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Qureshi G, Khemissa M, Amr G, Bhat R. The Non-conventional Effects of Hypovitaminosis D: A Pandemic Even in Sunlight-Rich Countries. Cureus 2024; 16:e59267. [PMID: 38813297 PMCID: PMC11135140 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.59267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and absorption of Vitamin D play crucial roles in numerous bodily functions, yet deficiencies persist due to factors like insufficient sunlight exposure and dietary inadequacy. Research underscores the significance of lifestyle elements such as diet, sun exposure, and physical activity in maintaining optimal Vitamin D levels. Strategies aimed at tackling deficiencies emphasize supplementation alongside lifestyle adjustments, especially in regions with abundant sunlight like the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Despite the abundance of sunshine in the Arab world, there remains a prevalent issue of Vitamin D deficiency. This problem arises from various factors, including cultural practices such as traditional clothing covering most skin areas, which limit sun exposure, and environmental factors like air pollution that reduce UV penetration. Dietary habits and lifestyle choices also contribute to this deficiency. Dealing with the ongoing pandemic requires a focused effort to enhance awareness. While some individuals may recognize common diseases caused by Vitamin D deficiency, such as rickets and osteomalacia, many remain unaware of the broader health risks associated with the condition, including non-skeletal manifestations. Additionally, there is a lack of understanding regarding the numerous hidden benefits of this hormone. Therefore, prioritizing educational initiatives that delve into these aspects is essential to effectively combat the current health crisis. This literature review aims to report both skeletal and extraskeletal consequences of hypovitaminosis and briefly discuss the cause of paradoxical vitamin D deficiency in sunny regions like the MENA. This was done by reviewing pertinent articles published between January 2000 and January 2024, sourced from databases such as PubMed, UpToDate, Scopus, and CINAHL, focusing exclusively on English language literature and using keywords such as "Vitamin D deficiency" and "Extraskeletal manifestations."
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghania Qureshi
- Internal Medicine, Ras al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, ARE
| | - Madjda Khemissa
- Internal Medicine, Ras al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, ARE
| | - Ganna Amr
- Internal Medicine, Ras al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, ARE
| | - Raghavendra Bhat
- Internal Medicine, Ras al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaima, ARE
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2
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Ikram MA, Kieboom BCT, Brouwer WP, Brusselle G, Chaker L, Ghanbari M, Goedegebure A, Ikram MK, Kavousi M, de Knegt RJ, Luik AI, van Meurs J, Pardo LM, Rivadeneira F, van Rooij FJA, Vernooij MW, Voortman T, Terzikhan N. The Rotterdam Study. Design update and major findings between 2020 and 2024. Eur J Epidemiol 2024; 39:183-206. [PMID: 38324224 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-023-01094-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The Rotterdam Study is a population-based cohort study, started in 1990 in the district of Ommoord in the city of Rotterdam, the Netherlands, with the aim to describe the prevalence and incidence, unravel the etiology, and identify targets for prediction, prevention or intervention of multifactorial diseases in mid-life and elderly. The study currently includes 17,931 participants (overall response rate 65%), aged 40 years and over, who are examined in-person every 3 to 5 years in a dedicated research facility, and who are followed-up continuously through automated linkage with health care providers, both regionally and nationally. Research within the Rotterdam Study is carried out along two axes. First, research lines are oriented around diseases and clinical conditions, which are reflective of medical specializations. Second, cross-cutting research lines transverse these clinical demarcations allowing for inter- and multidisciplinary research. These research lines generally reflect subdomains within epidemiology. This paper describes recent methodological updates and main findings from each of these research lines. Also, future perspective for coming years highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Brenda C T Kieboom
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Willem Pieter Brouwer
- Department of Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Guy Brusselle
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Layal Chaker
- Department of Epidemiology, and Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mohsen Ghanbari
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - André Goedegebure
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - M Kamran Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, and Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maryam Kavousi
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rob J de Knegt
- Department of Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Annemarie I Luik
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joyce van Meurs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Luba M Pardo
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Medicine, and Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frank J A van Rooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Meike W Vernooij
- Department of Epidemiology, and Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Trudy Voortman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Natalie Terzikhan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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3
