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Bertin FR, Frank N, Breuhaus BA, Schott HC, Kritchevsky JE. Diagnosis and management of thyroid disorders and thyroid hormone supplementation in adult horses and foals. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:243-252. [PMID: 37533378 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Equine thyroid disorders pose a diagnostic challenge in clinical practice because of the effects of nonthyroidal factors on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, and the horse's ability to tolerate wide fluctuations in thyroid hormone concentrations and survive without a thyroid gland. While benign thyroid tumours are common in older horses, other disorders like primary hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism in adult horses and congenital hypothyroidism in foals are rare. There is a common misunderstanding regarding hypothyroidism in adult horses, especially when associated with the clinical profile of obesity, lethargy, and poor performance observed in dogs and humans. Low blood thyroid hormone concentrations are often detected in horses as a secondary response to metabolic and disease states, including with the nonthyroidal illness syndrome; however, it is important to note that low thyroid hormone concentrations in these cases do not necessarily indicate hypothyroidism. Assessing equine thyroid function involves measuring thyroid hormone concentrations, including total and free fractions of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3); however, interpreting these results can be challenging due to the pulsatile secretion of thyroid hormones and the many factors that can affect their concentrations. Dynamic testing, such as the thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test, can help assess the thyroid gland response to stimulation. Although true hypothyroidism is extremely rare, thyroid hormone supplementation is commonly used in equine practice to help manage obesity and poor performance. This review focuses on thyroid gland pathophysiology in adult horses and foals, interpretation of blood thyroid hormone concentrations, and evaluation of horses with thyroid disorders. It also discusses the use of T4 supplementation in equine practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- François-René Bertin
- School of Veterinary Science at The University of Queensland, UQ Gatton Campus, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicholas Frank
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Babetta A Breuhaus
- College of Veterinary Medicine at North Caroline State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Harold C Schott
- College of Veterinary Medicine at Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Janice E Kritchevsky
- College of Veterinary Medicine at Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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2
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Crivellente F, Hernández‐Jerez AF, Lanzoni A, Metruccio F, Mohimont L, Nikolopoulou D, Castoldi AF. Specific effects on the thyroid relevant for performing a dietary cumulative risk assessment of pesticide residues: 2024 update. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8672. [PMID: 38500786 PMCID: PMC10945593 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
EFSA updated its previous work on the establishment of specific effects that are considered relevant for grouping pesticide residues targeting the thyroid and for performing the retrospective assessment of dietary cumulative risk (CRA). The two specific effects already selected in 2019 leading to the two cumulative assessment groups (CAGs) 'hypothyroidism' and 'C-cell hypertrophy, hyperplasia and neoplasia' were reconfirmed. Compared to 2019, the list of indicators that can be used to identify these specific effects was refined to only include histopathological changes. In a second phase of the work, data will be extracted on indicators of the specific effects from the dossiers on active substances (a.s.) used as plant protection products. The criteria for including a.s. into CAGs were also updated, together with the hazard characterisation methodology and the lines of evidence for assessing CAG-membership probabilities. The tasks related to the data extraction and the establishment of the CAGs on hypothyroidism and on C-cell hypertrophy, hyperplasia and neoplasia are beyond the scope of this report. This part of the CRA process has been outsourced and will be the subject of a separate report.
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Fame RM, Ali I, Lehtinen MK, Kanarek N, Petrova B. Optimized Mass Spectrometry Detection of Thyroid Hormones and Polar Metabolites in Rodent Cerebrospinal Fluid. Metabolites 2024; 14:79. [PMID: 38392972 PMCID: PMC10890085 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14020079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) are required for brain development and function. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which bathes the brain and spinal cord, contains TH as free hormones or as bound to transthyretin (TTR). Tight TH level regulation in the central nervous system is essential for developmental gene expression, which governs neurogenesis, myelination, and synaptogenesis. This integrated function of TH highlights the importance of developing precise and reliable methods for assessing TH levels in CSF. We report an optimized liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based method to measure TH in rodent CSF and serum, applicable to both fresh and frozen samples. Using this new method, we find distinct differences in CSF TH in pregnant dams vs. non-pregnant adults and in embryonic vs. adult CSF. Further, targeted LC-MS metabolic profiling uncovers distinct central carbon metabolism in the CSF of these populations. TH detection and metabolite profiling of related metabolic pathways open new avenues of rigorous research into CSF TH and will inform future studies on metabolic alterations in CSF during normal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryann M. Fame
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ilhan Ali
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maria K. Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Naama Kanarek
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Boryana Petrova
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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You AS, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Brent GA, Narasaki Y, Daza A, Sim JJ, Kovesdy CP, Nguyen DV, Rhee CM. Impact of Thyroid Status on Incident Kidney Dysfunction and Chronic Kidney Disease Progression in a Nationally Representative Cohort. Mayo Clin Proc 2024; 99:39-56. [PMID: 38176833 PMCID: PMC10795379 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2023.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between thyroid status and incident kidney dysfunction/chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression. PATIENTS AND METHODS We examined incident thyroid status, ascertained by serum thyrotropin (TSH) levels measured from January 1, 2007, through December 31, 2018, among 4,152,830 patients from the Optum Labs Data Warehouse, containing deidentified retrospective administrative claims data from a large national health insurance plan and electronic health record data from a nationwide network of provider groups. Associations of thyroid status, categorized as hypothyroidism, euthyroidism, or hyperthyroidism (TSH levels >5.0, 0.5-5.0, and <0.5 mIU/L, respectively), with the composite end point of incident kidney dysfunction in patients without baseline kidney dysfunction and CKD progression in those with baseline CKD were examined using Cox models. RESULTS Patients with hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism had higher risk of incident kidney dysfunction/CKD progression in expanded case-mix analyses (reference: euthyroidism): adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) (95% CIs) were 1.37 (1.34 to 1.40) and 1.42 (1.39 to 1.45), respectively. Incrementally higher TSH levels in the upper reference range and TSH ranges for subclinical, mild overt, and overt hypothyroidism (≥3.0-5.0, >5.0-10.0, >10.0-20.0, and >20.0 mIU/L, respectively) were associated with increasingly higher risk of the composite end point (reference: TSH level, 0.5 to <3.0 mIU/L): aHRs (95% CIs) were 1.10 (1.09 to 1.11), 1.37 (1.34 to 1.40), 1.70 (1.59 to 1.83), and 1.70 (1.50 to 1.93), respectively. Incrementally lower TSH levels in the subclinical (<0.5 mIU/L) and overt (<0.1 mIU/L) hyperthyroid ranges were also associated with the composite end point: aHRs (95% CIs) were 1.44 (1.41 to 1.47) and 1.48 (1.39 to 1.59), respectively. CONCLUSION In a national cohort, TSH levels in the upper reference range or higher (≥3.0 mIU/L) and below the reference range (<0.5 mIU/L) were associated with incident kidney dysfunction/CKD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S You
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA; Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA
| | - Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA; Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA
| | - Gregory A Brent
- Division of Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Yoko Narasaki
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA; Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA
| | - Andrea Daza
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA; Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA
| | - John J Sim
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Csaba P Kovesdy
- Division of Nephrology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Danh V Nguyen
- Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA; Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA
| | - Connie M Rhee
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA; Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA.
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Fame RM, Ali I, Lehtinen MK, Kanarek N, Petrova B. Optimized Mass Spectrometry Detection of Thyroid Hormones and Polar Metabolites in Rodent Cerebrospinal Fluid. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.07.570731. [PMID: 38116027 PMCID: PMC10729774 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.07.570731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormones (TH) are required for brain development and function. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which bathes the brain and spinal cord, contains TH as free or transthyretin (TTR)-bound. Tight thyroid hormone level regulation in the central nervous system is essential for developmental gene expression that governs neurogenesis, myelination, and synaptogenesis. This integrated function of TH highlights the importance of developing precise and reliable methods for assessing TH levels in CSF. METHODS we report an optimized LC-MS based method to measure thyroid hormones in rodent CSF and serum, applicable to both fresh and frozen samples. RESULTS We find distinct differences in CSF thyroid hormone in pregnant dams vs. non-pregnant adults and in embryonic vs. adult CSF. Further, targeted LC-MS metabolic profiling uncovers distinct central carbon metabolism in the CSF of these populations. CONCLUSIONS TH detection and metabolite profiling of related metabolic pathways open new avenues of rigorous research into CSF thyroid hormone and will inform future studies on metabolic alterations in CSF during normal development.
