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Ji X, Xiao Y, Yang W, Wei W, Lyu W, Wang X, Yang H. Comprehensive identification and risk assessment of regulated and emerging mycotoxins in infant foods and related raw materials and risk management advice: A case study of an infant food company in China. Food Res Int 2024; 187:114304. [PMID: 38763623 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
This study evaluated muti-mycotoxins in 199 samples including processed infant foods and raw materials collected randomly from an infant food company and assessed their role in dietary exposure in infants and young children via probabilistic risk assessment. Approximately 79.6 % (74/93) of the processed infant foods and 65.1 % (69/106) of the raw materials were contaminated by mycotoxins, with a mean occurrence level of 3.66-321.8 µg/kg. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and tenuazonic acid (TeA) were the more prevalent mycotoxins detected, based on their higher frequencies and levels across samples. Co-occurrence of more than two mycotoxins was detected in 61.3 % (57/93) of the processed infant foods and 53.8 % (57/106) of the raw materials. Wheat flour and derived products (e.g., infant noodles and infant biscuits) were contaminated with higher contamination levels and a greater variety of mycotoxins than other samples (e.g., infant cereal and rice grains). The estimated daily exposure to OTA, DON, ZEN, and TEN was lower than the corresponding reference health-based guidance values, indicating acceptable health risks. However, the estimated dietary exposure to alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), alternariol (AOH), and tenuazonic acid (TeA) exceeded the corresponding thresholds of toxicological concern values, indicating potential dietary intake risks. Among the various samples, cereals and cereal-based infant foods emerged as the primary contributors to mycotoxin exposure. Further research is advised to address the uncertainties surrounding the toxicity associated with emerging Alternaria mycotoxins and to conduct cumulative risk assessments concerning multiple mycotoxin exposure in infants and young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Yingping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Weikang Yang
- Yangzhou Fangguang Food Co., Ltd, Yangzhou, 225100, China
| | - Wang Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Wentao Lyu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
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Zhang J, Huang R, Feng Y, Yang T, Sun M, Kuang H, Xu C, Guo L. Development and validation of stable isotope dilution LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of four Alternaria toxins in 15 food commodities. Food Chem 2024; 457:140122. [PMID: 38908243 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Alternaria toxins (ATs) are produced from Alternaria species that result in crop losses and harmful impacts on human health. A stable isotope dilution LC-MS/MS method was established to quantify four ATs in 15 food commodities: alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tentoxin (TEN), and tenuazonic acid (TeA). Based on systematically optimization of detection conditions and pre-processing steps, the limits of detection and limits of quantification of the four ATs ranged from 0.1 to 10 μg/kg and 0.2 to 30 μg/kg, respectively. The results showed that the recoveries of the four ATs were 72.0%-119.1%. The intra-precision and inter-precision ranged from 0.7% to 11.1% and 1.1% to 13.1%, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the determination of four ATs in 35 food samples, suggesting that this method could provide meaningful occurrence data to support the assessment of emerging ATs in food commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Renzhi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongwei Feng
- Wuxi Food Safety Inspection and Test Center, 35-210 South Changjiang Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214142, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Yang
- Wuxi Food Safety Inspection and Test Center, 35-210 South Changjiang Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214142, People's Republic of China
| | - Maozhong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanlai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China.
