When a calorie is not just a calorie: Diet quality and timing as mediators of metabolism and healthy aging

An insoluble cellulose nanofiber with robust expansion capacity protects against obesity

An imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure predisposes obesity and its related metabolic diseases. Soluble dietary fiber has been shown to improve metabolic homeostasis mainly via microbiota reshaping. However, the application and metabolic effects of insoluble fiber are less understood. Herein, we employed nanotechnology to design citric acid-crosslinked carboxymethyl cellulose nanofibers (CL-CNF) with a robust capacity of expansion upon swelling. Supplementation with CL-CNF reduced food intake and delayed digestion rate in mice by occupying stomach. Besides, CL-CNF treatment mitigated diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in mice with enhanced energy expenditure, as well as ameliorated inflammation in adipose tissue, intestine and liver and reduced hepatic steatosis, without any discernible signs of toxicity. Additionally, CL-CNF supplementation resulted in enrichment of probiotics such as Bifidobacterium and decreased in the relative abundances of deleterious microbiota expressing bile salt hydrolase, which led to increased levels of conjugated bile acids and inhibited intestinal FXR signaling to stimulate the release of GLP-1. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that CL-CNF administration protects mice from diet-induced obesity and metabolic dysfunction by reducing food intake, enhancing energy expenditure and remodeling gut microbiota, making it a potential therapeutic strategy against metabolic diseases.

Quantification of healthspan in aging mice: introducing FAMY and GRAIL

The population around the world is graying, and as many of these individuals will spend years suffering from the burdens of age associated diseases, understanding how to increase healthspan, defined as the period of life free from disease and disability, is an urgent priority of geroscience research. The lack of agreed-upon quantitative metrics for measuring healthspan in aging mice has slowed progress in identifying interventions that do not simply increase lifespan, but also healthspan. Here, we define FAMY (Frailty-Adjusted Mouse Years) and GRAIL (Gauging Robust Aging when Increasing Lifespan) as new summary statistics for quantifying healthspan in mice. FAMY integrates lifespan data with longitudinal measurements of a widely utilized clinical frailty index, while GRAIL incorporates these measures and also adds information from widely utilized healthspan assays and the hallmarks of aging. Both metrics are conceptually similar to quality-adjusted life years (QALY), a widely utilized measure of disease burden in humans, and can be readily calculated from data acquired during longitudinal and cross-sectional studies of mouse aging. We find that interventions generally thought to promote health, including calorie restriction, robustly improve healthspan as measured by FAMY and GRAIL. Finally, we show that the use of GRAIL provides new insights, and identify dietary restriction of protein or isoleucine as interventions that robustly promote healthspan but not longevity in female HET3 mice. We suggest that the routine integration of these measures into studies of aging in mice will allow the identification and development of interventions that promote healthy aging even in the absence of increased lifespan.

Lifestyle Therapy for Obesity

Lifestyle management of obesity includes nutritional therapy, physical activity, and several intermittent fasting therapies. Effective nutrition therapies include optimized low-fat diets, high-quality ketogenic diets, and energy-restricted diets. Adherence to dietary change remains the most substantial barrier to success; therefore, patients engaging in lifestyle changes require intensive support and resources. Physical activity is shown to have benefits to body composition and disease risk beyond the effects on weight loss. Patients should be guided toward a regimen that is appropriate for their capacity for movement. Multiple intermittent fasting strategies have now been shown to cause substantial weight loss and metabolic health improvement.

Sex-Specific Variation in Metabolic Responses to Diet

Suboptimal nutrition is a leading cause of cardiometabolic disease and mortality. Biological sex is a variable that influences individual responses to dietary components and may modulate the impact of diet on metabolic health and disease risk. This review describes findings of studies reporting how biological sex may associate with or affect metabolic outcomes or disease risk in response to varying dietary macronutrient content, Mediterranean diet, Western diet, and medical very low-calorie diet. Although few dietary interventions have been specifically designed to identify sex-diet interactions, future studies improving understanding how sex influences dietary responses could inform precision nutrition interventions for disease prevention and management.

Effects of calorie-restricted diet on health state and intestinal flora in Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is an autoimmune disease, characterized by abnormal elevation in thyroid peroxidase antibody and/or thyroglobulin antibody. In recent decades, HT disease has become more and more widespread. Patients always report multiple symptoms, even though their thyroid hormone levels are kept in normal ranges. However, no treatment exists to effectively reduce the levels of thyroid antibodies. Our study aims to determine whether calorie-restricted diet is helpful in improving health of HT patients.

METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN

This is a 3-month randomized controlled trial. HT patients will be randomized into a calorie-restricted (CR) group or a calorie-unrestricted control group. All the participants will be instructed to consume a diet that includes a combination of 45-55% calories from carbohydrates, 20-30% from fats, and 15-25% from proteins, according to current Chinese Dietary Guidelines. Participants in CR group need to limit their calories intake equal to their basal energy expenditure, which means that their daily caloric intake will be limited by about 20-30%.

RESULTS

The study population is planned to be 66 HT patients aged 18 to 65 years. The primary outcome is change of thyroid antibody levels from baseline. Secondary outcomes include the changes of non-hypothyroid symptoms scores, thyroid function indexes, morphology of thyroid, T lymphocyte subpopulations, inflammatory biomarkers and lipids from baseline to 12 weeks.

CONCLUSIONS

This trial will have implications for nutrition treatment policy in regard to thyroid antibodies control, immune dysfunction and related non-hypothyroid symptoms improvement among HT patients.

International consensus on fasting terminology

Although fasting is increasingly applied for disease prevention and treatment, consensus on terminology is lacking. Using Delphi methodology, an international, multidisciplinary panel of researchers and clinicians standardized definitions of various fasting approaches in humans. Five online surveys and a live online conference were conducted with 38 experts, 25 of whom completed all 5 surveys. Consensus was achieved for the following terms: "fasting" (voluntary abstinence from some or all foods or foods and beverages), "modified fasting" (restriction of energy intake to max. 25% of energy needs), "fluid-only fasting," "alternate-day fasting," "short-term fasting" (lasting 2-3 days), "prolonged fasting" (≥4 consecutive days), and "religious fasting." "Intermittent fasting" (repetitive fasting periods lasting ≤48 h), "time-restricted eating," and "fasting-mimicking diet" were discussed most. This study provides expert recommendations on fasting terminology for future research and clinical applications, facilitating communication and cross-referencing in the field.

Scheduled feeding improves sleep in a mouse model of Huntington's disease

Sleep disturbances are common features of neurodegenerative disorders including Huntington's disease (HD). Sleep and circadian disruptions are recapitulated in animal models, providing the opportunity to evaluate the effectiveness of circadian interventions as countermeasures for neurodegenerative disease. For instance, time restricted feeding (TRF) successfully improved activity rhythms, sleep behavior and motor performance in mouse models of HD. Seeking to determine if these benefits extend to physiological measures of sleep, electroencephalography (EEG) was used to measure sleep/wake states and polysomnographic patterns in male and female wild-type (WT) and bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic (BACHD) adult mice, under TRF and ad lib feeding (ALF). Our findings show that male, but not female, BACHD mice exhibited significant changes in the temporal patterning of wake and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. The TRF intervention reduced the inappropriate early morning activity by increasing NREM sleep in the male BACHD mice. In addition, the scheduled feeding reduced sleep fragmentation (# bouts) in the male BACHD mice. The phase of the rhythm in rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep was significantly altered by the scheduled feeding in a sex-dependent manner. The treatment did impact the power spectral curves during the day in male but not female mice regardless of the genotype. Sleep homeostasis, as measured by the response to six hours of gentle handling, was not altered by the diet. Thus, TRF improves the temporal patterning and fragmentation of NREM sleep without impacting sleep homeostasis. This work adds critical support to the view that sleep is a modifiable risk factor in neurodegenerative diseases.

