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Dong C, d'Aquino AI, Sen S, Hall IA, Yu AC, Crane GB, Acosta JD, Appel EA. Water-Enhancing Gels Exhibiting Heat-Activated Formation of Silica Aerogels for Protection of Critical Infrastructure During Catastrophic Wildfire. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2407375. [PMID: 39169738 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202407375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
A promising strategy to address the pressing challenges with wildfire, particularly in the wildland-urban interface (WUI), involves developing new approaches for preventing and controlling wildfire within wildlands. Among sprayable fire-retardant materials, water-enhancing gels have emerged as exceptionally effective for protecting civil infrastructure. They possess favorable wetting and viscoelastic properties that reduce the likelihood of ignition, maintaining strong adherence to a wide array of surfaces after application. Although current water-enhancing hydrogels effectively maintain surface wetness by creating a barricade, they rapidly desiccate and lose efficacy under high heat and wind typical of wildfire conditions. To address this limitation, unique biomimetic hydrogel materials from sustainable cellulosic polymers crosslinked by colloidal silica particles are developed that exhibit ideal viscoelastic properties and facile manufacturing. Under heat activation, the hydrogel transitions into a highly porous and thermally insulative silica aerogel coating in situ, providing a robust protective layer against ignition of substrates, even when the hydrogel fire suppressant becomes completely desiccated. By confirming the mechanical properties, substrate adherence, and enhanced substrate protection against fire, these heat-activatable biomimetic hydrogels emerge as promising candidates for next-generation water-enhancing fire suppressants. These advancements have the potential to dramatically improve the ability to protect homes and critical infrastructure during wildfire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxin Dong
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Andrea I d'Aquino
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Samya Sen
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ian A Hall
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Anthony C Yu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Gabriel B Crane
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jesse D Acosta
- Department of Natural Resource Management & Environmental Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA
| | - Eric A Appel
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Pediatrics-Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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2
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Chen ZW, Hua ZL, Guo P. The bioaccumulation and ecotoxicity of co-exposure of per(poly)fluoroalkyl substances and polystyrene microplastics to Eichhornia crassipes. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 260:121878. [PMID: 38870860 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Gen X and F-53B have been popularized as alternatives to PFOA and PFOS, respectively. These per(poly)fluoroalkyl substances pervasively coexist with microplastics (MPs) in aquatic environments. However, there are knowledge gaps regarding their potential eco-environmental risks. In this study, a typical free-floating macrophyte, Eichhornia crassipes (E. crassipes), was selected for hydroponic simulation of a single exposure to PFOA, PFOS, Gen X, and F-53B, and co-exposure with polystyrene (PS) microspheres. F-53B exhibited the highest bioaccumulation followed by Gen X, PFOA, and PFOS. In the presence of PS MPs, the bioavailabilities of the four PFASs shifted and the whole plant bioconcentration factors improved. All four PFASs induced severe lipid peroxidation, which was exacerbated by PS MPs. The highest integrated biomarker response (IBR) was observed for E. crassipes (IBR of shoot: 30.01, IBR of root: 22.79, and IBR of whole plant: 34.96) co-exposed to PS MPs and F-53B. The effect addition index (EAI) model revealed that PS MPs showed antagonistic toxicity with PFOA and PFOS (EAI < 0) and synergistic toxicity with Gen X and F-53B (EAI > 0). These results are helpful to compare the eco-environmental impacts of legacy and alternative PFASs for renewal process of PFAS consumption and provide toxicological, botanical, and ecoengineering insights under co-contamination with MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Wei Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Zu-Lin Hua
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Peng Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
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3
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Bayode AA, Emmanuel SS, Akinyemi AO, Ore OT, Akpotu SO, Koko DT, Momodu DE, López-Maldonado EA. Innovative techniques for combating a common enemy forever chemicals: A comprehensive approach to mitigating per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 261:119719. [PMID: 39098711 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
The pervasive presence of per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), commonly referred to as "forever chemicals," in water systems poses a significant threat to both the environment and public health. PFAS are persistent organic pollutants that are incredibly resistant to degradation and have a tendency to accumulate in the environment, resulting in long-term contamination issues. This comprehensive review delves into the primary impacts of PFAS on both the environment and human health while also delving into advanced techniques aimed at addressing these concerns. The focus is on exploring the efficacy, practicality, and sustainability of these methods. The review outlines several key methods, such as advanced oxidation processes, novel materials adsorption, bioremediation, membrane filtration, and in-situ chemical oxidation, and evaluates their effectiveness in addressing PFAS contamination. By conducting a comparative analysis of these techniques, the study aims to provide a thorough understanding of current PFAS remediation technologies, as well as offer insights into integrated approaches for managing these persistent pollutants effectively. While acknowledging the high efficiency of adsorption and membrane filtration in reducing persistent organic pollutants due to their relatively low cost, versatility, and wide applicability, the review suggests that the integration of these methods could result in an overall enhancement of removal performance. Additionally, the study emphasizes the need for researcher attention in key areas and underscores the necessity of collaboration between researchers, industry, and regulatory authorities to address this complex challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajibola A Bayode
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, 643000, China; Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, P.M.B. 230, 232101, Ede, Nigeria.
| | - Stephen Sunday Emmanuel
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Ilorin, P. M. B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria.
| | - Amos O Akinyemi
- Department of Toxicology & Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Odunayo T Ore
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Achievers University, P.M.B. 1030, Owo, Nigeria
| | - Samson O Akpotu
- Department of Chemistry, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark, 1900, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Daniel T Koko
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, P.M.B. 230, 232101, Ede, Nigeria
| | - David E Momodu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, P.M.B. 230, 232101, Ede, Nigeria
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4
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Dhulia A, Abou-Khalil C, Kewalramani J, Sarkar D, Boufadel MC. Mobilization of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in soils with different organic matter contents. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 361:142503. [PMID: 38825242 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
There is considerable interest in addressing soils contaminated with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) because of the PFAS in the environment and associated health risks. The neutralization of PFAS in situ is challenging. Consequently, mobilizing the PFAS from the contaminated soils into an aqueous solution for subsequent handling has been pursued. Nonetheless, the efficiency of mobilization methods for removing PFAS can vary depending on site-specific factors, including the types and concentrations of PFAS compounds, soil characteristics. In the present study, the removal of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) from artificially contaminated soils was investigated in a 2D laboratory setup using electrokinetic (EK) remediation and hydraulic flushing by applying a hydraulic gradient (HG) for a duration of 15 days. The percent removal of PFOA by EK was consistent (∼80%) after a 15-day treatment for all soils. The removal efficiency of PFOS by EK significantly varied with the OM content, where the PFOS removal increased from 14% at 5% OM to 60% at 50% OM. With HG, the percent removal increased for both PFOA and PFOS from about 20% at 5% OM up to 80% at 75% OM. Based on the results, the mobilization of PFAS from organic soil would be appropriate using both hydraulic flushing and EK considering their applicability and advantages over each other for site-specific factors and requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Dhulia
- Center for Natural Resources, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Charbel Abou-Khalil
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, 46556, USA
| | | | - Dibyendu Sarkar
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Ocean Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Michel C Boufadel
- Center for Natural Resources, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA.