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Pavlou IA, Spandidos DA, Zoumpourlis V, Adamaki M. Nutrient insufficiencies and deficiencies involved in the pathogenesis of bruxism (Review). Exp Ther Med 2023; 26:563. [PMID: 37954114 PMCID: PMC10632959 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress has been well-documented to have a significant role in the etiopathogenesis of bruxism. Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) and subsequent release of corticosteroids lead to increased muscle activity. Neurological studies have demonstrated that chronic stress exposure induces neurodegeneration of important neuronal structures and destabilization of the mesocortical dopaminergic pathway. These disruptions impair the abilities to counteract the overactivity of the HPA axis and disinhibit involuntary muscle activity, while at the same time, there is activation of the amygdala. Recent evidence shows that overactivation of the amygdala under stressful stimuli causes rhythmic jaw muscle activity by over activating the mesencephalic and motor trigeminal nuclei. The present review aimed to discuss the negative effects of certain vitamin and mineral deficiencies, such as vitamin D, magnesium, and omega-3 fatty acids, on the central nervous system. It provides evidence on how such insufficiencies may increase stress sensitivity and neuromuscular excitability and thereby reduce the ability to effectively respond to the overactivation of the sympathetic nervous system, and also how stress can in turn lead to these insufficiencies. Finally, the positive effects of individualized supplementation are discussed in the context of diminishing anxiety and oxidative stress, neuroprotection and in the reversal of neurodegeneration, and also in alleviating/reducing neuromuscular symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Demetrios A. Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Vassilis Zoumpourlis
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Adamaki
- Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
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4
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Guzek D, Kołota A, Lachowicz K, Skolmowska D, Stachoń M, Głąbska D. Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Depression in Adults: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs). Nutrients 2023; 15:951. [PMID: 36839310 PMCID: PMC9963956 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is a nutrient potentially beneficial in the treatment of depression. The study aimed to carry out a systematic review of the studies assessing the influence of vitamin D supplementation on depression within Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs). The systematic review was prepared on the basis of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) database (CRD42020155779). The peer-reviewed studies available within PubMed or Web of Science databases until September 2021 were taken into account. The number of screened records was 8514, and 8 records were included. Two independent researchers conducted screening, including, reporting, and risk of bias assessment using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials. The included studies presented a population of patients with major depressive disorders or general depression, as well as bipolar depression or postpartum depression. The majority of included studies were conducted for 8 weeks or 12 weeks, while one study was conducted for 6 months. Within the large number of included studies, a daily dose of 1500 IU, 1600 IU, or 2800 IU was applied, while within some studies, a vitamin D dose of 50,000 IU was applied weekly or biweekly. Among applied psychological measures of depression, there were various tools. In spite of the fact that the majority of included studies (five studies) supported the positive effect of vitamin D supplementation for the psychological measure of depression, for three studies the positive influence was not supported. A medium risk of bias was indicated for six studies, while a high risk of bias was defined for only two studies, due to deviations from the intended interventions and in measurement of the outcome, as well as for one study, also arising from the randomization process and due to missing outcome data. Based on conducted assessment, it should be emphasized that there are only four studies supporting the positive influence of vitamin D supplementation for the psychological measure of depression of the medium risk of bias, while two studies of a medium risk of bias did not support it. Taking this into account, the conducted systematic review is not a strong confirmation of the effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation in the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Guzek
- Department of Food Market and Consumer Research, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kołota
- Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Lachowicz
- Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominika Skolmowska
- Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Stachoń
- Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominika Głąbska
- Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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5
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Lumsden AL, Mulugeta A, Mäkinen V, Hyppönen E. Metabolic profile-based subgroups can identify differences in brain volumes and brain iron deposition. Diabetes Obes Metab 2023; 25:121-131. [PMID: 36053807 PMCID: PMC10946804 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate associations of metabolic profiles and biomarkers with brain atrophy, lesions, and iron deposition to understand the early risk factors associated with dementia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using data from 26 239 UK Biobank participants free from dementia and stroke, we assessed the associations of metabolic subgroups, derived using an artificial neural network approach (self-organizing map), and 39 individual biomarkers with brain MRI measures: total brain volume (TBV), grey matter volume (GMV), white matter volume (WMV), hippocampal volume (HV), white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume, and caudate iron deposition. RESULTS In metabolic subgroup analyses, participants characterized by high triglycerides and liver enzymes showed the most adverse brain outcomes compared to the healthy reference subgroup with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low body mass index (BMI) including associations with GMV (βstandardized -0.