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Choi B, Adhikari S, Ji MG, Paik MJ, Lee G, Lee W. Chiral LC-MS/MS method for the discrimination of triiodothyronine enantiomers on a crown ether-based chiral stationary phase. Chirality 2023; 35:966-972. [PMID: 37464950 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Considering the greater pharmaceutical and clinical interest of triiodothyronine (T3 ) thyroid hormone, an effective D/L-T3 enantiomer separation was performed on a crown ether-based chiral stationary phase by LC-MS/MS. In optimal analytical condition and selected reaction monitoring mode, the two enantiomers of T3 were baseline separated within 10 min. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were found to be 0.05 and 0.10 ng/μl; 0.20 and 0.50 ng/μl for D- and L-T3 , respectively. During validation, this method proved to be feasible, accurate as well as enantioselective and sensitive for the resolution of T3 enantiomers. For commercial D- and L-T3 chemicals, the enantiomeric impurities as the other enantiomer were 0.11% and 4.61%. On the other hand, the impurity as D-T3 for commercial pharmaceutical products (liothyronine sodium tablets, two suppliers) was 0.68% and 6.57%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeongchan Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
| | - Suraj Adhikari
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Moong-Gi Ji
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
| | - Man-Jeong Paik
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
| | - Gwang Lee
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Wonjae Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
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Rhee CM, You AS, Narasaki Y, Brent GA, Sim JJ, Kovesdy CP, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Nguyen DV. Development and Validation of a Prediction Model for Incident Hypothyroidism in a National Chronic Kidney Disease Cohort. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:e1374-e1383. [PMID: 37186674 PMCID: PMC11009786 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Hypothyroidism is a common yet under-recognized condition in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), which may lead to end-organ complications if left untreated. OBJECTIVE We developed a prediction tool to identify CKD patients at risk for incident hypothyroidism. METHODS Among 15 642 patients with stages 4 to 5 CKD without evidence of pre-existing thyroid disease, we developed and validated a risk prediction tool for the development of incident hypothyroidism (defined as thyrotropin [TSH] > 5.0 mIU/L) using the Optum Labs Data Warehouse, which contains de-identified administrative claims, including medical and pharmacy claims and enrollment records for commercial and Medicare Advantage enrollees as well as electronic health record data. Patients were divided into a two-thirds development set and a one-third validation set. Prediction models were developed using Cox models to estimate probability of incident hypothyroidism. RESULTS There were 1650 (11%) cases of incident hypothyroidism during a median follow-up of 3.4 years. Characteristics associated with hypothyroidism included older age, White race, higher body mass index, low serum albumin, higher baseline TSH, hypertension, congestive heart failure, exposure to iodinated contrast via angiogram or computed tomography scan, and amiodarone use. Model discrimination was good with similar C-statistics in the development and validation datasets: 0.77 (95% CI 0.75-0.78) and 0.76 (95% CI 0.74-0.78), respectively. Model goodness-of-fit tests showed adequate fit in the overall cohort (P = .47) as well as in a subcohort of patients with stage 5 CKD (P = .33). CONCLUSION In a national cohort of CKD patients, we developed a clinical prediction tool identifying those at risk for incident hypothyroidism to inform prioritized screening, monitoring, and treatment in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie M Rhee
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Southern California Institute for Research and Education, Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA
| | - Amy S You
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Southern California Institute for Research and Education, Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA
| | - Yoko Narasaki
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Southern California Institute for Research and Education, Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA
| | - Gregory A Brent
- Division of Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - John J Sim
- Division of Nephrology, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Csaba P Kovesdy
- Division of Nephrology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
- Section of Nephrology, Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
| | - Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Southern California Institute for Research and Education, Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Danh V Nguyen
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
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Vállez-Gomis V, Benedé JL, Combès A, Chisvert A, Pichon V. Solid-phase immunoextraction followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the selective determination of thyroxine in human serum. Talanta 2023; 265:124864. [PMID: 37379751 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
In this work, an analytical method based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis (LC-MS/MS) has been developed for the selective determination of thyroxine (T4) in human serum. For this purpose, two immunosorbents (ISs) specific to T4 were synthesized by grafting two different T4-specific monoclonal antibodies on a cyanogen bromide (CNBr)-activated-Sepharose® 4B solid support. The grafting yields obtained from the immobilization of each antibody on the CNBr-activated-Sepharose® 4B were over 90%, demonstrating that most of the antibodies were covalently bound to the solid support. The SPE procedure was optimized by studying the retention capability and selectivity of the two ISs in pure media fortified with T4. Under the optimized conditions, high elution efficiencies were achieved in the elution fraction for both specific ISs (i.e., 85%), whereas low ones were obtained in the control ISs (ca. 2%), showing the selectivity of the specific ISs. The ISs were also characterized by studying extraction and synthesis repeatability (RSD <8%), and capacity (104 ng of T4 per 35 mg of ISs, i.e., 3 μg g-1). Finally, the methodology was applied to a pooled human serum sample in order to study its analytical utility and accuracy. Relative recovery (RR) values between 81 and 107% were obtained, showing no matrix effects during the global methodology. Furthermore, the need to perform the immunoextraction was evidenced by comparing the LC-MS scan chromatograms and RR values with and without applying the immunoextraction procedure on a serum sample submitted to protein precipitation. This works exploits, for the first time, the use of an IS on the selective determination of T4 in human serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Vállez-Gomis
- Department of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences, and Miniaturization, UMR 8231 Chemistry, Biology and Innovation, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris 75005, France; GICAPC Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia 46100, Spain
| | - Juan L Benedé
- GICAPC Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia 46100, Spain
| | - Audrey Combès
- Department of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences, and Miniaturization, UMR 8231 Chemistry, Biology and Innovation, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris 75005, France
| | - Alberto Chisvert
- GICAPC Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia 46100, Spain
| | - Valérie Pichon
- Department of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences, and Miniaturization, UMR 8231 Chemistry, Biology and Innovation, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris 75005, France; Sorbonne Université, Paris 75005, France.
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Grossklaus R, Liesenkötter KP, Doubek K, Völzke H, Gaertner R. Iodine Deficiency, Maternal Hypothyroxinemia and Endocrine Disrupters Affecting Fetal Brain Development: A Scoping Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15102249. [PMID: 37242131 DOI: 10.3390/nu15102249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This scoping review critically discusses the publications of the last 30 years on the impact of mild to moderate iodine deficiency and the additional impact of endocrine disrupters during pregnancy on embryonal/fetal brain development. An asymptomatic mild to moderate iodine deficiency and/or isolated maternal hypothyroxinemia might affect the development of the embryonal/fetal brain. There is sufficient evidence underlining the importance of an adequate iodine supply for all women of childbearing age in order to prevent negative mental and social consequences for their children. An additional threat to the thyroid hormone system is the ubiquitous exposure to endocrine disrupters, which might exacerbate the effects of iodine deficiency in pregnant women on the neurocognitive development of their offspring. Ensuring adequate iodine intake is therefore essential not only for healthy fetal and neonatal development in general, but it might also extenuate the effects of endocrine disruptors. Individual iodine supplementation of women of childbearing age living in areas with mild to moderate iodine deficiency is mandatory as long as worldwide universal salt iodization does not guarantee an adequate iodine supply. There is an urgent need for detailed strategies to identify and reduce exposure to endocrine disrupters according to the "precautional principle".
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Grossklaus
- Department of Food Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, D-10589 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Doubek
- Professional Association of Gynecologists, D-80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- Study of Health in Pomerania/Clinical-Epidemiological Research, Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Roland Gaertner
- Medical Clinic IV, University of Munich, D-80336 Munich, Germany
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D'Aurizio F, Kratzsch J, Gruson D, Petranović Ovčariček P, Giovanella L. Free thyroxine measurement in clinical practice: how to optimize indications, analytical procedures, and interpretation criteria while waiting for global standardization. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2023; 60:101-140. [PMID: 36227760 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2022.2121960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid dysfunctions are among the most common endocrine disorders and accurate biochemical testing is needed to confirm or rule out a diagnosis. Notably, true hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism in the setting of a normal thyroid-stimulating hormone level are highly unlikely, making the assessment of free thyroxine (FT4) inappropriate in most new cases. However, FT4 measurement is integral in both the diagnosis and management of relevant central dysfunctions (central hypothyroidism and central hyperthyroidism) as well as for monitoring therapy in hyperthyroid patients treated with anti-thyroid drugs or radioiodine. In such settings, accurate FT4 quantification is required. Global standardization will improve the comparability of the results across laboratories and allow the development of common clinical decision limits in evidence-based guidelines. The International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine Committee for Standardization of Thyroid Function Tests has undertaken FT4 immunoassay method comparison and recalibration studies and developed a reference measurement procedure that is currently being validated. However, technical and implementation challenges, including the establishment of different clinical decision limits for distinct patient groups, still remain. Accordingly, different assays and reference values cannot be interchanged. Two-way communication between the laboratory and clinical specialists is pivotal to properly select a reliable FT4 assay, establish reference intervals, investigate discordant results, and monitor the analytical and clinical performance of the method over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica D'Aurizio
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Jürgen Kratzsch
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Damien Gruson
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Petra Petranović Ovčariček
- Department of Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Center Sestre milosrdnice, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Luca Giovanella
- Clinic for Nuclear Medicine and Competence Center for Thyroid Diseases, Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Clinic for Nuclear Medicine and Thyroid Center, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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Kidney disease and thyroid dysfunction: the chicken or egg problem. Pediatr Nephrol 2022; 37:3031-3042. [PMID: 35737115 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-022-05640-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Patients with non-dialysis-dependant chronic kidney disease (NDD-CKD) and dialysis-dependant chronic kidney disease (DD-CKD) frequently also suffer from thyroid disorders, especially hypothyroidism which is found two to five times more often among them compared to the general population. Emerging research has illustrated the potential prognostic implications of this association as NDD-CKD and DD-CKD patients with hypothyroidism have been shown to have higher mortality rates, and treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism in NDD-CKD patients has been reported to attenuate the decline of glomerular filtration rate over time. This review illustrates the bidirectional, multi-layered interplay between the kidneys and the thyroid gland explaining how pathologies in one organ will affect the other and vice versa. Additionally, it outlines the impact of thyroid disorders on routine parameters of kidney function (especially serum creatinine and serum cystatin C) that nephrologists should be aware of in their clinical practice. Lastly, it summarizes the emerging evidence from clinical studies on how treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism in NDD-CKD and DD-CKD patients may potentially have beneficial effects on kidney function as well as mortality. While most of the research in this area has been performed on adult patients, we specifically discuss what is currently known about thyroid dysfunctions in paediatric CKD patients as well and provide management suggestions. The evidence accumulated so far clearly indicates that further, prospective studies with meticulous methodology are warranted to refine our understanding of thyroid disorders in paediatric and adult CKD patients and establish optimal treatment pathways.