Glycative stress as a cause of macular degeneration

People are living longer and rates of age-related diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are accelerating, placing enormous burdens on patients and health care systems. The quality of carbohydrate foods consumed by an individual impacts health. The glycemic index (GI) is a kinetic measure of the rate at which glucose arrives in the blood stream after consuming various carbohydrates. Consuming diets that favor slowly digested carbohydrates releases sugar into the bloodstream gradually after consuming a meal (low glycemic index). This is associated with reduced risk for major age-related diseases including AMD, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. In comparison, consuming the same amounts of different carbohydrates in higher GI diets, releases glucose into the blood rapidly, causing glycative stress as well as accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Such AGEs are cytotoxic by virtue of their forming abnormal proteins and protein aggregates, as well as inhibiting proteolytic and other protective pathways that might otherwise selectively recognize and remove toxic species. Using in vitro and animal models of glycative stress, we observed that consuming higher GI diets perturbs metabolism and the microbiome, resulting in a shift to more lipid-rich metabolomic profiles. Interactions between aging, diet, eye phenotypes and physiology were observed. A large body of laboratory animal and human clinical epidemiologic data indicates that consuming lower GI diets, or lower glycemia diets, is protective against features of early AMD (AMDf) in mice and AMD prevalence or AMD progression in humans. Drugs may be optimized to diminish the ravages of higher glycemic diets. Human trials are indicated to determine if AMD progression can be retarded using lower GI diets. Here we summarized the current knowledge regarding the pathological role of glycative stress in retinal dysfunction and how dietary strategies might diminish retinal disease.

Protein restriction slows the development and progression of pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease

Dietary protein is a critical regulator of metabolic health and aging. Low protein diets are associated with healthy aging in humans, and dietary protein restriction extends the lifespan and healthspan of mice. In this study, we examined the effect of protein restriction (PR) on metabolic health and the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the 3xTg mouse model of AD. Here, we show that PR promotes leanness and glycemic control in 3xTg mice, specifically rescuing the glucose intolerance of 3xTg females. PR induces sex-specific alterations in circulating and brain metabolites, downregulating sphingolipid subclasses in 3xTg females. PR also reduces AD pathology and mTORC1 activity, increases autophagy, and improves the cognition of 3xTg mice. Finally, PR improves the survival of 3xTg mice. Our results suggest that PR or pharmaceutical interventions that mimic the effects of this diet may hold promise as a treatment for AD.

Dietary isoleucine content defines the metabolic and molecular response to a Western diet

The amino acid composition of the diet has recently emerged as a critical regulator of metabolic health. Consumption of the branched-chain amino acid isoleucine is positively correlated with body mass index in humans, and reducing dietary levels of isoleucine rapidly improves the metabolic health of diet-induced obese male C57BL/6J mice. However, it is unknown how sex, strain, and dietary isoleucine intake may interact to impact the response to a Western Diet (WD). Here, we find that although the magnitude of the effect varies by sex and strain, reducing dietary levels of isoleucine protects C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice of both sexes from the deleterious metabolic effects of a WD, while increasing dietary levels of isoleucine impairs aspects of metabolic health. Despite broadly positive responses across all sexes and strains to reduced isoleucine, the molecular response of each sex and strain is highly distinctive. Using a multi-omics approach, we identify a core sex- and strain- independent molecular response to dietary isoleucine, and identify mega-clusters of differentially expressed hepatic genes, metabolites, and lipids associated with each phenotype. Intriguingly, the metabolic effects of reduced isoleucine in mice are not associated with FGF21 - and we find that in humans plasma FGF21 levels are likewise not associated with dietary levels of isoleucine. Finally, we find that foods contain a range of isoleucine levels, and that consumption of dietary isoleucine is lower in humans with healthy eating habits. Our results demonstrate that the dietary level of isoleucine is critical in the metabolic and molecular response to a WD, and suggest that lowering dietary levels of isoleucine may be an innovative and translatable strategy to protect from the negative metabolic consequences of a WD.

The intersection of frailty and metabolism

On average, aging is associated with unfavorable changes in cellular metabolism, which are the processes involved in the storage and expenditure of energy. However, metabolic dysregulation may not occur to the same extent in all older individuals as people age at different rates. Those who are aging rapidly are at increased risk of adverse health outcomes and are said to be "frail." Here, we explore the links between frailty and metabolism, including metabolic contributors and consequences of frailty. We examine how metabolic diseases may modify the degree of frailty in old age and suggest that frailty may predispose toward metabolic disease. Metabolic interventions that can mitigate the degree of frailty in people are reviewed. New treatment strategies developed in animal models that are poised for translation to humans are also considered. We suggest that maintaining a youthful metabolism into older age may be protective against frailty.