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O'Shaughnessy KL, Bell KS, Sasser AL, Gilbert ME, Riutta C, Ford JL, McCord J, Wood CR. The pollutant perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) reduces serum thyroxine but does not alter thyroid action in the postnatal rat brain. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 190:108838. [PMID: 38963985 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Known as "forever chemicals", per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are synthetic compounds used in consumer goods but pose significant public health concerns, including disruption of the thyroid system. As thyroid hormones (THs) are required for normal brain development, PFAS may also be developmental neurotoxicants. However, this is not well understood. Here we examine the endocrine and neurodevelopmental consequences of perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) exposure in pregnant, lactating, and developing rats, and compare its effects to an anti-thyroid pharmaceutical (propylthiouracil, PTU) that induces thyroid-mediated developmental neurotoxicity. We show that PFHxS dramatically reduces maternal serum thyroxine (T4), nearly equivalently to PTU (-55 and -51%, respectively). However, only PTU increases thyroid stimulating hormone. The lactational transfer of PFHxS is significant and reduces pup serum T4 across the postnatal period. Surprisingly, brain THs are only minimally decreased by PFHxS, whereas PTU drastically diminishes them. Evaluation of brain TH action by phenotyping, RNA-Sequencing, and quantification of radial glia cell morphology supports that PTU interrupts TH signaling while PFHxS has limited to no effect. These data show that PFHxS induces abnormal serum TH profiles; however, there were no indications of hypothyroidism in the postnatal brain. We suggest the stark differences between the neurodevelopmental effects of PFHxS and a typical antithyroid agent may be due to its interaction with TH distributing proteins like transthyretin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L O'Shaughnessy
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Kiersten S Bell
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge 37831, TN, USA
| | - Aubrey L Sasser
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge 37831, TN, USA
| | - Mary E Gilbert
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Cal Riutta
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge 37831, TN, USA
| | - Jermaine L Ford
- Chemical Characterization and Exposure Division, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - James McCord
- Watershed and Ecosystem Characterization Division, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, United States Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Carmen R Wood
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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de Souza BB, Meegoda J. Insights into PFAS environmental fate through computational chemistry: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171738. [PMID: 38494023 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widely used chemicals that exhibit exceptional chemical and thermal stability. However, their resistance to degradation has led to their widespread environmental contamination. PFAS also negatively affect the environment and other organisms, highlighting the need for effective remediation methods to mitigate their presence and prevent further contamination. Computational chemistry methods, such as Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Molecular Dynamics (MD) offer valuable tools for studying PFAS and simulating their interactions with other molecules. This review explores how computational chemistry methods contribute to understanding and tackling PFAS in the environment. PFAS have been extensively studied using DFT and MD, each method offering unique advantages and computational limitations. MD simulates large macromolecules systems however it lacks the ability model chemical reactions, while DFT provides molecular insights however at a high computational cost. The integration of DFT with MD shows promise in predicting PFAS behavior in different environments. This work summarizes reported studies on PFAS compounds, focusing on adsorption, destruction, and bioaccumulation, highlighting contributions of computational methods while discussing the need for continued research. The findings emphasize the importance of computational chemistry in addressing PFAS contamination, guiding risk assessments, and informing future research and innovations in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bezerra de Souza
- John A. Reif, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Jay Meegoda
- John A. Reif, Jr. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
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7
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Sørmo E, Lade CBM, Zhang J, Asimakopoulos AG, Åsli GW, Hubert M, Goranov AI, Arp HPH, Cornelissen G. Stabilization of PFAS-contaminated soil with sewage sludge- and wood-based biochar sorbents. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:170971. [PMID: 38408660 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Sustainable and effective remediation technologies for the treatment of soil contaminated with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are greatly needed. This study investigated the effects of waste-based biochars on the leaching of PFAS from a sandy soil with a low total organic carbon content (TOC) of 0.57 ± 0.04 % impacted by PFAS from aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) dispersed at a former fire-fighting facility. Six different biochars (pyrolyzed at 700-900 °C) were tested, made from clean wood chips (CWC), waste timber (WT), activated waste timber (aWT), two digested sewage sludges (DSS-1 and DSS-2) and de-watered raw sewage sludge (DWSS). Up-flow column percolation tests (15 days and 16 pore volume replacements) with 1 % biochar indicated that the dominant congener in the soil, perfluorooctane sulphonic acid (PFOS) was retained best by the aWT biochar with a 99.9 % reduction in the leachate concentration, followed by sludge-based DWSS (98.9 %) and DSS-2 and DSS-1 (97.8 % and 91.6 %, respectively). The non-activated wood-based biochars (CWC and WT) on the other hand, reduced leaching by <42.4 %. Extrapolating this to field conditions, 90 % leaching of PFOS would occur after 15 y for unamended soil, and after 1200 y and 12,000 y, respectively, for soil amended with 1 % DWSS-amended and aWT biochar. The high effectiveness of aWT and the three sludge-based biochars in reducing PFAS leaching from the soil was attributed largely to high porosity in a pore size range (>1.5 nm) that can accommodate the large PFAS molecules (>1.02-2.20 nm) combined with a high affinity to the biochar matrix. Other factors like anionic exchange capacity could play a contributing role. Sorbent effectiveness was better for long-chain than for short-chain PFAS, due to weaker, apolar interactions between the biochar and the latter's shorter hydrophobic CF2-tails. The findings were the first to demonstrate that locally sourced activated wood-waste biochars and non-activated sewage sludge biochars could be suitable sorbents for the ex situ stabilization and in situ remediation of PFAS-contaminated soil, bringing this technology one step closer to full-scale field testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlend Sørmo
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), 0484 Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Clara Benedikte Mader Lade
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), 0484 Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7024 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Geir Wold Åsli
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), 0484 Oslo, Norway
| | - Michel Hubert
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), 0484 Oslo, Norway
| | - Aleksandar I Goranov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Hans Peter H Arp
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), 0484 Oslo, Norway; Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7024 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gerard Cornelissen
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), 0484 Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1430 Ås, Norway.
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Marsh RW, Kewalramani JA, Bezerra de Souza B, Meegoda JN. The use of a fluorine mass balance to demonstrate the mineralization of PFAS by high frequency and high power ultrasound. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141270. [PMID: 38280651 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
High-frequency ultrasound (sonolysis) has been shown as a practical approach for mineralizing PFAS in highly concentrated PFAS waste. However, a fluorine mass balance approach showing complete mineralization for ultrasound treatment has not been elucidated. The impact of ultrasonic power density (W/L) and the presence of co-occurring PFAS on the degradation of individual PFAS are not well understood. In this research, the performance of a 10L sonochemical reactor was assessed for treating synthetic high-concentration PFAS waste with carboxylic and sulfonic perfluoroalkyl surfactants ranging in chain length from four to eight carbons at three different initial concentrations: 6, 55, 183 μM. The mass balance for fluorine was performed using three analytical techniques: triple quadrupole liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, a fluoride ion selective electrode, and 19F nuclear magnetic resonance. The test results showed near complete mineralization of PFAS in the waste without the formation of intermediate fluorinated by-products. The PFAS mineralization efficiency of the sonolysis treatment at two different power densities for similar initial concentrations were almost identical; the G value at 145 W/L was 9.7*10-3 g/kWh, whereas the G value at 90 W/L was 9.3*10-3 g/kWh. The results of this study highlight the implications for the scalability of the sonolytic process to treat high-concentration PFAS waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Marsh
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA; Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Jitendra A Kewalramani
- Tetra Tech Inc., King of Prussia, PA, USA; Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Bruno Bezerra de Souza
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Jay N Meegoda
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA.
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Tang H, Wang Y, Si S, Li H, Chen DDY. Quantification of perfluorinated compounds in atmospheric particulate shows potential connection with environmental event. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 136:237-247. [PMID: 37923434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
A method of quantification of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) from atmospheric particulate matter (APM) is described. A single step pretreatment method, selective pressurized liquid extraction (SPLE), was developed to reduce the high matrix background and avoid contamination from commonly used multiple sample pretreatment steps. An effective sorbent was selected to purify the PFCs during SPLE, followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), for quantification of PFCs. Conditions affecting the SPLE efficiency, including temperature, static extraction time, and number of extraction cycles used, were studied. The optimum conditions were found to be 120°C, 10 min, and 3 cycles, respectively. LC-MS/MS method was developed to obtain the optimal sensitivity specific to PFCs. The method detection limits (MDLs) were 0.006 to 0.48 ng/g for the PFCs studied and the linear response range was from 0.1 to 100 ng/g. To ensure accurate values were obtained, each step of the experiment was evaluated and controlled to prevent contamination. The optimized method was tested by performing spiking experiments in natural particulate matter matrices and good rates of recovery and reproducibility were obtained for all target compounds. Finally, the method was successfully used to measure 16 PFCs in the APM samples collected in Beijing over five years from 2015 to 2019. It is observed that some PFCs follow the trend of total PFC changes, and can be attributed to the environment influencing events and policy enforcement, while others don't seem to change as much with time of the year or from year to year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Tang
- National Institute of Metrology, 18 Beisanhuandonglu, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shengling Si
- Si Chuan Zhong Ce Biao Wu Technology Co. Ltd., Sichuan 610052, China
| | - Hongli Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - David Da Yong Chen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z1, BC, Canada.
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10
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Xu Y, Guo Y, Qian L, Su Z, Chen QY, Wang J, Jiang L. Fluoroether Double-Chain Phosphate Surfactants: An Exploration of Alternatives to Fluorotelomer Surfactants. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:1316-1326. [PMID: 38156971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
While legacy fluorosurfactants have already been categorized as persistent organic pollutants, there appeared to be many strategies to develop alternatives. In this work, fluoroether double-chain phosphate surfactants (C72 diPAP-Na and C72 diPAP-NH4) were designed and synthesized with the initial intention of exploring the creation of new fluorosurfactants containing oxygen heteroatoms in the fluorocarbon chain segments to provide an alternative to the legacy long-chain fluorosurfactants. Furthermore, it was expected that they would even exceed the existing 6:2 fluorotelomer surfactants (6:2 diPAP-Na and 6:2 diPAP-NH4). Compared with characterizations of surface activity, foam performance, and wettability, the results showed that each of them has its own distinctive performance. Although the C72 series as new fluoroether surfactants cannot fully replace the 6:2 series of fluorosurfactants in terms of performance, there is a possibility of substitution in some aspects, which is of positive significance for further exploration to improve alternatives to legacy fluorosurfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Libo Qian
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaoben Su
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qing-Yun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinmin Wang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Lijun Jiang
- Sanming Hexafluo Chemicals Company, Ltd., Fluorinated New Material Industry Park, Mingxi, Sanming 365200, Fujian, China
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Cai W, Navarro DA, Du J, Srivastava P, Cao Z, Ying G, Kookana RS. Effect of heavy metal co-contaminants on the sorption of thirteen anionic per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167188. [PMID: 37734606 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the sorption behavior of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in soils are essential for assessing their mobility and risk in the environment. Heavy metals often coexist with PFAS depending on the source and history of contamination. In this study, we investigated the effect of heavy metal co-contaminants (Pb2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+) on the sorption of 13 anionic PFAS with different perfluorocarbon chain length (C3-C9) in two soils with different properties. Results revealed that Pb2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ had little effect on the sorption of most short-chain compounds, while the presence of these heavy metals enhanced the sorption of long-chain PFAS in two soils. The distribution coefficients (Kd) of several long-chain PFAS linearly increased with increasing concentrations of heavy metal, especially in the presence of Pb2+ (ΔKd/Δ [Pb2+] > 3 for PFOS and PFNA vs <1 for PFPeS and PFHxS). While several mechanisms may have contributed to the enhancement of sorption of PFAS, the heavy metals most likely contributed through enhanced hydrophobic interactions of PFAS by neutralizing the negative charge of adsorption surfaces in soils and thus making it more favorable for their partitioning onto the solid phase. Moreover, the increase in the concentrations of heavy metals led to a decrease in the pH of the system and promoted sorption of long-chain compounds, especially in soil with lower organic carbon content. Overall, this study provides evidence that the presence of co-existing heavy metal cations in soils can significantly enhance the sorption of long-chain PFAS onto soil, thereby potentially limiting their mobility in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Cai
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory on Key Techniques in Water Treatment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Divina A Navarro
- CSIRO Environment, Locked Bag 2, Glen Osmond, 5064, Australia; School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Locked Bag 1, Glen Osmond 5064, Australia.