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12
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Jansen HI, van Herwaarden AE, Huijgen HJ, Painter RC, Hillebrand JJ, Boelen A, Heijboer AC. Pregnancy disrupts the accuracy of automated fT4 immunoassays. Eur Thyroid J 2022; 11:e220145. [PMID: 36219545 PMCID: PMC9641786 DOI: 10.1530/etj-22-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Thyroid hormone measurements are often performed in pregnant women, as hypo- and hyperthyroidism during pregnancy can severely affect the fetus. Serum free thyroxine (fT4) measurements are well known for their analytical challenges, due to low serum concentrations and the subtle equilibrium between free and bound T4 (to thyroid-binding globulin (TBG), transthyretin and albumin). Pregnant women have high TBG concentrations due to an increase in human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and estrogen and lower albumin concentrations which change the equilibrium and may affect the validity of fT4 measurements in their samples. As accurate serum fT4 measurements in pregnant women are important for the long-term health of the fetus, we aimed to evaluate the accuracy of several fT4 immunoassays in the serum of pregnant women. Methods FT4 was measured in healthy controls and pregnant women using a candidate-reference method (LC-MS/MS) and five commercially available automated immunoassays (Alinity (Abbott), Atellica (Siemens), Cobas (Roche), Lumipulse (Fujirebio) and UniCel DXI (Beckman Coulter)). Method comparisons (Bland Altman plots and Passing and Bablok analyses) were performed. Results Serum samples from both healthy controls (n = 30) and pregnant women (n = 30; mean gestational age, 24.8 weeks) were collected. The fT4 immunoassays deviated +7 to +29% more from the LC-MS/MS in serum samples of pregnant women than healthy controls (falsely high). Conclusions Our results indicate that immunoassays overestimate fT4 in pregnant women, which might lead to an overestimation of thyroid status. Physicians and laboratory specialists should be aware of this phenomenon to avoid drawing false conclusions about thyroid function in pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen I Jansen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Henk J Huijgen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Red Cross Hospital, Beverwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Rebecca C Painter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam UMC Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacquelien J Hillebrand
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Boelen
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke C Heijboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Nakano-Yasaka N, Kishikawa N, El-Maghrabey M, Kuroda N. Development of a selective fluorescence derivatization strategy for thyroid hormones based on the Sonogashira coupling reaction. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1677:463275. [PMID: 35863093 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A new fluorescence derivatization technique for the determination of the thyroid hormones, 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3, triiodothyronine) and 3,3',5,5'-tetraiodo-L-thyronine (T4, L-thyroxine), in human serum was developed based on the Sonogashira coupling reaction. This derivatization reaction was recently utilized by our research group as a promising solution for the derivatization of ortho-substituted aryl halides that suffer from steric hindrance. T3 and T4 possess amino groups that could be derivatized by many reagents; however, these reagents are not useful in the case of biological analysis as they could non-selectively react with many biogenic amines and amino acids. Thus, herein we aimed at labeling the iodo-phenyl group of T3 and T4 as a selective fluorescence labeling approach suitable for biological analysis. The fluorescent alkyne, 2-(4-ethynylphenyl)-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazole (DIB-ET), can label the ortho-substituted aryl halides T3 and T4 in the presence of palladium and copper as catalysts, overcoming the steric hindrance of ortho-substitution. Furthermore, the application of the proposed method for the selective analysis of T3 and T4 in biological samples was successfully performed even in the presence of numerous biological components. The formed fluorescent derivatives produced from the reaction of DIB-ET and T3 and T4 could be determined by an HPLC system with fluorescence detection. The proposed method was successfully applied for the selective and sensitive determination of T3 and T4 in human serum with detection limits (S/N = 3) of 4.0 and 6.1 ng/mL and the recovery rate in the ranges of 84.3-92.1% and 81.3-84.9%, respectively. Therefore, the proposed method could be used as a new simple tool for the simultaneous determination of T3 and T4 in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Nakano-Yasaka
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Kyoto Prefectural Police H.Q., 85-3, Yabunouchi-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto, 602-8550, Japan
| | - Naoya Kishikawa
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Course of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Mahmoud El-Maghrabey
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Course of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Naotaka Kuroda
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Course of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan.
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14
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Borsò M, Agretti P, Zucchi R, Saba A. Mass spectrometry in the diagnosis of thyroid disease and in the study of thyroid hormone metabolism. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:443-468. [PMID: 33238065 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The importance of thyroid hormones in the regulation of development, growth, and energy metabolism is well known. Over the last decades, mass spectrometry has been extensively used to investigate thyroid hormone metabolism and to discover and characterize new molecules involved in thyroid hormones production, such as thyrotropin-releasing hormone. In the earlier period, the quantification methods, usually based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, were complicated and time consuming. They were mainly focused on basic research, and were not suitable for clinical diagnostics on a routine basis. The development of the modern mass spectrometers, mainly coupled to liquid chromatography, enabled simpler sample preparation procedures, and the accurate quantification of thyroid hormones, of their precursors, and of their metabolites in biological fluids, tissues, and cells became feasible. Nowadays, molecules of physiological and pathological interest can be assayed also for diagnostic purposes on a routine basis, and mass spectrometry is slowly entering the clinical laboratory. This review takes stock of the advancements in the field of thyroid metabolism that were carried out with mass spectrometry, with special focus on the use of this technique for the quantification of molecules involved in thyroid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Borsò
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Patrizia Agretti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Chemistry and Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Riccardo Zucchi
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Saba
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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15
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Abstract
Hypothyroidism is a common endocrinopathy, and levothyroxine is frequently prescribed. Despite the basic tenets of initiating and adjusting levothyroxine being agreed on, there are many nuances and complexities to consistently maintaining euthyroidism. Understanding the impact of patient weight and residual thyroid function on initial levothyroxine dosage and consideration of age, comorbidities, thyrotropin goal, life stage, and quality of life as levothyroxine is adjusted can be challenging and continually evolving. Because levothyroxine is a lifelong medication, it is important to avoid risks from periods of overtreatment or undertreatment. For the subset of patients not restored to baseline health with levothyroxine, causes arising from all aspects of the patient's life (coexistent medical conditions, stressors, lifestyle, psychosocial factors) should be broadly considered. If such factors do not appear to be contributing, and biochemical euthyroidism has been successfully maintained, there may be benefit to a trial of combination therapy with levothyroxine and liothyronine. This is not supported by the majority of randomized clinical trials, but may be supported by other studies providing lower-quality evidence and by animal studies. Given this discrepancy, it is important that any trial of combination therapy be continued only as long as a patient benefit is being enjoyed. Monitoring for adverse effects, particularly in older or frail individuals, is necessary and combination therapy should not be used during pregnancy. A sustained-release liothyronine preparation has completed phase 1 testing and may soon be available for better designed and powered studies assessing whether combination therapy provides superior therapy for hypothyroidism.