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Sedighi A, Mohammadi A. Phytotoxicity effect of a highly toxic isolate of Alternaria alternata metabolites from Iran. Toxicon X 2024; 21:100186. [PMID: 38380155 PMCID: PMC10878783 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2024.100186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Alternaria species produce several mycotoxins, such as alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), altenuene (ALT), altertoxin (ATX), tentoxin (TTX) and tenuazonic acid (TeA). This research aimed to isolate and identify mycotoxins from highly toxic Alternaria alternata (w19) and A. tennuisima isolates and their phytotoxicity effects. Fungal metabolites were extracted from 21-day cultures of Alternaria in a Czapek broth medium with the organic solvent chloroform/acetone and identified using the HPLC method. Alternaria metabolites were infiltrated in vivo into several plant leaves for phytotoxicity detection. The study investigated the impact of temperature, time, and metabolite concentration on phytotoxicity using the detached leaf infiltration technique. Five mycotoxins (TTX, TeA, ALT, AOH, and AME) were detected in A. alternata W19 isolate with 959.24, 102.03, 24.01, 9.04, and 2.44 ppm, respectively. A. tennuisima produce these toxins in a lower concentration. Infiltration of fungal metabolites induced leaf chlorosis and necrosis, which differs based on temperature, concentration and plant species. Based on our knowledge, this is the first report of Alternaria mycotoxins in Iran and a highly toxic isolate of A. alternata with rapid phytotoxicity on a wide range of susceptible hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Sedighi
- Dept. of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Univerity of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
| | - Abbas Mohammadi
- Dept. of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Univerity of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
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Zhang M, Liu N, Dong F, Wang L, Xu J, Wu X, Zheng Y, Pan X. The fate of mycotoxins in oranges during storage and processing. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:1614-1624. [PMID: 38011597 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2282555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the safety of orange consumption induced by mycotoxins, 'Newhall' navel oranges were artificially inoculated with P. expansum and A. tenuissima, followed by an evaluation of the distribution and migration patterns of corresponding mycotoxins (patulin [PAT], tentoxin [Ten], altenuene [ALT], alternariol monomethyl ether [AME], alternariol [AOH] and tenuazonic acid [TeA]) during orange storage and processing. The concentration of mycotoxins decreased as the increase of distance from the lesion, and mycotoxins could be detected throughout the orange when the lesion extended to 8 mm in diameter. AOH and AME pose the primary source of dietary risk with high concentrations and low thresholds of toxicological concern. Orange juice and pectin processing could remove 43.4-98.7% of mycotoxins, while tangerine peelprocessing might lead to significant enrichment of mycotoxins with the processing factors (PFs) of 2.8-3.5. The findings may offer scientific insights into mitigating the dietary risk of mycotoxin exposure from oranges and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengna Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, PR China
| | - Na Liu
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Fengshou Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Liping Wang
- Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaohu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xinglu Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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Sehim AE, Abd Elghaffar RY, Emam AM, El-Desoukey TA. Evaluation of the efficacy of ozonated olive oil for controlling the growth of Alternaria alternata and its toxins. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17885. [PMID: 37483790 PMCID: PMC10359872 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxigenic fungi infect fruits and vegetables either during harvest or storage and create mycotoxins as secondary metabolites, which pose a serious threat to human and animal health throughout the food chain. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the inhibitory effect of OZO against the growth and spore germination of the Alternaria alternata fungal strain. Additionally, evaluation of the synthesis inhibition of Alternaria toxins (ATs), among which are alternariol (AOH), alternariol-9-methyl ether (AME), and tenuazonic acid (TeA) in the potato dextrose broth (PDB) medium and orange fruit after harvest. The results indicated that the inhibition zone was 29.0 ± 1.2 mm at 20 mg/L of OZO. The MIC and MFC values were recorded at 0.186 and 1.57 mg/mL, respectively. In this regard, OZO prevented conidia germination at 98.8% with the treatment of 5 mg/mL. OZO at 20 mg/mL was efficacious in producing a high loss in ATs production in the PDB medium, reaching 73.4, 76, and 67.1% for AOH, AME, and TeA, respectively. In addition, OZO prevents the biosynthesis of AOH and AME during the storage of orange fruits compared with the positive control sample. In contrast, 20 mg/mL reduced TeA accumulation and the appearance of Alternaria brown spot (ABS) in orange. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that studies OZO to control ATs in vitro in orange fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira E. Sehim
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | | | - Amany M. Emam
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Tarek A. El-Desoukey
