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Jitsamai W, Kamkong P, Traub RJ, Taweethavonsawat P. New insight into genetic diversity of zoonotic-potential Ancylostoma ceylanicum in stray cats living in Bangkok, Thailand, based on deep amplicon sequencing. Zoonoses Public Health 2024; 71:236-247. [PMID: 38053474 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to characterize feline hookworms from stray cats living in Bangkok. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 56 hookworm-positive faecal samples were identified for hookworm species by using PCR targeting the ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2 fragment and qPCR targeting ITS2. Of 56 samples, 96.4% (54/56) were identified as Ancylostoma ceylanicum and 1.8% (1/56) as Ancylostoma caninum. With qPCR, 89.3% (50/56) were identified as single A. ceylanicum infection and 5.4% (3/56) as coinfection of A. ceylanicum and A. caninum. For genetic characterization of A. ceylanicum, 10 samples were pooled, and the partial COI gene was amplified, followed by deep amplicon sequencing. Five pooled samples were analysed, and 99.73% were identified with A. ceylanicum sequences, which were allocated into 19 haplotypes (AC01-AC19). Genetic diversity findings for A. ceylanicum in Asia revealed that three of eight haplotypes considered of zoonotic significance occurred in humans, dogs, and cats, including haplotypes H01, H20, and H21. The predominant haplotype in this study, AC01, was clustered with H01-a zoonotic haplotype. CONCLUSIONS The diversity obtained by deep amplicon sequencing supported that the A. ceylanicum community had high genetic variation. Deep amplicon sequencing was a useful method to determine source, zoonotic potential, and host-parasite relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanarit Jitsamai
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patchana Kamkong
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rebecca J Traub
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Piyanan Taweethavonsawat
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Biomarkers in Animal Parasitology Research Group, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Štrkolcová G, Ciho A, Kaduková M, Janošková N, Schreiberová A. Intestinal parasites of the endangered European ground squirrel (Spermophilus citellus) populations in Slovakia. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 50:101014. [PMID: 38644045 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.101014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The present pilot research was focused on the detection of intestinal parasites in the ground squirrel populations in various regions of Slovakia. Only a very little information is currently available on the parasitic species composition of the European ground squirrel in Slovakia and across Europe. In the Slovak Republic, there are 70 locations where the ground squirrel populations are present. A total of 600 faecal samples of the European ground squirrels, collected from 36 locations all over Slovakia, were examined by applying the coprological method. The presence of the protozoan coccidian parasite of the Eimeria genus was confirmed in all of the analysed locations. The presence of eggs of four helminths were confirmed: Capillaria spp. (66.6% of locations); the Trichostrongylidae family (42.8% of locations); Hymenolepis spp. (11.9% of locations); and Citellina spp. (7.14% of locations). Dead individuals that were found in the analysed localities were subjected to necropsy and the tissues scraped off their small intestines were stained in order to confirm the presence of parasites. The post-mortem examination of the intestines and the sedimentation of the intestinal contents in a saline solution did not result in the confirmation of the presence of the eggs, adults or the larval stages of parasites. Spermophilus citellus is one of the strictly protected animal species in Slovakia. In recent years, numerous projects aimed at supporting and protecting ground squirrels have been implemented. The present pilot study on intestinal parasites and the subsequent cooperation with environmental activists will contribute to the support and stabilisation of the presence of these animals in our country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Štrkolcová
- Department of Epizootiology and Parasitology and Protection of One Health, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - Andrej Ciho
- Abov - Veterinary Animal Clinic, Jesenského 17, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Michaela Kaduková
- Department of Epizootiology and Parasitology and Protection of One Health, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Nikola Janošková
- Department of Epizootiology and Parasitology and Protection of One Health, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Andrea Schreiberová
- Department of Epizootiology and Parasitology and Protection of One Health, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Slovak Republic
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Mandal S, Mondal C, Ghosh S, Saha S, Ray MS, Lyndem LM. Efficacy of Lactobacillus taiwanensis S29 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum S27 against tapeworm infection in Swiss Albino rats. Exp Parasitol 2024; 259:108715. [PMID: 38336094 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Hymenolepis diminuta a zoonotic tapeworm infection in human remains an important cestode model for anthelmintic study as it display common clinical symptoms like other adult human tapeworms during heavy infestation. The use of Lactobacillus as a probiotic is an alternative to drugs which have increased in research and usage considerably during the last decade. The present study aims to determine the anthelmintic efficacy of two probiotics, L. taiwanensis strain S29 and L. plantarum strain S27 against H. diminuta in infected rat. Four groups of animals, each with six numbers were randomly chosen as the negative control (Group I), positive control (infected) (Group II) and the infected treated with two probiotics Group III and Group IV respectively. Another four groups (Group V-VIII) were selected and further subdivided into four sub-groups to investigate the development of larvae to adult during probiotics treatment. Worm burden, egg per gram were determined after treatment with these two probiotics. Furthermore, hematological assays and levels of biochemical markers were estimated, tissue damage was assayed through histological study and intestinal mitochondria detection was done. Worm sustainability reduced about 70-90% and EPG count decreased by 81-94% in probiotics treated groups. A significant level of unsuccessful establishment of larvae was observed in the developmental phase. Improvement in hematological parameter along with some biochemical parameters in the host were significantly observed after treatment with probiotics. The architecture damaged caused in the intestine and mitochondria density due to parasite infection improved significantly as that of control after probiotics treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeshna Mandal
- Parasitology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, 731235, India.
| | - Chandrani Mondal
- Parasitology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, 731235, India.
| | - Sinchan Ghosh
- Agriculture, Forestry and Ecosystem Services Group, International Institute for Applied System Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria.
| | - Samiparna Saha
- Parasitology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, 731235, India.
| | - Mou Singha Ray
- Parasitology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, 731235, India.
| | - Larisha M Lyndem
- Parasitology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, 731235, India.
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Brustenga L, Morganti G, Baldoni E, Deli G, Rigamonti G, Lucentini L, Diaferia M. High Prevalence of Hymenolepis (Rodentolepis) nana in Amateur Breeding Facilities of Chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera) and Sugar Gliders (Petaurus breviceps) from Italy. Acta Parasitol 2023; 68:913-915. [PMID: 37821728 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00715-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hymenolepis (Rodentolepis) nana is an enteric tapeworm globally widespread in wild and captive rodents. The survey was carried out in three chinchilla breeding facilities and in one sugar glider breeding facility in Central and Southern Italy. METHODS One hundred and four chinchilla fecal pools and 40 sugar glider fecal pools were collected from cages housing breeding pairs or females with their offspring. Fecal samples were examined with a qualitative and quantitative copromicroscopical approach. Hymenolepis eggs were identified based on morphological and morphometrical features, and the average number of eggs per gram (EPG) of feces was estimated. RESULTS Hymenolepis nana eggs were detected in 39.42% of chinchilla samples with an average of 16.33 EPG; whereas, all of the sugar glider samples tested positive with an average of 454.18 EPG. Neither helminth eggs nor protozoan cysts/oocysts were detected in any of the breeding facilities. CONCLUSION The results clearly show a diffuse parasitism in both chinchillas and sugar gliders, and should be taken into consideration given the rising popularity of these two pet species combined with the zoonotic complications presented by H. nana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Brustenga
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giulia Morganti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126, Perugia, Italy.
| | | | | | - Giulia Rigamonti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Livia Lucentini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Manuela Diaferia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126, Perugia, Italy
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Ríos-Valencia DG, Ambrosio J, Tirado-Mendoza R, Carrero JC, Laclette JP. What about the Cytoskeletal and Related Proteins of Tapeworms in the Host's Immune Response? An Integrative Overview. Pathogens 2023; 12:840. [PMID: 37375530 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances have increased our understanding of the molecular machinery in the cytoskeleton of mammalian cells, in contrast to the case of tapeworm parasites, where cytoskeleton remains poorly characterized. The pertinence of a better knowledge of the tapeworm cytoskeleton is linked to the medical importance of these parasitic diseases in humans and animal stock. Moreover, its study could offer new possibilities for the development of more effective anti-parasitic drugs, as well as better strategies for their surveillance, prevention, and control. In the present review, we compile the results of recent experiments on the cytoskeleton of these parasites and analyze how these novel findings might trigger the development of new drugs or the redesign of those currently used in addition to supporting their use as biomarkers in cutting-edge diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana G Ríos-Valencia
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Javier Ambrosio
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Rocío Tirado-Mendoza
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Julio César Carrero
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Juan Pedro Laclette
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
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Adhikari RB, Dhakal MA, Ale PB, Regmi GR, Ghimire TR. Survey on the prevalence of intestinal parasites in domestic cats (Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758) in central Nepal. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:559-571. [PMID: 36346533 PMCID: PMC10029910 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cats (Felis catus) are the only felines that live in close contact with humans. Since cats can act as vectors, carriers, reservoirs and definitive hosts of many gastrointestinal (GI) parasites, parasitic assessment could contribute to their survival and well-being. AIMS The current study aimed to assess the diversity and prevalence of GI parasites in domestic and feral cats from Ratnanagar in Chitwan in Central Nepal. METHODS A total of 107 fresh faecal samples of cats (90 household cats and 17 feral cats) of varied ages and sex were collected and transported to the laboratory. The copromicroscopic examination was carried out following direct wet mount, formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation, saturated salt flotation, acid-fast staining and sporulation techniques. Furthermore, associated risk factors were evaluated to ascertain the predictor of risks for parasitic acquisition. RESULTS The current study revealed an overall 95.3% prevalence rate with a 100% rate in feral cats and 94.4% in household cats. Altogether, 18 (17 known and one unknown) different species of GI parasites were reported with the helminths (95.3%; 11 species) and the protozoa (55.1%; seven species). Besides age and sex, outdoor lifestyle, absence or unknown history of medication and hunting behaviour of the felines are the predictors of risk. Furthermore, mixed infection was comparatively higher than single infection in the faecal samples. CONCLUSIONS Cats harbour a higher prevalence and greater diversity of GI parasites, and parasitism varies with age and sex. This finding can be essential for veterinarians and public health authorities for strategic treatment and for assessing the zoonotic transmission of the parasites from these felines. Importantly, an effective medication strategy for cats and owners is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Babu Adhikari
- Third Pole Conservancy, Bhaktapur, Nepal
- Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences (NAIHS), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | | | | | - Tirth Raj Ghimire
- Department of Zoology, Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Zoonotic helminths - why the challenge remains. J Helminthol 2023; 97:e21. [PMID: 36790130 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x23000020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Helminth zoonoses remain a global problem to public health and the economy of many countries. Polymerase chain reaction-based techniques and sequencing have resolved many taxonomic issues and are now essential to understanding the epidemiology of helminth zoonotic infections and the ecology of the causative agents. This is clearly demonstrated from research on Echinococcus (echinococcosis) and Trichinella (trichinosis). Unfortunately, a variety of anthropogenic factors are worsening the problems caused by helminth zoonoses. These include cultural factors, urbanization and climate change. Wildlife plays an increasingly important role in the maintenance of many helminth zoonoses making surveillance and control increasingly difficult. The emergence or re-emergence of helminth zoonoses such as Ancylostoma ceylanicum, Toxocara, Dracunculus and Thelazia exacerbate an already discouraging scenario compounding the control of a group of long neglected diseases.