| | - Jun Du
- CSIRO Environment, Locked Bag 2, Glen Osmond, 5064, Australia
| | | | - Zhiguo Cao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory on Key Techniques in Water Treatment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Guangguo Ying
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Rai S Kookana
- CSIRO Environment, Locked Bag 2, Glen Osmond, 5064, Australia; School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Locked Bag 1, Glen Osmond 5064, Australia
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12
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Steffens SD, Sedlak DL, Alvarez-Cohen L. Enhanced aggregation and interfacial adsorption of an aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) in high salinity matrices. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:2181-2188. [PMID: 37990920 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00247k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exist in contaminated groundwater, surface water, soil, and sediments from use of aqueous film forming foams (AFFFs). Under these conditions PFAS exhibit unusual behavior due to their surfactant properties, namely, aggregation and surface activity. Environmental factors such as salinity can affect these properties, and complicate efforts to monitor PFAS. The effect of high salinity matrices on the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of a AFFF formulation manufactured by 3M and the surface accumulation of PFAS was assessed with surface tension isotherm measurements and bench-scale experiments quantifying PFAS at the air-water interface. Conditions typical of brackish and saline waters substantially depressed the CMC of the AFFF by over 50% and increased the interfacial mass accumulation of PFAS in the AFFF mixture by up to a factor of 3, relative to values measured in ultrapure water. These results indicate that high salinity matrices increase the aggregation and surface activity of PFAS in mixtures, which are key properties affecting their transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia D Steffens
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1710, USA.
| | - David L Sedlak
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1710, USA.
| | - Lisa Alvarez-Cohen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1710, USA.
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13
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Mok S, Lee S, Choi Y, Jeon J, Kim YH, Moon HB. Target and non-target analyses of neutral per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances from fluorochemical industries using GC-MS/MS and GC-TOF: Insights on their environmental fate. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 182:108311. [PMID: 37988936 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Novel and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a key issue of concern in global environmental studies. In this study, air, sediment, and wastewater samples were collected from areas in and/or surrounded by fluorochemical-related industrial facilities to characterize the contamination profiles of neutral and novel PFAS (n-PFAS) using a gas chromatograph-based target and non-target analyses. Fluorotelomer alcohols were predominant in the samples, accounting for 80 % of the n-PFAS, followed by fluorotelomer acrylates. Air samples collected proximate to the durable water repellent (DWR) facility had the highest concentration of n-PFAS, which was approximately two orders of magnitude higher than those found in others. Non-target analysis identified fluorotelomer iodides and fluorotelomer methacrylate in multiple matrices near DWR facilities, indicating significant contamination of n-PFAS. Levels of both C6- and C8-based PFAS reflected a shift in usage patterns from C8- to C6-based fluorochemicals. Matrix-dependent profiles of n-PFAS revealed that shorter-chain (e.g., C6) and longer-chain (>C8) PFAS were predominant in air and sediment, respectively, implying that air and sediment are mobile and secondary sources of PFAS. Untreated and treated industrial wastewater also contained n-PFAS and their transformation products. The findings shed light on our understanding of the multi-matrix distribution and transport of PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sori Mok
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Technology, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunggyu Lee
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Technology, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghun Choi
- Graduate School of FEED of Eco-Friendly Offshore Structure, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Jeon
- Graduate School of FEED of Eco-Friendly Offshore Structure, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Republic of Korea; School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hee Kim
- Chemical Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Technology, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Gao Y, Le ST, Kibbey TCG, Glamore W, O'Carroll DM. A fundamental model for calculating interfacial adsorption of complex ionic and nonionic PFAS mixtures in the presence of mixed salts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:1830-1838. [PMID: 36987664 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00466f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are emerging contaminants that have been used extensively as firefighting agents and in a wide range of commercial applications around the world. As many of the most-common PFAS components are surfactants, they readily accumulate at interfaces, a process that can govern their environmental fate. There are thousands of PFAS compounds, and they have nearly always been used as mixtures, so it is common to find many different PFAS components present together in the environment. Furthermore, the interfacial behavior of ionic PFAS can be strongly influenced by the presence of salts, with adsorption dependent on both the composition and concentration of salts present. Any predictions of PFAS interfacial behavior made without considering both the mixed nature of PFAS present, as well as the composition of the salts present, have the potential to be off by orders of magnitude. To date, models capable of making predictions of PFAS interfacial adsorption when both mixed PFAS and mixed salts are present have not been presented. The work described here addresses this need by extending a mass-action model developed previously by the authors to allow predictions in cases where complex combinations of mixed PFAS and mixed salts are present. Predictions of PFAS interfacial affinity for a range of PFAS mixture conditions and ionic strengths are verified using experimentally-measured surface tension data. The new model provides physically-realistic prediction of interfacial adsorption of a wide range of PFAS mixtures over a wide range of salt concentrations and compositions. The model is capable of predicting interfacial adsorption of ionic/nonionic PFAS mixtures in the presence of salts, and can also make predictions when there is competitive adsorption between different PFAS components, a common case in PFAS source zones where high concentrations of multiple components are present and in foam fractionation reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Gao
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Song-Thao Le
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Tohren C G Kibbey
- School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - William Glamore
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Denis M O'Carroll
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Water Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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15
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Lewis R, Huang CH, White JC, Haynes CL. Using 19F NMR to Investigate Cationic Carbon Dot Association with Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS). ACS NANOSCIENCE AU 2023; 3:408-417. [PMID: 37868224 PMCID: PMC10588439 DOI: 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.3c00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
There is much concern about per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) based on their environmental persistence and toxicity, resulting in an urgent need for remediation technologies. This study focused on determining if nanoscale polymeric carbon dots are a viable sorbent material for PFAS and developing fluorine nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (19F NMR) methods to probe interactions between carbon dots and PFAS at the molecular scale. Positively charged carbon dots (PEI-CDs) were synthesized using branched polyethyleneimine to target anionic PFAS by promoting electrostatic interactions. PEI-CDs were exposed to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) to assess their potential as a PFAS sorbent material. After exposure to PFOA, the average size of the PEI-CDs increased (1.6 ± 0.5 to 7.8 ± 1.8 nm) and the surface charge decreased (+38.6 ± 1.1 to +26.4 ± 0.8 mV), both of which are consistent with contaminant sorption. 19F NMR methods were developed to gain further insight into PEI-CD affinity toward PFAS without any complex sample preparation. Changes in PFOA peak intensity and chemical shift were monitored at various PEI-CD concentrations to establish binding curves and determine the chemical exchange regime. 19F NMR spectral analysis indicates slow-intermediate chemical exchange between PFOA and CDs, demonstrating a high-affinity interaction. The α-fluorine had the greatest change in chemical shift and highest affinity, suggesting electrostatic interactions are the dominant sorption mechanism. PEI-CDs demonstrated affinity for a wide range of analytes when exposed to a mixture of 24-PFAS, with a slight preference toward perfluoroalkyl sulfonates. Overall, this study shows that PEI-CDs are an effective PFAS sorbent material and establishes 19F NMR as a suitable method to screen for novel sorbent materials and elucidate interaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley
E. Lewis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin
Cities, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Cheng-Hsin Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin
Cities, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jason C. White
- The
Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Christy L. Haynes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin
Cities, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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16
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Guo S, Guo Y, Huang M, Qian L, Su Z, Chen QY, Wu C, Liu C. Synthesis, Surface Activity, and Foamability of Two Short-Chain Fluorinated Sulfonate Surfactants with Ether Bonds. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:14519-14527. [PMID: 37802506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated surfactants are widely used in many fields because of their excellent surface active properties, but their high stability has caused many environmental problems. With the ban and restriction of classical long-chain fluorinated surfactants such as perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) worldwide, the development and replacement of their alternatives is now a major challenge. How to reduce environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and biotoxicity while maintaining high surface activity has become an important issue in the development of fluorinated surfactants. Using short-chain fluorinated surfactants is one of the important solutions to resolve the pollution of organic fluorinated compounds. In this article, we synthesized two short-chain fluorinated surfactants with ether bonds. One of them 6:2 FTESNa (2) used the perfluoroalkyl chain (n-C6F13-) and the other C72 FEESNa (4) used the fluoroether segment with six fluorinated carbons and two oxygens (CF3OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)). The surface activity, foam performance, and wettability of the two molecules were measured. The surface tensions at critical micelle concentration (γcmc) and the critical micelle concentration (cmc) of 2 and 4 were 17.6 mN/m (2.2 g/L) and 20.2 mN/m (4.6 g/L), respectively. Both of them were significantly superior to the surface activity of 6:2 FTSNa (7) which is one of the current alternatives for PFOS. Additionally, the foamability and foam stability of both 2 and 4 were better than that of 7. In the aspect of wettability on PTFE, that of 4 was greater than those of 2 and 7. In summary, this work provided a new choice for alternatives of PFOS and PFOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanwei Guo
- School of Chemical and Environment Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
| | - Yong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meiwei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Libo Qian
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaoben Su
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qing-Yun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chengying Wu
- Sanming Hexafluo Chemicals Company, Ltd., Fluorinated New Material Industry Park, Mingxi, Sanming, Fujian 365200, China
| | - Chao Liu
- School of Chemical and Environment Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
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17
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Liu W, Long L, Yang Z, Wang L, Gan Q, Zhou S, Sarkar P, Guo H, Tang CY. Enhancing the removal of organic micropollutants by nanofiltration membrane with Fe (III)-tannic acid interlayer: Mechanisms and environmental implications. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 245:120623. [PMID: 37729696 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Nanofiltration technology has been applied in a variety of water treatment scenarios. However, conventional thin-film composite (TFC) membranes fail to remove emerging organic micropollutants (OMPs) efficiently. Here we applied thin-film nanocomposite membrane with an interlayer (TFNi) of Fe (III)-tannic acid to remove various types of OMPs, such as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs), and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Compared to the pristine TFC membrane, TFNi membrane exhibited crumpled morphology and its rejection layer was denser, better cross-linked and possessed smaller average pore size with narrower distribution. Significant enhancement in water-OMPs selectivity of PhACs and PFASs was observed. The mechanism lies in the effects of interlayer in improving the membrane permeance to water and meanwhile reducing the permeance to some OMPs by enhancing size exclusion effects. This work confirms the effectiveness of using TFNi membrane to simultaneously enhance the OMPs rejection and water permeance. The unraveled mechanism might inspire the future development of high-performance nanofiltration membranes targeting OMPs removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Liu