Scheduled feeding improves sleep in a mouse model of Huntington's disease

Sleep disturbances are common features of neurodegenerative disorders including Huntington's disease (HD). The sleep and circadian disruptions are recapitulated in animal models, and these models provide the opportunity to evaluate whether circadian interventions can be effective countermeasures for neurodegenerative disease. Time restricted feeding (TRF) interventions successfully improve activity rhythms, sleep behavior and motor performance in mouse models of HD. Seeking to determine if these benefits of scheduled feeding extend to physiological measures of sleep, electroencephalography (EEG) was used to measure sleep/wake states and polysomnographic patterns in adult mice (six mo-old) under TRF and ad lib feeding (ALF). With each diet, both male and female wild-type (WT) and bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic (BACHD) mice were evaluated. Our findings show that male, but not female, BACHD mice exhibited significant changes in the temporal patterning of wake and nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. The TRF intervention reduced the inappropriate early morning activity by increasing NREM sleep in the male BACHD mice. In addition, the scheduled feeding reduced sleep fragmentation (# bouts) in the male BACHD mice. The phase of the rhythm in rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep was significantly altered by the scheduled feeding. The treatment did impact the power spectral curves during the day in male but not female mice. Sleep homeostasis, as measured by the response to six hours of gentle handling, was not altered by the diet. Thus, TRF improves the temporal patterning and fragmentation of NREM sleep without impacting sleep homeostasis. This work adds critical support to the view that sleep is a modifiable risk factor in neurodegenerative diseases.

Protein restriction slows the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease in mice

Dietary protein is a critical regulator of metabolic health and aging. Low protein diets are associated with healthy aging in humans, and many independent groups of researchers have shown that dietary protein restriction (PR) extends the lifespan and healthspan of mice. Here, we examined the effect of PR on metabolic health and the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the 3xTg mouse model of AD. We found that PR has metabolic benefits for 3xTg mice and non-transgenic controls of both sexes, promoting leanness and glycemic control in 3xTg mice and rescuing the glucose intolerance of 3xTg females. We found that PR induces sex-specific alterations in circulating metabolites and in the brain metabolome and lipidome, downregulating sphingolipid subclasses including ceramides, glucosylceramides, and sphingomyelins in 3xTg females. Consumption of a PR diet starting at 6 months of age reduced AD pathology in conjunction with reduced mTORC1 activity, increased autophagy, and had cognitive benefits for 3xTg mice. Finally, PR improved the survival of 3xTg mice. Our results demonstrate that PR slows the progression of AD at molecular and pathological levels, preserves cognition in this mouse model of AD, and suggests that PR or pharmaceutical interventions that mimic the effects of this diet may hold promise as a treatment for AD.

Diet strategies for promoting healthy aging and longevity: An epidemiological perspective

In recent decades, global life expectancies have risen significantly, accompanied by a marked increase in chronic diseases and population aging. This narrative review aims to summarize recent findings on the dietary factors influencing chronic diseases and longevity, primarily from large cohort studies. First, maintaining a healthy weight throughout life is pivotal for healthy aging and longevity, mirroring the benefits of lifelong, moderate calorie restriction in today's obesogenic food environment. Second, the specific types or food sources of dietary fat, protein, and carbohydrates are more important in influencing chronic disease risk and mortality than their quantity. Third, some traditional diets (e.g., the Mediterranean, Nordic, and Okinawa) and contemporary dietary patterns, such as healthy plant-based diet index, the DASH (dietary approaches to stop hypertension) diet, and alternate healthy eating index, have been associated with lower mortality and healthy longevity. These patterns share many common components (e.g., a predominance of nutrient-rich plant foods; limited red and processed meats; culinary herbs and spices prevalent in global cuisines) while embracing distinct elements from different cultures. Fourth, combining a healthy diet with other lifestyle factors could extend disease-free life expectancies by 8-10 years. While adhering to core principles of healthy diets, it is crucial to adapt dietary recommendations to individual preferences and cultures as well as nutritional needs of aging populations. Public health strategies should aim to create a healthier food environment where nutritious options are readily accessible, especially in public institutions and care facilities for the elderly. Although further mechanistic studies and human trials are needed to better understand molecular effects of diet on aging, there is a pressing need to establish and maintain long-term cohorts studying diet and aging in culturally diverse populations.