- Department of Food Toxicology and Contaminant, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Kryukov V, Kosman E, Tomilova O, Polenogova O, Rotskaya U, Yaroslavtseva O, Salimova D, Kryukova N, Berestetskiy A. Tenuazonic acid alters immune and physiological reactions and susceptibility to pathogens in Galleria mellonella larvae. Mycotoxin Res 2023; 39:135-149. [PMID: 37071305 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00479-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Tenuazonic acid (TeA) is synthesized by phytopathogenic and opportunistic fungi and is detected in a broad range of foods. This natural compound is of interest in terms of toxicity to animals, but its mechanisms of action on insects are poorly understood. We administered TeA orally at different concentrations (0.2-5.0 mg/[gram of a growth medium]) to the model insect Galleria mellonella, with subsequent estimation of physiological, histological, and immunological parameters in different tissues (midgut, fat body, and hemolymph). Susceptibility of the TeA-treated larvae to pathogenic microorganisms Beauveria bassiana and Bacillus thuringiensis was also analyzed. The feeding of TeA to the larvae led to a substation delay of larval growth, apoptosis-like changes in midgut cells, and an increase in midgut bacterial load. A decrease in activities of detoxification enzymes and downregulation of genes Nox, lysozyme, and cecropin in the midgut and/or hemocoel tissues were detected. By contrast, genes gloverin, gallerimycin, and galiomycin and phenoloxidase activity proved to be upregulated in the studied tissues. Hemocyte density did not change under the influence of TeA. TeA administration increased susceptibility of the larvae to B. bassiana but diminished their susceptibility to B. thuringiensis. The results indicate that TeA disturbs wax moth gut physiology and immunity and also exerts a systemic action on this insect. Mechanisms underlying the observed changes in wax moth susceptibility to the pathogens are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Kryukov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630091, Frunze 11, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena Kosman
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630091, Frunze 11, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Oksana Tomilova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630091, Frunze 11, Novosibirsk, Russia
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, 196608, Podbel'skogo Sh. 3, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga Polenogova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630091, Frunze 11, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - Ulyana Rotskaya
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630091, Frunze 11, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga Yaroslavtseva
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630091, Frunze 11, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dilara Salimova
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, 196608, Podbel'skogo Sh. 3, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalia Kryukova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630091, Frunze 11, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Berestetskiy
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, 196608, Podbel'skogo Sh. 3, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Li Y, Shao Y, Zhu Y, Chen A, Qu J, Gao Y, Lu S, Luo P, Mao X. Temperature-dependent mycotoxins production investigation in Alternaria infected cherry by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 388:110070. [PMID: 36610234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.110070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
For temperature-dependent Alternaria mycotoxins production analysis, cherry samples were inoculated with Alternaria sp. and incubated at two different temperatures (4 °C and 25 °C). Six Alternaria mycotoxins, including altenuene (ALT), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), alternariol (AOH), altertoxin-I (ATX-I), tenuazonic acid (TeA), and tentoxin (TEN), in cherries were detected with integrated visible data-processing tools. Maximum concentration of these mycotoxins reached 71,862.2 μg/kg at 25 °C. Notably, considerable amount of TeA (290.4 μg/kg) was detected at 4 °C, which indicated that low temperature is not a safe storage condition for fruits. A total of 102 compounds were detected with a neutral loss of 162.0528 Da, and TeA-glucose was identified in this work. Based on MS/MS cosine similarity, products were verified and annotated with feature based molecular networking (FBMN) in global natural products social networking (GNPS). The results showed Alternaria mycotoxins in cherry samples were mainly demethylation, hydrogenation, and dehydration. This work revealed the production of Alternaria mycotoxins in cherries under different storage temperature, which will provide theoretical basis for the control of mycotoxin contamination in food commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshen Li
- Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong Province 264005, PR China
| | - Ying Shao
- Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong Province 264005, PR China
| | - Ya'ning Zhu
- Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong Province 264005, PR China
| | - Anqi Chen
- Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong Province 264005, PR China
| | - Jingyao Qu
- Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong Province 264005, PR China
| | - Yonglin Gao
- Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong Province 264005, PR China
| | - Sunan Lu
- Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong Province 264005, PR China
| | - Pengjie Luo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100017, PR China
| | - Xin Mao
- Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong Province 264005, PR China.