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Hymenolepis diminuta Reduce Lactic Acid Bacterial Load and Induce Dysbiosis in the Early Infection of the Probiotic Colonization of Swiss Albino Rat. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122328. [PMID: 36557581 PMCID: PMC9785584 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tapeworm infection continues to be an important cause of morbidity worldwide. Recent metagenomics studies have established a link between gut microbiota and parasite infection. The identification of gut probiotics is of foremost importance to explore its relationship and function with the parasite in the host. In this study, the gut content of hosts infected with tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta and non-infected host gut were disected out to determine their Lactic acid bacterial (LAB) population in MRS agar and microbial community was analysed by metagenomics. The bacterial count was calculated on a bacterial counting chamber and their morphology was determined microscopically and biochemically. Further, to determine the safety profile antibiotic resistance test, antimicrobial, hemolytic activity, and adhesion capability were calculated. We found six dominant probiotic strains and a decrease in LAB load from 1.7-2.3 × 107 CFU/mL in the uninfected group to a range of 8.4 × 105 CFU/mL to 3.2 × 105 CFU/mL in the infected groups with respect to an increase in the parasite number from 10-18. In addition, we found a depletion in the probiotic relative abundance of Lactobacillus and an enrichment in potentially pathogenic Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Streptococcus. Phylogenetic analysis of the six probiotics revealed a close similarity with different strains of L. brevis, L. johnsonii, L. taiwansis, L. reuteri, L. plantarum, and L. pentosus. Thus, this study suggests that the parasite inhibits probiotic colonization in the gut during its early establishment of infection inside the host.
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Guerreiro Martins NB, Robles MDR, Navone GT, Rocío C. Hymenolepidid cestodes: Diversity, morphological and molecular characterization of a new species, and phylogeny of parasitic species of rodents from North and South America. Acta Trop 2022; 231:106480. [PMID: 35452661 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Rodents are hosts of a wide diversity of cestodes. Fifteen genera included in the family Hymenolepididae parasitize rodents, and only four of these genera have been recorded from the Neotropical region. The purpose of this paper is to update species of Hymenolepididae from rodents, describe a new species of Hymenolepis based on morphological and molecular characterization (ITS1 rDNA and cox1 mtDNA), comparing the features among the species from North and South American rodents, and provide phylogenetic inferences of Hymenolepididae from rodents based on sequences available in the GenBank. Rodents were collected in the Parque Provincial Ernesto Tornquist, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Hymenolepis ivanovae n. sp. differs from other Hymenolepis species registered from North and South American rodents by body size, scolex, suckers, cirrus sac, cirrus, testes, and eggs, among others. Comparative morphometric data for Hymenolepis species from North and South American rodents is provided. Molecular analyses place H. ivanovae n. sp. within the genus Hymenolepis with strong support, and show it close to species of zoonotic importance. The new species is the first species of Hymenolepis described from Sigmodontinae rodents.
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Adhikari RB, Ale PB, Dhakal MA, Ghimire TR. Prevalence and diversity of intestinal parasites in household and temple pigeons (
Columba livia
) in central Nepal. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:1528-1538. [PMID: 35352510 PMCID: PMC9297752 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal infection, caused by various protozoans and helminths, represents one of the significant health concerns in pigeons around the world. Objectives The present study aimed to determine the diversity and prevalence of the intestinal parasites in pigeons found in Ratnanagar Municipality, Chitwan, in central Nepal. Methods The fresh faecal samples (n = 155) were non‐invasively collected from different households and temples pigeons The individual samples were immediately preserved in the 2.5% potassium dichromate solution and transported to the research laboratory. Following direct wet mount and concentration methods, the samples were observed under a compound microscope. Results The results showed 87.1% prevalence rate with 16 parasite species that included 8 protozoan and 8 helminth faunae. The faecal samples of temple pigeons contained a higher prevalence rate with higher parasitic richness (95.6%; 16 species) than household pigeons (75.4%; 12 species). Mixed infection up to four different species was recorded in both types of sampling populations. Conclusions Pigeons harbour a greater prevalence and wider diversity of intestinal parasites and the parasitism varies based on the habitats. Proper management and effective deworming practices are recommended to control intestinal parasitic infection in these avian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tirth Raj Ghimire
- Department of Zoology Tri‐Chandra Multiple Campus Tribhuvan University Kathmandu Nepal
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Heo CC, Rafiz AR, Ngui R. A Case of Zoonotic Ancylostoma ceylanicum Infection in a Suburban Area of Selangor, Malaysia. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:564-568. [PMID: 34617193 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00478-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The animal hookworm, Ancylostoma ceylanicum, is a dominant hookworm species of dogs and cats. However, it has increasingly been found infecting humans in Southeast Asia. PURPOSE We report an autochthonous case of A. ceylanicum in a suburban area of Selangor, Malaysia. A 66-year-old Indian lady who is an avid gardener presented with chronic diarrhea of 4 months' duration. METHODS The patient was examined clinically and colonoscopy was performed. Adult parasites obtained via colonoscopy were subjected to microscopy and molecular investigations. RESULTS Clinical examinations were unremarkable, and blood investigation revealed normochromic normocytic anemia. Stool occult blood was positive but negative for ova, cyst and adult parasites. Colonoscopy performed showed multiple diverticulae and worm infestation from the terminal ileum to sigmoid colon. Morphological examination on the adult worms showed the specific characteristics of Ancylostoma species. Molecular investigations further confirmed the nematode as Ancylostoma ceylanicum. She was treated with albendazole 400 mg daily for 3 days with symptomatic improvements sustained 3 months later. It is suspected that the patient had ingested or contacted soil contaminated with filariform larvae while gardening. CONCLUSION Information on the A. ceylanicum infection in humans, especially in urban and suburban areas, is limited, necessitating further epidemiological and clinical studies.
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Molecular identification of the rodent-borne pathogen Rodentolepis nana using the genetic markers of ITS-1, 18 S, and 28 S rDNA. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:1361-1367. [PMID: 34802115 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06966-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rodentolepis nana (syn. Hymenolepis nana), the most common cyclophyllid tapeworm infecting rodents, is a well-studied gastrointestinal parasite in mice and belongs to the family Hymenolepididae. METHODS The present study focuses on the molecular analysis for the nuclear genes (ITS-1, 18 S, and 28 S rDNA) used for the accurate recognition of the recovered Rodentolepis species. RESULTS The annotated partial ITS-1, 18 S, and 28 S rDNA gene regions were deposited in GenBank (gbǀ MW310394.1, gbǀ MW327585.1, and gbǀ MW324479.1, respectively) and further used in the maximum likelihood method (ML) to clarify their genetic relationships at the species level. The interrogation sequence of R. nana was aligned and belonged to the family Hymenolepididae, in the same group as all Hymenolepis species, which were distinct from Cyclophyllidea cestodes, especially species belonging to Anoplocephalidae and Taeniidae. Sequence data support the paraphyly of Hymenolepis species. CONCLUSIONS The phylogeny supports the availability of the ITS-1, 18 S, and 28 S rDNA genes as reliable genetic markers for evolutionary relationships.