Quantification of healthspan in aging mice: Introducing FAMY and GRAIL

The population around the world is graying, and as many of these individuals will spend years suffering from the burdens of age associated diseases, understanding how to increase healthspan, defined as the period of life free from disease and disability, is an urgent priority of geroscience research. The lack of agreed-upon quantitative metrics for measuring healthspan in aging mice has slowed progress in identifying interventions that do not simply increase lifespan, but also healthspan. Here, we define FAMY (Frailty-Adjusted Mouse Years) and GRAIL (Gauging Robust Aging when Increasing Lifespan) as new summary statistics for quantifying healthspan in mice. FAMY integrates lifespan data with longitudinal measurements of a widely utilized clinical frailty index, while GRAIL incorporates these measures and also adds information from widely utilized healthspan assays and the hallmarks of aging. Both metrics are conceptually similar to quality-adjusted life years (QALY), a widely-utilized measure of disease burden in humans, and can be readily calculated from data acquired during longitudinal and cross-sectional studies of mouse aging. We find that interventions generally thought to promote health, including calorie restriction, robustly improve healthspan as measured by FAMY and GRAIL. Finally, we show that the use of GRAIL provides new insights, and identify dietary restriction of protein or isoleucine as interventions that robustly promote healthspan but not longevity in female HET3 mice. We suggest that the routine integration of these measures into studies of aging in mice will allow the identification and development of interventions that promote healthy aging even in the absence of increased lifespan.

Epigenetic dynamics of aging and cancer development: current concepts from studies mapping aging and cancer epigenomes

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

This review emphasizes the role of epigenetic processes as incidental changes occurring during aging, which, in turn, promote the development of cancer.

RECENT FINDINGS

Aging is a complex biological process associated with the progressive deterioration of normal physiological functions, making age a significant risk factor for various disorders, including cancer. The increasing longevity of the population has made cancer a global burden, as the risk of developing most cancers increases with age due to the cumulative effect of exposure to environmental carcinogens and DNA replication errors. The classical 'somatic mutation theory' of cancer cause is being challenged by the observation that multiple normal cells harbor cancer driver mutations without resulting in cancer. In this review, we discuss the role of age-associated epigenetic alterations, including DNA methylation, which occur across all cell types and tissues with advancing age. There is an increasing body of evidence linking these changes with cancer risk and prognosis.

SUMMARY

A better understanding about the epigenetic changes acquired during aging is critical for comprehending the mechanisms leading to the age-associated increase in cancer and for developing novel therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment and prevention.

Ketone flux through BDH1 supports metabolic remodeling of skeletal and cardiac muscles in response to intermittent time-restricted feeding

Time-restricted feeding (TRF) has gained attention as a dietary regimen that promotes metabolic health. This study questioned if the health benefits of an intermittent TRF (iTRF) schedule require ketone flux specifically in skeletal and cardiac muscles. Notably, we found that the ketolytic enzyme beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase 1 (BDH1) is uniquely enriched in isolated mitochondria derived from heart and red/oxidative skeletal muscles, which also have high capacity for fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Using mice with BDH1 deficiency in striated muscles, we discover that this enzyme optimizes FAO efficiency and exercise tolerance during acute fasting. Additionally, iTRF leads to robust molecular remodeling of muscle tissues, and muscle BDH1 flux does indeed play an essential role in conferring the full adaptive benefits of this regimen, including increased lean mass, mitochondrial hormesis, and metabolic rerouting of pyruvate. In sum, ketone flux enhances mitochondrial bioenergetics and supports iTRF-induced remodeling of skeletal muscle and heart.

The Diurnal Transcriptome Reveals the Reprogramming of Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells Under a Time-Restricted Feeding-Mimicking Regimen

BACKGROUND

The processes of tumor growth and circadian rhythm are intimately intertwined; thus, rewiring circadian metabolism by time-restricted feeding (TRF) may contribute to delaying carcinogenesis. However, research on the effect of a TRF cellular regimen on cancer is lacking.

OBJECTIVE

Investigate the circadian signatures of TRF in lung cancer in vitro.

METHODS

We first developed a cellular paradigm mimicking in vivo TRF and collected cells for transcriptome analysis. We further confirmed the effect on tumor cells upon 6-h TRF-mimicking (6-h TRFM) by real-time PCR, Lumicycle experiments, CCK-8, and flow cytometry assays.

RESULTS

We found that A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells treated with 6-h TRFM conditions displayed robust diurnal rhythms of transcriptomes, as well as modulation of the core clock genes relative to other different cellular regimens used in this study, including the fasting-mimicking conditions (ie, short-term starvation) and the serum-free regime. Notably, pathway analysis of oscillating genes exclusively in 6-h TRFM showed that some circadian genes were enriched in tumor-related pathways, such as the oxytocin signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, and pentose and glucuronate interconversions. Moreover, in line with the circadian pathway enrichment results, 6-h TRFM robustly inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells, lung adenocarcinoma H460 cells, esophageal carcinoma Eca-109 cells, and breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings provide the first in vitro mimicking medium for TRF intervention and indicate that 6-h TRFM is sufficient to reprogram the circadian signatures of lung adenocarcinoma cells and inhibit the progression of multiple tumors.