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16
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Rhee CM, Budoff M, Brent G, You AS, Stenvinkel P, Novoa A, Flores F, Hamal S, Dailing C, Kinninger A, Nakata T, Kovesdy CP, Nguyen DV, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Serum Thyrotropin Elevation and Coronary Artery Calcification in Hemodialysis Patients. Cardiorenal Med 2022; 12:106-116. [PMID: 35551382 PMCID: PMC9452456 DOI: 10.1159/000525037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypothyroidism is highly prevalent in end-stage kidney disease patients, and emerging data show that lower circulating thyroid hormone levels lead to downregulation of vascular calcification inhibitors and coronary artery calcification (CAC) in this population. To date, no studies have examined the association of serum thyrotropin (TSH), the most sensitive and specific single biochemical metric of thyroid function, with CAC risk in hemodialysis patients. METHODS In secondary analyses of patients from the Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidative Nutrition in Hypoalbuminemic Dialysis Patients trial, we examined serum TSH levels and CAC risk assessed by cardiac computed tomography scans collected within a 90-day period. We evaluated the relationship between serum TSH with CAC Volume (VS) and Agatston score (AS) (defined as >100 mm3 and >100 Houndsfield Units, respectively) using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Among 104 patients who met eligibility criteria, higher TSH levels in the highest tertile were associated with moderately elevated CAC VS and AS in case-mix-adjusted analyses (ref: lowest tertile): adjusted ORs (95% CIs) 4.26 (1.18, 15.40) and 5.53 (1.44, 21.30), respectively. TSH levels >3.0 mIU/L (ref: ≤3.0 mIU/L) were also associated with moderately elevated CAC VS and AS. In secondary analyses, point estimates of incrementally lower direct free thyroxine levels trended toward elevated CAC VS and AS, although associations did not achieve statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS In hemodialysis patients, higher serum TSH was associated with elevated CAC VS and AS. Further studies are needed to determine if thyroid hormone supplementation can attenuate CAC burden in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie M. Rhee
- Harold Simmons Center for Chronic Disease Research and Epidemiology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA
| | - Matthew Budoff
- Lundquist Institute at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | - Gregory Brent
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Amy S. You
- Harold Simmons Center for Chronic Disease Research and Epidemiology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Department of Renal Medicine M99, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alejandra Novoa
- Harold Simmons Center for Chronic Disease Research and Epidemiology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA
| | - Fred Flores
- Lundquist Institute at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | - Sajad Hamal
- Lundquist Institute at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | | | - April Kinninger
- Lundquist Institute at Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | - Tracy Nakata
- Harold Simmons Center for Chronic Disease Research and Epidemiology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA
| | - Csaba P. Kovesdy
- Division of Nephrology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN,Nephrology Section, Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Danh V. Nguyen
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA
| | - Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh
- Harold Simmons Center for Chronic Disease Research and Epidemiology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA,Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA
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17
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Iwano R, Toki M, Hanakawa J, Asakura Y, Adachi M, Tanaka Y, Muroya K. Quantification of serum thyroid hormones using tandem mass spectrometry in patients with Down syndrome. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 36:e5249. [PMID: 34569083 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid dysfunction is common in patients with Down syndrome (DS), the most common chromosomal disorder. Thyroid hormones (THs) are important for normal growth, neurodevelopment, and metabolism, highlighting the importance of quantifying the levels in patients with DS. However, current methods possess cross-reactivity that results in inaccuracies in quantification. We aimed at developing a new analytical method for quantifying the total 3,3',5-triiodo-l-thyronine (TT3), total 3,3',5,5'-tetraiodo-l-thyronine (TT4), 3,3',5'-triiodo-l-thyronine, and reverse T3 (rT3) levels using LC-MS/MS. Repeatability and reproducibility with coefficient of variation values of 2-9 and 3-13%, respectively, were acceptable, suggesting that the assay was suitable for measuring serum THs. We measured the serum TH levels of patients with DS but without thyroid dysfunction (age, 3-20 years) and compared the levels to those of controls (patients with idiopathic short stature; age, 3-17 years). When TH levels were summarized by age group, the serum TT4 concentrations were not significantly different between the controls and patients with DS across all age groups. Meanwhile, the serum TT3 concentrations differed according to age. In addition, the serum rT3 concentrations were significantly higher in patients with DS than in controls, except for those in the 12-14 age group. We also calculated the T3/T4 and rT3/T4 ratios to elucidate the reason for the higher rT3 in patients with DS; however, no useful findings were obtained. Thus, further investigation is needed to clarify our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Iwano
- Clinical Research Institute, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Machiko Toki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko Hanakawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yumi Asakura
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masanori Adachi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yukichi Tanaka
- Clinical Research Institute, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Koji Muroya
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
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18
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Waidyanatha S, Fletcher BL, Fernando RA, Cora MC, Silinski MAR. Development and validation of an ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for quantitation of total 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine and 3,3',5,5'-tetraiodo-L-thyronine in rodent serum. ANAL LETT 2021; 55:796-811. [PMID: 35812014 PMCID: PMC9269981 DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2021.1967969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Many environmental chemicals are known to disrupt thyroid function. Measurement of thyroid hormones in animal studies provides useful information to understand the effects of environmental chemicals on thyroid hormone metabolism. We report an efficient method, utilizing a protein precipitation followed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis, to quantitate total 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (triiodothyronine, T3) and total 3,3',5,5'-tetraiodo-L-thyronine (thyroxine, T4) in rodent serum. The use of synthetic serum for calibration standards eliminated the interferences from endogenous total T3 and T4 and allowed the experimental lower limits of quantitation (LOQ) to be set at the required concentration (T3, 20 ng/dL; T4, 0.5 μg/dL) to allow quantitation of endogenous concentrations. The method was linear (r>0.99; range 20.0-600 ng/dL T3, 0.500-15 μg/dL T4) with good assay recoveries (90.4-107%) for both analytes. Intra- and inter-day accuracy, estimated as percent relative error, were ≤ ±7.6% and intra- and inter-day precision, estimated as the relative standard deviation, were ≤ 5.3% for both analytes. The method may easily be adapted to a well-plate format thereby further improving the efficiency. Total T3 and T4 concentrations were stable in male and female rat and mouse serum when stored in the freezer (~ -70 °C) for up to 62 d with determined values within 92.8-111% of day 0 for both analytes. The method can be extended to quantitate total T3 and T4 concentrations in humans or other species with minimal optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | | | | | - Michelle C. Cora
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
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19
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Gnanasekar R, Sarnaik JS, Joseph NC, Kadwad VB, Mathur A. Development of two-step radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the measurement of free triiodothyronine in human serum based on antibody coated tubes. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-07786-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Marty S, Beekhuijzen M, Charlton A, Hallmark N, Hannas BR, Jacobi S, Melching-Kollmuss S, Sauer UG, Sheets LP, Strauss V, Urbisch D, Botham PA, van Ravenzwaay B. Towards a science-based testing strategy to identify maternal thyroid hormone imbalance and neurodevelopmental effects in the progeny - part II: how can key events of relevant adverse outcome pathways be addressed in toxicological assessments? Crit Rev Toxicol 2021; 51:328-358. [PMID: 34074207 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2021.1910625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The current understanding of thyroid-related adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in mammals has been reviewed. This served to establish if standard rodent toxicity test methods and in vitro assays allow identifying thyroid-related modes-of-action potentially leading to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes, and the human relevance of effects - in line with the European Commission's Endocrine Disruptor Criteria. The underlying hypothesis is that an understanding of the key events of relevant AOPs provides insight into differences in incidence, magnitude, or species sensitivity of adverse outcomes. The rodent studies include measurements of serum thyroid hormones, thyroid gland pathology and neurodevelopmental assessments, but do not directly inform on specific modes-of-action. Opportunities to address additional non-routine parameters reflecting critical events of AOPs in toxicological assessments are presented. These parameters appear relevant to support the identification of specific thyroid-related modes-of-action, provided that prevailing technical limitations are overcome. Current understanding of quantitative key event relationships is often weak, but would be needed to determine if the triggering of a molecular initiating event will ultimately result in an adverse outcome. Also, significant species differences in all processes related to thyroid hormone signalling are evident, but the biological implications thereof (including human relevance) are often unknown. In conclusion, careful consideration of the measurement (e.g. timing, method) and interpretation of additional non-routine parameters is warranted. These findings will be used in a subsequent paper to propose a testing strategy to identify if a substance may elicit maternal thyroid hormone imbalance and potentially also neurodevelopmental effects in the progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Marty
- The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ursula G Sauer
- Scientific Consultancy - Animal Welfare, Neubiberg, Germany
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21
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Birru RL, Liang HW, Farooq F, Bedi M, Feghali M, Haggerty CL, Mendez DD, Catov JM, Ng CA, Adibi JJ. A pathway level analysis of PFAS exposure and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Environ Health 2021; 20:63. [PMID: 34022907 PMCID: PMC8141246 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-021-00740-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been found to be associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) development, a maternal health disorder in pregnancy with negative effects that can extend beyond pregnancy. Studies that report on this association are difficult to summarize due to weak associations and wide confidence intervals. One way to advance this field is to sharpen the biologic theory on a causal pathway behind this association, and to measure it directly by way of molecular biomarkers. The aim of this review is to summarize the literature that supports a novel pathway between PFAS exposure and GDM development. Epidemiological studies demonstrate a clear association of biomarkers of thyroid hormones and glucose metabolism with GDM development. We report biologic plausibility and epidemiologic evidence that PFAS dysregulation of maternal thyroid hormones and thyrotropin (TSH) may disrupt glucose homeostasis, increasing the risk of GDM. Overall, epidemiological studies demonstrate that PFAS were positively associated with TSH and negatively with triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). PFAS were generally positively associated with glucose and insulin levels in pregnancy. We propose dysregulation of thyroid function and glucose metabolism may be a critical and missing component in the accurate estimation of PFAS on the risk of GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel L. Birru
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Hai-Wei Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Fouzia Farooq
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Megha Bedi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Maisa Feghali
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Catherine L. Haggerty
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Dara D. Mendez
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Janet M. Catov
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Carla A. Ng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Jennifer J. Adibi
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA
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22
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Pawar RS, Sagi S, Leontyev D. Determination of thyroid hormones in dietary supplements using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:578-586. [PMID: 33855795 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
More than 27 million Americans have some kind of thyroid disease. Numerous dietary supplements claiming to support healthy thyroid function and healthy metabolism and balance or promote weight loss are available for purchase in retail stores and on the internet. In the literature, there have been reports of adverse events associated with the consumption of thyroid hormone-containing products. In this study, an LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the analysis of thyroxine (T4), 3,3',5-triiodo-l-thyronine (T3), 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3), 3,5-diiodothyronine (3,5-T2) and 3,3'-diiodothyronine (3,3'-T2) in dietary supplements. Sonication with methanol was used for the extraction of free hormones from nonglandular products. The tissue-bound hormones from glandular thyroid products were extracted using a modified enzymatic digestion, in which the matrix was first extracted by sonication with methanol and then by enzymatic digestion with proteases. Both extraction methods provided acceptable recovery values between 78% and 116%. Fifty-eight products making claims related to thyroid management were purchased over the internet from 2017-2018 and quantitatively analyzed for five hormones using the validated methods. Eleven out of 19 glandular products were found to contain quantifiable amounts of hormones. Maximum daily servings were also calculated for each product based on label information. The maximum amount of T4, T3, and rT3 per daily serving in the glandular products were up to 210, 32, and 7.6 μg/day, respectively. In the case of nonglandular products, which were labeled to contain plant extracts, vitamins, minerals, diiodo compounds, and so forth, the amounts of 3,5-T2 and 3,3'-T2 were up to 740 and 2700 μg/day, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul S Pawar
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Satyanarayanaraju Sagi
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Dmitry Leontyev
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
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23
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Liu S, Li D, Shi D, Zhang G, Luo X, Xu Q, Zhao L, Guo J, Yan G. Construction of a room-temperature phosphorescent quantum dot probe and quantitative detection of thyroxine and carbamazepine. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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24
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Abstract
Hypothyroidism is a highly prevalent endocrine complication in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. A large body of evidence has shown that there is a bidirectional relationship between thyroid dysfunction and kidney disease, yet there are many remaining gaps in knowledge in regards to the clinical management of CKD patients with hypothyroidism, including those receiving hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Given that hypothyroidism has been associated with many deleterious outcomes including a higher risk of (1) mortality, (2) cardiovascular disease, (3) impaired health-related quality of life, and (4) altered body composition in both non-CKD and CKD patients, future research is needed to establish the appropriate screening, diagnosis, and treatment approaches in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Narasaki
- Harold Simmons Center for Chronic Disease Research and Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA
| | - Peter Sohn
- Harold Simmons Center for Chronic Disease Research and Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA
| | - Connie M Rhee
- Harold Simmons Center for Chronic Disease Research and Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA.