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Mathison BA, Sapp SGH. An annotated checklist of the eukaryotic parasites of humans, exclusive of fungi and algae. Zookeys 2021; 1069:1-313. [PMID: 34819766 PMCID: PMC8595220 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1069.67403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The classification of "parasites" in the medical field is a challenging notion, a group which historically has included all eukaryotes exclusive of fungi that invade and derive resources from the human host. Since antiquity, humans have been identifying and documenting parasitic infections, and this collective catalog of parasitic agents has expanded considerably with technology. As our understanding of species boundaries and the use of molecular tools has evolved, so has our concept of the taxonomy of human parasites. Consequently, new species have been recognized while others have been relegated to synonyms. On the other hand, the decline of expertise in classical parasitology and limited curricula have led to a loss of awareness of many rarely encountered species. Here, we provide a comprehensive checklist of all reported eukaryotic organisms (excluding fungi and allied taxa) parasitizing humans resulting in 274 genus-group taxa and 848 species-group taxa. For each species, or genus where indicated, a concise summary of geographic distribution, natural hosts, route of transmission and site within human host, and vectored pathogens are presented. Ubiquitous, human-adapted species as well as very rare, incidental zoonotic organisms are discussed in this annotated checklist. We also provide a list of 79 excluded genera and species that have been previously reported as human parasites but are not believed to be true human parasites or represent misidentifications or taxonomic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaine A. Mathison
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, USAInstitute for Clinical and Experimental PathologySalt Lake CityUnited States of America
| | - Sarah G. H. Sapp
- Parasitic Diseases Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USACenters for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaUnited States of America
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Alomashi GBA, Al-Shabbani AHA, Khayoon SQ. Molecular identification of Hymenolepis spp. in diarrheal patients using RFLP/PCR technique for 18SS ribosomal RNA gene. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Julius RS, Zengeya TA, Schwan EV, Chimimba CT. Geospatial Modelling and Univariate Analysis of Commensal Rodent-Borne Cestodoses: The Case of Invasive spp. of Rattus and Indigenous Mastomys coucha From South Africa. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:678478. [PMID: 34179170 PMCID: PMC8226005 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.678478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor socio-economic and unsanitary conditions are conducive to commensal rodent infestations, and these conditions are widespread in South Africa. Cestode species of zoonotic interest are highly prevalent in commensal rodents, such as invasive Rattus norvegicus, Rattus rattus, Rattus tanezumi, and indigenous Mastomys coucha, and have been frequently recovered from human stool samples. These cestode species have similar transmission dynamics to traditional soil-transmitted helminths (STHs), which ties them to infections associated with poverty and poor sanitation. Univariate analysis was used in the present study to determine the association between rodent-related factors and cestode prevalence, while ecological niche modelling was used to infer the potential distribution of the cestode species in South Africa. Cestode prevalence was found to be associated with older rodents, but it was not significantly associated with sex, and ectoparasite presence. The predicted occurrence for rodent-borne cestodes predominantly coincided with large human settlements, typically associated with significant anthropogenic changes. In addition, cestode parasite occurrence was predicted to include areas both inland and along the coast. This is possibly related to the commensal behaviour of the rodent hosts. The study highlights the rodent-related factors associated with the prevalence of parasites in the host community, as well as the environmental variables associated with parasite infective stages that influence host exposure. The application of geospatial modelling together with univariate analysis to predict and explain rodent-borne parasite prevalence may be useful to inform management strategies for targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolanda S Julius
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Department Science & Technology (DST)- National Research Foundation (NRF) Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology (CIB), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Tsungai A Zengeya
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Department Science & Technology (DST)- National Research Foundation (NRF) Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology (CIB), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - E Volker Schwan
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Christian T Chimimba
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Department Science & Technology (DST)- National Research Foundation (NRF) Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology (CIB), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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The Neglected Cestode Infection: Epidemiology of Hymenolepis Nana Infection Among Children in Rural Yemen. Helminthologia 2020; 57:293-305. [PMID: 33364898 PMCID: PMC7734673 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2020-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hymenolepis nana is the most common cestode reported in humans worldwide. It is prevalent among children in the tropics and subtropics, particularly in rural poor communities where sanitation is inadequate or lacking. This cross-sectional study aims to determine the prevalence and significant risk factors of H. nana infection among children in rural Yemen. Faecal samples were collected from 498 children and screened for intestinal parasites by using wet mount, formalin-ether concentration and Kato–Katz techniques. A pretested questionnaire was used to collect demographic, socioeconomic, housing condition, and personal hygiene information. Overall, 77.5 % (386/498) of the children were found to be infected by at least one intestinal parasite species. The overall prevalence of H. nana was 17.5 % (87/498). Multivariate analysis confirmed that an age of < 6 years (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 4.28; 95 % (confidence interval [CI] = 2.04, 8.98), presence of other family members infected with H. nana (AOR = 2.48; 95 % CI = 1.45, 4.24), living in the highlands (AOR = 2.87; 95 % CI = 1.56, 5.26), living in a house without improved toilet facilities (AOR = 2.19; 95 % CI = 1.23, 3.88), not washing vegetables before consumption (AOR = 2.11; 95 % CI = 1.06, 4.19), and not washing hands after defecation (AOR = 1.88; 95 % CI = 1.08, 3.27) were the key factors significantly associated with H. nana infection among the studied children. In conclusion, H. nana is prevalent among children in rural Yemen, particularly among preschool-aged children. Thus, an integrated and effective programme to control intestinal parasitic infections should include preschool-aged children. Such a programme should focus on providing health education on hygienic practices, providing adequate sanitation and improved sources of drinking water, and screening and treating other infected family members.
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Goudarzi F, Mohtasebi S, Teimouri A, Yimam Y, Heydarian P, Salehi Sangani G, Abbaszadeh Afshar MJ. A systematic review and meta-analysis of Hymenolepis nana in human and rodent hosts in Iran: A remaining public health concern. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 74:101580. [PMID: 33260017 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hymenolepis nana, as a neglected zoonotic helminth, naturally occurs in both humans and rodents. Herein, a systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out to estimate pooled prevalence of H. nana infection among human and rodent hosts for the first time in Iran. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase databases (English articles) and SID and Magiran databases (Persian articles) were systematically searched for relevant studies published from inception till May 24, 2020. Chi2 and I2 index were used to assess the heterogeneity of the included studies. Publication bias was assessed using Egger's intercept and visual inspection of the funnel plot. Pooled prevalence was estimated using random-effects model with 95 % confidence interval (CI) and depicted as a forest plot. STATA software was used for analysis. The overall pooled prevalence estimate of H. nana in humans included 1.2 % (95 % CI = 1.0-1.4%). Subgroup analysis revealed 2.2 % (95 % CI = 1.8-2.6%) and 0.5 % (95 % CI = 0.3 to 0.8 %) of H. nana infection among school children and food handlers, respectively. In terms of rodent hosts, the overall pooled prevalence of H. nana infection included 13 % (95 % CI = 9.3-16.6%). Subgroup analysis revealed the highest rate of the infection was in Rattus spp. (19.6 %; 95 % CI = 10.6-28.6%), a genus with synanthropic behavior. It seems, despite the advancement in sanitation infrastructure and hygiene status, the H. nana infection compares to other helminthic diseases remains a challenging public health problem in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Goudarzi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sina Mohtasebi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aref Teimouri
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Yonas Yimam
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
| | - Peyman Heydarian
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Ghodratollah Salehi Sangani
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Abbaszadeh Afshar
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran.
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18
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Liu Y, Abuzeid AMI, Huang Y, He L, Zhao Q, Zhu S, Zhuang T, Chen X, Li X, Liu J, Li G. Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of aspartyl protease inhibitor from Ancylostoma ceylanicum. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2020; 22:100464. [PMID: 33308749 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Aspartyl protease inhibitors (APIs) from parasitic intestinal nematodes are highly immunogenic and have been suggested as potential vaccine antigens. Ac-API-1 from Ancylostoma caninum showed strong immunogenicity and its polyclonal antibodies could specifically recognize the excretory/secretory products of adult worms. However, little is known about molecular characteristics and biological function of API from Ancylostoma ceylanicum (Ace-API). In this study, the Ace-API mature peptide coding sequence was cloned and expressed, and molecular characteristics of its full length sequence were analyzed. Ace-API cDNA was 684 bp in length, which encoded 228 amino acids. The similarity of the Ace-API amino acid sequence to Ac-API-1 and Adu-API-1 was 96.93% and 96.49%, respectively, and they clustered together in the phylogenetic tree. Escheria coli-expressed recombinant protein was mainly soluble in the supernatant of bacterial cell lysate. Western blot showed that Ace-API protein had good reactivity to the serum of infected dogs. Pepsin inhibition assay revealed that the recombinant protein had inhibitory activity on pepsin. Immunofluorescence results demonstrated that Ace-API was mainly localized to the epidermis, excretory glands, and pseudocoelomic fluid of the adult. Using the quantitative real-time PCR, the expression of Ace-api mRNA in adults was significantly higher than that in the third stage (L3) larvae. Together, these data indicate that Ace-API is secreted extracellularly by the parasite, and might play a role in protecting the parasite against the proteolytic digestion by the host proteases, which stimulate further studies to explore this protein as a potential hookworm vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqiu Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Asmaa M I Abuzeid
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Long He
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Shilan Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Tingting Zhuang
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Xiu Li
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Jumei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Guoqing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China.
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19
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Wongwigkan J, Inpankaew T. Semi-domesticated dogs as a potential reservoir for zoonotic hookworms in Bangkok, Thailand. Vet World 2020; 13:909-915. [PMID: 32636587 PMCID: PMC7311867 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.909-915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Hookworms are parasitic nematodes that live in the small intestine of their mammalian hosts including humans, dogs, and cats. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and perform genetic characterization of hookworms using molecular techniques and to elucidate the risk factors associated with hookworm infections among semi-domesticated dogs residing in temples in the Bangkok Metropolitan Area, Thailand. Materials and Methods: A total of 500 fecal samples were collected from semi-domesticated dogs from 91 temples in 48 districts of Bangkok. DNA was extracted and screened using internal transcribed spacer polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. In addition, samples positive for Ancylostoma ceylanicum were further characterized at the haplotype level based on the analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase-1 gene (cox1). Results: The prevalence of hookworm infections in semi-domesticated dogs was 6.2% (31/500). Hookworm infections were detected in temple-community dogs in 12 of 48 districts (25.0%), with Bang Khen and Lak Si districts having the highest proportion of infected dogs (22.6%). Regarding molecular characterization of hookworm species, 21 positive samples (67.74%) were infected with A. ceylanicum and 10 (32.26%) with Ancylostoma caninum. Characterization of cox1 in A. ceylanicum isolates revealed the presence of a mixture of human and dog isolates. Conclusion: Semi-domesticated dogs act as a potential source of hookworm infections for human and animal populations in Bangkok, Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutamas Wongwigkan
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology: (AG-BIO/PERDO-CHE), Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tawin Inpankaew
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology: (AG-BIO/PERDO-CHE), Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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20
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Al-Olayan E, Elamin M, Alshehri E, Aloufi A, Alanazi Z, Almayouf M, Bakr L, Abdel-Gaber R. Morphological, Molecular, and Pathological Appraisal of Hymenolepis nana (Hymenolepididae) Infecting Laboratory Mice ( Mus musculus). MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2020; 26:348-362. [PMID: 32131927 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927620000161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hymenolepis nana, typically a parasite found in conventionally established mouse colonies, has zoonotic potential characterized by autoinfection and direct life cycle. The objective of this study was to determine the rate of parasite infection in laboratory mice. The hymenolepidide cestode infected 40% of the 50 mice sampled. The rate of infection in males (52%) was higher than in females (28%). Morphological studies on the cestode parasite showed that worms had a globular scolex with four suckers, a retractable rostellum with 20-30 hooks, and a short unsegmented neck. In addition, the remaining strobila consisted of immature, mature, and gravid proglottids, irregularly alternating genital pores, lobulated ovaries, postovarian vitelline glands, and uteri with up to 200 eggs in their gravid proglottids. The parasite taxonomy was confirmed by using molecular characterization based on the sequence analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (mtCOX1) gene. The parasite recovered was up to 80% identical to other species in GenBank. High blast scores and low divergence were noted between the isolated parasite and previously described H. nana (gb| AP017666.1). The phylogenetic analysis using the COX1 sequence places this hymenolepidid species of the order Cyclophyllidea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebtsam Al-Olayan
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Elamin
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Alshehri
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer Aloufi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Research Chair of Vaccines, Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zainab Alanazi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mina Almayouf
