Clin Immunol 2023; 255:109716. [PMID: 37544491 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are key regulators for the inflammatory response and play a role in maintaining the immune tolerance. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a relatively common autoimmune disease that results from the loss of immune tolerance to β-cell-associated antigens. Preclinical models have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of Tregs given in transplant rejection and autoimmune diseases such as T1D. Adoptive transfer of Tregs has been utilized in clinical trials for over a decade. However, the achievement of the adoptive transfer of Tregs therapy in clinical application remains challenging. In this review, we highlight the characterization of Tregs and compare the differences between umbilical cord blood and adult peripheral blood-derived Tregs. Additionally, we summarize conditional modifications in the expansion of Tregs in clinical trials, especially for the treatment of T1D. Finally, we discuss the existing technical challenges for Tregs in clinical trials for the treatment of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjie Bi
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Cell Therapy for Diabetes, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ran Kong
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Cell Therapy for Diabetes, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yani Peng
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Cell Therapy for Diabetes, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haibo Yu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Cell Therapy for Diabetes, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Cell Therapy for Diabetes, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
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Hennessy C, Deptula M, Hester J, Issa F. Barriers to Treg therapy in Europe: From production to regulation. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1090721. [PMID: 36744143 PMCID: PMC9892909 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1090721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been an increased interest in cell based therapies for a range of medical conditions in the last decade. This explosion in novel therapeutics research has led to the development of legislation specifically focused on cell and gene based therapies. In Europe, the European medicines agency (EMA) designates any medicines for human use which are based on genes, tissues, or cells as advanced therapy medicinal products or advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs). In this article we discuss the hurdles to widespread adoption of ATMPs in Europe, with a focus on regulatory T cells (Tregs). There are numerous barriers which must be overcome before mainstream adoption of Treg therapy becomes a reality. The source of the cells, whether to use autologous or allogenic cells, and the methods through which they are isolated and expanded, must all meet strict good manufacturing practice (GMP) standards to allow use of the products in humans. GMP compliance is costly, with the equipment and reagents providing a significant cost barrier and requiring specialized facilities and personnel. Conforming to the regulations set centrally by the EMA is difficult, and the different interpretations of the regulations across the various member states further complicates the regulatory approval process. The end products then require a complex and robust distribution network to ensure timely delivery of potentially life saving treatments to patients. In a European market whose logistics networks have been hammered by COVID and Brexit, ensuring rapid and reliable delivery systems is a more complex task than ever. In this article we will examine the impact of these barriers on the development and adoption of Tregs in Europe, and potential approaches which could facilitate more widespread use of Tregs, instead of its current concentration in a few very specialized centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor Hennessy
- Transplantation Research and Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Milena Deptula
- Transplantation Research and Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Embryology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joanna Hester
- Transplantation Research and Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fadi Issa
- Transplantation Research and Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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6
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Revisiting the melanomagenic pathways and current therapeutic approaches. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:9651-9671. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07412-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Regulatory T Cell Apoptosis during Preeclampsia May Be Prevented by Gal-2. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031880. [PMID: 35163802 PMCID: PMC8836599 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There are several open questions to be answered regarding the pathophysiology of the development of preeclampsia (PE). Numerous factors are involved in its genesis, such as defective placentation, vascular impairment, and an altered immune response. The activation of the adaptive and innate immune system represents an immunologic, particularity during PE. Proinflammatory cytokines are predominantly produced, whereas immune regulatory and immune suppressive factors are diminished in PE. In the present study, we focused on the recruitment of regulatory T cells (Tregs) which are key players in processes mediating immune tolerance. To identify Tregs in the decidua, an immunohistochemical staining of FoxP3 of 32 PE and 34 control placentas was performed. A clearly reduced number of FoxP3-positive cells in the decidua of preeclamptic women could be shown in our analysis (p = 0.036). Furthermore, CCL22, a well-known Treg chemoattractant, was immunohistochemically evaluated. Interestingly, CCL22 expression was increased at the maternal-fetal interface in PE-affected pregnancies (psyncytiotrophoblast = 0.035, pdecidua = 0.004). Therefore, the hypothesis that Tregs undergo apoptosis at the materno-fetal interface during PE was generated, and verified by FoxP3/TUNEL (TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling) staining. Galectin-2 (Gal-2), a member of the family of carbohydrate-binding proteins, which is known to be downregulated during PE, seems to play a pivotal role in T cell apoptosis. By performing a cell culture experiment with isolated Tregs, we could identify Gal-2 as a factor that seems to prevent the apoptosis of Tregs. Our findings point to a cascade of apoptosis of Tregs at the materno-fetal interface during PE. Gal-2 might be a potential therapeutic target in PE to regulate immune tolerance.
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Martínez-Blanco M, Lozano-Ojalvo D, Pérez-Rodríguez L, Benedé S, Molina E, López-Fandiño R. Retinoic Acid Induces Functionally Suppressive Foxp3 +RORγt + T Cells In Vitro. Front Immunol 2021; 12:675733. [PMID: 34447371 PMCID: PMC8382797 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.675733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction CD4+ T cells with regulatory function co-expressing Foxp3 and RORγt are linked to the development of oral tolerance towards innocuous food antigens in mice. This study aimed to discern the role played by IL-6 and retinoic acid (RA) in the in vitro generation of Foxp3+RORγt+ T cells and to investigate whether such cells have suppressive properties. Methods CD4+CD25- T cells isolated from the spleen of BALB/c mice, were stimulated in the presence of IL-2 alone or together with TFG-β and different concentrations of IL-6 and/or RA. Percentage of Foxp3+, RORγt+, IL-17+, Foxp3+RORγt-, Foxp3+RORγt+, and Foxp3-RORγt+ T cells within the total CD4+ T cell population, production of cytokines (IL-10 and IL-17A) and gene expression (Foxp3, Rorc, Tgfb1, Il6, Il10, and Il17) were assessed at different time points. The phenotype and ability of cells generated from CD4+CD44-CD62L+ cells in the presence of RA to suppress effector T cell proliferation was assessed. Results TGF-β plus IL-6 induced the generation of Foxp3+ and double positive Foxp3+RORγt+ T cells to a higher extent than TGF-β alone at the beginning of the incubation period, although expression of Foxp3 subsequently declined. RA, added to TGF-β, increased Foxp3 and Rorc expression and Foxp3 and RORγt transcription and promoted the differentiation of Foxp3+RORγt- and Foxp3+RORγt+ cells that expressed and secreted IL-17. Foxp3+ T cells generated in vitro in presence of RA were functionally suppressive. Conclusions Under the influence of IL-2 and TGF-β, suppressive Foxp3+RORγt+ T cells that express and secrete IL-17 can be produced in vitro and RA further contributes to stabilize this phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Martínez-Blanco
- Food Allergy Group, Department of Bioactivity and Food Anaysis, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Lozano-Ojalvo
- Food Allergy Group, Department of Bioactivity and Food Anaysis, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Leticia Pérez-Rodríguez
- Food Allergy Group, Department of Bioactivity and Food Anaysis, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Benedé
- Food Allergy Group, Department of Bioactivity and Food Anaysis, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Molina
- Food Allergy Group, Department of Bioactivity and Food Anaysis, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosina López-Fandiño
- Food Allergy Group, Department of Bioactivity and Food Anaysis, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
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Joosse ME, Charbit-Henrion F, Boisgard R, Raatgeep R(HC, Lindenbergh-Kortleve DJ, Costes LMM, Nugteren S, Guegan N, Parlato M, Veenbergen S, Malan V, Nowak JK, Hollink IHIM, Mearin ML, Escher JC, Cerf-Bensussan N, Samsom JN. Duplication of the IL2RA locus causes excessive IL-2 signaling and may predispose to very early onset colitis. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:1172-1182. [PMID: 34226674 PMCID: PMC8379074 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00423-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Single genetic mutations predispose to very early onset inflammatory bowel disease (VEO-IBD). Here, we identify a de novo duplication of the 10p15.1 chromosomal region, including the IL2RA locus, in a 2-year-old girl with treatment-resistant pancolitis that was brought into remission by colectomy. Strikingly, after colectomy while the patient was in clinical remission and without medication, the peripheral blood CD4:CD8 ratio was constitutively high and CD25 expression was increased on circulating effector memory, Foxp3+, and Foxp3neg CD4+ T cells compared to healthy controls. This high CD25 expression increased IL-2 signaling, potentiating CD4+ T-cell-derived IFNγ secretion after T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation. Restoring CD25 expression using the JAK1/3-inhibitor tofacitinib controlled TCR-induced IFNγ secretion in vitro. As diseased colonic tissue, but not the unaffected duodenum, contained mainly CD4+ T cells with a prominent IFNγ-signature, we hypothesize that local microbial stimulation may have initiated colonic disease. Overall, we identify that duplication of the IL2RA locus can associate with VEO-IBD and suggest that increased IL-2 signaling predisposes to colonic intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Joosse
- grid.416135.4Laboratory of Pediatrics, division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fabienne Charbit-Henrion
- grid.508487.60000 0004 7885 7602Laboratory of Intestinal Immunity, Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France ,Department of Molecular Genetics, Université de Paris, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France ,GENIUS group from the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN), http://www.genius-group.org
| | - Remy Boisgard
- grid.508487.60000 0004 7885 7602Laboratory of Intestinal Immunity, Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Rolien (H.) C. Raatgeep
- grid.416135.4Laboratory of Pediatrics, division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dicky J. Lindenbergh-Kortleve
- grid.416135.4Laboratory of Pediatrics, division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Léa M. M. Costes
- grid.416135.4Laboratory of Pediatrics, division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sandrine Nugteren
- grid.416135.4Laboratory of Pediatrics, division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Guegan
- grid.508487.60000 0004 7885 7602Laboratory of Intestinal Immunity, Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Marianna Parlato
- grid.508487.60000 0004 7885 7602Laboratory of Intestinal Immunity, Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Sharon Veenbergen
- grid.416135.4Laboratory of Pediatrics, division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Valérie Malan
- Department of Cytogenetics, Université de Paris, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jan K. Nowak
- grid.22254.330000 0001 2205 0971Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Iris H. I. M. Hollink
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Clinical Genetics Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M. Luisa Mearin
- grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Department of Pediatrics, Unit of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Johanna C. Escher
- grid.416135.4Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nadine Cerf-Bensussan
- grid.508487.60000 0004 7885 7602Laboratory of Intestinal Immunity, Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Janneke N. Samsom
- grid.416135.4Laboratory of Pediatrics, division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Abstract
Fingolimod is the first orally administered drug approved for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). This drug, modulating sphingosine receptors, regulates the trafficking of lymphocytes between primary and secondary lymphoid organs, trapping naïve T cells and central memory T cells in secondary lymphoid organs, without affecting effector memory T cells and therefore without compromising immunosurveillance. Additionally, fingolimod inhibits expression of Th1 and Th17 cytokines and enhances regulatory T-cell differentiation. It also acts on the B arm of immunity through an increased ratio of naïve to memory B cells, higher percentage of plasma cells, and highly increased proportion of transitional B cells as well as additional regulatory subsets. Fingolimod treatment enhances the capacity of regulatory B cells to transmigrate across brain endothelial cells. In fact, patients treated with fingolimod have increased regulatory B-cell frequency in the cerebrospinal fluid. These findings suggest a novel role for fingolimod in MS, by both direct effects and indirect partitioning effects on lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego Centonze
- Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.