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.24 to -0.16), HV (βstandardized -0.09, 95% CI -0.13 to -0.04), WMH volume (βstandardized 0.22, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.26), and caudate iron deposition (βstandardized 0.30, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.34), with similar adverse associations for the subgroup with high BMI, C-reactive protein and cystatin C, and the subgroup with high blood pressure (BP) and apolipoprotein B. Among the biomarkers, striking associations were seen between basal metabolic rate (BMR) and caudate iron deposition (βstandardized 0.23, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.24 per 1 SD increase), GMV (βstandardized -0.15, 95% CI -0.16 to -0.14) and HV (βstandardized -0.11, 95% CI -0.12 to -0.10), and between BP and WMH volume (βstandardized 0.13, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.14 for diastolic BP). CONCLUSIONS Metabolic profiles were associated differentially with brain neuroimaging characteristics. Associations of BMR, BP and other individual biomarkers may provide insights into actionable mechanisms driving these brain associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Lumsden
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, Unit of Clinical and Health SciencesUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideAustralia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteAdelaideAustralia
| | - Anwar Mulugeta
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, Unit of Clinical and Health SciencesUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideAustralia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteAdelaideAustralia
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical PharmacyCollege of Health SciencesAddis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Ville‐Petteri Mäkinen
- South Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteAdelaideAustralia
- Computational Systems Biology Program, Precision Medicine ThemeSouth Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteAdelaideAustralia
| | - Elina Hyppönen
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, Unit of Clinical and Health SciencesUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideAustralia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteAdelaideAustralia
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6
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Terock J, Bonk S, Frenzel S, Wittfeld K, Garvert L, Hosten N, Nauck M, Völzke H, Van der Auwera S, Grabe HJ. Vitamin D deficit is associated with accelerated brain aging in the general population. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2022; 327:111558. [PMID: 36302278 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2022.111558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with reduced neurocognitive functioning and the neurodegenerative processes. However, existing evidence on brain structural correlates of vitamin D deficiency is controversial. We sought to investigate associations of vitamin D levels with imaging patterns of brain aging. In addition, we investigated whether low vitamin D levels were associated with gray matter volumes, whole brain volumes and hippocampus volumes. Structural MRI data and vitamin D levels were obtained in 1,865 subjects from the general population. Linear regressions were applied to investigate the association of vitamin D levels and vitamin D deficiency with imaging derived brain age, total brain, gray matter and hippocampal volumes. Different sets of covariates were included. Vitamin D deficiency was significantly associated with increased brain age. Also, linear vitamin D levels were significantly associated with total brain and gray matter volumes, while no significant association with hippocampal volume was found. Further interaction analyses showed that this association was only significant for male subjects. Our results support previous findings suggesting that vitamin D-deficient individuals have an accelerated brain aging. In addition, associations between vitamin D levels and total brain/ gray matter volumes suggest neuroprotective effects of vitamin D on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Terock
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, HELIOS Hanseklinikum Stralsund, Stralsund, Germany.
| | - Sarah Bonk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Frenzel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases DZNE, Site Rostock/ Greifswald, Germany
| | - Linda Garvert
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Norbert Hosten
- Institute for Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sandra Van der Auwera
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases DZNE, Site Rostock/ Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hans Joergen Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases DZNE, Site Rostock/ Greifswald, Germany
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7
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Navale SS, Mulugeta A, Zhou A, Llewellyn DJ, Hyppönen E. Vitamin D and brain health: an observational and Mendelian randomization study. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 116:531-540. [PMID: 35451454 PMCID: PMC9348994 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher vitamin D status has been suggested to have beneficial effects on the brain. OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], neuroimaging features, and the risk of dementia and stroke. METHODS We used prospective data from the UK Biobank (37-73 y at baseline) to examine the association between 25(OH)D concentrations with neuroimaging outcomes (N = 33,523) and the risk of dementia and stroke (N = 427,690; 3414 and 5339 incident cases, respectively). Observational analyses were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, month, center, and socioeconomic, lifestyle, sun behavior, and illness-related factors. Nonlinear Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were used to test for underlying causality for neuroimaging outcomes (N = 23,901) and dementia and stroke (N = 294,514; 2399 and 3760 cases, respectively). RESULTS Associations between 25(OH)D and total, gray matter, white matter, and hippocampal volumes were nonlinear, with lower volumes both for low and high concentrations (adjusted P-nonlinear ≤ 0.04). 