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamia Bakr
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Rewaida Abdel-Gaber
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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21
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Betson M, Alonte AJI, Ancog RC, Aquino AMO, Belizario VY, Bordado AMD, Clark J, Corales MCG, Dacuma MG, Divina BP, Dixon MA, Gourley SA, Jimenez JRD, Jones BP, Manalo SMP, Prada JM, van Vliet AHM, Whatley KCL, Paller VGV. Zoonotic transmission of intestinal helminths in southeast Asia: Implications for control and elimination. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2020; 108:47-131. [PMID: 32291086 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2020.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal helminths are extremely widespread and highly prevalent infections of humans, particularly in rural and poor urban areas of low and middle-income countries. These parasites have chronic and often insidious effects on human health and child development including abdominal problems, anaemia, stunting and wasting. Certain animals play a fundamental role in the transmission of many intestinal helminths to humans. However, the contribution of zoonotic transmission to the overall burden of human intestinal helminth infection and the relative importance of different animal reservoirs remains incomplete. Moreover, control programmes and transmission models for intestinal helminths often do not consider the role of zoonotic reservoirs of infection. Such reservoirs will become increasingly important as control is scaled up and there is a move towards interruption and even elimination of parasite transmission. With a focus on southeast Asia, and the Philippines in particular, this review summarises the major zoonotic intestinal helminths, risk factors for infection and highlights knowledge gaps related to their epidemiology and transmission. Various methodologies are discussed, including parasite genomics, mathematical modelling and socio-economic analysis, that could be employed to improve understanding of intestinal helminth spread, reservoir attribution and the burden associated with infection, as well as assess effectiveness of interventions. For sustainable control and ultimately elimination of intestinal helminths, there is a need to move beyond scheduled mass deworming and to consider animal and environmental reservoirs. A One Health approach to control of intestinal helminths is proposed, integrating interventions targeting humans, animals and the environment, including improved access to water, hygiene and sanitation. This will require coordination and collaboration across different sectors to achieve best health outcomes for all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Betson
- University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Rico C Ancog
- University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | | | | | | | - Jessica Clark
- University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Billy P Divina
- University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | | | | | | | - Ben P Jones
- University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
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22
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Panti-May JA, Servían A, Ferrari W, Zonta ML, Hernández-Mena DI, Hernández-Betancourt SF, Robles MDR, Machain-Williams C. Morphological and molecular identification of hymenolepidid cestodes in children and synanthropic rodents from rural Mexico. Parasitol Int 2019; 75:102042. [PMID: 31862425 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.102042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hymenolepidid cestodes of synanthropic rodents represent a risk for public health. In order to describe the occurrence of hymenolepidids in children and the role of rodents as a potential source of infection, we conducted a morphological and molecular survey on cestodes in two rural villages from Yucatan, Mexico. One hundred and thirty-five stool samples from children (64 from Paraíso and 71 from Xkalakdzonot), 233 Mus musculus (159 from Paraíso and 74 from Xkalakdzonot) and 125 Rattus rattus (7 from Paraíso and 118 from Xkalakdzonot) were analyzed for the presence of cestodes. Three hymenolepidid species were identified morphologically: Hymenolepis nana in 7.8% of children from Paraíso, Hymenolepis microstoma in 4.4% of M. musculus from Paraíso and Hymenolepis diminuta in 15.3% of R. rattus from Xkalakdzonot. The molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial cytochrome c subunit 1 (CO1) gene and ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region, confirmed the identity of the three cestodes isolated from Yucatan. Phylogeny of the CO1 gene identified intraspecific genetic differences within H. nana ranging from 0 to 5%, in H. microstoma from 0 to 0.4%, and in H. diminuta ranged from 0 to 6.5% which suggests, the presence of complex species within H. nana and H. diminuta infecting humans and rodents, as reported by other authors. Based on the morphological and molecular results, and the epidemiological evidence, infections with H. nana suggest a non-zoonotic transmission; however, the presence of H. microstoma and H. diminuta in synanthropic rodents serve as a possible source for human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Alonso Panti-May
- Campus de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Andrea Servían
- Centro de Estudios Parasitologicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE-CONICET-UNLP), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Walter Ferrari
- Centro de Estudios Parasitologicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE-CONICET-UNLP), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Lorena Zonta
- Centro de Estudios Parasitologicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE-CONICET-UNLP), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - David I Hernández-Mena
- Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Yucatan, Mexico
| | | | - María Del Rosario Robles
- Centro de Estudios Parasitologicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE-CONICET-UNLP), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Machain-Williams
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales 'Dr. Hideyo Noguchi', Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico.
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The dwarf tapeworm Hymenolepis nana in pet rodents in Slovakia-epidemiological survey and genetic analysis. Parasitol Res 2019; 119:519-527. [PMID: 31848746 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06565-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Rodents are popular companion animals and are often kept as pets for children. However, they can be reservoirs of a variety of zoonotic pathogens. As little attention is being paid to the possibility of acquiring parasitic infections from pet rodents, the occurrence of Hymenolepis nana in rodents from pet shops and breeding clubs of Slovakia was surveyed, with parallel genetic analyses to type isolates from rodent species. In 2016-2018, pooled faecal samples from 119 boxes with 228 mice, 191 rats, 124 hamsters and 25 Mongolian gerbils were collected from 12 pet shops and 3 breeding clubs in five cities of eastern Slovakia. H. nana eggs were detected in 25 (21.0%) boxes. Animals from pet shops were infected more frequently (24.6% positive boxes) than those from breeding clubs (17.2%), without statistical significance. The highest prevalence was recorded in rats from pet shops, where 41.7% of boxes contained parasite eggs. Hamsters and mice in pet shops were also frequently infected; in 23.8% and 25% of boxes, respectively, H. nana eggs were observed. Prevalence in rats and hamsters from breeding clubs was lower, but in mice surpassed 40%. Nine samples with positive PCR products in any of the four DNA regions, mitochondrial cox1 and nuclear pmy, ITS1 and ITS2 targets, gave profiles characteristic of H. nana. The results imply the risk of zoonotic transmission of hymenolepiasis in Slovakia. Particular attention should be given to hygiene level maintained while keeping rodents. Furthermore, rodents intended for sale should be tested for parasites and then dewormed.
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Anthelmintic Potential of Cucurbita pepo Seeds on Hymenolepis nana. Acta Parasitol 2019; 64:276-281. [PMID: 30778840 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-019-00033-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The main drug used against Hymenolepis nana is praziquantel (PZQ), which causes side effects and toxicity. In contrast, natural extracts have limited side effects and are safer. Past researches have proved that pumpkin seeds are effective as natural antimicrobial and antiparasitic treatment. The present study investigates a natural alternative and less expensive treatment against H. nana using pumpkin seeds. MATERIALS AND METHODS Healthy female albino mice were divided into four groups: normal control, infected control with H. nana, infected and treated with PZQ, and lastly, the group infected and treated with pumpkin seeds' extract. RESULTS Pumpkin seeds aqueous extract showed a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the number and length of H. nana adult worms, number and viability of eggs in comparison to the infected control group and PZQ group. Pumpkin seed aqueous extract is proven to be an effective anthelmintic against H. nana. CONCLUSION We recommend pumpkin seed extract as a natural alternative, less expensive and safe therapy for H. nana. This is the first study in Saudi Arabia to investigate the therapeutic effect of pumpkin seeds' extract on H. nana.
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25
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López-Angulo G, Verdugo-Gaxiola SE, Montes-Avila J, Díaz-Camacho SP, Miranda-Soto V, Salazar-Salas NY, Delgado-Vargas F. Bioguided isolation of N-malonyl-(+) -tryptophan from the fruit of Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. that showed high activity against Hymenolepis nana. Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:593-599. [PMID: 30931622 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1590709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Pithecellobium dulce is distributed in America and Asia where is widely used in traditional medicine. This study describes the bioguided fractionation of the methanol extract (ME) obtained from the P. dulce fruit that showed in vitro activity against Hymenolepis nana; Artemia salina assay was used to determine toxicity; and the purified compound was computationally analysed to obtain its absorption-distribution-metabolism-excretion-and-toxicity properties (ADMET). The ME and its fractions were more active than praziquantel (PZQ), and the purified compound was characterized as N-malonyl-(+)-tryptophan (NMT). Parasites treated with NMT showed shorter paralysis and death times (5 and 7 min) than those treated with PZQ (15 and 30 min), both used at 20 mg/mL. Toxicity and ADMET prediction results supported the slight-hazardousness and efficacy of the assayed fractions/compound. This is the first report of the antiparasitary activity of both the P. dulce ME and NMT, showing their potential to treat human H. nana infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela López-Angulo
- School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | | | - Julio Montes-Avila
- School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Sylvia Páz Díaz-Camacho
- Research Unit in Environment and Health, Autonomous University of Occident, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Valentín Miranda-Soto
- Graduate and Research Center, Technologic Institute of Tijuana, Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico
| | | | - Francisco Delgado-Vargas
- School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico
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Shahnazi M, Mehrizi MZ, Alizadeh SA, Heydarian P, Saraei M, Alipour M, Hajialilo E. Molecular characterization of Hymenolepis nana based on nuclear rDNA ITS2 gene marker. Afr Health Sci 2019; 19:1346-1352. [PMID: 31148960 PMCID: PMC6531938 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v19i1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hymenolepis nana is a zoonotic tapeworm with widespread distribution. The goal of the present study was to identify the parasite in the specimens collected from NorthWestern regions of Iran using PCR-sequencing method. Methods A total of 1521 stool samples were collected from the study individuals. Initially, the identification of hymenolepis nana was confirmed by parasitological method including direct wet-mount and formalin-ethyl acetate concentration methods. Afterward, PCR-sequencing analysis of ribosomal ITS2 fragment was targeted to investigate the molecular identification of the parasite. Results Overall, 0.65% (10/1521) of the isolates were contaminated with H. nana in formalin-ethyl acetate concentration. All ten isolates were succefully amplified by PCR and further sequenced. The determined sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers MH337810 -MH337819. Conclusion Our results clarified the presence of H. nana among the patients in the study areas. In addition, the molecular technique could be accessible when the human eggs are the only sources available to identify and diagnose the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Shahnazi
- Department of Parasitology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Majid Zarezadeh Mehrizi
- Department of Parasitology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Safar Ali Alizadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Peyman Heydarian
- Department of Parasitology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mehrzad Saraei
- Department of Parasitology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mahmood Alipour
- Department of Social Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Elham Hajialilo
- Department of Parasitology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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Thas I, Wagner RA, Thas O. Clinical diseases in pet black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus): a retrospective study in 206 animals. J Small Anim Pract 2019; 60:153-160. [PMID: 30740716 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the health disorders seen in captivity in 206 pet prairie dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Review of medical records of pet prairie dogs that were presented to a veterinary clinic in the period January 2002 to December 2011. RESULTS The most frequent diseases were respiratory (28.2%), dental (25.2%), integumentary (22.3%) and digestive (19.4%). The most common clinical disorders were rhinitis, elodontoma, hypothermia, gastrointestinal stasis, diarrhoea, obesity and gastrointestinal tympany. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This listing of clinical diseases will help clinicians focus their disease investigation and increase clinical awareness of prairie dog diseases. There was a high rate of poor or unsuitable husbandry and this was often associated with clinical disease. Of the diseases seen commonly in this study, only elodontoma has been previously reported as being common.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Thas
- DAP Thas, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - R A Wagner
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - O Thas
- Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,National Institute for Applied Statistics Research Australia (NIASRA), Wollongong, New South Wales 2500, Australia
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Gene-based molecular characterization of cox1 and pnad5 in Hymenolepis nana isolated from naturally infected mice and rats in Saudi Arabia. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181224. [PMID: 30670630 PMCID: PMC6367130 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice and rats are animals commonly used in research and laboratory testing. Compared with other animal species, they harbor many more zoonotic agents. Hymenolepis nana (H. nana) is a common tapeworm that parasitizes both humans and rodents. Although this tapeworm is of socio-economic importance worldwide, information related to its mitochondrial genome is limited. The present study examined the sequence diversity of two mitochondrial (mt) genes, subunit I of cytochrome oxidase (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (pnad5), of H. nana in mice and rats from two geographical regions of Saudi Arabia (Makkah and Riyadh). Partial sequences of cox1 and pnad 5 from individual H. nana isolates were separately amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. The GC contents of the sequences ranged between 31.6–33.5% and 27.2–28.6% for cox1 and pnad5, respectively. The genomic similarity among specimens determined via cox1 primer and pnad5 primer was 97.1% and 99.7%, respectively. Based on these primers, our data did not indicate any differences between H. nana from rat and mice isolates. Results demonstrated that the present species are deeply embedded in the genus Hymenolepis with close relationship to other Hymenolepis species, including H. nana as a putative sister taxon, and that the isolates cannot be categorized as belonging to two different groups with origins in Makkah and Riyadh.