| | - Fabio Buttari
- Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
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11
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Petsiou A, Paschou SA, Vartholomatos G, Chatzigianni K, Kolaitis N, Giotaki E, Bondinas GP, Moustakas AK, Karamoutsios A, Zervou E, Tigas S, Tsatsoulis A, Papadopoulos GK. A modified flow cytometry method for objective estimation of human CD4 + regulatory T cells (CD4 + Tregs) in peripheral blood, via CD4/CD25/CD45RO/FoxP3 labeling. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2019; 98:259-269. [PMID: 31571372 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several methods exist for flow-cytometric estimation of human peripheral blood CD4+ T regulatory cells (CD4+ Tregs). METHODS We report our experience with the estimation of human CD4+ Tregs via three different characterizations using flow cytometry (CD25high FoxP3+ , CD25high CD127low/- FoxP3+ , and CD4+ CD25high/int CD45ROFoxP3+ ) in normal subjects. We have used these methods on the control populations from two studies (32 and 36 subjects, respectively), the latter two methods retrospectively on the subjects of the first study. The six CD4+ T cell fractions obtained by the third method were differentially colored to ascertain the distribution of these cell fractions in the CD25/FoxP3, CD45RO/FoxP3, and CD25/CD127 dot plots from CD4/CD25/CD45RO/FoxP3 and CD4/CD25/CD45RO/CD127 panels. RESULTS Each approach gives significantly different estimates of Tregs (expressed as percentage of CD4+ T cells), with the second almost invariably yielding higher percentages than the other two. Only the third approach can distinguish among effector and naïve Tregs and FoxP3+ non-Tregs. Analysis of CD25/CD127 dot plots reveals that Treg delineation via the widely used definition of CD4+ CD25high CD127low/- cells unavoidably yields a mixture of nearly all effector and most of naïve Tregs, as well as FoxP3+ non-Tregs plus other cells. Delineation of effector/naïve Tregs and FoxP3+ non-Tregs is possible via CD45RO/CD25 dot plots but not by CD45RO/FoxP3 counterparts (as done previously) because of overlapping FoxP3 intensities among Tregs and non-Tregs. CONCLUSION Our comparison shows that CD4/CD25/CD45RO/FoxP3 panels are an objective means of estimating effector and naïve Tregs via colored dot plots, aiding thus in Treg delineation in health and detecting aberrations in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asimina Petsiou
- Unit of Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Hematology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Stavroula A Paschou
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Georgios Vartholomatos
- Unit of Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Hematology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Katerina Chatzigianni
- Unit of Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Hematology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kolaitis
- Laboratory of Hematology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Eleni Giotaki
- Department of Nursing, Technological Educational Institute of Epirus, Ioannina, Greece
| | - George P Bondinas
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Biochemistry, Bioprocessing and Bioproducts, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Epirus, Arta, Greece
| | - Antonis K Moustakas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Ionian Islands, Argostoli, Greece
| | - Achilleas Karamoutsios
- Laboratory of Animal Health-Food Hygiene and Quality, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Epirus, Arta, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Zervou
- Department of Bloodbank, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Stelios Tigas
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Agathocles Tsatsoulis
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - George K Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Biochemistry, Bioprocessing and Bioproducts, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Technological Educational Institute of Epirus, Arta, Greece
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12
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Pai AV, West CA, de Souza AMA, Kadam PS, Pollner EJ, West DA, Li J, Ji H, Wu X, Zhu MJ, Baylis C, Sandberg K. Renal T cell infiltration occurs despite attenuation of development of hypertension with hydralazine in Envigo's female Dahl rat maintained on a low-Na + diet. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F572-F583. [PMID: 31241996 PMCID: PMC6766632 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00512.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have suggested that renal T cell infiltration contributes to the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension. To investigate this mechanism further, we determined T cell profiles in the kidney and lymphoid tissues as a function of blood pressure in the female Envigo Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rat maintained on low-Na+ (LS) diet. Mean arterial pressure and heart rate were measured by telemetry in SS rats from 1 mo old (juvenile) to 4 mo old. Normotensive salt-resistant (SR) rats were included as controls. Frequencies of T helper (CD4+) cells were greater in the kidney, lymph nodes, and spleen in 4-mo-old hypertensive SS rats compared with normotensive SR animals and SS juvenile rats, suggesting that renal T cell infiltration contributes to hypertension in the SS rat on a LS diet. At 1.5 mo, half of the SS rats were treated with vehicle (Veh), and the rest received hydralazine (HDZ; 25 mg·kg-1·day-1) for 11 wk. HDZ impeded the development of hypertension compared with Veh-treated control rats [mean arterial pressure: 157 ± 4 mmHg in the Veh-treated group (n = 6) vs. 133 ± 3 mmHg in the HDZ-treated group (n = 7), P < 0.001] without impacting T helper cell frequencies in the tissues, suggesting that HDZ can overcome mechanisms of hypertension driven by renal T cell infiltration under the LS diet. Renal frequencies of CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells were significantly higher in 4-mo-old hypertensive rats compared with normotensive SR rats and SS juvenile rats, suggesting that these T cell subpopulations play a compensatory role in the development of hypertension. Greater understanding of these T cell populations could lead to new therapeutic targets for treating inflammatory diseases associated with hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita V Pai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Crystal A West
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | | | - Parnika S Kadam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Emma J Pollner
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - David A West
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Hong Ji
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Xie Wu
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Michelle J Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Chris Baylis
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Kathryn Sandberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
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13
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Yi L, Weifan Y, Huan Y. Chimeric antigen receptor-engineered regulatory T lymphocytes: promise for immunotherapy of autoimmune disease. Cytotherapy 2019; 21:925-934. [PMID: 31105041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2019.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs) exist as natural ideal immunosuppressors in the immune system. Autologous or allogeneic Treg transfusion therapy has been carried out in animal models and humans as a new strategy for treating autoimmune disease. Recent studies have shown that Tregs can be engineered with chimeric antigen receptors to be antigen-specific, which are more effective than polyclonal Tregs with fewer target limitations and a lack of major histocompatibility complex restriction. This review describes the potential for applying chimeric antigen receptor-engineered regulatory T cells in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yi
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yin Weifan
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Yang Huan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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14
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Khan MA, Shamma T. Complement factor and T-cell interactions during alloimmune inflammation in transplantation. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 105:681-694. [PMID: 30536904 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5ru0718-288r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement factor and T-cell signaling during an effective alloimmune response plays a key role in transplant-associated injury, which leads to the progression of chronic rejection (CR). During an alloimmune response, activated complement factors (C3a and C5a) bind to their corresponding receptors (C3aR and C5aR) on a number of lymphocytes, including T-regulatory cells (Tregs), and these cell-molecular interactions have been vital to modulate an effective immune response to/from Th1-effector cell and Treg activities, which result in massive inflammation, microvascular impairments, and fibrotic remodeling. Involvement of the complement-mediated cell signaling during transplantation signifies a crucial role of complement components as a key therapeutic switch to regulate ongoing inflammatory state, and further to avoid the progression of CR of the transplanted organ. This review highlights the role of complement-T cell interactions, and how these interactions shunt the effector immune response during alloimmune inflammation in transplantation, which could be a novel therapeutic tool to protect a transplanted organ and avoid progression of CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Afzal Khan
- Organ Transplant Research Section, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Talal Shamma
- Organ Transplant Research Section, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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15
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Sahmoudi K, Abbassi H, Bouklata N, El Alami MN, Sadak A, Burant C, Henry Boom W, El Aouad R, Canaday DH, Seghrouchni F. Immune activation and regulatory T cells in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected lymph nodes. BMC Immunol 2018; 19:33. [PMID: 30409122 PMCID: PMC6225640 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-018-0266-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lymph node tuberculosis (LNTB) is the most frequent extrapulmonary form of tuberculosis (TB). Studies of human tuberculosis at sites of disease are limited. LNTB provides a unique opportunity to compare local in situ and peripheral blood immune response in active Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) disease. The present study analysed T regulatory cells (Treg) frequency and activation along with CD4+ T cell function in lymph nodes from LNTB patients. Results Lymph node mononuclear cells (LNMC) were compared to autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). LNMC were enriched for CD4+ T cells with a late differentiated effector memory phenotype. No differences were noted in the frequency and mutifunctional profile of memory CD4+ T cells specific for Mtb. The proportion of activated CD4+ and Tregs in LNMC was increased compared to PBMC. The correlation between Tregs and activated CD4+ T cells was stronger in LNMC than PBMC. Tregs in LNMC showed a strong positive correlation with Th1 cytokine production (IL2, IFNγ and TNFα) as well as MIP-1α after Mtb antigen stimulation. A subset of Tregs in LNMC co-expressed HLA-DR and CD38, markers of activation. Conclusion Further research will determine the functional relationship between Treg and activated CD4+ T cells at lymph node sites of Mtb infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12865-018-0266-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Sahmoudi
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, National Institute of Hygiene, 27, Avenue Ibn Batouta, PB 769, 11400, Rabat, Morocco.,Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed V Agdal, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hassan Abbassi
- Department of ENT, Maxillo- facial, Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Hassan II, Fes, Morocco
| | - Nada Bouklata
- National Reference Laboratory of Mycobacteriology, the National Institute of Hygiene, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Nouredine El Alami
- Department of ENT, Maxillo- facial, Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Hassan II, Fes, Morocco
| | | | | | - W Henry Boom
- TB Research Unit and Division of Infectious Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals of Cleveland and Cleveland VA, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rajae El Aouad
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, National Institute of Hygiene, 27, Avenue Ibn Batouta, PB 769, 11400, Rabat, Morocco
| | - David H Canaday
- TB Research Unit and Division of Infectious Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals of Cleveland and Cleveland VA, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Fouad Seghrouchni
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, National Institute of Hygiene, 27, Avenue Ibn Batouta, PB 769, 11400, Rabat, Morocco.