25(OH)D had an inverse association with white matter hyperintensity volume [per 10 nmol/L 25(OH)D; adjusted β: -6.1; 95% CI: -11.5, -7.0]. Vitamin D deficiency was associated with an increased risk of dementia and stroke, with the strongest associations for those with 25(OH)D <25 nmol/L (compared with 50-75.9 nmol/L; adjusted HR: 1.79; 95% CI: 1.57, 2.04 and HR: 1.40; 95% CI: 1.26, 1.56, respectively). Nonlinear MR analyses confirmed the threshold effect of 25(OH)D on dementia, with the risk predicted to be 54% (95% CI: 1.21, 1.96) higher for participants at 25 nmol/L compared with 50 nmol/L. 25(OH)D was not associated with neuroimaging outcomes or the risk of stroke in MR analyses. Potential impact fraction suggests 17% (95% CI: 7.22, 30.58) of dementia could be prevented by increasing 25(OH)D to 50 nmol/L. CONCLUSIONS Low vitamin D status was associated with neuroimaging outcomes and the risks of dementia and stroke even after extensive covariate adjustment. MR analyses support a causal effect of vitamin D deficiency on dementia but not on stroke risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreeya S Navale
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, Unit of Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Anwar Mulugeta
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, Unit of Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Health Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis, Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ang Zhou
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, Unit of Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - David J Llewellyn
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom.,Alan Turing Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elina Hyppönen
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, Unit of Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
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8
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The Role of Vitamin D in Stroke Prevention and the Effects of Its Supplementation for Post-Stroke Rehabilitation: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14132761. [PMID: 35807941 PMCID: PMC9268813 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypovitaminosis D is a serious public health problem, representing an independent factor in mortality among the general population. Vitamin D deficiency may affect up to one billion people worldwide. Recently, the potential association between vitamin D levels and stroke has gained increasing attention. Many studies suggest that maintaining normal serum vitamin D levels is associated with improvement of the cardiovascular system and a reduction in stroke risk. As a neurosteroid, vitamin D influences brain development and function and immunomodulation and affects brain neuroplasticity. It supports many processes that maintain homeostasis in the body. As stroke is the second most common cause of death worldwide, more studies are needed to confirm the positive effects of vitamin D supplementation, its dosage at different stages of the disease, method of determination, and effect on stroke onset and recovery. Many studies on stroke survivors indicate that serum vitamin D levels only offer insignificant benefits and are not beneficial to recovery. This review article aims to highlight recent publications that have examined the potential of vitamin D supplementation to improve rehabilitation outcomes in stroke survivors. Particular attention has been paid to stroke prevention.
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9
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Saji Parel N, Krishna PV, Gupta A, Uthayaseelan K, Uthayaseelan K, Kadari M, Subhan M, Kasire SP. Depression and Vitamin D: A Peculiar Relationship. Cureus 2022; 14:e24363. [PMID: 35637805 PMCID: PMC9132221 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.24363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a psychiatric disorder characterized by various symptoms that can impact one's quality of life. Vitamin D, a fat-soluble vitamin, is well-known for its role in bone health, and research on its effects on mental health has only recently emerged. Vitamin D deficiency is widespread worldwide, and it has been linked to an increased risk of depression. In this article, we have discussed different hypotheses that explain the role of vitamin D in gene expression and its effects on neurotransmitters and different brain functions. We have reviewed literature that shows us that Vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for depression and explored studies that show us the effects of using or supplementing Vitamin D in preventing depression among various populations.
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10
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Nutrition is a complex exposure (i.e., the food exposome) that influences brain function and health through multiple pathways. We review recent epidemiological studies that have improved the characterization of the food exposome and brain health in humans and have revealed promising nutrition-based strategies to prevent cognitive aging. RECENT FINDINGS A selection of epidemiological research from the past 18 months of both observational and clinical studies is presented, with a focus on novel findings, including novel nutrient and diet patterns, diet-related approaches to rescue brain energetics defects in aging, and biomarker-based studies to decipher specific neurobiological pathways of nutrition and brain health. SUMMARY Although healthy diets such as the Mediterranean diet promote brain health throughout life, specific diets, such as the Mediterranean-Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay diet, or specific nutrients (LC n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids, vitamin D, B vitamins, polyphenols) alone or in combination, may prevent cognitive aging. Diet management approaches to rescue brain energetics defects such as the Modified Mediterranean-ketogenic diet may be promising to prevent neurodegenerative diseases. Expanding research also suggests that promotion of a healthy gut microbiome through prebiotic foods may preserve the diet-gut-brain axis with aging. Future studies should explore more individualized preventive approaches through a 'precision nutrition' framework.