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Macchiaroli N, Cucher M, Kamenetzky L, Yones C, Bugnon L, Berriman M, Olson PD, Rosenzvit MC. Identification and expression profiling of microRNAs in Hymenolepis. Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:211-223. [PMID: 30677390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tapeworms (cestodes) of the genus Hymenolepis are the causative agents of hymenolepiasis, a neglected zoonotic disease. Hymenolepis nana is the most prevalent human tapeworm, especially affecting children. The genomes of Hymenolepis microstoma and H. nana have been recently sequenced and assembled. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small non-coding RNAs, are principle regulators of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and are involved in many different biological processes. In previous work, we experimentally identified miRNA genes in the cestodes Echinococcus, Taenia and Mesocestoides. However, current knowledge about miRNAs in Hymenolepis is limited. In this work we described for the first known time the expression profile of the miRNA complement in H. microstoma, and discovered miRNAs in H. nana. We found a reduced complement of 37 evolutionarily conserved miRNAs, putatively reflecting their low morphological complexity and parasitic lifestyle. We found high expression of a few miRNAs in the larval stage of H. microstoma that are conserved in other cestodes, suggesting that these miRNAs may have important roles in development, survival and for host-parasite interplay. We performed a comparative analysis of the identified miRNAs across the Cestoda and showed that most of the miRNAs in Hymenolepis are located in intergenic regions, implying that they are independently transcribed. We found a Hymenolepis-specific cluster composed of three members of the mir-36 family. Also, we found that one of the neighboring genes of mir-10 was a Hox gene as in most bilaterial species. This study provides a valuable resource for further experimental research in cestode biology that might lead to improved detection and control of these neglected parasites. The comprehensive identification and expression analysis of Hymenolepis miRNAs can help to identify novel biomarkers for diagnosis and/or novel therapeutic targets for the control of hymenolepiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Macchiaroli
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médicas (IMPaM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcela Cucher
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médicas (IMPaM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Kamenetzky
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médicas (IMPaM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristian Yones
- Research Institute for Signals, Systems and Computational Intelligence, (sinc(i)), FICH-UNL-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Leandro Bugnon
- Research Institute for Signals, Systems and Computational Intelligence, (sinc(i)), FICH-UNL-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Matt Berriman
- Parasite Genomics Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Peter D Olson
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Mara Cecilia Rosenzvit
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médicas (IMPaM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Ikumapayi UN, Sanyang C, Pereira DI. A Case Report of an Intestinal Helminth Infection of Human Hymenolepiasis in Rural Gambia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 6:251. [PMID: 33344886 PMCID: PMC7680930 DOI: 10.23937/2378-3656/1410251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Background Hymenolepis nana, also called dwarf tapeworm infection, is an intestinal helminth not previously reported in The Gambia and only very rarely reported in West Africa. Case presentation We report a case of H. nana infection in a 29-month-old child living in a rural community of the north bank of the Upper River Region (URR) in The Gambia. The child presented with mild iron deficiency anaemia and granulocytosis but was otherwise mostly asymptomatic despite the moderate-intensity of infection. Conclusions We support treatment of H. nana infection even in largely asymptomatic children to prevent autoinfection and spread of this intestinal helminth in The Gambia and in other West African countries. Abbreviations GCP: Good Clinical Practice; HAZ: Height-for-age z-score; IHAT-GUT: Acronym for the Iron Hydroxide Adipate Tartrate Supplementation Study; ICH: International Conference on Harmonisation; SD: Standard Deviation; URR: Upper River Region; WAZ: Weight-for-age z-score; WHO: World Health Organization; WHZ: Weight-for-height z-score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman N Ikumapayi
- Medical Research Council Unit the Gambia, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Chilel Sanyang
- Medical Research Council Unit the Gambia, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Dora Ia Pereira
- Medical Research Council Unit the Gambia, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia.,Medical Research Council Unit the Gambia, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
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Spinicci M, Macchioni F, Gabrielli S, Rojo D, Gamboa H, Villagrán AL, Vallejos Y, Strohmeyer M, Roselli M, Cancrini G, Olliaro P, Montresor A, Bartoloni A. Hymenolepis nana-An Emerging Intestinal Parasite Associated with Anemia in School Children from the Bolivian Chaco. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 99:1598-1601. [PMID: 30298806 PMCID: PMC6283498 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropical anemia can have multiple causes, whether socioeconomic, dietary, or infectious. In the Bolivian Chaco, soil-transmitted helminthiases (STH), malaria, and Chagas disease are potential infectious causes of anemia among school-aged children (SAC). Following years of preventive chemotherapy with mebendazole, the prevalence of STH among SAC living in that area is now negligible, whereas protozoan infections are still highly prevalent (81%); Hymenolepis nana is the most frequent intestinal helminth (∼13%). We present results of hemoglobin (Hb) assessment and the association between parasitic infections and Hb levels of that SAC population. Overall, 511 SAC (girls:boys ratio 1:1, mean age 9.4 years [95% confidence interval {CI}: 9.3-9.5]) had Hb levels measured by using a point of care testing (HemoCue® Hb 301 System; HemoCue, Angelhome, Sweden). The prevalence of anemia was 23% (117/511), with mean and median Hb level = 12.2 g/dL (95% CI: 12.1-12.3; range 9.2-15.4 g/dL). By multivariate analysis, H. nana infection was associated with an increased risk of anemia (odds ratio 2.9, 95% CI: 1.5-5.7, P = 0.002). Two samples (0.5%) were positive for Trypanosoma cruzi and none for Plasmodium spp. by polymerase chain reaction of the 439 children tested. Anemia is still a concern among SAC living in the Bolivian Chaco. Our findings call for a greater attention to fecal-oral emerging pathogens, such as H. nana, and highlight the importance of water, sanitation, and hygiene improvements for disadvantaged population such as those living in the Bolivian Chaco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Spinicci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Fabio Macchioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Gabrielli
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università di Roma Sapienza, Roma, Italy
| | - David Rojo
- Escuela de Salud del Chaco Tekove Katu, Gutierrez, Plurinational State of Bolivia
| | - Herlan Gamboa
- Facultad Integral del Chaco, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Camiri, Plurinational State of Bolivia
| | - Ana Liz Villagrán
- Hospital Básico de Villa Montes, Villa Montes, Plurinational State of Bolivia
| | - Yolanda Vallejos
- Hospital Municipal de Camiri, Camiri, Plurinational State of Bolivia
| | - Marianne Strohmeyer
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Mimmo Roselli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Gabriella Cancrini
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università di Roma Sapienza, Roma, Italy
| | - Piero Olliaro
- Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Montresor
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Bartoloni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
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Młocicki D, Sulima A, Bień J, Näreaho A, Zawistowska-Deniziak A, Basałaj K, Sałamatin R, Conn DB, Savijoki K. Immunoproteomics and Surfaceomics of the Adult Tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2487. [PMID: 30483248 PMCID: PMC6240649 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In cestodiasis, mechanical and molecular contact between the parasite and the host activates the immune response of the host and may result in inflammatory processes, leading to ulceration and intestinal dysfunctions. The aim of the present study was to identify antigenic proteins of the adult cestode Hymenolepis diminuta by subjecting the total protein extracts from adult tapeworms to 2DE immunoblotting (two-dimensional electrophoresis combined with immunoblotting) using sera collected from experimentally infected rats. A total of 36 protein spots cross-reacting with the rat sera were identified using LC-MS/MS. As a result, 68 proteins, including certain structural muscle proteins (actin, myosin, and paramyosin) and moonlighters (heat shock proteins, kinases, phosphatases, and glycolytic enzymes) were identified; most of these were predicted to possess binding and/or catalytic activity required in various metabolic and cellular processes, and reported here as potential antigens of the adult cestode for the first time. As several of these antigens can also be found at the cell surface, the surface-associated proteins were extracted and subjected to in-solution digestion for LC-MS/MS identification (surfaceomics). As a result, a total of 76 proteins were identified, from which 31 proteins, based on 2DE immunoblotting, were predicted to be immunogenic. These included structural proteins actin, myosin and tubulin as well as certain moonlighting proteins (heat-shock chaperones) while enzymes with diverse catalytic activities were found as the most dominating group of proteins. In conclusion, the present study shed new light into the complexity of the enteric cestodiasis by showing that the H. diminuta somatic proteins exposed to the host possess immunomodulatory functions, and that the immune response of the host could be stimulated by diverse mechanisms, involving also those triggering protein export via yet unknown pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Młocicki
- Department of General Biology and ParasitologyMedical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Witold Stefański Institute of ParasitologyPolish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Sulima
- Department of General Biology and ParasitologyMedical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Bień
- Witold Stefański Institute of ParasitologyPolish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anu Näreaho
- Department of Veterinary BiosciencesUniversity of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Katarzyna Basałaj
- Witold Stefański Institute of ParasitologyPolish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rusłan Sałamatin
- Department of General Biology and ParasitologyMedical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Parasitology and Vector-Borne DiseasesNational Institute of Public Health–National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
| | - David Bruce Conn
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard UniversityCambridge, MA, United States
- One Health Center, Berry CollegeMount Berry, GA, United States
| | - Kirsi Savijoki
- Division of Pharmaceutical BiosciencesUniversity of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Santa MA, Pastran S, Klein C, Ruckstuhl K, Massolo A. Evaluation of an automated magnetic bead-based DNA extraction and real-time PCR in fecal samples as a pre-screening test for detection of Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus canadensis in coyotes. Parasitol Res 2018; 118:119-125. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6125-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Exotic Parasite Threats to Australia's Biosecurity-Trade, Health, and Conservation. Trop Med Infect Dis 2018; 3:tropicalmed3030076. [PMID: 30274472 PMCID: PMC6161237 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed3030076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites have threatened Australia’s biosecurity since the early days of European settlement. Tick fever in cattle and liver fluke, along with their invertebrate hosts, and hydatid disease head the list of parasites that are still impacting livestock industries. In addition, there are many parasites that have been introduced that are of significance to public health as well as the conservation of native wildlife. As a consequence of these early arrivals, Australia has become much more aware of its vulnerability should parasites such as Trichinella and Trypanosoma evansi become established in Australia. However, recent discoveries concerning Leishmania and other trypanosomes have demonstrated that Australia must not become complacent and reliant on dogma when considering the potential emergence of new threats to its biosecurity. In this short review, the major parasite threats to Australia’s biosecurity are summarised, some misconceptions are emphasised, and attention is given to the importance of challenging dogma in the face of a dearth of information about Australian native fauna.