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16
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The levels of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in patients with allergic rhinitis. Allergol Select 2018; 2:144-150. [PMID: 31826046 PMCID: PMC6881876 DOI: 10.5414/alx01782e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The involvement of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (CD4+CD25+ TRegs) in allergic diseases was reported previously. However, it remains unclear whether CD4+CD25+ TRegs are involved in allergic rhinitis (AR). Methods: Fresh whole blood from 20 patients with AR and 16 healthy donors was used to investigate the frequency of CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25hi Treg cells using flow cytometry. In addition, serum total IgE (IU/mL) levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results: Patients with AR had fewer CD4+CD25+ Treg cells (2.80 ± 1.36% vs. 3.94 ± 0.97%, P < 0.01) and CD4+CD25hi TRegs (1.53 ± 0·62% vs. 2.00 ± 0.52%, P < 0.05) than control subjects. The number of CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD25hi TRegs was correlated negatively with total immunoglobulin E levels (r = –0.79, P < 0.01 and r = –0.61, P < 0.01, respectively). Conclusion: Deficient regulatory T cells might play a role in the development of AR.
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17
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Dominguez-Villar M, Raddassi K, Danielsen AC, Guarnaccia J, Hafler DA. Fingolimod modulates T cell phenotype and regulatory T cell plasticity in vivo. J Autoimmun 2018; 96:40-49. [PMID: 30122421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fingolimod is an approved therapeutic option for patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis that primarily functions by sequestering T cells in lymph nodes inhibiting their egress to the central nervous system. However, recent data suggests that Fingolimod may also directly affect the immune cell function. Here we examined the in vivo effects of Fingolimod in modulating the phenotype and function of T cell and Foxp3 regulatory T cell populations in patients with multiple sclerosis under Fingolimod treatment. Besides decreasing the cell numbers in peripheral blood and sera levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, Fingolimod inhibited the expression of Th1 and Th17 cytokines on CD4+ T cells and increased the expression of exhaustion markers. Furthermore, treatment increased the frequency of regulatory T cells in blood and inhibited the Th1-like phenotype that is characteristic of patients with multiple sclerosis, augmenting the expression of markers associated with increased suppressive function. Overall, our data suggest that Fingolimod performs other important immunomodulatory functions besides altering T cell migratory capacities, with consequences for other autoimmune pathologies characterized by excessive Th1/Th17 responses and Th1-like regulatory T cell effector phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khadir Raddassi
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Joseph Guarnaccia
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David A Hafler
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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18
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Taefehshokr N, Isazadeh A, Oveisi A, Key YA, Taefehshokr S. Reciprocal role of hBD2 and hBD3 on the adaptive immune response by measuring T lymphocyte proliferation in terms of CD4 and CCR6 expression. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2018; 35:/j/hmbci.ahead-of-print/hmbci-2018-0023/hmbci-2018-0023.xml. [PMID: 30098283 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2018-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Human β-defensins (hBD2 and hBD3) are small cationic antimicrobial peptides of innate immune system which can act as a barrier against the majority of pathogens, contributing to the host immune defence. Objective The aim of study is to determine whether hBD2 and hBD3 play a role in development and proliferation of human effector CD4 T cells or not. Furthermore, if enhanced proliferation is observed in the presence of hBD2 and hBD3, these data will demonstrate whether chemokine receptor type 6 (CCR6) is required to be present for this activity to occur. Methods In this study, we examined the effect of hBD2 and hBD3 on CD4+ T cell proliferation in CCR6+ and CCR6- T cells through co-culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 stimulation in the presence or absence of hBD2 and hBD3. Proliferation was assessed using flow cytometry. Results It was demonstrated that, co-culture with hBD2 and hBD3 led to up-regulation of CD4+ T cell proliferation after 72 h whereas, CD4+ T cell proliferation was suppressed after 96 h. On the other hand, CCR6- and CCR6+ T cell proliferation was up-regulated after 72 h. But, CCR6+ only was down-regulated in the second cycle in the presence of hBD3. In contrast, after 96 h CCR6+ and CCR6- T cell proliferation was decreased. Conclusion Collectively, our data indicated that hBD2 and hBD3 play a positive and negative regulatory role in development and proliferation of human effector CD4+ T cells which is essential for optimal adaptive immune responses and the control of immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Taefehshokr
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK, Phone/Fax: 0044-7944658893
| | - Alireza Isazadeh
- Department of Genetics, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amin Oveisi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yashar Azari Key
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sina Taefehshokr
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran.,Young Researchers and Elite Club, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran
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19
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Yu H, Paiva R, Flavell RA. Harnessing the power of regulatory T-cells to control autoimmune diabetes: overview and perspective. Immunology 2017; 153:161-170. [PMID: 29155454 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease resulting in islet β-cell destruction, hypoinsulinaemia and severely altered glucose homeostasis. Although the mechanisms that initiate T1D still remain elusive, a breakdown of immune tolerance between effector T-cells (Teff ) and regulatory T-cells (Treg ) is considered to be the crucial component leading to autoimmunity. As such, strategies have been developed to boost the number and/or function of Treg in the hope of specifically hampering the pathogenic Teff activity. In this review, we will summarize the current understanding of biomarkers and functions of both forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)+ Treg and type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells in health and in T1D, examine the outcome of experimental therapies in both animal models and humans via manipulation of Treg responses and also provide an outlook on the potential of Treg -based immunotherapies in the prevention and treatment of this disease. Discussed immunotherapies include adoptive transfer of ex-vivo expanded FoxP3+ Treg , manipulation of Treg cells via the interleukin (IL)-2/IL-2R pathway and induction of Treg by tolerogenic peptides, tolerogenic dendritic cells or altered gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ricardo Paiva
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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20
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Serial immunological parameters in a phase II trial of exemestane and low-dose oral cyclophosphamide in advanced hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2017; 168:57-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-017-4570-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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21
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Radenkovic M, Silver C, Arvastsson J, Lynch K, Lernmark Å, Harris RA, Agardh CD, Cilio CM. Altered regulatory T cell phenotype in latent autoimmune diabetes of the adults (LADA). Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 186:46-56. [PMID: 27357431 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent autoimmune diabetes of the adults (LADA) accounts for up to 12% of all patients with diabetes. Initially the disease resembles type 2 diabetes (T2D); however, the typical presence of β cell autoantibodies indicates an autoimmune basis of LADA. While dysfunctional regulatory T cells (Tregs ) have been implicated in autoimmune diabetes, these cells have been scarcely studied in LADA. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and phenotype of circulating Tregs in LADA patients early during disease progression. Flow cytometric analysis was performed on whole blood and peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients diagnosed with LADA prior to insulin deficiency (n = 39) and from healthy volunteers (n = 20). Overall, we found the frequency and activation status of peripheral putative Tregs to be altered in LADA patients compared to healthy controls. While total T cells and CD4(+) T cells expressing high levels of CD25 (CD4(+) CD25(hi) ) were unchanged, the frequency and total numbers of CD4(+) T cells expressing an intermediate level of CD25 (CD4(+) CD25(int) ) were decreased in LADA patients. Interestingly, the expression of the Treg -specific marker forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3), as well as the activation and memory makers CD69, cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), CCR4 and CD45RO were increased in CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells of the patients. Our data depict phenotypical changes in T cells of LADA patients that may reflect a derangement in peripheral immune regulation contributing to the slow process leading to insulin-dependent diabetes in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Radenkovic
- Lund University Diabetes Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - C Silver
- Lund University Diabetes Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - J Arvastsson
- Lund University Diabetes Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - K Lynch
- Pediatrics Epidemiology Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Å Lernmark