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11
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Lu WH, Giudici KV, Rolland Y, Guyonnet S, Mangin JF, Vellas B, de Souto Barreto P. Associations Between Nutritional Deficits and Physical Performance in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. Front Nutr 2021; 8:771470. [PMID: 34859035 PMCID: PMC8632557 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.771470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Whether multiple nutritional deficiencies have a synergic effect on mobility loss remains unknown. This study aims to evaluate associations between multi-nutritional deficits and physical performance evolution among community-dwelling older adults. Methods: We included 386 participants from the Multidomain Alzheimer Preventive Trial (MAPT) (75.6 ± 4.5 years) not receiving omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation and who had available data on nutritional deficits. Baseline nutritional deficits were defined as plasma 25 hydroxyvitamin D <20 ng/ml, plasma homocysteine >14 μmol/L, or erythrocyte omega-3 PUFA index ≤ 4.87% (lower quartile). The Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), gait speed, and chair rise time were used to assess physical performance at baseline and after 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 months. We explored if nutrition-physical performance associations varied according to the presence of low-grade inflammation (LGI) and brain imaging indicators. Results: Within-group comparisons showed that physical function (decreased SPPB and gait speed, increased chair rise time) worsened over time, particularly in participants with ≥2 nutritional deficits; however, no between-group differences were observed when individuals without deficit and those with either 1 or ≥2 deficits were compared. Our exploratory analysis on nutritional deficit-LGI interactions showed that, among people with ≥2 deficits, chair rise time was increased over time in participants with LGI (adjusted mean difference: 3.47; 95% CI: 1.03, 5.91; p = 0.017), compared with individuals with no LGI. Conclusions: Accumulated deficits on vitamin D, homocysteine, and omega-3 PUFA were not associated with physical performance evolution in older adults, but they determined declined chair rise performance in subjects with low-grade inflammation. Clinical Trial Registration: [https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00672685], identifier [NCT00672685].
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Hsuan Lu
- Gerontopole of Toulouse, Institute of Ageing, Toulouse University Hospital (CHU Toulouse), Toulouse, France.,Maintain Aging Research Team, CERPOP, INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Kelly Virecoulon Giudici
- Gerontopole of Toulouse, Institute of Ageing, Toulouse University Hospital (CHU Toulouse), Toulouse, France
| | - Yves Rolland
- Gerontopole of Toulouse, Institute of Ageing, Toulouse University Hospital (CHU Toulouse), Toulouse, France.,Maintain Aging Research Team, CERPOP, INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Guyonnet
- Gerontopole of Toulouse, Institute of Ageing, Toulouse University Hospital (CHU Toulouse), Toulouse, France.,Maintain Aging Research Team, CERPOP, INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-François Mangin
- CATI Multicenter Neuroimaging Platform, Neurospin, CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Neurospin, Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Bruno Vellas
- Gerontopole of Toulouse, Institute of Ageing, Toulouse University Hospital (CHU Toulouse), Toulouse, France.,Maintain Aging Research Team, CERPOP, INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Philipe de Souto Barreto
- Gerontopole of Toulouse, Institute of Ageing, Toulouse University Hospital (CHU Toulouse), Toulouse, France.,Maintain Aging Research Team, CERPOP, INSERM, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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12
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Boelens M, Croll PH, Voortman T. Response letter to the editor: Associations of vitamin D deficiency with MRI markers of brain health in a community sample. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:5008. [PMID: 34364240 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirte Boelens
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Pauline H Croll
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Trudy Voortman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, the Netherlands.