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Tian Y, Abdallah MF, De Boevre M, Audenaert K, Wang C, De Saeger S, Wu A. Deciphering Alternaria metabolic responses in microbial confrontation via an integrated mass spectrometric targeted and non-targeted strategy. Food Chem 2023; 404:134694. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bacha SAS, Li Y, Nie J, Xu G, Han L, Farooq S. Comprehensive review on patulin and Alternaria toxins in fruit and derived products. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1139757. [PMID: 37077634 PMCID: PMC10108681 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1139757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain fungi, which can contaminate various food commodities, including fruits and their derived products. Patulin and Alternaria toxins are among the most commonly encountered mycotoxins in fruit and their derived products. In this review, the sources, toxicity, and regulations related to these mycotoxins, as well as their detection and mitigation strategies are widely discussed. Patulin is a mycotoxin produced mainly by the fungal genera Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Byssochlamys. Alternaria toxins, produced by fungi in the Alternaria genus, are another common group of mycotoxins found in fruits and fruit products. The most prevalent Alternaria toxins are alternariol (AOH) and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME). These mycotoxins are of concern due to their potential negative effects on human health. Ingesting fruits contaminated with these mycotoxins can cause acute and chronic health problems. Detection of patulin and Alternaria toxins in fruit and their derived products can be challenging due to their low concentrations and the complexity of the food matrices. Common analytical methods, good agricultural practices, and contamination monitoring of these mycotoxins are important for safe consumption of fruits and derived products. And Future research will continue to explore new methods for detecting and managing these mycotoxins, with the ultimate goal of ensuring the safety and quality of fruits and derived product supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Asim Shah Bacha
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
| | - Yinping Li
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
- *Correspondence: Jiyun Nie, ; Yinping Li,
| | - Jiyun Nie
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao)/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Jiyun Nie, ; Yinping Li,
| | - Guofeng Xu
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
| | - Lingxi Han
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao)/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, China
| | - Saqib Farooq
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
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The Potential of Alternaria Toxins Production by A. alternata in Processing Tomatoes. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120827. [PMID: 36548724 PMCID: PMC9781988 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As a filamentous and spoilage fungus, Alternaria spp. can not only infect processing tomatoes, but also produce a variety of mycotoxins which harm the health of human beings. To explore the production of Alternaria toxins in processing tomatoes during growth and storage, four main Alternaria toxins and four conjugated toxins were detected by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-IMS QToF MS) in processing tomatoes on different days after being inoculated with A. alternata. The results show that the content of Alternaria toxins in an in vivo assay is higher than that under field conditions. Tenuazonic acid (TeA) is the predominant toxin detected in the field (205.86~41,389.19 μg/kg) and in vivo (7.64~526,986.37 μg/kg) experiments, and the second-most abundant toxin is alternariol (AOH). In addition, a small quantity of conjugated toxins, AOH-9-glucoside (AOH-9-Glc) and alternariol monomethyl ether-3-glucoside (AME-3-Glc), were screened in the in vivo experiment. This is the first time the potential of Alternaria toxins produced in tomatoes during the harvest period has been studied in order to provide data for the prevention and control of Alternaria toxins.