- Lund University Diabetes Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - R A Harris
- Applied Immunology & Immunotherapy, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C-D Agardh
- Lund University Diabetes Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - C M Cilio
- Lund University Diabetes Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Pediatrics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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22
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Baatjes AJ, Smith SG, Watson R, Howie K, Murphy D, Larché M, Denburg JA, Inman MD, O'Byrne PM. T regulatory cell phenotypes in peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage from non-asthmatic and asthmatic subjects. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 45:1654-62. [PMID: 26177872 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An unresolved issue in T regulatory cells' cell biology is the lack of consensus on phenotypic markers that accurately define the natural Treg (nTreg) population. OBJECTIVES To examine nTreg frequency and functional capacity in healthy controls and their frequency in asthmatic subjects using three different phenotypic strategies. We hypothesized that phenotypically different nTreg are quantitatively and functionally different. METHODS Thirty-four healthy, non-asthmatic and 17 asthmatic subjects were studied. Three nTreg phenotypes were defined as follows: nTreg1 (CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(+) ), nTreg2 (CD4(+) CD25(+) CD127(low) Foxp3(+) ), and nTreg3 (CD4(+) CD25(high) Foxp3(+) ). The flow cytometric determination of nTreg frequency in peripheral blood (PB) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed using fluorescently labelled antibodies. Peripheral blood nTreg functional capacity was assessed using a CFSE-based suppression assay. RESULTS There was a significantly lower frequency of PB nTreg3 compared to nTreg2 and nTreg1 (P < 0.05). Both nTreg2 and nTreg3 had a significantly greater suppressive capacity than nTreg1 at T responder (Tresp) to nTreg ratios of 16 : 1 up to 1 : 1 (P < 0.01). Asthmatics exhibited a significantly lower PB nTreg3 and nTreg1 frequency than healthy controls (P < 0.05). There were no differences between healthy controls and asthmatic subjects when comparing BAL nTreg frequency. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Phenotypically different nTreg subsets are quantitatively and functionally different and are variably observed in asthma. The CD4(+) CD25(high) Foxp3(+) phenotype was the least frequent, but demonstrated the greatest suppression, and was significantly lower in PB of asthmatic subjects. Consequently, it is imperative that nTreg phenotypes be clearly defined and that the interpretation of their frequency and function be phenotype specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Baatjes
- Firestone Institute of Respiratory Health and the Department of Medicine, Michael G DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - S G Smith
- Firestone Institute of Respiratory Health and the Department of Medicine, Michael G DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - R Watson
- Firestone Institute of Respiratory Health and the Department of Medicine, Michael G DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - K Howie
- Firestone Institute of Respiratory Health and the Department of Medicine, Michael G DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - D Murphy
- Firestone Institute of Respiratory Health and the Department of Medicine, Michael G DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - M Larché
- Firestone Institute of Respiratory Health and the Department of Medicine, Michael G DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - J A Denburg
- Firestone Institute of Respiratory Health and the Department of Medicine, Michael G DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - M D Inman
- Firestone Institute of Respiratory Health and the Department of Medicine, Michael G DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - P M O'Byrne
- Firestone Institute of Respiratory Health and the Department of Medicine, Michael G DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Kaartinen T, Harjunpää H, Partanen J, Tiittanen M. In vitro Treg expansion favors the full-length splicing isoform of CTLA4. Immunotherapy 2016; 8:541-53. [PMID: 27140408 DOI: 10.2217/imt.16.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM We compared fresh and in vitro expanded human Tregs for their CTLA4 splicing isoform expression. METHODS The CD4(+)CD25(+)CD127(low/-)phenotype was used for sorting Tregs and mRNA levels were measured with relative qRT-PCR. RESULTS In fresh Tregs the level of soluble CTLA4 (sCTLA4) was half of that of full-length CTLA4, whereas in expanded cells sCTLA4 level was tenfold lower. The most striking change took place early on: sCTLA4 expression decreased significantly when cells were simply kept in culture. CONCLUSION In the in vitro expanded Tregs, the splicing of CTLA4 is affected. Our findings can be significant for clinical cell manufacturing. First, even minimal processing of cells may impact the functional molecules. Second, Treg expansion yields more potent CTLA4 receptor bearing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Kaartinen
- Research & Development, Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Kivihaantie 7, 00310 Helsinki, Finland.,Advanced Cell Therapy Centre, Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Kivihaantie 7, 00310 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Harjunpää
- Research & Development, Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Kivihaantie 7, 00310 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Partanen
- Research & Development, Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Kivihaantie 7, 00310 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Tiittanen
- Research & Development, Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Kivihaantie 7, 00310 Helsinki, Finland
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Morphine and ketamine inhibit immune function of gastric cancer patients by increasing percentage of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells in vitro. J Surg Res 2016; 203:306-12. [PMID: 27363637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is conflicting evidence regarding effects of anesthetic and analgesic drugs on immune function of cancer patients. This study was designed to observe changes of T cell subpopulations in the gastric cancer (GC) patients and to assess effects of morphine and ketamine on the CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells, and regulatory T cells (Tregs) populations obtained from the GC patients in vitro. METHODS The peripheral blood samples from 20 GC patients and 20 healthy volunteers were obtained. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and incubated in a solution containing phorbol-myristate-acetate and ionomycin (2 μL/mL) in the presence or absence of morphine (50 ng/mL) or different-concentration ketamine (25, 50, and 100 μM). The CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells, and Tregs were determined using the flow cytometric assay. RESULTS The percentages of CD8(+) T cells were significantly decreased, but the ratio of CD4(+)/CD8(+) T cells and Tregs populations was significantly increased in the GC control group compared with the normal control group (P < 0.05). The ratio of CD4(+)/CD8(+) T cells was significantly increased in the groups M and K3 compared with the control group (P < 0.05) but was significantly decreased in the group K1 compared with the group K3. The percentage of Tregs was significantly increased in the groups M, K1, K2, and K3 compared with the control group. With the increased concentrations, ketamine increased the number of Tregs. CONCLUSIONS GC shifts the balance of CD4(+)/CD8(+) T cells toward CD4(+) T cells and increases the Tregs populations by inducing immune responses. Morphine increases the ratio of CD4(+)/CD8(+) T cells and Tregs populations. Ketamine affects the ratio of CD4(+)/CD8(+) T cells and Tregs populations in a dose-dependent model.
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Yang J, Sheng G, Xiao D, Shi H, Wu W, Lu H, Cao H, Li L. The frequency and skewed T-cell receptor beta-chain variable patterns of peripheral CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T-cells are associated with hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion of chronic hepatitis B patients during antiviral treatment. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 13:678-87. [PMID: 26899927 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The frequency and T-cell receptor beta-chain variable (TCRBV) patterns of peripheral CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T-cells (Tregs) are ambiguously altered in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients following tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) treatment. Moreover, the clinical significance of these parameters in relation to hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion (SC) is largely unknown. In this study, the circulation of Tregs in HBeAg-positive CHB patients was determined by flow cytometry, and the molecular profiles of frequent TCRBV patterns of Tregs were analyzed using a gene melting spectral pattern. The parameters, such as Treg frequency, the number of skewed TCRBV patterns, hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, were analyzed by comparing their associations in seroconverting and non-seroconverting patients following TDF treatment. The Treg frequency was significantly correlated with the ALT level in seroconverting but not in non-seroconverting patients. Similarly, skewed TCRBV patterns were remarkably associated with HBV DNA levels in the SC group. Six TCRBV families (BV3, BV11, BV12, BV14, BV20, and BV24) were more prevalent than other TCRBV members in seroconverting patients pretreated with TDF, while BV12, BV15, and BV22 were predominant in non-seroconverting patients during TDF treatment. Taken together, the preferential TCRBV patterns may be associated with immune responses related to SC. The dynamic frequency and skewed TCRBV patterns of peripheral Tregs could contribute to predicting SC in CHB patients. Moreover, the conserved TCRBV complementarity-determining region (CDR3) motif may be targeted to develop personalized immunotherapy for CHB patients.