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13
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Neriman A, Hakan Y, Ozge U. The psychotropic effect of vitamin D supplementation on schizophrenia symptoms. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:309. [PMID: 34130647 PMCID: PMC8204117 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03308-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a multifactorial disease involving interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Vitamin D has recently been linked to many metabolic diseases and schizophrenia. Vitamin D plays essential roles in the brain in the context of neuroplasticity, neurotransmitter biosynthesis, neuroprotection, and neurotransmission. Vitamin D receptors are demonstrated in most brain regions that are related to schizophrenia. However, very few studies in the literature examine the effects of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) on schizophrenia symptoms. METHODS This study aimed to examine the effects of vitamin D replacement on positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Serum 25OHD levels of 52 schizophrenia patients were measured. SANS and SAPS were used to evaluate the severity of schizophrenia symptoms, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: CV4 was used for cognitive assessment. The study was completed with 40 patients for various reasons. The patients whose serum 25OHD reached optimal levels after vitamin D replacement were reevaluated with the same scales in terms of symptom severity. The SPSS 25 package program was used for statistical analysis. The Independent-Samples t-test was used to examine the relationship between the variables that may affect vitamin D levels and the vitamin D level and to examine whether vitamin D levels had an initial effect on the scale scores. RESULTS The mean plasma 25OHD levels of the patients was 17.87 ± 5.54. A statistically significant relationship was found only between the duration of sunlight exposure and 25 OHD level (p < 0.05). The mean SANS and SAPS scores of the participants after 25OHD replacement (23.60 ± 15.51 and 7.78 ± 8.84, respectively) were statistically significantly lower than mean SANS and SAPS scores before replacement (51.45 ± 17.96 and 18.58 ± 15.59, respectively) (p < 0.001 for all). Only the total attention score was significantly improved after replacement (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The data obtained from our study suggest that eliminating the 25OHD deficiency together with antipsychotic treatment can improve the total attention span and positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. The 25OHD levels should be regularly measured, replacement should be started when necessary, and the patients should be encouraged to get sunlight exposure to keep optimal 25OHD levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aras Neriman
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsun Mental Health and Disorders Hospital, Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Yilmaz Hakan
- Department of Psychiatry, Trabzon Kanuni Training and Research Hospital, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Ucuncu Ozge
- grid.31564.350000 0001 2186 0630Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Medicine, Trabzon, Turkey
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14
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Sun D, Tian F. Letter to the editor: Associations of vitamin D deficiency with MRI markers of brain health in a community sample. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:2543. [PMID: 33932801 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongren Sun
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, China.
| | - Fafa Tian
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, China.
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15
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Silva MRM, Barros WMA, da Silva ML, da Silva JML, Souza APDS, da Silva ABJ, Fernandes MSDS, de Souza SL, Souza VDON. Relationship between vitamin D deficiency and psychophysiological variables: a systematic review of the literature. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2021; 76:e3155. [PMID: 34755759 PMCID: PMC8552952 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2021/e3155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays a role not only in calcium homeostasis, but also in several other functions, including cell growth and immune functions, and is considered a neurosteroid. Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent worldwide and has been suggested to be associated with an increased risk of emotional disorders. Therefore, the association between vitamin D levels and psychophysiological disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and mood, has been investigated. To list these variables, a bibliographical literature research was conducted in the MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct and PsycINFO databases, between November and December 2020, with no year limits of publication. The studies involved humans aged between 18 and 59 years without associated diseases. This review presents evidence of the main variables involved in this association, main tools used to verify these variables, and methods used to verify circulating vitamin D levels in populations. Most studies have indicated that the main psychophysiological variables involved with vitamin D levels are depression and anxiety followed by mood, and an association has been observed between increased serum vitamin D levels and reduction in symptoms of depression, anxiety, and mood, and there is a heterogeneity of methods for assessing vitamin D. More studies are clearly needed to improve our understanding of their role in modulating the psychophysiological aspects of vitamin D levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariluce Rodrigues Marques Silva