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Li Long
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhe Yang
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qimao Gan
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shenghua Zhou
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pulak Sarkar
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hao Guo
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Chuyang Y Tang
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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18
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Moneta BG, Feo ML, Torre M, Tratzi P, Aita SE, Montone CM, Taglioni E, Mosca S, Balducci C, Cerasa M, Guerriero E, Petracchini F, Cavaliere C, Laganà A, Paolini V. Occurrence of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances in wastewater treatment plants in Northern Italy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 894:165089. [PMID: 37355117 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants are known to be relevant input sources of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the aquatic environment. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence, fate, and seasonal variability of twenty-five PFAS in four municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP A, B, C, and D) surrounding the city of Milan (Northern, Italy). Composite 24-h wastewater samples were collected in July and October 2021 and May and February 2022 from influents and effluents of the four WWTPs. PFAS were detected at concentrations ranging between 24.1 and 66.9 μg L-1 for influent and 13.4 and 107 μg L-1 for effluent wastewater samples. Perfluoropentanoic acid was the most abundant (1.91-30.0 μg L-1) in influent samples, whereas perfluorobutane sulfonic acid predominated (0.80-66.1 μg L-1) in effluent samples. In sludge, PFOA was detected in plant A at concentrations in the range of 96.6-165 ng kg-1 dw in primary sludge samples and 98.6-440 ng kg-1 dw in secondary treatment sludge samples. The removal efficiency of total PFAS varied between 6 % and 96 %. However, an increase of PFAS concentrations was observed from influents to effluents for plant D (during July and October), plant A (during October and May), and plant C (during May) indicating that biotransformation of PFAS precursors can occur during biological treatments. This was supported by the observed increase in concentrations of PFOA from primary to secondary treatment sludge samples in plant A. Moreover, the plant operating at shorter hydraulic retention times (plant D) showed lower removal efficiency (<45 %). Seasonal variation of PFAS in influent and effluent appears rather low and more likely due to pulse release instead of seasonal factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Luisa Feo
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, National Research Council of Italy (CNR IIA), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy.
| | - Marco Torre
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, National Research Council of Italy (CNR IIA), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizio Tratzi
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, National Research Council of Italy (CNR IIA), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Elsa Aita
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Maria Montone
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Taglioni
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Mosca
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, National Research Council of Italy (CNR IIA), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Catia Balducci
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, National Research Council of Italy (CNR IIA), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Cerasa
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, National Research Council of Italy (CNR IIA), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Ettore Guerriero
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, National Research Council of Italy (CNR IIA), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Petracchini
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, National Research Council of Italy (CNR IIA), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Cavaliere
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Paolini
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, National Research Council of Italy (CNR IIA), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
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19
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Bezerra de Souza B, Aluthgun Hewage S, A Kewalramani J, Ct van Duin A, N Meegoda J. A ReaxFF-based molecular dynamics study of the destruction of PFAS due to ultrasound. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 333:122026. [PMID: 37315883 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This work uses a computational approach to provide a mechanistic explanation for the experimentally observed destruction of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water due to ultrasound. The PFAS compounds have caused a strong public and regulatory response due to their ubiquitous presence in the environment and toxicity to humans. In this research, ReaxFF -based Molecular Dynamics simulation under several temperatures ranging from 373 K to 5,000 K and different environments such as water vapor, O2, N2, and air were performed to understand the mechanism of PFAS destruction. The simulation results showed greater than 98% PFAS degradation was observed within 8 ns under a temperature of 5,000 K in a water vapor phase, replicating the observed micro/nano bubbles implosion and PFAS destruction during the application of ultrasound. Additionally, the manuscript discusses the reaction pathways and how PFAS degradation evolves providing a mechanistic basis for the destruction of PFAS in water due to ultrasound. The simulation showed that small chain molecules C1 and C2 fluoro-radical products are the most dominant species over the simulated period and are the impediment to an efficient degradation of PFAS. Furthermore, this research confirms the empirical findings observations that the mineralization of PFAS molecules occurs without the generation of byproducts. These findings highlight the potential of virtual experiments in complementing laboratory experiments and theoretical projections to enhance the understanding of PFAS mineralization during the application of ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bezerra de Souza
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Shaini Aluthgun Hewage
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Jitendra A Kewalramani
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Adri Ct van Duin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Jay N Meegoda
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA.
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20
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Krafft MP, Riess JG. About Perfluoropolyhedranes, Their Electron-Accepting Ability and Questionable Supramolecular Hosting Capacity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202302942. [PMID: 37208990 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202302942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Polyhedral molecules are appealing for their eye-catching architecture and distinctive chemistry. Perfluorination of such, often greatly strained, compounds is a momentous challenge. It drastically changes the electron distribution, structure and properties. Notably, small high-symmetry perfluoropolyhedranes feature a centrally located, star-shaped low-energy unoccupied molecular orbital that can host an extra electron within the polyhedral frame, thus producing a radical anion, without loss of symmetry. This predicted electron-hosting capacity was definitively established for perfluorocubane, the first perfluorinated Platonic polyhedrane to be isolated pure. Hosting atoms, molecules, or ions in such "cage" structures is, however, all but forthright, if not illusionary, offering no easy access to supramolecular constructs. While adamantane and cubane have fostered numerous applications in materials science, medicine, and biology, specific uses for their perfluorinated counterparts remain to be established. Some aspects of highly fluorinated carbon allotropes, such as fullerenes and graphite, are briefly mentioned for context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pierre Krafft
- Institut Charles Sadron (CNRS), University of Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess., 67034, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Jean G Riess
- Harangoutte Institute, 68160, Ste-Croix-aux-Mines, France
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21
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Surma M, Sawicki T, Piskuła M, Wiczkowski W. Relationship between the Consumption of Fermented Red Beetroot Juice and Levels of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in the Human Body's Fluids and Blood Parameters. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13956. [PMID: 37762257 PMCID: PMC10530276 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a group of fluorinated, organic, man-made chemicals; they do not occur naturally in the environment. This study aimed to determine the profile and content of PFASs in the volunteers' blood plasma and urine after the consumption of fermented red beetroot juice and then correlated it with the blood parameters. Over 42 days, 24 healthy volunteers ingested 200 mL/60 kg of body weight of fermented red beetroot juice. PFASs were analyzed using the micro-HPLC-MS/MS method. Five perfluoroalkyl substances were found in the volunteers' body fluids. After consuming the juice, it was discovered that regarding the perfluorocarboxylic acids, a downward trend was observed, while regarding the perfluoroalkane sulfonates, and their plasma content showed a statistically significant upward trend. Analysis of the hematology parameters indicated that the intake of fermented red beetroot juice showed a significant decrease in mean corpuscular volume (MCV), platelets concentration, mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet large cell ratio (P-LCR) at the significance level p < 0.01, and hematocrit (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the dietary intervention also indicated a significant (p < 0.01) increase in corpuscular/cellular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). In the case of blood biochemistry, no significant change was observed in the blood samples after the intake of the fermented beetroot juice. However, a decreasing tendency of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein concentration (LDL-C) was observed. Based on the presented results, there is a need to analyze and monitor health-promoting food regarding undesirable substances and their impact on consumer health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Surma
- Malopolska Centre of Food Monitoring, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 122 Balicka St., 30-149 Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Sawicki
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna 45F St., 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Mariusz Piskuła
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Science, Tuwima 10 St., 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Wiesław Wiczkowski
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Science, Tuwima 10 St., 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
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22
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Shalabi K, Abd El-Lateef HM, Hammouda MM, Osman AMA, Tantawy AH, Abo-Riya MA. Perspectives on Corrosion Inhibition Features of Novel Synthesized Gemini-Fluorinated Cationic Surfactants Bearing Varied Spacers for Acid Pickling of X60-Steel: Practical, and In Silico Calculations. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5192. [PMID: 37512467 PMCID: PMC10383753 DOI: 10.3390/ma16145192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Through our present study, three novel Gemini-fluorinated cationic surfactants bearing different spacers (FSG6-2, FSG6-4, and FSG6-6) were synthesized, and their structures were explained via different spectroscopic instruments such as 1H, 13C, and 19F NMR spectra. The surface activity of the as-prepared surfactants was examined. The inhibiting influence of FSG6 molecules on the X60 steel corrosion in the pickling solution (HCl) was examined by diverse methods comprising electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) experimentations, and computational calculations. The inhibition effectiveness of FSG6 surfactants followed the order of 93.37% (FSG6-2) < 96.74% (FSG6-4) < 98.37% (FSG6-6) at 2.0 × 10-4 M. The FSG6 surfactants function as mixed-type inhibitors, according to PDP investigations. The H2O molecules that adsorbed on the steel interface were substituted with surfactant molecules, and the surfactant's inhibitory activity is likely caused by the improvement in an adsorptive layer on the steel substrate, as specified by the EIS results. The Langmuir isotherm describes the absorption of FSG6 molecules on the metal surface. The XPS investigations validate the steel interface's extremely protective nature. The mechanism of interaction between FSG6 molecules with an X60-steel employing the DFT calculations and MC simulations methods was also examined and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Shalabi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Hany M Abd El-Lateef
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Hammouda