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26
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He B, Li X, Yu H, Zhou Z. Therapeutic potential of umbilical cord blood cells for type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes 2015; 7:762-73. [PMID: 25799887 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic disorder that results from autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic islet β-cells. However, to date, no conventional intervention has successfully treated the disease. The optimal therapeutic method for T1DM should effectively control the autoimmunity, restore immune homeostasis, preserve residual β-cells, reverse β-cell destruction, and protect the regenerated insulin-producing cells against re-attack. Umbilical cord blood is rich in regulatory T (T(reg)) cells and multiple types of stem cells that exhibit immunomodulating potential and hold promise in their ability to restore peripheral tolerance towards pancreatic islet β-cells through remodeling of immune responses and suppression of autoreactive T cells. Recently, reinfusion of autologous umbilical cord blood or immune cells from cord blood has been proposed as a novel therapy for T1DM, with the advantages of no risk to the donors, minimal ethical concerns, a low incidence of graft-versus-host disease and easy accessibility. In this review, we revisit the role of autologous umbilical cord blood or immune cells from cord blood-based applications for the treatment of T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin He
- Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Diabetes Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Xia Li
- Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Diabetes Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Haibo Yu
- Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Diabetes Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Diabetes Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, China
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27
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Trzonkowski P, Bacchetta R, Battaglia M, Berglund D, Bohnenkamp HR, ten Brinke A, Bushell A, Cools N, Geissler EK, Gregori S, Marieke van Ham S, Hilkens C, Hutchinson JA, Lombardi G, Madrigal JA, Marek-Trzonkowska N, Martinez-Caceres EM, Roncarolo MG, Sanchez-Ramon S, Saudemont A, Sawitzki B. Hurdles in therapy with regulatory T cells. Sci Transl Med 2015; 7:304ps18. [PMID: 26355029 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa7721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Improper activation of the immune system contributes to a variety of clinical conditions, including autoimmune and allergic diseases as well as solid organ and bone marrow transplantation. One approach to counteract this activation is through adoptive therapy with regulatory T cells (Tregs). Efforts to manufacture these cells have led to good maunfacturing practice-compliant protocols, and Treg products are entering early clinical trials. Here, we report the stance of the European Union Cooperation in Science and Technology Action BM1305, "Action to Focus and Accelerate Cell-based Tolerance-inducing Therapies-A FACTT," which identifies hurdles hindering Treg clinical applications in Europe and provides possible solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Trzonkowski
- Medical University of Gdansk, Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantology, Debinki 7, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland. All authors equally contributed to this work.
| | - Rosa Bacchetta
- Department of Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Standford, California, USA
| | - Manuela Battaglia
- Diabetes Research Institute (DRI), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - David Berglund
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology; Section of Clinical Immunology, Rudbeck Laboratory, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Anja ten Brinke
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Blood Supply, Division Research, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherland and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Andrew Bushell
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Nathalie Cools
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Wilrijkstraat 10, B-2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Edward K Geissler
- Division of Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Bavaria, 93053, Germany
| | - Silvia Gregori
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSR-TIGET), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - S Marieke van Ham
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Blood Supply, Division Research, Plesmanlaan 125, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherland and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - James A Hutchinson
- Division of Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, 93053, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre in Transplantation, Kings College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - J Alejandro Madrigal
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, University College London (UCL) Royal Free Hospital Campus, 77c Fleet Road, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | | | - Eva M Martinez-Caceres
- Immunology Division, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital. Campus Can Ruti. Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona 08916, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Grazia Roncarolo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSR-TIGET), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy. Department of Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Silvia Sanchez-Ramon
- Departamento de Inmunología Clínica, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos S/N, E- 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurore Saudemont
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, University College London (UCL) Royal Free Hospital Campus, 77c Fleet Road, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Birgit Sawitzki
- AG Transplantationstoleranz, Charite Universitätsmedizin, Institut für Med. Imunologie, Augustenburgerplatz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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O'Connor MA, Vella JL, Green WR. Reciprocal relationship of T regulatory cells and monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells in LP-BM5 murine retrovirus-induced immunodeficiency. J Gen Virol 2015; 97:509-522. [PMID: 26253145 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulatory cellular subsets, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and T regulatory cells (Tregs), contribute to the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment and are targets of immunotherapy, but their role in retroviral-associated immunosuppression is less well understood. Due to known crosstalk between Tregs and MDSCs in the tumour microenvironment, and also their hypothesized involvement during human immunodeficiency virus/simian immunodeficiency virus infection, studying the interplay between these immune cells during LP-BM5 retrovirus-induced murine AIDS is of interest. IL-10-producing FoxP3+ Tregs expanded after LP-BM5 infection. Following in vivo adoptive transfer of natural Treg (nTreg)-depleted CD4+T-cells, and subsequent LP-BM5 retroviral infection, enriched monocytic MDSCs (M-MDSCs) from these nTreg-depleted mice displayed altered phenotypic subsets. In addition, M-MDSCs from LP-BM5-infected nTreg-depleted mice exhibited increased suppression of T-cell, but not B-cell, responses, compared with M-MDSCs derived from non-depleted LP-BM5-infected controls. Additionally, LP-BM5-induced M-MDSCs modulated the production of IL-10 by FoxP3+ Tregs in vitro. These collective data highlight in vitro and for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, in vivo reciprocal modulation between retroviral-induced M-MDSCs and Tregs, and may provide insight into the immunotherapeutic targeting of such regulatory cells during retroviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A O'Connor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Jennifer L Vella
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - William R Green
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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Abstract
AIM The aim of the present study was to examine the changes in the expression of T-cell activation markers, namely CD4+ CD25+ and CD8+ in patients with AITD, namely Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis as well as colloid nodular goitre. HLA-DR, LFA-3, and peripheral total lymphocytic count are also measured. MATERIALS AND METHODS We compared the expression of CD4, CD25, and CD8 surface markers in peripheral blood lymphocyte in Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis as autoimmune thyroid diseases, as well as colloid goitre in comparison with healthy controls. Also, LFA-3 and HLA-DR were measured in the same groups using three-color flow cytometry. Total lymphocytic count in peripheral blood, thyroid function tests, antithyroid antibodies were also included in the laboratory investigations. The total number of participants was 65. All were recruited from endocrine clinics in a tertiary care hospital in the southern region of Saudi Arabia. All participants underwent history taking, clinical examination, laboratory workup, and radiological investigations. Neck ultrasound, technecium pertechnetate(ψψ) thyroid uptake, and fine-needle aspiration and cytology (FNAC) of the thyroid were done when indicated. The study was approved by the Hospital Research Isthics Committee and informed consents were obtained from all participants before enrollment in the study. RESULTS In comparison with thecontrol group, activation markers CD4, CD25, and CD8 were lower in the autoimmune thyroid diseases. Lymphocyte function antigen-3 (CD58) and total lymphocytic count were higher in the AIT diseases whereas HLA-DR was lower than that in the control group. The CD4/CD8 ratio was lower in the AITD compared with the healthy euthyroid subjects. No difference was found between patients with colloid nodular goitre and the healthy control in any of the study variables except for LFA-3 which was significantly higher in the colloid goitre group. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate downregulation of CD4+ CD25+ Treg as well as CD8+ T cells in autoimmune thyroid diseases. Downregulation of suppressor T lymphocytes helps initiation, progression, and maintenance of the autoimmune thyroid diseases. Lower HLA-DR and higher CD58 in AITDs indicate their role in the expression of the autoantigen and its escape from the immune surveillance. High levels of LFA-3 in colloid goitre indicate that the autoimmune process needs interacting factors, and not only the high level of LFA-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aml Mohamed Nada
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Maha Hammouda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mounofyia, Egypt
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30
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Jun C, Ke W, Qingshu L, Ping L, Jun D, Jie L, Bo C, Su M. Protective effect of CD4+CD25highCD127low regulatory T cells in renal ischemia–reperfusion injury. Cell Immunol 2014; 289:106-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Monitoring the frequency and function of regulatory T cells and summary of the approaches currently used to inhibit regulatory T cells in cancer patients. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1139:201-21. [PMID: 24619682 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0345-0_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) are a subset of T lymphocytes that in humans represent less than the 10 % of circulating CD4(+) T cells. Treg are specialized in the inhibition of the immune responses and play a crucial role in the maintenance of immunological tolerance. Several lines of evidence clearly documented the role of Treg in restraining antitumor immune responses. For this reason, antitumor immunotherapy approaches have been recently associated with drug treatments aimed at depleting Treg or blocking their functions. A summary of the currently used in vivo approaches to limit Treg expansion in cancer patients is here provided.A comprehensive phenotypic and functional monitoring of Treg is crucial for the precise assessment of the effects that these different drug treatments exert on Treg. In this chapter, we will provide guidelines for an accurate ex vivo identification of human Treg. Due to the phenotypic and functional heterogeneity, intrinsic plasticity, and the lack of a unique marker exclusively expressed by human Treg, the clear-cut identification of this T cell subset requires the expert usage of multiparametric flow cytometry analysis (FACS). In this view, a combination of phenotypic and functional assessment of Treg is mandatory. In this chapter, we will describe the most reliable methods to identify and monitor the modulation of human Treg in patients undergoing immunological or drug-based treatments. Protocols to measure ex vivo the suppressive functions of Treg are also provided.