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Gant Kanegusuku A, Araque K, Klubo-Gwiezdzinska J, Soldin SJ. Raising awareness of chronic measurement error intrinsic to immunoassay measurements of small molecule analytes. Eur J Endocrinol 2021; 184:L1-L2. [PMID: 33112258 PMCID: PMC9478887 DOI: 10.1530/eje-20-1102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Gant Kanegusuku
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Katherine Araque
- Pituitary Institute, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Joanna Klubo-Gwiezdzinska
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Disease, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven J Soldin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Gant Kanegusuku A, Araque KA, Nguyen H, Wei B, Hosseini S, Soldin SJ. The effect of specific binding proteins on immunoassay measurements of total and free thyroid hormones and cortisol. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2021; 12:2042018821989240. [PMID: 33552466 PMCID: PMC7844449 DOI: 10.1177/2042018821989240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunoassay (IA) measurements of thyroid hormones have previously given inaccurate results of triiodothyronine (T3), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free thyroxine (FT4) when concentrations of TBG are low. We evaluate the hypothesis that abnormal concentrations of specific binding proteins (BPs) affect IA measurements and provide results which might misguide the diagnosis and treatment of patients. This study assesses IAs for the measurement of T3, FT3, and cortisol when levels of TBG and CBG are high or low. Comparisons are made between IA and LC-MS/MS. METHODS Serum or plasma samples with high (>95th percentile, n = 25) or low (<5th percentile, n = 27) concentrations of BP were collected. The concentrations of T3, FT3, and cortisol were measured by validated IA and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods. Spearman correlation and Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank analyses were used to compare the two methods. RESULTS When TBG levels are <5th percentile, the differences between the IA and LC-MS/MS results for T3 and FT3 are statistically significant (T3, p = 0.0011; FT3, p = 0.0003). When CBG levels are >95th percentile, the difference between the IA and LC-MS/MS measurements of cortisol is statistically significant (p = <0.0001). CONCLUSION Abnormal BP concentrations appear to affect the accuracy of IA measurements of T3, FT3, and cortisol. The population of patients with either high or low levels of BPs is significant. Our samples reflect that 65% of women aged between 15 and 49 years are taking oral contraceptives in the US, and thus have elevated levels of BPs. In this group, IA results for cortisol are falsely low. Our samples reflect that patients with protein losing diseases have low BP concentrations. Among a group with renal complications, IA measurements of T3 are overestimated, while those of FT3 are underestimated. Are the Food and Drug Administration and diagnostic companies adequately assessing the accuracy of IA tests?
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Gant Kanegusuku
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Katherine A. Araque
- Endocrinology Pituitary Institute, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Hung Nguyen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bin Wei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Saman Hosseini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Steven J. Soldin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Bethesda, MD 20892–0001, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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Vike-Jonas K, Gonzalez SV, Mortensen ÅK, Ciesielski TM, Farkas J, Venkatraman V, Pastukhov MV, Jenssen BM, Asimakopoulos AG. Rapid determination of thyroid hormones in blood plasma from Glaucous gulls and Baikal seals by HybridSPE®-LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1162:122447. [PMID: 33285510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A rapid hybrid solid phase extraction (HybridSPE®) protocol tailored to liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) analysis, was developed for the determination of four thyroid hormones, L-Thyroxine (T4), 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3), 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine (rT3) and 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine (T2) in blood plasma from Glaucous gulls (Larus hyperboreus) and Baikal seals (Phoca sibirica). The use of target analyte specific 13C internal standards allowed quantification to be performed through the standard solvent calibration curves and alleviated the need to perform quantification with matrix match curves. The relative recoveries were 100.0-110.1 % for T4, 99.1-102.2 % for T3, 100.5-108.0 % for rT3, and 100.5-104.6 % for T2. The matrix effects ranged from -1.52 to -6.10 %, demonstrating minor signal suppression during analysis. The method intra-day precision (method repeatability, RSD %, N = 5, k = 1 day) and inter-day precision (method reproducibility, RSD %, N = 10, k = 2 days) at the 1 ng/mL concentration of fortification were 8.54-15.4 % and 15.4-24.8 %, respectively, indicating acceptable chromatographic peak stabilities for all target THs even at trace level concentrations. The method limit of detection (LOD) for T4, T3, rT3 and T2 was 0.17, 0.16, 0.30 and 0.17 ng/mL, respectively. The HybridSPE® protocol was simple and rapid (<1 min) upon application, while the HybridSPE® cartridge did not require (as in classical SPE cartridges) any additional equilibration nor conditioning step prior sample loading. A total of 46 blood plasma samples, 30 samples collected from Glaucous gulls and 16 samples collected from Baikal seals, were analyzed for thyroid hormones to demonstrate the applicability of the developed method in these wildlife species. The concentrations of T4 and T3 in blood plasma from the Glaucous gulls were 5.95-44.2 and 0.37-5.61 ng/mL, respectively, whereas those from Baikal seals were 3.57-46.5 and 0.45-2.07 ng/mL, respectively. In both species, rT3 demonstrated low detection rate, while T2 was not detected. Furthermore, cross-array comparison between the HybridSPE®-LC-MS/MS protocol and an established routine radioimmunoassay (RIA) kit-based method was performed for T4 and T3 concentrations from selected Baikal seal plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Vike-Jonas
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Susana Villa Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Åse-Karen Mortensen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tomasz Maciej Ciesielski
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Julia Farkas
- Environment and New Resources, SINTEF Ocean, 7010 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Vishwesh Venkatraman
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mikhail V Pastukhov
- Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Bjørn Munro Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway; Department of Arctic Technology, The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), PO Box 156, NO-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway; Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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Ito Y, Suzuki S, Matsumoto Y, Ohkouchi C, Suzuki S, Iwadate M, Midorikawa S, Yokoya S, Suzuki S, Shimura H. Time-dependent changes in FT4 and FT3 levels measured using mass spectrometry after an acute ingestion of excess levothyroxine in a case with hypothyroidism. Thyroid Res 2020; 13:4. [PMID: 32377234 PMCID: PMC7193347 DOI: 10.1186/s13044-020-00078-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thyrotoxicosis is common disorder among endocrine dysfunctions. It is not rare that the free thyroid hormone level exceeds the measurement range of immunoassay. Such extreme high concentration of free thyroid hormone is generally considered to be impossible to measure correctly because of changes in the balance between free hormones and binding proteins by dilution of serum. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), however, higher concentrations are able to be determined. Case presentation We present a case of a 21-year-old female with congenital hypothyroidism who had taken a total of 5 mg levothyroxine over three consecutive days following discontinuance of the medication for a month. Immunoassay performed 3 hours after the last ingestion showed that the patient’s free thyroxine (FT4) was over 100 pmol/L and her free triiodothyronine (FT3) was 24.5 pmol/L. With a temporary cessation of levothyroxine, the patient was kept for observation without any other medication. Two days after the last ingestion, FT4 was still over 100 pmol/L and FT3 was increased to 28.8 pmol/L. After an additional 4 days, both FT4 and FT3 levels decreased. Through this period, no thyrotoxic symptom or physical sign had appeared. We also measured FT4 and FT3 levels in her cryopreserved serum by ultrafiltration LC-MS/MS. Her FT4 level measured by ultrafiltration LC-MS/MS on the visiting day and 2 days later were 160.0 and 135.5 pmol/L, respectively, indicating that the toxic dose of levothyroxine was partly changed to T3 during the 2 days. The FT3/FT4 ratios were revealed to be low, accounting for the patient’s benign clinical course despite temporal toxic exposure to levothyroxine. It is implied that prior discontinuation of supplementary levothyroxine increases potential vacant binding sites for thyroid hormone as a buffer to prevent toxic T3 effect. Conclusion It was helpful to clarify the time dependent changes in free thyroid hormone levels by ultrafiltration LC-MS/MS in discussing the clinical course in this case. Though mass spectrometry has a disadvantage in speed for routine laboratory use, its accurate measurement, particularly of levels exceeding the measurable range of the immunoassay, provides valuable information for more appropriate management of extreme thyrotoxicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ito
- 1Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295 Japan.,2Thyroid and Endocrinology Center, Fukushima Medical University Hospital, Fukushima, 960-1295 Japan
| | - Satoru Suzuki
- 2Thyroid and Endocrinology Center, Fukushima Medical University Hospital, Fukushima, 960-1295 Japan
| | - Yoshiko Matsumoto
- 2Thyroid and Endocrinology Center, Fukushima Medical University Hospital, Fukushima, 960-1295 Japan.,3Department of Thyroid and Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295 Japan
| | - Chiyo Ohkouchi
- 2Thyroid and Endocrinology Center, Fukushima Medical University Hospital, Fukushima, 960-1295 Japan.,3Department of Thyroid and Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295 Japan
| | - Satoshi Suzuki
- 2Thyroid and Endocrinology Center, Fukushima Medical University Hospital, Fukushima, 960-1295 Japan.,3Department of Thyroid and Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295 Japan