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Amany M A Osman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Koam 32511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed H Tantawy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Abo-Riya
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
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23
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Kewalramani JA, Bezerra de Souza B, Marsh RW, Meegoda JN. Contributions of reactor geometry and ultrasound frequency on the efficieny of sonochemical reactor. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 98:106529. [PMID: 37487437 PMCID: PMC10374601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
An intermediate-scale reactor with 10L capacity and two transducers operating at 700 and 950 kHz frequencies was developed to study the scalability of the sonolytic destruction of Per and Polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS). The impact of frequency, height of liquid or power density, and transducer position on reactor performance was evaluated with the potassium iodide (KI) oxidation and calorimetric power. The dual frequency mode of operation has a synergistic effect based on the triiodide concentration, and calorimetric power. The triiodide concentration, and calorimetric power were higher in this mode compared to the combination of both frequencies operating individually. The sonochemical efficiency for an intermediate-scale reactor (10L) was similar that obtained from a bench-scale reactor (2L), showing the scalability of the sonolytic technology. The placement of the transducer at the bottom or side wall of the reactor had no significant impact on the sonochemical reactivity. The superposition of the ultrasonic field from the dual transducer mode (side and bottom) did not produce a synergistic effect compared to the single transducer mode (bottom or side). This can be attributed to a disturbance due to the interaction of ultrasonic fields of two frequencies from each transducer. With the encouraging results scaling up is in progress for site implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra A Kewalramani
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Bruno Bezerra de Souza
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Richard W Marsh
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Jay N Meegoda
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States
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24
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Sørmo E, Castro G, Hubert M, Licul-Kucera V, Quintanilla M, Asimakopoulos AG, Cornelissen G, Arp HPH. The decomposition and emission factors of a wide range of PFAS in diverse, contaminated organic waste fractions undergoing dry pyrolysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 454:131447. [PMID: 37121036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Current treatment options for organic waste contaminated with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are generally limited to incineration, composting or landfilling, all resulting in emissions. Dry pyrolysis is a promising emerging alternative to these practices, but there is uncertainty related to the fate of PFAS during this process. The present work first developed a robust method for the determination of PFAS in complex matrices, such as sewage sludge and biochar. Then, a mass balance was established for 56 different PFAS during full-scale pyrolysis (2-10 kg biochar hr-1, 500-800 °C) of sewage sludges, food waste reject, garden waste and waste timber. PFAS were found in all wastes (56-3651 ng g-1), but pyrolysis resulted in a ≥ 96.9% removal. Residual PFAS (0.1-3.4 ng g-1) were detected in biochars obtained at temperatures up to 750 °C and were dominated by long chain PFAS. Emitted PFAS loads ranged from 0.01 to 3.1 mg tonne-1 of biochar produced and were dominated by short chain PFAS. Emissions made up < 3% of total PFAS-mass in the wastes. Remaining uncertainties are mainly related to the presence of thermal degradation products in flue gas and condensation oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlend Sørmo
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.
| | - Gabriela Castro
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Michel Hubert
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Viktória Licul-Kucera
- Institute for Analytical Research, Hochschulen Fresenius gem. Trägesellschaft mbH, Idstein, Germany; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marjorie Quintanilla
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Gerard Cornelissen
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Hans Peter H Arp
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo, Norway; Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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25
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Guo M, Wu F, Geng Q, Wu H, Song Z, Zheng G, Peng J, Zhao X, Tan Z. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in aquatic products from the Yellow-Bohai Sea coasts, China: Concentrations and profiles across species and regions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 327:121514. [PMID: 36990342 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are emerging contaminants capable of harming human health, primarily via ingesting aquatic products. The current study monitored a survey of 23 PFASs in 1049 aquatic products from the coasts of the Yellow-Bohai Sea in China to comprehensively investigate the concentrations and distributions of PFASs. PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFOSA, and PFUdA were more predominantly and frequently detected than other PFASs in all samples, dominating PFAS patterns in aquatic products. The mean levels of ∑PFASs in different species followed the order: marine shellfish > marine crustaceans > fish > cephalopods > sea cucumber. Profiles of PFASs differ between species, suggesting species-specific accumulation plays a role. Various aquatic species are potential environmental bioindicators that signal individual PFAS contamination. For instance, clams can act as a potential PFOA bioindicator. High ∑PFAS levels in some sites (such as Binzhou, Dongying, Cangzhou, and Weifang) could be attributed to industrial activities involving fluoropolymer manufacture. The differences between PFAS concentrations and profiles in aquatic products across the study regions have been proposed as PFAS fingerprints of the Yellow-Bohai Sea coasts. Analyses of principal components and Spearman correlations indicated that the precursor biodegradation possibly contribute to C8-C10 PFCAs in the study samples. This study reported a wide presence of PFASs in different species of aquatic products across the Yellow-Bohai Sea coasts. The potential health risks that PFASs pose in certain species (such as marine shellfish and marine crustaceans) should not be neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Feng Wu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Qianqian Geng
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Haiyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zhiling Song
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Guanchao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jixing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xinnan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266071, China.
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26
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Guitton-Spassky T, Junge F, Singh AK, Schade B, Achazi K, Maglione M, Sigrist S, Rashmi R, Haag R. Fluorinated dendritic amphiphiles, their stomatosome aggregates and application in enzyme encapsulation. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:7781-7791. [PMID: 37016756 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr00493g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes are more selective and efficient than synthetic catalysts but are limited by difficult recycling. This is overcome by immobilisation, namely through encapsulation, with the main drawback of this method being slow diffusion of products and reactants, resulting in effectively lowered enzyme activity. Fluorinated dendritic amphiphiles were reported to self-assemble into regularly perforated bilayer vesicles, so-called "stomatosomes". It was proposed that they could be promising novel reaction vessels due to their increased porosity while retaining larger biomolecules at the same time. Amphiphiles were synthesised and their aggregation was analysed by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) in buffered conditions necessary for enzyme encapsulation. Urease and albumin were encapsulated using the thin-film hydration method and investigated by confocal and time-gated stimulated emission depletion microscopy (gSTED). Their release was then used to probe the selective retention of cargo by stomatosomes. Free and encapsulated enzyme activity were compared and their capacity to be reused was evaluated using the Berthelot method. Urease was successfully encapsulated, did not leak out at room temperature, and showed better activity in perforated vesicles than in closed vesicles without perforations. Encapsulated enzyme could be reused with retained activity over 8 cycles using centrifugation, while free enzyme had to be filtrated. These results show that stomatosomes may be used in enzyme immobilisation applications and present advantages over closed vesicles or free enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Guitton-Spassky
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, Berlin, 14195 Germany.
| | - Florian Junge
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, Berlin, 14195 Germany.
| | - Abhishek Kumar Singh
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, Berlin, 14195 Germany.
| | - Boris Schade
- Forschungszentrum für Elektronenmikroskopie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 36a, Berlin, 14195 Germany
| | - Katharina Achazi
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, Berlin, 14195 Germany.
| | - Marta Maglione
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, Berlin, 14195 Germany.
- Institute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 6, Berlin, 14195 Germany
| | - Stephan Sigrist
- Institute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 6, Berlin, 14195 Germany
| | - Rashmi Rashmi
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, Berlin, 14195 Germany.
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, Berlin, 14195 Germany.
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27
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Li Z, Luo ZM, Huang Y, Wang JW, Ouyang G. Recent trends in degradation strategies of PFOA/PFOS substitutes. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 315:137653. [PMID: 36581124 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The global elimination and restriction of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), respectively, have urged manufacturers to shift production to their substitutes which still pose threat to the environment with their bioaccumulation, toxicity and migration issues. In this context, efficient technologies and systematic mechanistic studies on the degradation of PFOA/PFOS substitutes are highly desirable. In this review, we summarize the progress in degrading PFOA/PFOS substitutes, including four kinds of mainstream methods. The pros and cons of the present technologies are analyzed, which renders the discussion of future prospects on rational optimizations. Additional discussion is made on the differences in the degradation of various kinds of substitutes, which is compared to the PFOA/PFOS and derives designing principles for more degradable F-containing compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizi Li
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhi-Mei Luo
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yanjun Huang
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jia-Wei Wang
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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28
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Folorunsho O, Bogush A, Kourtchev I. A new on-line SPE LC-HRMS method for simultaneous analysis of selected emerging contaminants in surface waters. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:284-296. [PMID: 36541663 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01574a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent years emerging contaminants (ECs) have received significant attention due to their widespread detection in surface waters and concerns that these compounds can cause adverse ecological and/or human health effects. Therefore, accurate methods for determining and quantifying ECs in surface water are essential for estimating their environmental impact. This work describes the development, validation and application of a sensitive multiclass method for simultaneous determination of 22 per and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs), 3 pharmaceuticals, 15 pesticides, and 2 bisphenols in surface water using on-line solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS). The method allows simultaneous sample clean-up from interfering matrices and lower limits of detection (LODs) by injecting a large sample volume into the LC system without compromising chromatographic efficiency and resolution. Linearity of response over several orders of magnitude was demonstrated for all tested compounds (R2 > 0.99), with the LODs ranging from 0.8 and 33.7 pg mL-1, allowing detection of ECs at trace levels in surface water. The method showed acceptable accuracy and precision (CV, % and RE below 20%) for all tested ECs. It also provided recoveries between 60% and 130% for all tested ECs. The validated method was successfully applied for analysis of surface water samples from three rivers (Cam, Ouse and Thames) in England. Several ECs, including perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), dimethyl-metatoluamide (DEET) and ibuprofen were observed in analysed surface water above the method's limit of quantitation (LOQ), with concentrations ranging between 3.5 and 460 pg mL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omotola Folorunsho
- Centre for Agroecology Water and Resilience (CAWR), Coventry University, Wolston Lane, Ryton on Dunsmore, CV8 3LG, UK.