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Yoshinari O, Shiojima Y, Moriyama H, Shinozaki J, Nakane T, Masuda K, Bagchi M. Water-soluble undenatured type II collagen ameliorates collagen-induced arthritis in mice. J Med Food 2013; 16:1039-45. [PMID: 24175655 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.2911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Earlier studies have reported the efficacy of type II collagen (C II) in treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, a few studies have investigated the ability of the antigenic collagen to induce oral tolerance, which is defined as active nonresponse to an orally administered antigen. We hypothesized that water-soluble undenatured C II had a similar effect as C II in RA. The present study was designed to examine the oral administration of a novel, water-soluble, undenatured C II (commercially known as NEXT-II) on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice. In addition, the underlying mechanism of NEXT-II was also identified. After a booster dose (collagen-Freund's complete adjuvant), mice were assigned to control CIA group, or NEXT-II treatment group, to which saline and NEXT-II were administered, respectively. The arthritis index in the NEXT-II group was significantly lower compared with the CIA group. Serum IL-6 levels in the NEXT-II group were significantly lower compared with the CIA group, while serum IL-2 level was higher. Furthermore, oral administration of NEXT-II enhanced the proportion of CD4+CD25+T (Treg) cells, and gene expressions of stimulated dendritic cells induced markers for regulatory T cells such as forkhead box p3 (Foxp3), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and CD25. These results demonstrated that orally administered water-soluble undenatured C II (NEXT-II) is highly efficacious in the suppression of CIA by inducing CD4+CD25+ Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orie Yoshinari
- 1 Development Division, Ryusendo Co. Ltd. , Toshimaku, Tokyo, Japan
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Stelmaszczyk-Emmel A, Zawadzka-Krajewska A, Szypowska A, Kulus M, Demkow U. Frequency and activation of CD4+CD25 FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in peripheral blood from children with atopic allergy. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2013; 162:16-24. [PMID: 23817221 DOI: 10.1159/000350769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic allergy is among the immune tolerance-related disorders resulting from a failure of the regulatory network. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a leading role in the development of homeostasis in the immune system. The aim of this study was to determine the role of Tregs in the pathogenesis of atopic diseases in children by exploring the relationship between Treg frequency, activation markers and the clinical manifestations of the disease. METHODS Twenty allergic and 50 healthy children were enrolled to the study. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stained with monoclonal antibodies (anti-CD25-CD4-CD127-FoxP3-CD69-CD71) and evaluated using flow cytometry. Tregs were identified as CD4+CD25(+/high)FoxP3+CD127- T cells. RESULTS The percentage of Tregs in allergic patients (2.3%) was significantly decreased in comparison to healthy controls (4.6%, p = 0.003). The frequency of Tregs in patients with symptoms of atopic dermatitis and/or food allergy (1.7%) was significantly lower than in patients without these symptoms (2.9%, p = 0.04). A significant correlation between the percentage of Tregs and the sIgE serum concentration was observed (p = 0.037). Relative fluorescence intensities of FoxP3 expression in allergic patients were higher than in healthy controls (p = 0.00004). The frequency of CD4+CD25(high)CD127-CD71+ cells did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSIONS Tregs display substantial deficiencies in atopic children, especially in children with multiorgan involvement, compared to patients with single organ manifestations. Additionally, there is an association between Tregs and the sIgE serum concentration. Better identification and characterization of Tregs in allergy is needed as they limit responses to foreign antigens, thereby minimizing T cell-mediated immunopathology in allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stelmaszczyk-Emmel
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Functional tumor infiltrating TH1 and TH2 effectors in large early-stage cervical cancer are suppressed by regulatory T cells. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2013; 22:1130-7. [PMID: 22872166 DOI: 10.1097/igc.0b013e318262aa53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Analysis of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is one of the cornerstones for the understanding of immune responses prevailing in the tumor microenvironment. We studied TILs from squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix ex vivo without proliferating them in vitro before analysis. METHODS Whereas TILs were magnetic activated cell separation enriched and flow sorted into CD4 CD25 (regulatory T cells [Tregs]), CD4 CD25 (effector T cells [Teffs]) were directly purified by flow cytometry, and both these subsets were characterized phenotypically and functionally. Tissue sections were probed for interleukin 4 (IL-4) and interferon γ. RESULTS Effector T cells constitutively expressed both interferon γ and IL-4 prototypical cytokines of TH1 and TH2, respectively, and were able to proliferate and secrete higher quantities of both cytokines in response to anti-CD3/anti-CD28 and autologous tumor lysates. Only 53% of cervical cancer Tregs were FOXP3, elaborated transforming growth factor β1, and IL-10 and were able to inhibit both T helper subsets. CONCLUSIONS Intratumoral Teffs represented functionally active subsets of both TH1 and TH2 that were not anergic but were suppressed by multiple Treg subsets, which comprised FOXP3 + Tregs and Tregs secreting transforming growth factor β1 and IL-10. These results imply that the microenvironment of cervical carcinomas harbored both TH1 and TH2 subsets of CD4 Teffs that were functionally active but were perhaps unable to perform because of the overpowering effect of Tregs.
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Loo EW, Krantz MJ, Agrawal B. High dose antigen treatment with a peptide epitope of myelin basic protein modulates T cells in multiple sclerosis patients. Cell Immunol 2012; 280:10-5. [PMID: 23246830 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
One of the auto-antigens aberrantly targeted in Multiple sclerosis is myelin basic protein (MBP). In this study, chronic progressive multiple sclerosis (CPMS) patients receiving the experimental drug MBP8298, on a compassionate care trial, were examined before and after high dose peptide treatment for their circulating regulatory T-cell numbers and their responses to the common mitogens, phytohemagglutinin and poke-weed mitogen. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from these patients before treatment displayed anergy upon stimulation with phytohemagglutinin; measured through reduced proliferation, IFN-γ and IL-17A secretion in an in vitro cell culture system. 6 Weeks and 6months after treatment their PBMCs displayed a reversal of anergy with phytohemagglutinin stimulation. There was also a marked increase in their CD4(+)CD25(+hi)FoxP3(+) T-cells regulatory T-cells. These results suggest that high dose MBP8298 treatment has a profound effect on the circulating T-cells of CPMS patients, capable of reversing peripheral anergy and establishing T regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Loo
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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de Almeida AS, Fiske CT, Sterling TR, Kalams SA. Increased frequency of regulatory T cells and T lymphocyte activation in persons with previously treated extrapulmonary tuberculosis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:45-52. [PMID: 22038848 PMCID: PMC3255960 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05263-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Extrapulmonary tuberculosis may be due to underlying immune compromise. Immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Treg cells), and CD4(+) T lymphocytes in general, are important in the host immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We evaluated T lymphocytes from patients after recovery from extrapulmonary tuberculosis, which may reflect conditions before M. tuberculosis infection. A case-control study was conducted among HIV-uninfected adults with previously treated extrapulmonary tuberculosis and 3 sets of controls: (i) subjects with previously treated pulmonary tuberculosis, (ii) close tuberculosis contacts with M. tuberculosis infection, and (iii) close tuberculosis contacts with no infection. Monocyte-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC-M) were stained for CD4(+) CD25(hi) CD127(low) FoxP3(+) cell (Treg cell) and T lymphocyte activation. Both characteristics were compared as continuous variables between groups with the Kruskal-Wallis test. There were 7 extrapulmonary tuberculosis cases, 18 pulmonary tuberculosis controls, 17 controls with M. tuberculosis infection, and 18 controls without M. tuberculosis infection. The median Treg cell proportion was highest among persons with previous extrapulmonary tuberculosis (1.23%) compared to subjects with pulmonary tuberculosis (0.56%), latent M. tuberculosis infection (0.14%), or no M. tuberculosis infection (0.20%) (P = 0.001). The median proportion of CD4(+) T lymphocytes that expressed the activation markers HLA-DR and CD38 was highest for CD4(+) T lymphocytes from persons with previous extrapulmonary tuberculosis (0.79%) compared to subjects with pulmonary tuberculosis (0.44%), latent M. tuberculosis infection (0.14%), or no M. tuberculosis infection (0.32%) (P = 0.005). Compared with controls, persons with previously treated extrapulmonary tuberculosis had the highest Treg cell frequency, but also the highest levels of CD4(+) T lymphocyte activation. Immune dysregulation may be a feature of individuals at risk for extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre S. de Almeida
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christina T. Fiske
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Timothy R. Sterling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Center for Health Services Research, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Spyros A. Kalams
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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McMurchy AN, Levings MK. Suppression assays with human T regulatory cells: a technical guide. Eur J Immunol 2011; 42:27-34. [PMID: 22161814 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The suppression of inappropriate immune responses by Treg cells is one of the major ways that the body maintains immune tolerance and homeostasis. Since defects in the suppressive capacity of Treg cells underlie many different immune-mediated diseases, there is great interest in developing ways to track the number and function of Treg cells as biomarkers of tolerance and in devising ways to enhance their function therapeutically. However, the methods of studying human Treg cells are fraught with technical challenges that can often lead to misinterpretation. The most common way to determine the suppressive capacity of human Treg cells is to measure their ability to suppress the proliferation of responding CD4(+) T cells. Here, we discuss the technical considerations that must be taken into account when performing suppression of T-cell proliferation assays with human Treg cells. We also consider how T cells may falsely appear suppressive because of dying cells in the system, improper resting of T-cell lines prior to the assay, or insufficient proliferation of the responding T cells. We propose that, in the future, classification of a population of cells as "regulatory" should rely on more than a simple test for blockade of CD4(+) T-cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia N McMurchy