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First survey on zoonotic helminthosis in urban brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) in Spain and associated public health considerations. Vet Parasitol 2018; 259:49-52. [PMID: 30056983 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The brown rat, Rattus norvegicus, with a worldwide distribution, is the most commensal species among synanthropic rodents, since its main habitat, in urban as well as in rural areas, is always linked to humans. Therefore, people living in close proximity to rodent populations can be exposed to infection. Whereas bacteria and viruses are the best known rat-associated zoonoses in urban environments, the role of brown rats as reservoirs for helminth parasites and the associated risk for humans are less well known. Specifically, this role has not been analyzed in Spain to date. A total of 100 R. norvegicus trapped in the sewage system (n = 85), and parks (n = 15) of Barcelona was examined. The overall prevalence of helminth infection was 85%. The helminths found were Hymenolepis nana (17%), H. diminuta (33%) (Cestoda), Calodium hepaticum (17%), Eucoleus gastricus (28%), Aonchotheca annulosa (12%), Trichosomoides crassicauda (7%), Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (46%), Heterakis spumosa (62%), Gongylonema neoplasticum (20%) (Nematoda) and Moniliformis moniliformis (6%) (Acanthocephala). Five of the ten helminth species are considered zoonotic parasites, with rats acting as reservoirs for human infection, i.e. H. nana, H. diminuta, C. hepaticum, G. neoplasticum and M. moniliformis. G. neoplasticum and M. moniliformis are reported for the first time in urban rats in Europe. H. nana, H. diminuta and C. hepaticum are the most widespread species in European cities. For H. nana and C. hepaticum, rats act as effective spreaders of the human infective stage (eggs). For H. diminuta, G. neoplasticum and M. moniliformis, rats act as indirect reservoirs of the zoonoses since the eggs shed by the rats are infective for their insect intermediate hosts only. Medical practitioners need to be made aware of the range of parasites carried by rats, as there is a realistic likelihood that ill health currently caused by rat infestations may be misdiagnosed.
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Tm-Shift Detection of Dog-Derived Ancylostoma ceylanicum and A. caninum. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:7617094. [PMID: 29862291 PMCID: PMC5971263 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7617094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To develop a Tm-shift method for detection of dog-derived Ancylostoma ceylanicum and A. caninum, three sets of primers were designed based on three SNPs (ITS71, ITS197, and ITS296) of their internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) sequences. The detection effect of the Tm-shift was assessed through the stability, sensitivity, accuracy test, and clinical detection. The results showed that these three sets of primers could distinguish accurately between A. ceylanicum and A. caninum. The coefficient of variation in their Tm values on the three SNPs was 0.09% and 0.15% (ITS71), 0.18% and 0.14% (ITS197), and 0.13% and 0.07% (ITS296), respectively. The lowest detectable concentration of standard plasmids for A. ceylanicum and A. caninum was 5.33 × 10−6 ng/μL and 5.03 × 10−6 ng/μL. The Tm-shift results of ten DNA samples from the dog-derived hookworms were consistent with their known species. In the clinical detection of 50 fecal samples from stray dogs, the positive rate of hookworm detected by Tm-shift (42%) was significantly higher than that by microscopic examination (34%), and the former can identify the Ancylostoma species. It is concluded that the Tm-shift method is rapid, specific, sensitive, and suitable for the clinical detection and zoonotic risk assessment of the dog-derived hookworm.
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Comparative analysis of Ancylostoma ceylanicum mitochondrial genome with other Ancylostoma species. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 62:40-45. [PMID: 29660556 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ancylostoma ceylanicum may inhabit the small intestine of canids, felids and humans, can pose a potential risk to public health. This study is the first time to amplify complete mitochondrial genome sequence of A. ceylanicum from dog and to compare it with Ancylostoma tubaeforme, Ancylostoma duodenale and Ancylostoma caninum. The results showed that the complete mitochondrial genome of A. ceylanicum was 13,660 bp in length, including 12 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes and 22 tRNA genes and 3 non-coding regions (AT-rich region, SNCR and LNCR). Its mtDNA was the shortest, biased toward A and T at base composition, and higher than other three Ancylostoma species at total AT content. Its nad5 and nad6 genes used TTG and ATT as initiation codons, while other three Ancylostoma species used ATT and GTG or ATG. The 22 tRNA genes were different in length among four Ancylostoma species, but their anticodons were the same. Among 12 protein-coding genes, the cox1 gene was the lowest at AT content and minimum at Ka/Ks while the nad2 gene was the opposite. The phylogenetic tree showed that in the lineage of Ancylostoma, A. ceylanicum occurred on a branch external to other three Ancylostoma species, and A. caninum and A. tubaeforme had closer phylogenetic relationship than A. duodenale. This study not only enhances the mitochondrial genome database of Ancylostomatidae nematodes, but also provides new data for further phylogenetic studies among Ancylostomatidae nematodes.
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Ohno T, Kai T, Miyasaka Y, Maruyama H, Ishih A, Kino H. Intestinal immunity suppresses carrying capacity of rats for the model tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta. Parasitol Int 2018; 67:357-361. [PMID: 29448016 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hymenolepis diminuta is a parasitic tapeworm of the rat small intestine and is recognized as a useful model for the analysis of cestode-host interactions. In this study, we analyzed factors affecting the biomass of the tapeworm through use of rat strains carrying genetic mutations, namely X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (xscid; T, B and NK cells deficiency), nude (rnu; T cell deficiency), and mast cell deficient rats. The worm biomass of F344-xscid rats after infection with 5 cysticercoids was much larger than control F344 rats from 3 to 8 weeks. The biomass of F344-rnu rats was also larger than the controls, but was intermediate between F344-xscid and control rats. These observations demonstrated that host immunity can control the maximal tapeworm biomass, i.e., carrying capacity, of the rat small intestine. Both T cell and other immune cells (B and NK cells) have roles in determining the carrying capacity of tapeworms. Total worm biomass and worm numbers in mast cell deficient rats (WsRC-Ws/Ws) were not significantly different from control WsRC-+/+ rats after 3 and 6 weeks of primary infection. Mast cell deficient rats displayed reinfection resistance for worm biomass but not worm expulsion. These findings suggest that the mast cell has a role for controlling the biomass of this tapeworm in reinfection alone, but does not affect the rate of worm expulsion. Overall, our findings indicate that the mast cell is not a major effector cell for the control of the carrying capacity of tapeworms. The identity of the major effector cell remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamio Ohno
- Division of Experimental Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Takuya Kai
- Division of Experimental Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuki Miyasaka
- Division of Experimental Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Maruyama
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Akira Ishih
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hideto Kino
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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Sulima A, Bień J, Savijoki K, Näreaho A, Sałamatin R, Conn DB, Młocicki D. Identification of immunogenic proteins of the cysticercoid of Hymenolepis diminuta. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:577. [PMID: 29157281 PMCID: PMC5697066 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2519-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A wide range of molecules are used by tapeworm metacestodes to establish successful infection in the hostile environment of the host. Reports indicating the proteins in the cestode-host interactions are limited predominantly to taeniids, with no previous data available for non-taeniid species. A non-taeniid, Hymenolepis diminuta, represents one of the most important model species in cestode biology and exhibits an exceptional developmental plasticity in its life-cycle, which involves two phylogenetically distant hosts, arthropod and vertebrate. Results We identified H. diminuta cysticercoid proteins that were recognized by sera of H. diminuta-infected rats using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE), 2D-immunoblotting, and LC-MS/MS mass spectrometry. Proteomic analysis of 42 antigenic spots revealed 70 proteins. The largest number belonged to structural proteins and to the heat-shock protein (HSP) family. These results show a number of the antigenic proteins of the cysticercoid stage, which were present already in the insect host prior to contact with the mammal host. These are the first parasite antigens that the mammal host encounters after the infection, therefore they may represent some of the molecules important in host-parasite interactions at the early stage of infection. Conclusions These results could help in understanding how H. diminuta and other cestodes adapt to their diverse and complex parasitic life-cycles and show universal molecules used among diverse groups of cestodes to escape the host response to infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-017-2519-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sulima
- Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Bień
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kirsi Savijoki
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Näreaho
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rusłan Sałamatin
- Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Medical Parasitology, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
| | - David Bruce Conn
- One Health Center, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, USA.,Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Młocicki
- Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland. .,Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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40
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Survey of intestinal helminths collected from pet rodents in México. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:3239-3242. [PMID: 28956157 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5626-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this survey, intestinal helminths from pet rodents in Mérida, México, were analyzed. A total of 46 mice Mus musculus, 28 hamsters Mesocricetus auratus, 23 rats Rattus norvegicus, and 1 gerbil Meriones unguiculatus were purchased from six pet shops and one black market for wildlife in the city of Mérida. The overall prevalence of helminths in rodents was 61.2% (60/98). Six species of helminths were identified: the zoonotic cestode Rodentolepis nana, and the nematodes Aspiculuris tetraptera, Dentostomella translucida, Syphacia obvelata, Syphacia mesocriceti, and Syphacia muris. Of the 60 infected rodents, 25 (41.7%) harbored 2 or 3 species of helminths. Rodentolepis nana was found in 4.3% of mice and 17.9% of hamsters. This is the first report of infection with S. muris in pet rats. Considering the close physical contact between pet rodents and humans, the presence of R. nana in pets represents a potential risk of transmission, especially to children and immunocompromised individuals.