| | - Anna Bogush
- Centre for Agroecology Water and Resilience (CAWR), Coventry University, Wolston Lane, Ryton on Dunsmore, CV8 3LG, UK.
| | - Ivan Kourtchev
- Centre for Agroecology Water and Resilience (CAWR), Coventry University, Wolston Lane, Ryton on Dunsmore, CV8 3LG, UK.
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29
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Zhou J, Baumann K, Surratt JD, Turpin BJ. Legacy and emerging airborne per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) collected on PM 2.5 filters in close proximity to a fluoropolymer manufacturing facility. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:2272-2283. [PMID: 36349377 PMCID: PMC11089768 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00358a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Large fluoropolymer manufacturing facilities are major known sources of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), many of which accumulate in groundwater, surface water, crops, wildlife, and people. Prior studies have measured high PFAS concentrations in groundwater, drinking water, soil, as well as dry and wet deposition near fluoropolymer facilities; however, much less is known about near-source PFAS air concentrations. We measured airborne PFAS on PM2.5 filters in close proximity to a major fluoropolymer manufacturing facility (Chemours' Fayetteville Works) located near Fayetteville, North Carolina, USA. Weekly PM2.5 filter samples collected over a six-month field campaign using high-volume air samplers at locations 3.7 km apart, north-northeast and south-southwest of the facility were analyzed for thirty-four targeted ionic PFAS species by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Twelve emerging and ten legacy PFAS compounds were detected. Thirteen PFAS were found at higher concentrations in these nearfield samples than at regional background sites, suggesting a local source for these compounds. Five emerging and five legacy PFAS compounds had maximum concentrations exceeding 1 pg m-3. PFBA, PFHxA, PFHxDA, PFOS, PMPA, NVHOS, PFO5DoA, and Nafion BP1 contributed the most to the total (legacy + emerging) PFAS concentration (86%). Six PFAS, specifically PFBA, PFOS, PFO5DoA, Nafion BP1, Nafion BP2, and Nafion BP4, provide a consistent representative profile of elevated species across the two sites (with detection frequency >50%). To our knowledge, this is the first study to report both legacy and emerging ionic PFAS in air in close proximity to a U.S. fluoropolymer manufacturing facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Zhou
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Karsten Baumann
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Picarro Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Barbara J Turpin
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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30
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Meegoda JN, Bezerra de Souza B, Casarini MM, Kewalramani JA. A Review of PFAS Destruction Technologies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192416397. [PMID: 36554276 PMCID: PMC9778349 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a family of highly toxic emerging contaminants that have caught the attention of both the public and private sectors due to their adverse health impacts on society. The scientific community has been laboriously working on two fronts: (1) adapting already existing and effective technologies in destroying organic contaminants for PFAS remediation and (2) developing new technologies to remediate PFAS. A common characteristic in both areas is the separation/removal of PFASs from other contaminants or media, followed by destruction. The widely adopted separation technologies can remove PFASs from being in contact with humans; however, they remain in the environment and continue to pose health risks. On the other hand, the destructive technologies discussed here can effectively destroy PFAS compounds and fully address society's urgent need to remediate this harmful family of chemical compounds. This review reports and compare widely accepted as well as emerging PFAS destruction technologies. Some of the technologies presented in this review are still under development at the lab scale, while others have already been tested in the field.
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31
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Contrastive study on organic contaminated soils remediated using dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Promoting Efficacy and Environmental Safety of Pesticide Synergists via Non-Ionic Gemini Surfactants with Short Fluorocarbon Chains. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196753. [PMID: 36235302 PMCID: PMC9572613 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Improving the utilization rate of pesticides is key to achieve a reduction and synergism, and adding appropriate surfactant to pesticide preparation is an effective way to improve pesticide utilization. Fluorinated surfactants have excellent surface activity, thermal and chemical stability, but long-chain linear perfluoroalkyl derivatives are highly toxic, obvious persistence and high bioaccumulation in the environment. Therefore, new strategies for designing fluorinated surfactants which combine excellent surface activity and environmental safety would be useful. In this study, four non-ionic gemini surfactants with short fluorocarbon chains were synthesized. The surface activities of the resulting surfactants were assessed on the basis of equilibrium surface tension, dynamic surface tension, and contact angle. Compared with their monomeric counterparts, the gemini surfactants had markedly lower critical micelle concentrations and higher diffusivities, as well as better wetting abilities. We selected a single-chain surfactant and a gemini surfactant with good surface activities as synergists for the glyphosate water agent. Both surfactants clearly improved the efficacy of the herbicide, but the gemini surfactant had a significantly greater effect than the single-chain surfactant. An acute toxicity test indicated that the gemini surfactant showed slight toxicity to rats.
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Hitzelberger M, Khan NA, Mohamed RAM, Brusseau ML, Carroll KC. PFOS Mass Flux Reduction/Mass Removal: Impacts of a Lower-Permeability Sand Lens within Otherwise Homogeneous Systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:13675-13685. [PMID: 36126139 PMCID: PMC9664819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) is one of the most common per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and is a significant risk driver for these emerging contaminants of concern. A series of two-dimensional flow cell experiments was conducted to investigate the impact of flow field heterogeneity on the transport, attenuation, and mass removal of PFOS. A simplified model heterogeneous system was employed consisting of a lower-permeability fine sand lens placed within a higher-permeability coarse sand matrix. Three nonreactive tracers with different aqueous diffusion coefficients, sodium chloride, pentafluorobenzoic acid, and β-cyclodextrin, were used to characterize the influence of diffusive mass transfer on transport and for comparison to PFOS results. The results confirm that the attenuation and subsequent mass removal of the nonreactive tracers and PFOS were influenced by mass transfer between the hydraulically less accessible zone and the coarser matrix (i.e., back diffusion). A mathematical model was used to simulate flow and transport, with the values for all input parameters determined independently. The model predictions provided good matches to the measured breakthrough curves, as well as to plots of reductions in mass flux as a function of mass removed. These results reveal the importance of molecular diffusion and pore water velocity variability even for systems with relatively minor hydraulic conductivity heterogeneity. The impacts of the diffusive mass transfer limitation were quantified using an empirical function relating reductions in contaminant mass flux (MFR) to mass removal (MR). Multi-step regression was used to quantify the nonlinear, multi-stage MFR/MR behavior observed for the heterogeneous experiments. The MFR/MR function adequately reproduced the measured data, which suggests that the MFR/MR approach can be used to evaluate PFOS removal from heterogeneous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hitzelberger
- New Mexico State University Department of Plant and Environmnetal Sciences, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, United States
| | - Naima A Khan
- New Mexico State University Department of Plant and Environmnetal Sciences, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, United States
| | - Ruba A M Mohamed
- New Mexico State University Department of Plant and Environmnetal Sciences, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, United States
| | - Mark L Brusseau
- University of Arizona Environmental Science Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Kenneth C Carroll
- New Mexico State University Department of Plant and Environmnetal Sciences, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, United States
- University of Arizona Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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Johnson GR, Brusseau ML, Carroll KC, Tick GR, Duncan CM. Global distributions, source-type dependencies, and concentration ranges of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in groundwater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 841:156602. [PMID: 35690215 PMCID: PMC9653090 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
A meta-analysis was conducted of published literature reporting concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in groundwater for sites distributed in 20 countries across the globe. Data for >35 PFAS were aggregated from 96 reports published from 1999 to 2021. The final data set comprises approximately 21,000 data points after removal of time-series and duplicate samples as well as non-detects. The reported concentrations range over many orders of magnitude, from ng/L to mg/L levels. Distinct differences in concentration ranges are observed between sites located within or near sources versus those that are not. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), ranging from <0.03 ng/L to ~7 mg/L, and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), ranging from 0.01 ng/L to ~5 mg/L, were the two most reported PFAS. The highest PFAS concentration in groundwater is ~15 mg/L reported for the replacement-PFAS 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS). Maximum reported groundwater concentrations for PFOA and PFOS were compared to concentrations reported for soils, surface waters, marine waters, and precipitation. Soil concentrations are generally significantly higher than those reported for the other media. This accrues to soil being the primary entry point for PFAS release into the environment for many sites, as well as the generally significantly greater retention capacity of soil compared to the other media. The presence of PFAS has been reported for all media in all regions tested, including areas that are far removed from specific PFAS sources. This gives rise to the existence of a "background" concentration of PFAS that must be accounted for in both regional and site-specific risk assessments. The presence of this background is a reflection of the large-scale use of PFAS, their general recalcitrance, and the action of long-range transport processes that distribute PFAS across regional and global scales. This ubiquitous distribution has the potential to significantly impact the quality and availability of water resources in many regions. In addition, the pervasive presence of PFAS in the environment engenders concerns for impacts to ecosystem and human health.