- Child and Family Research Institute & Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Zaletel K, Gaberšček S. Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: From Genes to the Disease. Curr Genomics 2011; 12:576-88. [PMID: 22654557 PMCID: PMC3271310 DOI: 10.2174/138920211798120763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 08/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is the most prevalent autoimmune thyroid disorder. Intrathyroidal lymphocytic infiltration is followed by a gradual destruction of the thyroid gland which may lead to subclinical or overt hypothyroidism. Biochemical markers of the disease are thyroid peroxidase and/or thyroglobulin autoantibodies in the serum which are present with a higher prevalence in females than in males and increase with age. Although exact mechanisms of aetiology and pathogenesis of the disorder are not completely understood, a strong genetic susceptibility to the disease has been confirmed predominantly by family and twin studies. Several genes were shown to be associated with the disease occurrence, progression, and severity. Genes for human leukocyte antigen, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4, protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor-type 22, thyroglobulin, vitamin D receptor, and cytokines are considered to be of utmost importance. Amongst endogenous factors for the disease development, the attention is focused predominantly on female sex, pregnancy with postpartum period and fetal microchimerism. Environmental factors influencing HT development are iodine intake, drugs, infections and different chemicals. Disturbed self-tolerance accompanied by the increased antigen presentation is a prerequisite for the HT occurrence, whereas proper interaction of thyroid cells, antigen presenting cells, and T cells are necessary for the initiation of thyroid autoimmunity. Secreted cytokines lead predominantly to T-helper type 1 (Th1) response as well as to Th 17 response which has only recently been implicated. Final outcome of HT is thyroid destruction which is mostly a consequence of the apoptotic processes combined with T-cell mediated cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simona Gaberšček
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Immune dysregulation after cardiothoracic surgery and incidental thymectomy: maintenance of regulatory T cells despite impaired thymopoiesis. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:915864. [PMID: 21776289 PMCID: PMC3138054 DOI: 10.1155/2011/915864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Thymectomy is performed in infants during cardiothoracic surgery leaving many patients with reduced thympopoiesis. An association between immune disorders and regulatory T cells (Treg) after incidental thymectomy has not been investigated. Questionnaires soliciting symptoms of atopic or autoimmune disease and biomarkers were measured in children and adults with congenital heart disease and either reduced or preserved thymopoiesis. Tregs were examined. Atopic or autoimmune-like symptoms and elevated anti-dsDNA antibodies were common after surgery in individuals with low thymopoiesis. Total Treg number and function were maintained but with fewer naïve Treg. TCR spectratypes were similar to other memory T cells. These data suggest that thymectomy does not reduce total Treg number but homeostasis is affected with reduced naïve Treg. Prevalence of autoimmune or atopic symptoms after surgery is not associated with total number or proportion of Tregs but appears to be due to otherwise unknown factors that may include altered Treg homeostasis.
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40
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Pumputiene I, Emuzyte R, Siaurys A, Tamosiunas V, Valiulis A. CD4+CD25(high) Treg cells in peripheral blood during remission and exacerbation of allergic asthma in children. Acta Paediatr 2011; 100:1006-10. [PMID: 21786463 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02241.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AIM To determine the percentage of CD4+CD25(high) Treg cells in peripheral bloodCD4+ T cells of allergic asthmatic children during disease remission and exacerbation. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and serum samples were collected from 6- to 11-year-old children with mild-to-moderate allergic asthma (n = 34)and from healthy controls (n = 15). CD4+CD25(high) T cells in PBMC were detected by flow cytometry. Total and specific IgE in serum were analysed by enzyme-amplified chemiluminescence, and IL-2 was measured by ELISA. RESULTS There was no significant difference in CD4+CD25(high) T-cell proportions between asthmatic children in exacerbation and remission as compared with controls.CD4+CD25(high) T-cell percentages were not correlated with total and specific IgE. IL-2 was elevated in both disease remission and exacerbation but did not correlate significantly with CD4+CD25(high) T-cell percentages. CONCLUSION CD4+CD25(high) T-cell proportion in the peripheral blood of total CD4+T cells is not reduced in children with allergic IgE-mediated asthma and does not differ between disease remission and exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrida Pumputiene
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Center for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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41
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d'Hennezel E, Yurchenko E, Sgouroudis E, Hay V, Piccirillo CA. Single-cell analysis of the human T regulatory population uncovers functional heterogeneity and instability within FOXP3+ cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:6788-97. [PMID: 21576508 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Natural FOXP3(+)CD4(+)CD25(High) regulatory T cells are critical in immunological self-tolerance. Their characterization in humans is hindered by the failure to discriminate these cells from activated effector T cells in inflammation. To explore the relationship between FOXP3 expression and regulatory function at the clonal level, we used a single-cell cloning strategy of CD25-expressing CD4(+) T cell subsets from healthy human donors. Our approach unveils a functional heterogeneity nested within CD4(+)CD25(High)FOXP3(+) T cells, and typically not revealed by conventional bulk assays. Whereas most cells display the canonical regulatory T (T(reg)) cell characteristics, a significant proportion of FOXP3(+) T cells is compromised in its suppressive function, despite the maintenance of other phenotypic and functional regulatory T hallmark features. In addition, these nonsuppressive FOXP3(+) T cells preferentially emerge from the CD45RO(+) memory pool, and arise as a consequence of a rapid downregulation of FOXP3 expression upon T cell reactivation. Surprisingly, these dysfunctional T(reg) cells with unstable FOXP3 expression do not manifest overt plasticity in terms of inflammatory cytokine secretion. These results open a path to an extensive study of the functional heterogeneity of CD4(+)CD25(High)FOXP3(+) T(reg) cells and warrant caution in the sole use of FOXP3 as a clinical marker for monitoring of immune regulation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva d'Hennezel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
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McLean-Tooke A, Barge D, Spickett GP, Gennery AR. Flow Cytometric Analysis of TCR Vβ Repertoire in Patients with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. Scand J Immunol 2011; 73:577-85. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Regulation of T cell activation by TLR ligands. Eur J Cell Biol 2011; 90:582-92. [PMID: 21292344 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2010.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) maintain peripheral tolerance and play a critical role in the control of the immune response in infection, tumor defense, organ transplantation and allergy. CD4(+)CD25(high) Treg suppress the proliferation and cytokine production of CD4(+)CD25(-) responder T cells. The suppression requires cell-cell-contact and/or production of inhibitory cytokines like IL-10 or TGF-β. The current knowledge about the regulation of Treg suppressive function is limited. Toll-like receptors (TLR) are widely expressed in the innate immune system. They recognize conserved microbial ligands such as lipopolysaccharide, bacterial lipopeptides or viral and bacterial RNA and DNA. TLR play an essential role in innate immune responses and in the initiation of adaptive immune responses. However, certain TLR are also expressed in T lymphocytes, and the respective ligands can directly modulate T cell function. TLR2, TLR3, TLR5 and TLR9 act as costimulatory receptors to enhance proliferation and/or cytokine production of T-cell receptor-stimulated T lymphocytes. In addition, TLR2, TLR5 and TLR8 modulate the suppressive activity of naturally occurring CD4(+)CD25(high) Treg. The direct responsiveness of T lymphocytes to TLR ligands offers new perspectives for the immunotherapeutic manipulation of T cell responses. In this article we will discuss the regulation of Treg and other T cell subsets by TLR ligands.
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44
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Szczepanik AM, Siedlar M, Sierzega M, Goroszeniuk D, Bukowska-Strakova K, Czupryna A, Kulig J. T-regulatory lymphocytes in peripheral blood of gastric and colorectal cancer patients. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:343-8. [PMID: 21253393 PMCID: PMC3022294 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i3.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To assess the absolute number of T-regulatory cells (Tregs; CD4+CD25+Foxp3+) in the peripheral blood of gastric and colorectal cancer patients.
METHODS: We enrolled 70 cancer patients (33 gastric cancer, 37 colorectal cancer) and 17 healthy volunteers. The CD3+CD4+ lymphocytes and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs in the peripheral blood were analyzed with flow cytometry. The absolute numbers of Tregs were calculated based on the CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cells percentage of CD3+CD4+ cells and the absolute numbers of CD3+CD4+ cells per microliter.
RESULTS: The mean number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cells per microliter in colorectal cancer patients was 15.7 (SD: 21.8), for gastric cancer patients 12.2 (SD: 14.3), and for controls 17.5 (SD: 11.4). The absolute number of Tregs was significantly lower in gastric cancer patients than in controls (P = 0.026). There was no statistically significant difference for gastric vs colorectal cancer or colorectal cancer vs controls. The absolute number of Tregs was also significantly depressed in N+vs N- cancer patients [22.0 (27.7) vs 10.1 (9.0), P = 0.013], and in the subgroup of gastric cancer patients [30.3 (27.6) vs 9.6 (8.0), P = 0.003]. No statistical difference was observed in the proportion of Tregs in the CD4+ population between the groups.
CONCLUSION: The absolute number of Tregs in peripheral blood of gastric cancer but not colorectal cancer patients was significantly decreased in comparison with that in healthy controls.