| | - Manabu Iwadate
- 2Thyroid and Endocrinology Center, Fukushima Medical University Hospital, Fukushima, 960-1295 Japan.,3Department of Thyroid and Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295 Japan
| | - Sanae Midorikawa
- 2Thyroid and Endocrinology Center, Fukushima Medical University Hospital, Fukushima, 960-1295 Japan.,4Department of Radiation Health Management, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295 Japan
| | - Susumu Yokoya
- 2Thyroid and Endocrinology Center, Fukushima Medical University Hospital, Fukushima, 960-1295 Japan
| | - Shinichi Suzuki
- 2Thyroid and Endocrinology Center, Fukushima Medical University Hospital, Fukushima, 960-1295 Japan.,3Department of Thyroid and Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295 Japan
| | - Hiroki Shimura
- 1Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295 Japan.,2Thyroid and Endocrinology Center, Fukushima Medical University Hospital, Fukushima, 960-1295 Japan
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Yuen LY, Chan MHM, Sahota DS, Lit LCW, Ho CS, Ma RCW, Tam WH. Development of Gestational Age-Specific Thyroid Function Test Reference Intervals in Four Analytic Platforms Through Multilevel Modeling. Thyroid 2020; 30:598-608. [PMID: 31910112 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: A population-based reference interval (RI) of thyroid hormones in pregnancy using a standardized methodology is crucial for clinicians to make accurate diagnoses and important for the comparison of test results obtained from different analytic platforms. Methods: We enrolled 600 healthy Chinese women to obtain longitudinal serum samples across gestation, after exclusion of subjects with antibodies to thyroid peroxidase, thyroglobulin or thyrotropin receptor. Gestational age-specific RIs were constructed by using polynomial regression equations with MLwiN. Results: Free thyroxine (fT4) levels rose to a peak at the 7th-8th gestational weeks and then declined gradually till 28th week, while thyrotropin (TSH) level decreased from early pregnancy to a nadir at the 9th week. The data support the recent notion by the American Thyroid Association to raise the TSH upper RI to 4.0 mIU/L. We also demonstrate that thyroid hormone reference ranges are not affected in a mildly iodine-deficient population and by including women with the presence of antibodies against thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin who are otherwise healthy. Conclusions: The study highlights a methodology in constructing gestational age-specific thyroid function test RIs on different analytic platforms to provide a better interpretation and comparison of results obtained across different platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Yuk Yuen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Michael Ho Ming Chan
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Daljit Singh Sahota
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Lydia Choi Wan Lit
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Chung Shun Ho
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Ronald Ching Wan Ma
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Wing Hung Tam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
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Thapa M, Adhikari S, Na S, Yoon H, Lee W. Stereoselective Determination of Thyroxine Enantiomers on Chiral Crown Ether Column by UPLC‐ESI‐Tandem Mass Spectrometry. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maheshwor Thapa
- College of PharmacyDuksung Women's University Seoul 01369 South Korea
| | - Suraj Adhikari
- College of PharmacyChosun University Gwangju 61452 South Korea
| | - Seonghoon Na
- College of PharmacyDuksung Women's University Seoul 01369 South Korea
| | - Hye‐Ran Yoon
- College of PharmacyDuksung Women's University Seoul 01369 South Korea
| | - Wonjae Lee
- College of PharmacyChosun University Gwangju 61452 South Korea
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Grova N, Wang X, Hardy E, Palazzi P, Chata C, Appenzeller B. Ultra performance liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometer method applied to the analysis of both thyroid and steroid hormones in human hair. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1612:460648. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Sun Q, Avallone L, Stolze B, Araque KA, Özarda Y, Jonklaas J, Parikh T, Welsh K, Masika L, Soldin SJ. Demonstration of reciprocal diurnal variation in human serum T3 and rT3 concentration demonstrated by mass spectrometric analysis and establishment of thyroid hormone reference intervals. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2020; 11:2042018820922688. [PMID: 32523672 PMCID: PMC7257839 DOI: 10.1177/2042018820922688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been a wide range of reference intervals proposed in previous literature for thyroid hormones due to large between-assay variability of immunoassays, as well as lack of correction for collection time. We provided the diurnal reference intervals for five thyroid hormones, namely total thyroxine (TT4), total triiodothyronine (TT3), free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and reverse T3 (rT3), measured in serum samples of healthy participants using a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. METHODS Couplet serum samples (a.m. and p.m.) were collected from 110 healthy females and 49 healthy males. Healthy volunteers were recruited from four participating centers between 2016 and 2018. Measurements of thyroid hormones were obtained by LC-MS/MS analysis. RESULTS Our study revealed significant uptrend in AM to PM FT4 (p < 0.0001) samples, downtrend in AM to PM TT3 (p = 0.0004) and FT3 samples (p < 0.0001), and AM to PM uptrend in rT3 samples (p < 0.0001). No difference was observed for TT4 between AM and PM. No significant sex differences were seen for any of the five thyroid hormones. CONCLUSION When diagnosing thyroid disorders, it is important to have accurate measurement of thyroid hormones, and to acknowledge the diurnal fluctuation found, especially for FT3. Our study highlights the importance of standardization of collection times and implementation of LC-MS/MS in thyroid hormone measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Pathology, William Beaumont Hospital, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, MI, USA
| | - Lívia Avallone
- Clinical laboratory, Hospital São Camilo, Dasa, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Brian Stolze
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Katherine A. Araque
- Endocrinology Pituitary Disorders Center, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Yesim Özarda
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Jacqueline Jonklaas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Toral Parikh
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kerry Welsh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Likhona Masika
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology/National Health Laboratory Service Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hypothyroidism is a highly prevalent endocrine disorder in the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) population, yet many cases may remain latent and undiagnosed. RECENT FINDINGS Epidemiologic data show that there is a nearly five-fold higher prevalence of hypothyroidism in advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients vs. those without CKD. Given that the metabolism, degradation, and excretion of thyroid hormone and its metabolites, as well as the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis may be altered in ESRD, certain considerations should be made when interpreting thyroid functional tests in these patients. Growing evidence shows that hypothyroidism and other thyroid functional test derangements are associated with higher risk of cardiovascular disease, worse patient-centered outcomes, and survival in the advanced CKD population, including those with ESRD. Although limited data examining treatment of hypothyroidism suggests benefit, further studies of the efficacy and safety of thyroid hormone supplementation, including clinical trials and rigorous longitudinal observational studies are needed to inform the management of thyroid dysfunction in CKD. SUMMARY Given the high burden of hypothyroidism in ESRD patients, and potential ill effects on their cardiovascular health, patient-centered outcomes, and survival, further research is needed to inform the optimal management of thyroid dysfunction in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie M. Rhee
- Harold Simmons Center for Chronic Disease Research and Epidemiology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA
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Recent progress in the sensing techniques for the detection of human thyroid stimulating hormone. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Gao W, Penz M, Wekenborg M, Walther A, Kirschbaum C. Determination of thyroid hormones in human hair with online SPE LC-MS/MS: Analytical protocol and application in study of burnout. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 106:129-137. [PMID: 30978532 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) play a key role within the endocrine system. Incorporated biomarkers in hair can reflect endogenous excretion patterns over several months. We present an online solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (online SPE-LC-MS/MS) method for quantification of THs in human hair and test it in the volunteers suffering from different severity of burnout symptom. THs were extracted from 7.5 mg hair by methanol incubation. Extracts were analyzed with LC-MS/MS in positive electrospray ionization mode. Burnout symptoms were assessed with the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS). THs levels were determined in 208 hair samples from adults and related to individual MBI-GS score. Intra- and inter-day coefficients of variance were between 3.1% and 10.2%. The recoveries of this method were between 88.5% and 102.1%. Hair T4 levels correlated significantly with total and free T4 in plasma. Participants with high degree of burnout had significantly higher hair T4 levels and lower T3/T4 ratio compared to those with no or moderate degree of burnout. A trend towards higher hair T3 levels was observed in subjects with high burnout score. Hair T4 levels showed a significant positive relationship with MBI-GS score, whereas no significant correlation emerged for hair T3 levels. The negative correlation between T3/T4 ratio and MBI-GS score was also significant. We have developed an online SPE-LC-MS/MS method for measurement of THs in human hair, allowing high analytical specificity and sensitivity. The novel finding of hair THs levels from individuals suffering from chronic stress in burnout underscores the relevance of this method for medical and psychological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Department of Biological Psychology, TU Dresden, Germany.