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35
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Wang X, Huang M, Su Z, Qian L, Guo Y, Chen Q, Wu C, lv T, Su Q, Shen Q, Ma J. Surface activity of a series of fluoroether betaine amphoteric surfactants: Oxygen Roles. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.107961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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36
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Abstract
Perfluorination gives cubane the capacity to host an extra electron in its inner structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pierre Krafft
- University of Strasbourg, Institut Charles Sadron (CNRS), 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean G Riess
- Harangoutte Institute, 68160 Ste-Croix-aux-Mines, France
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37
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Lyu Y, Wang B, Du X, Guo B, Brusseau ML. Air-water interfacial adsorption of C4-C10 perfluorocarboxylic acids during transport in unsaturated porous media. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 831:154905. [PMID: 35364184 PMCID: PMC9645406 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The impact of chain length on air-water interfacial adsorption of perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) during transport in unsaturated quartz sand was investigated. Short-chain (C4-C7: PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA) and long chain (C8-C10: PFOA, PFNA, PFDA) PFCAs were selected as a representative homologous series. Surface tensions were measured to characterize surface activities of the selected PFCAs. Miscible-displacement column experiments were conducted for each of the PFCAs to characterize the magnitudes of air-water interfacial adsorption under transport conditions. The transport of the long-chain PFCAs exhibited greater retardation than the short-chain PFCAs. Air-water interfacial adsorption (AWIA) was the predominant source of retention (≥63%) for the long-chain PFCAs. Conversely, AWIA contributed less to retention than did solid-phase sorption for the short-chain PFCAs, with the former contributions ranging from 4% to 40%. Direct examination of the breakthrough-curve profiles as well as mathematical-modeling results demonstrated that transport of the two longest-chain PFCAs was influenced by nonlinear AWIA, whereas that of the shorter-chain PFCAs was not. This disparate behavior is consistent with the input concentration used for the transport experiments in comparison to the respective surface activities and critical reference concentrations of the different PFCAs. Quantitative-structure/property-relationship (QSPR) analysis was applied to characterize the influence of molecular size on air-water interfacial adsorption. The logs of the air-water interfacial adsorption coefficients (Kia) determined from the transport experiments are a monotonic function of molar volume, consistent with prior QSPR analyses of surface-tension measured values. The Kia values determined from the transport experiments are very similar to those measured from surface-tension data, indicating that the transport experiments produced robust measurements of AWIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lyu
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, PR China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, PR China; Institute of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, PR China.
| | - Baohua Wang
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, PR China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, PR China
| | - Xinqiang Du
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, PR China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, PR China
| | - Bo Guo
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, 429 Shantz Bldg., USA
| | - Mark L Brusseau
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, 429 Shantz Bldg., USA; Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, 429 Shantz Bldg., USA.
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38
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Greaseproof, hydrophobic, and biodegradable food packaging bioplastics from C6-fluorinated cellulose esters. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.107562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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39
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Influence of nano-aluminum hydroxide on foam properties of the mixtures of hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon surfactants. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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40
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Loganathan N, Wilson AK. Adsorption, Structure, and Dynamics of Short- and Long-Chain PFAS Molecules in Kaolinite: Molecular-Level Insights. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:8043-8052. [PMID: 35543620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous presence of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in different natural settings poses a serious threat to environmental and human health. Soils and sediments represent one of the important exposure pathways of PFAS for humans and animals. With increasing bioaccumulation and mobility, it is extremely important to understand the interactions of PFAS molecules with the dominant constituents of soils such as clay minerals. This study reports for the first time the fundamental molecular-level insights into the adsorption, interfacial structure, and dynamics of short- and long-chain PFAS molecules at the water-saturated mesopores of kaolinite clay using classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. At environmental conditions, all the PFAS molecules are exclusively adsorbed near the hydroxyl surface of the kaolinite, irrespective of the terminal functional groups and metal cations. The interfacial adsorption structures and coordination environments of PFAS are strongly dependent on the nature of the functional groups and their hydrophobic chain length. The formation of large, aggregated clusters of long-chain PFAS at the hydroxyl surface of kaolinite is responsible for their restricted dynamics in comparison to short-chain PFAS molecules. Such comprehensive knowledge of PFAS at the clay mineral interface is critical to developing novel site-specific degradation and mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narasimhan Loganathan
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Angela K Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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41
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Evich MG, Davis M, Weber EJ, Tebes-Stevens C, Acrey B, Henderson WM, Goodrow S, Bergman E, Washington JW. Environmental Fate of Cl-PFPECAs: Predicting the Formation of PFAS Transformation Products in New Jersey Soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7779-7788. [PMID: 35617513 PMCID: PMC9474707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Although next-generation per- and polyfluorinated substances (PFAS) were designed and implemented as safer and environmentally degradable alternatives to "forever" legacy PFAS, there is little evidence to support the actual transformation of these compounds and less evidence of the safety of transformed products in the environment. Multiple congeners of one such PFAS alternative, the chloro-perfluoropolyether carboxylates (Cl-PFPECAs), have been found in New Jersey soils surrounding a manufacturing facility. These compounds are ideal candidates for investigating environmental transformation due to the existence of potential reaction centers including a chlorinated carbon and ether linkages. Transformation products of the chemical structures of this class of compounds were predicted based on analogous PFAS transformation pathways documented in peer-reviewed literature. Potential reaction products were used as the basis for high-resolution mass-spectrometric suspect screening of the soils. Suspected transformation products of multiple congeners, the Cl-PFPECAs, including H-PFPECAs, epox-PFPECAs, and diOH-PFPECAs, were tentatively observed in these screenings. Although ether linkages have been hypothesized as potential reaction centers under environmental conditions, to date, no documentation of ether scission has been identified. Despite exhaustive scrutiny of the high-resolution data for our Cl-PFPECA-laden soils, we found no evidence of ether scission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina G Evich
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 960 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
| | - Mary Davis
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 960 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
| | - Eric J Weber
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 960 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
| | - Caroline Tebes-Stevens
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 960 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
| | - Brad Acrey
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 960 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
| | - William Matthew Henderson
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 960 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
| | - Sandra Goodrow
- Division of Science & Research, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, 428 East State Street, Trenton, New Jersey 08625 United States
| | - Erica Bergman
- Site Remediation Program, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, 401 East State Street, Trenton, New Jersey 08625 United States
| | - John W Washington
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 960 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States
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42
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Stults JF, Choi YJ, Schaefer CE, Illangasekare TH, Higgins CP. Estimation of Transport Parameters of Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) in Unsaturated Porous Media: Critical Experimental and Modeling Improvements. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7963-7975. [PMID: 35549168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Predicting the transport of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in the vadose zone is critically important for PFAA site cleanup and risk mitigation. PFAAs exhibit several unusual and poorly understood transport behaviors, including partitioning to the air-water interface, which is currently the subject of debate. This study develops a novel use of quasi-saturated (residual air saturation) column experiments to estimate chemical partitioning parameters of both linear and branched perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in unsaturated soils. The ratio of linear-to-branched air-water interfacial partitioning constants for all six experiments was 1.62 ± 0.24, indicating significantly greater partitioning of linear PFOS isomers at the air-water interface. Standard breakthrough curve analysis and numerical inversion of HYDRUS models support the application of a Freundlich isotherm for PFOS air-water interfacial partitioning below a critical reference concentration (CRC). Data from this study and previously reported unsaturated column data on perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) were reevaluated to examine unsaturated systems for transport nonidealities. This reanalysis suggests both transport nonidealities and Freundlich isotherm behavior for PFOA below the CRC using drainage-based column methods, contrary to the assertions of the original authors. Finally, a combined Freundlich-Langmuir isotherm was proposed to describe PFAA air-water interfacial partitioning across the full range of relevant PFAA concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Stults
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 3557, United States
| | - Youn Jeong Choi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 3557, United States
| | - Charles E Schaefer
- CDM Smith, 110 Fieldcrest Avenue, #8, 6th Floor, Edison, New Jersey 08837, United States
| | - Tissa H Illangasekare
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 3557, United States
| | - Christopher P Higgins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 3557, United States
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43
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Du X, Alipanahrostami M, Wang W, Tong T. Long-Chain PFASs-Free Omniphobic Membranes for Sustained Membrane Distillation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:23808-23816. [PMID: 35536240 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Omniphobic membranes possessing high wetting resistance have been created for the treatment of challenging hypersaline feedwaters with low surface tension through membrane distillation (MD). However, virtually all such membranes are fabricated with long-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs, ≥8 fluorinated carbons). The environmental risks and high bioaccumulation potential of long-chain PFASs have raised increasing concerns. Developing highly wetting-resistant MD membranes while avoiding the use of long-chain PFASs is essential to improve the viability of MD for resilient and sustainable water purification. We demonstrate that MD membranes with exceptional wetting resistance can be designed through the combination of hierarchically structured membranes consisting of re-entrant texture at different length scales and (ultra)short-chain fluorocarbons, which have lower acute toxicity and bioaccumulation potentials than long-chain PFASs. Our hierarchically structured membrane with three-tier micro/nanostructure fabricated with short-chain fluorocarbon possesses superior wetting resistance, which is comparable to or higher than the long-chain PFASs-based omniphobic membranes reported in the literature. Furthermore, the hierarchically structured membranes fabricated with ultrashort-chain fluorocarbons display improved wetting resistance against feedwaters with low surface tension. Our findings indicate that long-chain PFASs are not required when designing wetting-resistant membranes and that the balance between sustainability and wetting resistance should be tailored to the wetting potential of the feedwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Du