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Stelmaszczyk-Emmel A, Jackowska T, Rutkowska-Sak L, Marusak-Banacka M, Wąsik M. Identification, frequency, activation and function of CD4+ CD25(high)FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Rheumatol Int 2011; 32:1147-54. [PMID: 21249500 PMCID: PMC3336051 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-010-1728-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to test the frequency of CD4+ CD25highFoxP3 regulatory T cells in JIA patients and to assess their activation status and functional activity. The study involved 12 children with JIA and 35 healthy control subjects. PBMC were stained with monoclonal antibodies (anti-CD25, anti-CD4, anti-CD127, anti-CD69, anti-CD71, and anti-FoxP3). The samples were evaluated using flow cytometer. CD4+ CD25− and CD4+ CD25+ cells were isolated by negative and positive selection with magnetic microbeads. CD4+ CD25+ and CD4+ CD25− cells were cultured separately and co-cultured (1:1) with or without PHA. The percentage of Tregs in JIA patients was significantly decreased in comparison with controls (median, 3.2 vs. 4.6; P = 0.042). Relative fluorescence intensities of FoxP3 were higher in JIA patients than in controls (median, 9.1 vs. 6.8). The percentage of activated Tregs (CD71+) was significantly higher in JIA patients in comparison with controls (median, 6.5 vs. 2.8; P = 0.00043). CD4+ CD25+ cells derived from JIA patients and controls were anergic upon PHA stimulation, while CD4+ CD25− cells showed intensive proliferative response. The proliferation rate of CD4+ CD25− cells stimulated by PHA was decreased in co-cultures. In JIA patients, the inhibition of proliferation of CD4+ CD25− cells by CD4+ CD25+ cells was 37.9%, whereas in controls it was significantly lower (55.7%, P = 0.046). JIA patients had statistically lower percentage of Tregs in peripheral blood compared to controls. CD4+ CD25+ cells sorted from peripheral blood of JIA patients had statistically lower ability to suppress CD4+ CD25− cell proliferation in comparison with cells obtained from controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stelmaszczyk-Emmel
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Marszalkowska 24, 00-576 Warsaw, Poland.
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Abstract
Naturally occurring regulatory T (nT( Reg )) cells play a critical role in the establishment of immunological self-tolerance in humans. Currently, the analysis of nT( Reg ) cell function from bulk PBMC has led to discrepancies, largely due to the failure to discriminate T( Reg ) cells from other antigen-experienced CD4(+) T cells in states of inflammation. We developed a novel, multiparametric, single-cell strategy approach, which consists of isolating and expanding individual CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells into clones, in turn allowing us to discriminate bona fide T( Reg ) cells from activated, FOXP3(+) T( Eff ) cells, which frequently confound bulk CD25(High) T( Reg ) functional assays. This approach enabled us to compare their phenotype and function at the single-cell level and to uncover the functional heterogeneity that exists among the CD4(+)FOXP3(+) T( Reg ) cell population in human PBMC.
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47
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Peripheral and intestinal CD4+ T cells with a regulatory phenotype in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010; 51:563-72. [PMID: 20890221 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e3181e4d323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Regulatory T cells (TR cells) play a crucial role in the regulation of intestinal inflammation. To examine the pathogenetic relevance of TR cells in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), we evaluated their frequency in peripheral blood and inflamed and noninflamed mucosae of pediatric patients with IBD and age-matched controls without IBD; we also characterized the immune profile of the inflammatory infiltrate in the different phases of the disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS Circulating TR cells were investigated on peripheral blood mononuclear cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis; mucosal TR cells and inflammatory cell populations were investigated by immunohistochemistry on bioptic specimens. FOXP3 messenger RNA expression levels were confirmed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS FOXP3+ TR cells were significantly increased in the intestinal lesions of patients with active IBD, and returned to normal levels in posttherapy remission phase. At variance, circulating TR cell frequency was elevated in patients with IBD independently of disease activity, as it persisted in the remission phase. A selective imbalance in the frequency of CD4+ T and natural killer cell subsets characterized the abundant inflammatory infiltrate of active intestinal lesions, and also persisted, at a lower level, in noninflamed mucosae of patients in the remission phase. CONCLUSIONS TR cell frequency is differently regulated in mucosal tissues and at the systemic level during the distinct phases of pediatric IBD. The inactive stage of pediatric IBD is characterized by an incomplete normalization of the immune profile, independently of the clinical efficacy of the therapy. The pediatric, early-onset condition may represent a privileged observatory to dissect the immune-mediated pathogenetic mechanisms at the basis of the disease.
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48
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Toh HC, Chia WK, Sun L, Thng CH, Soe Y, Phoon YP, Yap SP, Lim WT, Tai WM, Hee SW, Tan SH, Leong SS, Tan EH. Graft-vs-tumor effect in patients with advanced nasopharyngeal cancer treated with nonmyeloablative allogeneic PBSC transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2010; 46:573-9. [PMID: 20661236 PMCID: PMC3072519 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2010.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
While nonmyeloablative peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (NST) has shown efficacy against several solid tumors, it is untested in nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC). In a phase II clinical trial, 21 patients with pretreated metastatic NPC underwent NST with sibling PBSC allografts, using CY conditioning, thymic irradiation and in vivo T-cell depletion with thymoglobulin. Stable lymphohematopoietic chimerism was achieved in most patients and prophylactic CYA was tapered at a median of day +30. Seven patients (33%) showed partial response and three (14%) achieved stable disease. Four patients were alive at 2 years and three showed prolonged disease control of 344, 525 and 550 days. With a median follow-up of 209 (4-1147) days, the median PFS was 100 days (95% confidence interval (CI), 66-128 days), and median OS was 209 days (95% CI, 128-236 days). Patients with chronic GVHD had better survival-median OS 426 days (95% CI, 194-NE days) vs 143 days (95% CI, 114-226 days) (P=0.010). Thus, NST may induce meaningful clinical responses in patients with advanced NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Toh
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
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49
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De Santis G, Ferracin M, Biondani A, Caniatti L, Rosaria Tola M, Castellazzi M, Zagatti B, Battistini L, Borsellino G, Fainardi E, Gavioli R, Negrini M, Furlan R, Granieri E. Altered miRNA expression in T regulatory cells in course of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 226:165-71. [PMID: 20637509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory response against constituents of the central nervous system. It is known that regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a key role in the autoimmune balance and their improper function may facilitate the expansion of autoaggressive T cell clones. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been involved in autoimmune disorders and their loss-of-function in immune cells was shown to facilitate systemic autoimmune disorders. Here, we analyzed the miRNA expression profile in Tregs from MS-RR. METHODS We assessed miRNA genome-wide expression profile by microarray analysis on CD4(+)CD25(+high) T cells from 12 MS relapsing-remitting patients in stable condition and 14 healthy controls. Since CD4(+)CD25(+high) T cells comprise both T regulatory cells (CD4(+)CD25(+high)CD127(dim/-)) and T effector cells (CD4(+)CD25(+high)CD127(+)), we performed a quantitative RT-PCR on CD4(+)CD25(+high)CD127(dim/-) and CD4(+)CD25(+high)CD127(+) cells isolated from the same blood sample. RESULTS We found 23 human miRNAs differentially expressed between CD4(+)CD25(high)bona fide Treg cells from MS patients vs. healthy donors, but, conversely, among the deregulated miRNAs, members of the miR-106b-25 were found down-regulated in MS patients when compared to healthy donors in CD4(+)CD25(high)CD127(dim/-) T regulatory cells. More interesting, the ratio between Treg/Teff showed an enrichment of these microRNA in T regulatory cells derived from patients if compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSION miR-106b and miR-25 were previously shown to modulate the TGF-β signaling pathway through their action on CDKN1A/p21 and BCL2L11/Bim. TGF-β is involved in T regulatory cells differentiation and maturation. Therefore, the deregulation of this miRNA cluster may alter Treg cells activity in course of MS, by altering TGF-β biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe De Santis
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of the Communication and Behaviour, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Regulatory T cell frequency and modulation of IFN-gamma and IL-17 in active and latent tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2010; 90:252-61. [PMID: 20594914 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an essential role in immune homeostasis. In infectious diseases Tregs may inhibit protective responses facilitating pathogen multiplication and dissemination, but they may also limit the inflammatory response diminishing tissue damage. Although there is experimental and clinical evidence that Tregs are induced during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, their role in the immunopathogenesis of tuberculosis is still not completely understood. In this study, the phenotype, frequency and activity of circulating Tregs in active and latent tuberculosis were evaluated. Phenotypic analysis showed that Tregs were CD4(+)CD25(high)FOXP3(+)CD45RO(+)CD127(-). High levels of circulating Tregs were found in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis, compared to individuals with latent infection. Treg activity was evaluated by ELISPOT by determining the effect of CD25(+) cell depletion on the frequency of IFN-gamma and IL-17 producing cells after in vitro stimulation with ESAT-6, CFP-10 and PPD. Treg depletion increased the frequency of IFN-gamma producing cells, without affecting the frequency of IL-17 producing cells, in both active and latent tuberculosis, irrespective of the antigen used. Neutralization of IL-10 did not have any effect on the frequency of IFN-gamma and IL-17 producing cells. Altogether, these results suggest that during active tuberculosis Tregs inhibit protective Th1 responses, but not the proinflammatory Th17 responses, facilitating mycobacterial replication and tissue damage.
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