| | - Marlene Penz
- Department of Biological Psychology, TU Dresden, Germany
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Reardon AJF, Khodayari Moez E, Dinu I, Goruk S, Field CJ, Kinniburgh DW, MacDonald AM, Martin JW. Longitudinal analysis reveals early-pregnancy associations between perfluoroalkyl sulfonates and thyroid hormone status in a Canadian prospective birth cohort. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 129:389-399. [PMID: 31150980 PMCID: PMC6859374 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Serum perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) have been linked to disruption of maternal thyroid hormone homeostasis, but results have varied between studies which we hypothesized was due to timing of the thyroid hormone measurements, variability in PFAA isomer patterns, or presence of other stressors. In a longitudinal study design, we investigated the time-dependency of associations between PFAA isomers and thyroid hormones during pregnancy and post-partum while considering thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) status and mercury (Hg) co-exposure. In participants of a prospective Canadian birth cohort (n = 494), free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and TPOAb were quantified in maternal plasma collected in each trimester and 3-months postpartum, and 25 PFAAs (15 linear and 10 branched) and Hg were quantified in samples collected during the second trimester. Perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) and total branched isomers of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were positively associated with TSH in mixed-effect models, with strongest associations early in gestation. Throughout pregnancy and post-partum, PFHxS was inversely associated with FT4, consistent with elevated TSH, while Hg was inversely associated with FT3. In TPOAb-positive women, negative associations were found between PFUnA and FT4, and 1m-PFOS and TSH, supporting previous studies that thyroid disorder could increase susceptibility to PFAA-mediated hormone dysregulation. Hg did not confound associations but was a significant interaction term, revealing further positive associations between PFOS isomers (∑3m+4m-PFOS) and TSH. Higher perfluoroalkyl sulfonate exposures were associated with higher TSH and/or lower FT4, strongly suggestive that PFHxS and branched PFOS isomers are risk factors for subclinical maternal hypothyroidism. Isomer-specific analysis is important in future studies, as crude measures of 'total-PFOS' masked the associations of branched isomers. A concerning result was for PFHxS which had consistent negative associations with FT4 at all time points and a positive association with TSH in early pregnancy when fetal development is most sensitive to disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J F Reardon
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Irina Dinu
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Susan Goruk
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Catherine J Field
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David W Kinniburgh
- Alberta Centre for Toxicology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amy M MacDonald
- Alberta Centre for Toxicology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jonathan W Martin
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Serei VD, Marshall I, Carayannopoulos MO. Heterophile antibody interference affecting multiple Roche immunoassays: A case study. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 497:125-129. [PMID: 31325446 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analysis of many clinically important analytes is dependent on antibody-based assays. However, depending on the design, these assays are vulnerable to interference from endogenous molecules including circulating antibodies and free biotin. In this case report, we describe a patient whose laboratory findings from immunoassay based methodologies, are inconsistent with the clinical presentation. CASE PRESENTATION A 14-year-old male was referred to Pediatric Endocrinology for suspected hyperthyroidism based on critically elevated free thyroxine (fT4) levels although clinical assessment was inconsistent with hyperthyroidism. Because repeat testing was discrepant, Endocrinology questioned the validity of the results prompting consultation with the laboratory to investigate the source of the inconsistent findings. Review of discordant results revealed that fT4 levels measured in laboratories utilizing Roche instrumentation were critically high, while results from laboratories using alternative platforms (i.e. Siemens Centaur) were within normal limits. CONCLUSION After a comprehensive evaluation which included testing of paired specimens on multiple platforms, measurement of serially diluted specimens and a formal evaluation for the presence of heterophile antibodies, it was determined that a heterophile antibody interference was the most likely cause of the aberrant results in this patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virian D Serei
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
| | - Ian Marshall
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
| | - Mary O Carayannopoulos
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America.
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38
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Li AA, Makris SL, Marty MS, Strauss V, Gilbert ME, Blacker A, Zorrilla LM, Coder PS, Hannas B, Lordi S, Schneider S. Practical considerations for developmental thyroid toxicity assessments: What's working, what's not, and how can we do better? Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 106:111-136. [PMID: 31018155 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs; T3 and T4) play a role in development of cardiovascular, reproductive, immune and nervous systems. Thus, interpretation of TH changes from rodent studies (during pregnancy, in fetuses, neonates, and adults) is critical in hazard characterization and risk assessment. A roundtable session at the 2017 Society of Toxicology (SOT) meeting brought together academic, industry and government scientists to share knowledge and different perspectives on technical and data interpretation issues. Data from a limited group of laboratories were compiled for technical discussions on TH measurements, including good practices for reliable serum TH data. Inter-laboratory historical control data, derived from immunoassays or mass spectrometry methods, revealed: 1) assay sensitivities vary within and across methodologies; 2) TH variability is similar across animal ages; 3) laboratories generally achieve sufficiently sensitive TH quantitation levels, although issues remain for lower levels of serum TH and TSH in fetuses and postnatal day 4 pups; thus, assay sensitivity is critical at these life stages. Best practices require detailed validation of rat serum TH measurements across ages to establish assay sensitivity and precision, and identify potential matrix effects. Finally, issues related to data interpretation for biological understanding and risk assessment were discussed, but their resolution remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby A Li
- Exponent Inc., 1010 14th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94114, USA.
| | - Susan L Makris
- US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave NW 8623R, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | - M Sue Marty
- The Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology & Environmental Research and Consulting, 1803 Building, Midland, MI, 48674, USA.
| | - Volker Strauss
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - Mary E Gilbert
- US Environmental Protection Agency, National Health Environmental Effects Research Lab, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, MD B105 05, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Ann Blacker
- Bayer CropScience, P.O. Box 12014, RTP, NC, 27709, USA.
| | | | - Pragati S Coder
- Charles River Laboratories, Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology, 1407 George Road, Ashland, OH, 44805, USA.
| | - Bethany Hannas
- The Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology & Environmental Research and Consulting, 1803 Building, Midland, MI, 48674, USA.
| | - Sheri Lordi
- Charles River Laboratories International, 251 Ballardvale Street, Wilmington, MA, 01887, USA.
| | - Steffen Schneider
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
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39
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Domenech-Coca C, Mariné-Casadó R, Caimari A, Arola L, del Bas JM, Bladé C, Rodriguez-Naranjo MI. Dual liquid-liquid extraction followed by LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of melatonin, cortisol, triiodothyronine, thyroxine and testosterone levels in serum: Applications to a photoperiod study in rats. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1108:11-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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40
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Lorenzini L, Nguyen NM, Sacripanti G, Serni E, Borsò M, Saponaro F, Cecchi E, Simoncini T, Ghelardoni S, Zucchi R, Saba A. Assay of Endogenous 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine (3,5-T 2) and 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine (3,3'-T 2) in Human Serum: A Feasibility Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:88. [PMID: 30837954 PMCID: PMC6389606 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine (3,5-T2) is an endogenous derivative of thyroid hormone with potential metabolic effects. It has been detected in human blood by immunological methods, but a reliable assay based on mass spectrometry (MS), which is now regarded as the gold standard in clinical chemistry, is not available yet. Therefore, we aimed at developing a novel ad-hoc optimized method to quantitate 3,5-T2 and its isomers by MS in human serum. Serum samples were obtained from 28 healthy subjects. Two ml of serum were deproteinized with acetonitrile and then subjected to an optimized solid phase extraction-based procedure. To lower background noise, the samples were furtherly cleaned by hexane washing and acetonitrile precipitation of residual proteins. 3,5-T2 and its isomers 3,3'-T2 and 3',5'-T2 were then analyzed by HPLC coupled to tandem MS. Accuracy and precision for T2 assay were 88-104% and 95-97%, respectively. Recovery and matrix effect averaged 78% and +8%, respectively. 3,5-T2 was detected in all samples and its concentration averaged (mean ± SEM) 41 ± 5 pg/ml, i.e., 78 ± 9 pmol/l. In the same samples the concentration of 3,3'-T2 averaged 133±15 pg/ml, i.e., 253±29 pmol/l, while 3',5'-T2 was not detected. 3,5-T2 concentration was significantly related to 3,3'-T2 concentration (r = 0.540, P < 0.01), while no significant correlation was observed with either T3 or T4 in a subset of patients in which these hormones were assayed. In conclusion, our method is able to quantify 3,5-T2 and 3,3'-T2 in human serum. Their concentrations lie in the subnanomolar range, and a significant correlation was detected between these two metabolites in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Enrico Serni
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Borsò
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Saponaro
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- *Correspondence: Federica Saponaro
| | - Elena Cecchi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Simoncini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Riccardo Zucchi
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Riccardo Zucchi
| | - Alessandro Saba
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Alessandro Saba
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41
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Frare C, Jenkins ME, Soldin SJ, Drew KL. The Raphe Pallidus and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis Gate Seasonal Changes in Thermoregulation in the Hibernating Arctic Ground Squirrel ( Urocitellus parryii). Front Physiol 2018; 9:1747. [PMID: 30618783 PMCID: PMC6299024 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermoregulation is necessary to maintain energy homeostasis. The novel discovery of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in humans has increased research interests in better understanding BAT thermogenesis to restore energy balance in metabolic disorders. The hibernating Arctic ground squirrel (AGS) offers a novel approach to investigate BAT thermogenesis. AGS seasonally increase their BAT mass to increase the ability to generate heat during interbout arousals. The mechanisms promoting the seasonal changes in BAT thermogenesis are not well understood. BAT thermogenesis is regulated by the raphe pallidus (rPA) and by thyroid hormones produced by the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis. Here, we investigate if the HPT axis and the rPA undergo seasonal changes to modulate BAT thermogenesis in hibernation. We used histological analysis and tandem mass spectrometry to assess activation of the HPT axis and immunohistochemistry to measure neuronal activation. We found an increase in HPT axis activation in fall and in response to pharmacologically induced torpor when adenosine A1 receptor agonist was administered in winter. By contrast, the rPA neuronal activation was lower in winter in response to pharmacologically induced torpor. Activation of the rPA was also lower in winter compared to the other seasons. Our results suggest that thermogenic capacity develops during fall as the HPT axis is activated to reach maximum capacity in winter seen by increased free thyroid hormones in response to cooling. However, thermogenesis is inhibited during torpor as sympathetic premotor neuronal activation is lower in winter, until arousal when inhibition of thermogenesis is relieved. These findings describe seasonal modulation of thermoregulation that conserves energy through attenuated sympathetic drive, but retains heat generating capacity through activation of the HPT axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Frare