Resistance exercise protects mice from protein-induced fat accretion

Low-protein (LP) diets extend the lifespan of diverse species and are associated with improved metabolic health in both rodents and humans. Paradoxically, many athletes and bodybuilders consume high-protein (HP) diets and protein supplements, yet are both fit and metabolically healthy. Here, we examine this paradox using weight pulling, a validated progressive resistance exercise training regimen, in mice fed either an LP diet or an isocaloric HP diet. We find that despite having lower food consumption than the LP group, HP-fed mice gain significantly more fat mass than LP-fed mice when not exercising, while weight pulling protected HP-fed mice from this excess fat accretion. The HP diet augmented exercise-induced hypertrophy of the forearm flexor complex, and weight pulling ability increased more rapidly in the exercised HP-fed mice. Surprisingly, exercise did not protect from HP-induced changes in glycemic control. Our results confirm that HP diets can augment muscle hypertrophy and accelerate strength gain induced by resistance exercise without negative effects on fat mass, and also demonstrate that LP diets may be advantageous in the sedentary. Our results highlight the need to consider both dietary composition and activity, not simply calories, when taking a precision nutrition approach to health.

Advancing the fitness of gut commensal bacteria

Nutrient starvation of beneficial bacteria helps them colonize the human gut.

Diet-induced glial insulin resistance impairs the clearance of neuronal debris in Drosophila brain

Obesity significantly increases the risk of developing neurodegenerative disorders, yet the precise mechanisms underlying this connection remain unclear. Defects in glial phagocytic function are a key feature of neurodegenerative disorders, as delayed clearance of neuronal debris can result in inflammation, neuronal death, and poor nervous system recovery. Mounting evidence indicates that glial function can affect feeding behavior, weight, and systemic metabolism, suggesting that diet may play a role in regulating glial function. While it is appreciated that glial cells are insulin sensitive, whether obesogenic diets can induce glial insulin resistance and thereby impair glial phagocytic function remains unknown. Here, using a Drosophila model, we show that a chronic obesogenic diet induces glial insulin resistance and impairs the clearance of neuronal debris. Specifically, obesogenic diet exposure down-regulates the basal and injury-induced expression of the glia-associated phagocytic receptor, Draper. Constitutive activation of systemic insulin release from Drosophila insulin-producing cells (IPCs) mimics the effect of diet-induced obesity on glial Draper expression. In contrast, genetically attenuating systemic insulin release from the IPCs rescues diet-induced glial insulin resistance and Draper expression. Significantly, we show that genetically stimulating phosphoinositide 3-kinase (Pi3k), a downstream effector of insulin receptor (IR) signaling, rescues high-sugar diet (HSD)-induced glial defects. Hence, we establish that obesogenic diets impair glial phagocytic function and delays the clearance of neuronal debris.

Calorie Restriction Impairs Anti-Tumor Immune Responses in an Immunogenic Preclinical Cancer Model

(1) Background: Although the important role of dietary energy intake in regulating both cancer progression and host immunity has been widely recognized, it remains unclear whether dietary calorie restriction (CR) has any impact on anti-tumor immune responses. (2) Methods: Using an immunogenic B16 melanoma cell expressing ovalbumin (B16-OVA), we examined the effect of the CR diet on B16-OVA tumor growth and host immune responses. To further test whether the CR diet affects the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy, we examined the effect of CR against anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody (anti-PD-1 Ab) treatment. (3) Results: The CR diet significantly slowed down the tumor growth of B16-OVA without affecting both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell infiltration into the tumor. Although in vivo depletion of CD8+ T cells facilitated B16-OVA tumor growth in the control diet group, there was no significant change in the tumor growth in the CR diet group with or without CD8+ T cell-depletion. Anti-PD-1 Ab treatment lost its efficacy to suppress tumor growth along with the activation and metabolic shift of CD8+ T cells under CR condition. (4) Conclusions: Our present results suggest that a physical condition restricted in energy intake in cancer patients may impair CD8+ T cell immune surveillance and the efficacy of immunotherapy.