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PANTI-MAY JA, DE ANDRADE RRC, GURUBEL-GONZÁLEZ Y, PALOMO-ARJONA E, SODÁ-TAMAYO L, MEZA-SULÚ J, RAMÍREZ-SIERRA M, DUMONTEIL E, VIDAL-MARTÍNEZ VM, MACHAÍN-WILLIAMS C, DE OLIVEIRA D, REIS MG, TORRES-CASTRO MA, ROBLES MR, HERNÁNDEZ-BETANCOURT SF, COSTA F. A survey of zoonotic pathogens carried by house mouse and black rat populations in Yucatan, Mexico. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:2287-2295. [PMID: 28689507 PMCID: PMC6231242 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268817001352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The house mouse (Mus musculus) and the black rat (Rattus rattus) are reservoir hosts for zoonotic pathogens, several of which cause neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Studies of the prevalence of these NTD-causing zoonotic pathogens, in house mice and black rats from tropical residential areas are scarce. Three hundred and two house mice and 161 black rats were trapped in 2013 from two urban neighbourhoods and a rural village in Yucatan, Mexico, and subsequently tested for Trypanosoma cruzi, Hymenolepis diminuta and Leptospira interrogans. Using the polymerase chain reaction we detected T. cruzi DNA in the hearts of 4·9% (8/165) and 6·2% (7/113) of house mice and black rats, respectively. We applied the sedimentation technique to detect eggs of H. diminuta in 0·5% (1/182) and 14·2% (15/106) of house mice and black rats, respectively. Through the immunofluorescent imprint method, L. interrogans was identified in 0·9% (1/106) of rat kidney impressions. Our results suggest that the black rat could be an important reservoir for T. cruzi and H. diminuta in the studied sites. Further studies examining seasonal and geographical patterns could increase our knowledge on the epidemiology of these pathogens in Mexico and the risk to public health posed by rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. A. PANTI-MAY
- Doctorado en Ciencias Agropecuarias, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Mexico
| | - R. R. C. DE ANDRADE
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brasil
| | - Y. GURUBEL-GONZÁLEZ
- Departamento de Zoología, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Mexico
| | - E. PALOMO-ARJONA
- Departamento de Zoología, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Mexico
| | - L. SODÁ-TAMAYO
- Departamento de Zoología, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Mexico
| | - J. MEZA-SULÚ
- Departamento de Zoología, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Mexico
| | - M. RAMÍREZ-SIERRA
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales ‘Dr. Hideyo Noguchi’, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Mexico
| | - E. DUMONTEIL
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales ‘Dr. Hideyo Noguchi’, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Mexico
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - V. M. VIDAL-MARTÍNEZ
- Laboratorio de Patología Acuática, Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Merida, Merida, Mexico
| | - C. MACHAÍN-WILLIAMS
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales ‘Dr. Hideyo Noguchi’, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Mexico
| | - D. DE OLIVEIRA
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brasil
| | - M. G. REIS
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brasil
| | - M. A. TORRES-CASTRO
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Emergentes y Re-emergentes, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales ‘Dr. Hideyo Noguchi’, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Mexico
| | - M. R. ROBLES
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - S. F. HERNÁNDEZ-BETANCOURT
- Departamento de Zoología, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Mexico
| | - F. COSTA
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brasil
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brasil
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Yang D, Zhao W, Zhang Y, Liu A. Prevalence of Hymenolepis nana and H. diminuta from Brown Rats ( Rattus norvegicus) in Heilongjiang Province, China. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2017; 55:351-355. [PMID: 28719963 PMCID: PMC5523904 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2017.55.3.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hymenolepis nana and Hymenolepis diminuta are globally widespread zoonotic cestodes. Rodents are the main reservoir host of these cestodes. Brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) are the best known and most common rats, and usually live wherever humans live, especially in less than desirable hygiene conditions. Due to the little information of the 2 hymenolepidid species in brown rats in China, the aim of this study was to understand the prevalence and genetic characterization of H. nana and H. diminuta in brown rats in Heilongjiang Province, China. Total 114 fecal samples were collected from brown rats in Heilongjiang Province. All the samples were subjected to morphological examinations by microscopy and genetic analysis by PCR amplification of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COX1) gene and the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene. In total, 6.1% (7/114) and 14.9% (17/114) of samples were positive for H. nana and H. diminuta, respectively. Among them, 7 and 3 H. nana isolates were successfully amplified and sequenced at the COX1 and ITS2 loci, respectively. No nucleotide variations were found among H. nana isolates at either of the 2 loci. Seventeen H. diminuta isolates produced 2 different COX1 sequences while 7 ITS2 sequences obtained were identical to each other. The present results of H. nana and H. diminuta infections in brown rats implied the risk of zoonotic transmission of hymenolepiasis in China. These molecular data will be helpful to deeply study intra-specific variations within Hymenolepis cestodes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Yang
- Department of Parasitology; Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Parasitology; Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Yichi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology; Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Aiqin Liu
- Department of Parasitology; Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
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Therapeutic efficacy of Artemisia absinthium against Hymenolepis nana: in vitro and in vivo studies in comparison with the anthelmintic praziquantel. J Helminthol 2017; 92:298-308. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x17000529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHymenolepis nana is a common intestinal tapeworm that affects humans. Drugs are available for the treatment of this infection, including praziquantel (PZQ), nitazoxanide and niclosamide. Although the drug of choice is praziquantel, due to its high cure rates, indicators of the development of PZQ resistance by different parasites have begun to appear over recent decades. Therefore, this study was a trial to find an alternative to PZQ by assessing the activity of the crude aqueous extract of the medicinal herb Artemisia absinthium against H. nana. In vitro, the extract was used against adult worms at concentrations of 1 and 5 mg/ml, in comparison with 1 mg/ml of PZQ. The times of worm paralysis and death were determined. Ultrastructural morphological changes were studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). For the in vivo study, infected mice were divided into untreated, PZQ-treated and A. absinthium-treated groups (400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg). Pre- and post-treatment egg counts per gram of faeces (EPG) were performed; then, the reduction percentages of the EPG and worm burden were calculated. The best results were obtained with praziquantel. Artemisia absinthium induced worm paralysis, death and ultrastructural alterations, such as tegumental damage, lipid accumulation, and destruction of the nephridial canal and the intrauterine eggs, in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, significant reductions in the EPG and worm burden were recorded in A. absinthium-treated mice. Although the results obtained with A. absinthium were promising and comparable to PZQ, further studies using different extracts, active ingredients and concentrations against different parasites should be conducted.
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Smout FA, Skerratt LF, Butler JRA, Johnson CN, Congdon BC, Thompson RCA. The hookworm Ancylostoma ceylanicum: An emerging public health risk in Australian tropical rainforests and Indigenous communities. One Health 2017; 3:66-69. [PMID: 28616506 PMCID: PMC5454165 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ancylostoma ceylanicum is the common hookworm of domestic dogs and cats throughout Asia, and is an emerging but little understood public health risk in tropical northern Australia. We investigated the prevalence of A. ceylanicum in soil and free-ranging domestic dogs at six rainforest locations in Far North Queensland that are Indigenous Australian communities and popular tourist attractions within the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area. By combining PCR-based techniques with traditional methods of hookworm species identification, we found the prevalence of hookworm in Indigenous community dogs was high (96.3% and 91.9% from necropsy and faecal samples, respectively). The majority of these infections were A. caninum. We also observed, for the first time, the presence of A. ceylanicum infection in domestic dogs (21.7%) and soil (55.6%) in an Indigenous community. A. ceylanicum was present in soil samples from two out of the three popular tourist locations sampled. Our results contribute to the understanding of dogs as a public health risk to Indigenous communities and tourists in the Wet Tropics. Dog health needs to be more fully addressed as part of the Australian Government's commitments to “closing the gap” in chronic disease between Indigenous and other Australians, and encouraging tourism in similar locations. Ancylostoma ceylanicum is the common hookworm of domestic dogs and cats throughout Asia. A. ceylanicum is an emerging public health risk in tropical northern Australia. A first time account of A. ceylanicum infection in domestic dogs in an Indigenous community. A. ceylanicum was present in soil samples from two out of three popular tourist locations sampled. Dogs may be a public health risk to Indigenous communities and tourists in the Wet Tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity A Smout
- One Health Research Group, College of Public Health, Medical and Vet Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia.,College of Science & Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia
| | - Lee F Skerratt
- One Health Research Group, College of Public Health, Medical and Vet Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - James R A Butler
- CSIRO Land and Water, EcoSciences Precinct, GPO Box 2583, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Christopher N Johnson
- School of Biological Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Heritage, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Bradley C Congdon
- College of Science & Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia
| | - R C Andrew Thompson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
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Tielemans E, Lebon W, Dumont P, Taweethavonsawat P, Larsen D, Rehbein S. Efficacy of afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime chewable tablets (NexGard Spectra ®, Merial) against adult Ancylostoma ceylanicum hookworm, in dogs. Vet Parasitol 2017; 238:87-89. [PMID: 28408213 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A fixed-combination chewable tablet incorporating afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime (NexGard Spectra®, Merial) was tested in purpose-bred Beagle dogs for efficacy against adult Ancylostoma ceylanicum hookworms. Sixteen dogs were inoculated each by oral administration of approximately 500 infective larvae of A. ceylanicum. Seventeen days after inoculation, the dogs were weighed and allocated randomly to be treated with afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime chewable tablets or to remain untreated. Commercial chewable tablets of different strength were combined to deliver doses as close as possible to the minimum effective dose of 2.5mg afoxolaner plus 0.5mg milbemycin oxime per kg body weight. Parasites were recovered and counted for determination of efficacy seven days after treatment. All eight dogs that had been left untreated were harboring adult A. ceylanicum (geometric mean, 317.8; range, 210-428) while only one and nine A. ceylanicum were recovered from two of the eight dogs treated with afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime chewable tablets (geometric mean, 0.5; p<0.0001). Thus, 99.9% efficacy against induced infection of A. ceylanicum was obtained by the use of oral NexGard Spectra® at the minimum effective dose. Treatment with afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime chewable tablets was well accepted and safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tielemans
- Merial SAS, Centre de Recherche de Saint-Vulbas, 850 allée des Cyprès, 01150 Saint Vulbas, France
| | - W Lebon
- Merial SAS, Centre de Recherche de Saint-Vulbas, 850 allée des Cyprès, 01150 Saint Vulbas, France
| | - P Dumont
- Merial SAS, Centre de Recherche de Saint-Vulbas, 850 allée des Cyprès, 01150 Saint Vulbas, France
| | - P Taweethavonsawat
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - D Larsen
- Merial, Inc., 3239 Satellite Blvd., Duluth, GA 30096, USA
| | - S Rehbein
- Merial GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Walchenseestr. 8-12, 83101 Rohrdorf, Germany.