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States.,Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States
| | - Mackenzie E Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States
| | - Steven J Soldin
- National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Kelly L Drew
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States.,Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States
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42
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Banerjee S. Ambient ionization mass spectrometry imaging for disease diagnosis: Excitements and challenges. J Biosci 2018; 43:731-738. [PMID: 30207318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tissue analysis in histology is extremely important and also considered to be a gold standard to diagnose and prognosticate several diseases including cancer. Intraoperative evaluation of surgical margin of tumor also relies on frozen section histopathology, which is time consuming, challenging and often subjective. Recent development in the ambient ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) technique has enabled us to simultaneously visualize hundreds to thousands of molecules (ion images) in the biopsy specimen, which are strikingly different and more powerful than the single optical tissue image analysis in conventional histopathology. This paper will highlight the emergence of the desorption electrospray ionization MSI (DESI-MSI) technique, which is label-free, requires minimal or no sample preparation and operates under ambient conditions. DESI-MSI can record ion images of lipid/metabolite distributions on biopsy specimens, providing a wealth of diagnostic information based on differential distributions of these molecular species in healthy and unhealthy tissues. Remarkable success of this technology in rapidly evaluating the cancer margin intraoperatively with very high accuracy also promises to bring this imaging technique from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibdas Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati, Karakambadi Road, Tirupati 517 507, India,
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43
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Banerjee S. Ambient ionization mass spectrometry imaging for disease diagnosis: Excitements and challenges. J Biosci 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-018-9785-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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44
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Poulsen R, Cedergreen N, Hayes T, Hansen M. Nitrate: An Environmental Endocrine Disruptor? A Review of Evidence and Research Needs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:3869-3887. [PMID: 29494771 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate is heavily used as an agricultural fertilizer and is today a ubiquitous environmental pollutant. Environmental endocrine effects caused by nitrate have received increasing attention over the last 15 years. Nitrate is hypothesized to interfere with thyroid and steroid hormone homeostasis and developmental and reproductive end points. The current review focuses on aquatic ecotoxicology with emphasis on field and laboratory controlled in vitro and in vivo studies. Furthermore, nitrate is just one of several forms of nitrogen that is present in the environment and many of these are quickly interconvertible. Therefore, the focus is additionally confined to the oxidized nitrogen species (nitrate, nitrite and nitric oxide). We reviewed 26 environmental toxicology studies and our main findings are (1) nitrate has endocrine disrupting properties and hypotheses for mechanisms exist, which warrants for further investigations; (2) there are issues determining actual nitrate-speciation and abundance is not quantified in a number of studies, making links to speciation-specific effects difficult; and (3) more advanced analytical chemistry methodologies are needed both for exposure assessment and in the determination of endocrine biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Poulsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Thorvaldsensvej 40 , 1871 Frederiksberg , Denmark
| | - Nina Cedergreen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Thorvaldsensvej 40 , 1871 Frederiksberg , Denmark
| | - Tyrone Hayes
- Laboratory for Integrative Studies in Amphibian Biology, Molecular Toxicology, Group in Endocrinology, Energy and Resources Group, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, and Department of Integrative Biology , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Martin Hansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Thorvaldsensvej 40 , 1871 Frederiksberg , Denmark
- Laboratory for Integrative Studies in Amphibian Biology, Molecular Toxicology, Group in Endocrinology, Energy and Resources Group, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, and Department of Integrative Biology , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Department of Environmental Science , Aarhus University , 4000 Roskilde , Denmark
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45
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Determination of free thyroid hormones in animal serum/plasma using ultrafiltration in combination with ultra-fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1539:30-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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46
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Richards K, Rijntjes E, Rathmann D, Köhrle J. Avoiding the pitfalls when quantifying thyroid hormones and their metabolites using mass spectrometric methods: The role of quality assurance. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 458:44-56. [PMID: 28153800 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This short review aims to assess the application of basic quality assurance (QA) principles in published thyroid hormone bioanalytical methods using mass spectrometry (MS). The use of tandem MS, in particular linked to liquid chromatography has become an essential bioanalytical tool for the thyroid hormone research community. Although basic research laboratories do not usually work within the constraints of a quality management system and regulated environment, all of the reviewed publications, to a lesser or greater extent, document the application of QA principles to the MS methods described. After a brief description of the history of MS in thyroid hormone analysis, the article reviews the application of QA to published bioanalytical methods from the perspective of selectivity, accuracy, precision, recovery, instrument calibration, matrix effects, sensitivity and sample stability. During the last decade the emphasis has shifted from developing methods for the determination of L-thyroxine (T4) and 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3), present in blood serum/plasma in the 1-100 nM concentration range, to metabolites such as 3-iodo-L-thyronamine (3-T1AM), 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine (3,5-T2) and 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine (3,3'-T2). These metabolites seem likely to be present in the low pM concentrations; consequently, QA parameters such as selectivity and sensitivity become more critical. The authors conclude that improvements, particularly in the areas of analyte selectivity, matrix effect measurement/documentation and analyte recovery would be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Richards
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eddy Rijntjes
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Rathmann
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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47
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Rutigliano G, Zucchi R. Cardiac actions of thyroid hormone metabolites. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 458:76-81. [PMID: 28069537 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) have a major role in regulating cardiac function. Their classical mechanism of action is genomic. Recent findings have broadened our knowledge about the (patho)physiology of cardiac regulation by THs, to include non-genomic actions of THs and their metabolites (THM). This review provides an overview of classical and non-classical cardiac effects controlled by: i) iodothyronines (thyroxine, T4; 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine,T3; 3, 5-diiodothyronine, T2); ii) thyronamines (thyronamine, T0AM; 3-iodothyronamine, T1AM); and iii) iodothyroacetic acids (3, 5, 3', 5'-tetraiodothyroacetic acid, tetrac; 3, 5, 3'-triiodothyroacetic acid, triac; 3-iodothyroacetic acid, TA1). Whereas iodothyronines enhance both diastolic and systolic function and heart rate, thyronamines were observed to have negative inotropic and chronotropic effects and might function as a brake with respect to THs, although their physiological role is unclear. Moreover, thyronamines showed a cardioprotective effect at physiological concentrations. The cardiac effects of iodothyroacetic acids seem to be limited and need to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Rutigliano
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy; National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Riccardo Zucchi
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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48
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Comparison of sample preparation strategies for target analysis of total thyroid hormones levels in serum by liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry. Talanta 2017; 164:570-579. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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49
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Accorroni A, Giorgi FS, Donzelli R, Lorenzini L, Prontera C, Saba A, Vergallo A, Tognoni G, Siciliano G, Baldacci F, Bonuccelli U, Clerico A, Zucchi R. Thyroid hormone levels in the cerebrospinal fluid correlate with disease severity in euthyroid patients with Alzheimer's disease. Endocrine 2017; 55:981-984. [PMID: 26902870 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-0897-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Accorroni
- Scuola Superiore di Studi Universitari e di Perfezionamento Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Sean Giorgi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Riccardo Donzelli
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Leonardo Lorenzini
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Concetta Prontera
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Saba
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Vergallo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gloria Tognoni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gabriele Siciliano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Baldacci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ubaldo Bonuccelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Aldo Clerico
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pisa, Italy
| | - Riccardo Zucchi
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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50
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Stefan-van Staden RI, Mitrofan G. Fast screening of whole blood samples for early detection and monitoring of thyroid diseases. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08724a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stochastic sensors based on inulins-ionic liquids, and diamond paste were used for pattern recognition of TSH, and thyroid hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca-Ioana Stefan-van Staden
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science
- Politehnica University of Bucharest
- Bucharest
- Romania
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and PATLAB Bucharest
| | - Grigorina Mitrofan
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science
- Politehnica University of Bucharest
- Bucharest
- Romania
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