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Mohammad Alipanahrostami
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Tiezheng Tong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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44
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Milnes-Smith E, Stone CA, Willis CR, Perkin S. Surface Reconstruction of Fluoropolymers in Liquid Media. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:4657-4668. [PMID: 35395153 PMCID: PMC9097541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface reconstruction is the rearrangement of atoms or molecules at an interface in response to a stimulus, driven by lowering the overall free energy of the system. Perfluoroalkyl acrylate polymers with short side chains undergo reconstruction at room temperature when exposed to water. Here, we use contact angle aging to examine the liquid- and temperature- dependency of surface reconstruction of plasma polymerized perfluoroalkyl acrylates. We use a first order kinetic model to examine the dynamics of reconstructive processes. Our results show that, above the bulk melting point of the polymers, the contact angles of both polar and nonpolar (hydrocarbon) liquids show a time dependency well fit by the model. We conclude that surface reconstruction can be driven by the preferential segregation of hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon moieties as well as by polar interactions. This has implications in terms of using fluorocarbons to design oleophobic surfaces (and vice versa) and in terms of designing fluorocarbon and/or hydrocarbon surfaces with switchable wettability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Milnes-Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Corinne A. Stone
- Defence
Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury,
Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United
Kingdom
| | - Colin R. Willis
- Defence
Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury,
Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United
Kingdom
| | - Susan Perkin
- Department
of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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45
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Cai W, Navarro DA, Du J, Ying G, Yang B, McLaughlin MJ, Kookana RS. Increasing ionic strength and valency of cations enhance sorption through hydrophobic interactions of PFAS with soil surfaces. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 817:152975. [PMID: 35026264 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.152975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The effect of soluble cations on sorption in soils of a range of anionic PFAS is not well studied. We investigated the role of three common cations (Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) at varying solution concentrations on the sorption coefficients (Kd) of 18 anionic PFAS in two contrasting soils. The effective charge of the soil suspension (Zeta potential) became less negative as the concentration of these cations increased in the soil solutions. Perfluorinated compounds showed greater sorption than polyfluorinated compounds, with sulfonates of comparable chain lengths showing higher sorption than the carboxylates. We observed that the Kd values of several PFAS in the two soils were positively correlated with the concentration of cations in solution, especially in the presence of polyvalent cations (Ca2+and Mg2+). The changes in sorption with cation concentration were more prominent for long-chain PFAS, with C > 10 PFAS being completely removed from solution at higher cation concentrations. The emerging PFAS (replacement compounds GenX and ADONA) showed negligible or little sorption (Kd < 0.6 L/kg). While several mechanisms contribute towards sorption of PFAS in the presence of cations, we conclude that the primary effect of cations is through screening of negative charges on head groups of PFAS and reorientation of molecules at the interface between organic matter surfaces and soil solution as well as charge neutralisation at soil solid surface. Screening of negative charges allows for greater hydrophobic interaction between hydrophobic tails of PFAS and soil surfaces resulting in greater sorption. Increasing cation concentrations in soil solutions could thus reduce mobility of PFAS through a soil profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Cai
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CSIRO Land and Water, Locked Bag 2, Glen Osmond 5064, Australia
| | - Divina A Navarro
- CSIRO Land and Water, Locked Bag 2, Glen Osmond 5064, Australia; University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Locked Bag 1, Glen Osmond 5064, Australia.
| | - Jun Du
- CSIRO Land and Water, Locked Bag 2, Glen Osmond 5064, Australia
| | - Guangguo Ying
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bin Yang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Mike J McLaughlin
- University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Locked Bag 1, Glen Osmond 5064, Australia
| | - Rai S Kookana
- CSIRO Land and Water, Locked Bag 2, Glen Osmond 5064, Australia; University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Locked Bag 1, Glen Osmond 5064, Australia
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Zhang S, Li X, He D, Zhang D, Zhao Z, Si H, Wang F. Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances in sediments from the water-level-fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China: Contamination characteristics, source apportionment, and mass inventory and loadings. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 299:118895. [PMID: 35085656 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sixteen paired surface sediment samples (0-5 cm, n = 32) covering upstream to downstream of water-level-fluctuation zone of Three Gorges Reservoir, China were collected in March 2018 (following six months of submergence) and September 2018 (after six months of exposure). Seventeen per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were quantified to evaluate contamination characteristics, apportion source categories and estimate mass inventory and loadings. The concentration of ΣPFASs ranged from 0.26 to 0.82 ng·g-1 at high water-level (HWL) and 0.46-1.53 ng·g-1 at low water-level (LWL). Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, mean: 0.32 ng·g-1) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS, mean: 0.12 ng·g-1) dominated, accounting 44.9% and 16.3% of the total PFASs, respectively. The distribution of PFASs was more influenced by anthropogenic activities than physicochemical parameters of the sediments. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) identified PFOA-based products was the major sources (40.1% and 38.6%, respectively). Besides, the direct sources of PFOA-, PFOS-, PFNA-and PFBA-based products played the predominant role, while the indirect degradation of precursors contributed relatively little. The sediment (0-5 cm) mass inventory of PFASs at LWL (57.5 kg) was higher than HWL (39.3 kg). The annual mass loadings of the total PFASs, PFOA, PFOS, perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUdA) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) from the upstream to the middle-lower reaches of Yangtze River were 27.4 kg, 11.1 kg, 4.63 kg, 2.89 kg and 2.57 kg, respectively. This study could provide the basic datasets of PFASs in surface sediments of the TGR, and also indicate an important transport of PFASs from upstream to the lower reaches, which should be further studied as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Department of Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region' s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Xingquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Department of Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region' s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Ding He
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China; Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Department of Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Department of Environmental Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Hongtao Si
- Chongqing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chongqing, 401120, China
| | - Fengwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Department of Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region' s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China.
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Barhoumi B, Sander SG, Tolosa I. A review on per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) in microplastic and food-contact materials. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 206:112595. [PMID: 34929191 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plastic, paper and cardboard are widely used as food contact materials (FCMs), due to its numerous favourable characteristics. However, they are usually coated with hazardous substances, such as per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs). PFASs, with its functional properties of oil- and water-repellency, can migrate from FCMs into the food and cause potential risk to human health. There are also increasing concerns about the harm that FCMs can cause to the environment. These concerns include accumulation of non-degradable plastics in the environment, generation of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics, and release of PFASs from FCMs. While many reviews have been conducted on PFASs in the environment, including their occurrence, fate, toxicity, biodegradation, migration in ecosystems and remediation technologies, a systematic review of PFASs in FCMs and MPs is currently lacking. In addition, our knowledge of the PFAS sorption processes on MPs is rather limited, and in particular their desorption processes. Thus, this review aims to (1) review the presence of various classes of PFASs in FCMs and their migration into food, (2) review the PFASs in MPs and summarize the sorption mechanisms, and factors that influence their sorption behaviour on MPs in the aquatic environment, and (3) identify the current research gaps and future research directions to predict the risks associated with the presence and sorption of PFASs in FCMs and MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badreddine Barhoumi
- IAEA Environment Laboratories, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco, Principality of, Monaco.
| | - Sylvia G Sander
- IAEA Environment Laboratories, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco, Principality of, Monaco; GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148, Kiel, Germany
| | - Imma Tolosa
- IAEA Environment Laboratories, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco, Principality of, Monaco.
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Rosati M, Acocella A, Pizzi A, Turtù G, Neri G, Demitri N, Nonappa, Raffaini G, Donnio B, Zerbetto F, Bombelli FB, Cavallo G, Metrangolo P. Janus-Type Dendrimers Based on Highly Branched Fluorinated Chains with Tunable Self-Assembly and 19F Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Properties. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Rosati
- Laboratory of Supramolecular and Bio-Nanomaterials (SupraBioNanoLab), Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Luigi Mancinelli 7, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Acocella
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Pizzi
- Laboratory of Supramolecular and Bio-Nanomaterials (SupraBioNanoLab), Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Luigi Mancinelli 7, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Turtù
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Neri
- Laboratory of Supramolecular and Bio-Nanomaterials (SupraBioNanoLab), Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Luigi Mancinelli 7, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Nonappa
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Giuseppina Raffaini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Luigi Mancinelli 7, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Bertrand Donnio
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Materiaux de Strasbourg - IPCMS, UMR 7504 - CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, F-67034 Cedex 2 Strasbourg, France
| | - Francesco Zerbetto
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Baldelli Bombelli
- Laboratory of Supramolecular and Bio-Nanomaterials (SupraBioNanoLab), Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Luigi Mancinelli 7, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Cavallo
- Laboratory of Supramolecular and Bio-Nanomaterials (SupraBioNanoLab), Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Luigi Mancinelli 7, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Metrangolo
- Laboratory of Supramolecular and Bio-Nanomaterials (SupraBioNanoLab), Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Luigi Mancinelli 7, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Fabrication of UV-curable Anti-fouling Coating Based on Fluorinated Polyoxetane and Long Side-Chain Polysilcone. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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50
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Gorb L, Ilchenko M, Leszczynski J. A density functional theory study of the simplest adsorption forms of perfluorooctanoic and perfluorooctanesulphonic acids by graphene oxide and fluorinated graphene oxide*. Mol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2022.2053218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Gorb
- Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Sciences, Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
- Department of Molecular and Quantum Biophysics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Mykola Ilchenko
- Department of Synthetic Bioregulators, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Jerzy Leszczynski
- Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Sciences, Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
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