- Programa de Pos-graduacao em Neuropsiquiatria e Ciencias do Comportamento, Centro de Ciencias da Saude, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, BR
- Centro Integrado de Tecnologias em Neurociencia (CITENC), Centro Universitario Osman Lins (UNIFACOL), Vitoria de Santo Antao, PE, BR
| | - Waleska Maria Almeida Barros
- Programa de Pos-graduacao em Neuropsiquiatria e Ciencias do Comportamento, Centro de Ciencias da Saude, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, BR
- Centro Integrado de Tecnologias em Neurociencia (CITENC), Centro Universitario Osman Lins (UNIFACOL), Vitoria de Santo Antao, PE, BR
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro de Ciencias da Saude, Centro Universitario Osman Lins (UNIFACOL), Vitoria de Santo Antao, PE, BR
| | - Mayara Luclécia da Silva
- Centro Integrado de Tecnologias em Neurociencia (CITENC), Centro Universitario Osman Lins (UNIFACOL), Vitoria de Santo Antao, PE, BR
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro de Ciencias da Saude, Centro Universitario Osman Lins (UNIFACOL), Vitoria de Santo Antao, PE, BR
| | - José Maurício Lucas da Silva
- Centro Integrado de Tecnologias em Neurociencia (CITENC), Centro Universitario Osman Lins (UNIFACOL), Vitoria de Santo Antao, PE, BR
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro de Ciencias da Saude, Centro Universitario Osman Lins (UNIFACOL), Vitoria de Santo Antao, PE, BR
| | - Ana Patrícia da Silva Souza
- Programa de Pos-graduacao em Neuropsiquiatria e Ciencias do Comportamento, Centro de Ciencias da Saude, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, BR
- Centro Integrado de Tecnologias em Neurociencia (CITENC), Centro Universitario Osman Lins (UNIFACOL), Vitoria de Santo Antao, PE, BR
| | - Ana Beatriz Januário da Silva
- Programa de Pos-graduacao em Neuropsiquiatria e Ciencias do Comportamento, Centro de Ciencias da Saude, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, BR
- Centro Integrado de Tecnologias em Neurociencia (CITENC), Centro Universitario Osman Lins (UNIFACOL), Vitoria de Santo Antao, PE, BR
| | - Matheus Santos de Sousa Fernandes
- Programa de Pos-graduacao em Neuropsiquiatria e Ciencias do Comportamento, Centro de Ciencias da Saude, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, BR
| | - Sandra Lopes de Souza
- Programa de Pos-graduacao em Neuropsiquiatria e Ciencias do Comportamento, Centro de Ciencias da Saude, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, BR
| | - Viviane de Oliveira Nogueira Souza
- Nucleo de Nutricao, Centro Academico de Vitoria (CAV), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Vitoria de Santo Antao, PE, BR
- Programa de Pos-graduacao em Nutricao, Atividade Fisica e Plasticidade Fenotipica, Centro Academico de Vitoria, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Vitoria de Santo Antao, PE, BR
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
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16
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Soares JZ, Pettersen R, Benth JŠ, Persson K, Strobel C, Selbæk G, Bogdanovic N. Vitamin D Levels, APOE Allele, and MRI Volumetry Assessed by NeuroQuant in Norwegian Adults with Cognitive Symptoms. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 79:311-321. [PMID: 33252081 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allele ɛ4 of the apolipoprotein (APOE∈4) gene is the strongest known genetic risk factor for late-onset sporadic Alzheimer's disease. A possible relationship between vitamin D and APOE is not yet clear. OBJECTIVE In this exploratory, cross-sectional study, we examined the association between serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and brain volumes and the associations of both serum levels of 25(OH)D and APOE polymorphism to brain volumes in 127 persons (mean age 66 years) with cognitive symptoms. METHODS All subjects were examined with fully automated software for MRI volumetry, NeuroQuant. RESULTS After adjustment for relevant covariates, higher serum 25(OH)D levels were associated with greater volumes of cortical gray matter on both left (p = 0.02) and right (p = 0.04) sides. When both 25(OH)D levels and APOE genotype were used as the main covariates, no significant associations were found between vitamin D level and brain volume in any of the 11 brain regions. In adjusted models, only homozygous but not heterozygous APOE∈4 allele carriers had significantly larger inferior lateral ventricles (p = 0.003) and smaller hippocampal volume (p = 0.035) than those without ɛ4. Homozygous APOE∈4 carriers also had significantly higher vitamin D levels (p = 0.009) compared to persons without the APOE∈4 allele. CONCLUSION Higher vitamin D levels might have a preserving effect on cortical grey matter volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Zugic Soares
- Medical Department, Section of Geriatrics, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Renate Pettersen
- Medical Department, Section of Geriatrics, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jūratė Šaltytė Benth
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Campus Ahus, University of Oslo, Blindern, Norway.,Health Services Research Unit, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Karin Persson
- Department of Geriatric medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Carsten Strobel
- Medical Department, Section of Geriatrics, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Selbæk
- Department of Geriatric medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nenad Bogdanovic
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Karolinska Institutet, Department for Neurobiology, Caring Science and Society, Division of Clinical Geriatrics Novum Research Park, Stockholm, Sweden
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