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Abstract
The biology of Echinococcus, the causative agent of echinococcosis (hydatid disease) is reviewed with emphasis on the developmental biology of the adult and metacestode stages of the parasite. Major advances include determining the origin, structure and functional activities of the laminated layer and its relationship with the germinal layer; and the isolation, in vitro establishment and characterization of the multipotential germinal cells. Future challenges are to identify the mechanisms that provide Echinococcus with its unique developmental plasticity and the nature of activities at the parasite-host interface, particularly in the definitive host. The revised taxonomy of Echinococcus is presented and the solid nomenclature it provides will be essential in understanding the epidemiology of echinococcosis.
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Sharma S, Lyngdoh D, Roy B, Tandon V. Differential diagnosis and molecular characterization of Hymenolepis nana and Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea: Hymenolepididae) based on nuclear rDNA ITS2 gene marker. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:4293-4298. [PMID: 27473838 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5210-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Given the widespread distribution and medical implication of members of the genus Hymenolepis, specific identification of the aetiological agent becomes imperative. For precise diagnosis of the species, molecular techniques such as PCR and RFLP of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (rDNA-ITS2) gene marker were carried out. The results showed distinct restriction patterns for both Hymenolepis nana and Hymenolepis diminuta when digested with either of the enzymes RsaI, HaeIII or HhaI. The annotated rDNA-ITS2 sequences from the two species revealed differences in the length; the folded secondary structure also depicted clear demarcation between the two species with variations in length of the helices, pyrimidine-pyrimidine mismatches and sites where motifs occur. In phylogenetic analysis of the evolutionary relationship between the two species as well as with other members of the family Hymenolepididae, the species causing human hymenolepiasis were found to be distantly related as they diverged independently from the ancestral lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Sharma
- Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, Meghalaya, India
| | - Damanbha Lyngdoh
- Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, Meghalaya, India
| | - Bishnupada Roy
- Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, Meghalaya, India
| | - Veena Tandon
- Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, Meghalaya, India. .,Biotech Park, Lucknow, 226021, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Kaya D, Yoshikawa M, Nakatani T, Tomo-Oka F, Fujimoto Y, Ishida K, Fujinaga Y, Aihara Y, Nagamatsu S, Matsuo E, Tokoro M, Ouji Y, Kikuchi E. Ancylostoma ceylanicum hookworm infection in Japanese traveler who presented chronic diarrhea after return from Lao People's Democratic Republic. Parasitol Int 2016; 65:737-740. [PMID: 27450724 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ancylostoma (A.) ceylanicum, one of the most common species of hookworms infecting dogs and cats, also causes patent infections in humans and is now considered to be the second most common hookworm species infecting populations in southeast Asia. A Japanese patient who returned from a visit to Thailand and Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR) was presented with intermittent watery diarrhea with eosinophilia. Hookworm eggs were found in feces samples, and adult worms were confirmed to be present in the jejunum with capsule endoscopy and double balloon enteroscopy. A diagnosis of A. ceylanicum infection was made based on the morphology of the adult worms along with findings of a PCR-based molecular study using larvae obtained from a fecal sample culture. The infection was considered likely to have been obtained during a 1-month stay in a Laotian village, where the patient had eaten local food, worn sandals on bare feet, and lived as a local native villager, though he had stayed in modern hotels during the visit to Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kaya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Prefecture General Medical Center, 1-30-1 Hiramatsu-cho, Nara 631-0846, Japan
| | - Masahide Yoshikawa
- Department of Pathogen, Infection and Immunity, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan.
| | - Toshiya Nakatani
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Prefecture General Medical Center, 1-30-1 Hiramatsu-cho, Nara 631-0846, Japan
| | - Fumimasa Tomo-Oka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Prefecture General Medical Center, 1-30-1 Hiramatsu-cho, Nara 631-0846, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Prefecture General Medical Center, 1-30-1 Hiramatsu-cho, Nara 631-0846, Japan
| | - Koji Ishida
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Prefecture General Medical Center, 1-30-1 Hiramatsu-cho, Nara 631-0846, Japan
| | - Yukihisa Fujinaga
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Prefecture General Medical Center, 1-30-1 Hiramatsu-cho, Nara 631-0846, Japan
| | - Yosuke Aihara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Prefecture General Medical Center, 1-30-1 Hiramatsu-cho, Nara 631-0846, Japan
| | - Shinsaku Nagamatsu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Prefecture General Medical Center, 1-30-1 Hiramatsu-cho, Nara 631-0846, Japan
| | - Eijo Matsuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Prefecture General Medical Center, 1-30-1 Hiramatsu-cho, Nara 631-0846, Japan
| | - Masaharu Tokoro
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Yukiteru Ouji
- Department of Pathogen, Infection and Immunity, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Eiryo Kikuchi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nara Prefecture General Medical Center, 1-30-1 Hiramatsu-cho, Nara 631-0846, Japan
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Cheng T, Liu GH, Song HQ, Lin RQ, Zhu XQ. The complete mitochondrial genome of the dwarf tapeworm Hymenolepis nana--a neglected zoonotic helminth. Parasitol Res 2015; 115:1253-62. [PMID: 26666886 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4862-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hymenolepis nana, commonly known as the dwarf tapeworm, is one of the most common tapeworms of humans and rodents and can cause hymenolepiasis. Although this zoonotic tapeworm is of socio-economic significance in many countries of the world, its genetics, systematics, epidemiology, and biology are poorly understood. In the present study, we sequenced and characterized the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of H. nana. The mt genome is 13,764 bp in size and encodes 36 genes, including 12 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA, and 22 transfer RNA genes. All genes are transcribed in the same direction. The gene order and genome content are completely identical with their congener Hymenolepis diminuta. Phylogenetic analyses based on concatenated amino acid sequences of 12 protein-coding genes by Bayesian inference, Maximum likelihood, and Maximum parsimony showed the division of class Cestoda into two orders, supported the monophylies of both the orders Cyclophyllidea and Pseudophyllidea. Analyses of mt genome sequences also support the monophylies of the three families Taeniidae, Hymenolepididae, and Diphyllobothriidae. This novel mt genome provides a useful genetic marker for studying the molecular epidemiology, systematics, and population genetics of the dwarf tapeworm and should have implications for the diagnosis, prevention, and control of hymenolepiasis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Qun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Qing Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, People's Republic of China.
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50
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Cheng T, Gao DZ, Zhu WN, Fang SF, Chen N, Zhu XQ, Liu GH, Lin RQ. Genetic variability among Hymenolepis nana isolates from different geographical regions in China revealed by sequence analysis of three mitochondrial genes. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2015; 27:4646-4650. [PMID: 26642941 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2015.1101595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Hymenolepis nana is a common tapeworm that parasitizes in the small intestine of rodent animals and humans. The present study examined the sequence diversity of three mitochondrial (mt) genes namely NADH dehydrogenase subunits 5 (nad5), small subunit ribosomal RNA (rrnS), and ATPase subunit 6 (atp6) of H. nana from mice in different geographical regions of China. A part of the nad5 (pnad5), complete rrnS and atp6 genes were amplified separately from individual H. nana isolates using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and then sequenced. The sequences of pnad5, rrnS, and atp6 were 710 bp, 704-711 bp, and 516 bp in length, respectively. The A + T contents of the sequences were 70.1-73.5% (pnad5), 70.1-71.7% (rrnS), and 76.6-77.9% (atp6). Sequence variation within H. nana was 0-1.4% for atp6, 0-1.7% for rrnS, and 0-0.7% for pnad5. The inter-specific sequence differences between H. nana and Hymenolepis diminuta were significantly higher, which was 31.6-31.7% (pnad5), 16.1-17.6% (rrnS), and 26.5-27.1% (atp6). Phylogenetic analysis based on the combined three sequences using the maximum parsimony (MP) method supported that H. nana is a species complex or "cryptic" species. These findings demonstrated clearly the usefulness of the three mtDNA sequences for population genetics and systematic studies of H. nana of human and animal health significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Cheng
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, Guangdong Province , PR China.,b State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou, Gansu Province , PR China.,c Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province , Guangzhou, Guangdong Province , PR China
| | - De-Zhen Gao
- b State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou, Gansu Province , PR China.,d College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine , Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing, Heilongjiang Province , PR China
| | - Wei-Ning Zhu
- b State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou, Gansu Province , PR China
| | - Su-Fang Fang
- e College of Animal Science and Technology , Hebei North University , Zhang Jiakou, Hebei Province , PR China , and
| | - Ning Chen
- f Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control , Shenzhen, Guangdong Province , PR China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- b State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou, Gansu Province , PR China
| | - Guo-Hua Liu
- b State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou, Gansu Province , PR China
| | - Rui-Qing Lin
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, Guangdong Province , PR China.,c Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province , Guangzhou, Guangdong Province , PR China
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