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Witte TE, Villenueve N, Shields SW, Sproule A, Eggertson Q, Kim NE, Boddy CN, Dettman JR, Overy DP. Untargeted metabolomics screening reveals unique secondary metabolite production from Alternaria section Alternaria. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1038299. [PMID: 36504718 PMCID: PMC9731300 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1038299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternaria section Alternaria is comprised of many species that infect a broad diversity of important crop plants and cause post-harvest spoilage. Alternaria section Alternaria species, such as A. alternata and A. arborescens, are prolific producers of secondary metabolites that act as virulence factors of disease and are mycotoxins that accumulate in infected tissues-metabolites that can vary in their spectrum of production between individuals from the same fungal species. Untargeted metabolomics profiling of secondary metabolite production using mass spectrometry is an effective means to detect phenotypic anomalies in secondary metabolism within a species. Secondary metabolite phenotypes from 36 Alternaria section Alternaria isolates were constructed to observe frequency of production patterns. A clear and unique mass feature pattern was observed for three of the strains that were linked with the production of the dehydrocurvularin family of toxins and associated detoxification products. Examination of corresponding genomes revealed the presence of the dehydrocurvularin biosynthesis gene cluster associated with a sub-telomeric accessory region. A comparison of sequence similarity and occurrences of the dehydrocurvularin biosynthetic gene cluster within Pleosporalean fungi is presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Witte
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Nicolas Villenueve
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Samuel W. Shields
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Amanda Sproule
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Quinn Eggertson
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Natalie E. Kim
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher N. Boddy
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jeremy R. Dettman
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada,*Correspondence: Jeremy R. Dettman, ; David P. Overy,
| | - David P. Overy
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada,*Correspondence: Jeremy R. Dettman, ; David P. Overy,
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Occurrence and Determination of Alternaria Mycotoxins Alternariol, Alternariol Monomethyl Ether, and Tentoxin in Wheat Grains by QuEChERS Method. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110791. [PMID: 36422965 PMCID: PMC9695878 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Alternaria mycotoxins such as alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), and tentoxin (TEN) are mycotoxins, which can contaminate cereal-based raw materials. Today, wheat is one of the most important crops in temperate zones, and it is in increasing demand in the Western Balkans countries that are urbanizing and industrializing. This research aimed to investigate the occurrence and determine the concentration of Alternaria mycotoxins AOH, AME, and TEN in wheat samples from the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Albania, harvested in the year 2020 in the period between 15 June and 15 July. A total of 80 wheat grain samples, 40 from each country, were analyzed by an QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method. From the obtained results, it can be seen that the mean concentration of AOH was 3.3 µg/kg and AME was 2.2 µg/kg in wheat samples from Serbia, while TEN from both Serbia and Albania was under the limit of quantification (<LOQ). The maximum of AOH and AME mycotoxins was recorded only in wheat grain samples collected in the Republic of Serbia (5.3 and 2.3 µg/kg). In conclusion, Alternaria mycotoxins have concentrations above the LOQ, which could be potentially considered a health hazard to both humans and animals.
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Pavicich MA, Nielsen KF, Patriarca A. Morphological and chemical characterization of Alternaria populations from apple fruit. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 379:109842. [PMID: 35878437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alternaria is a frequent contaminant of apple fruit, causing severe economic losses. It can produce external lesions and mouldy core, characterised by a rotten area in the apple core. In the present study, morphological and chemical characterization of Alternaria from apples was performed, evaluating differences related to agricultural practices and type of disease. A low morphological diversity was observed; most of the isolates were identified as A. tenuissima sp.-grp. (95 %). A. arborescens sp.-grp. and A. gaisen sp.-grp. were present in a proportion of 1 %, and 3 % of the isolates showed intermediate characteristics between these sp.-grps. and were identified as Alternaria sp. The chemical diversity was greater; 27 secondary metabolites were produced by the apple isolates. The most frequents were altertoxin-I (85 %), altechromone A (76 %), tentoxin (69 %), and tenuazonic acid (68 %). The alternariols were produced in a lower frequency when comparing with isolates from other crops; alternariol, 58 % and alternariol monomethyl ether, 57 %. The predominant secondary metabolite profile included compounds from different chemical families, such as dibenzopyrones, tetramic acids, perylene quinones, and cyclic tetrapeptides. A wider metabolomic capacity was observed in isolates from conventional apples when compared to those from organic fruit, with the predominance of strong producers of altertoxins and alternariols. The isolates from mouldy core showed higher ability to produce metabolites from different chemical families than those from external lesions. The wide chemical diversity of the Alternaria apple population should be considered to assess the health risk associated with apple by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Agustina Pavicich
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Argentina; CONICET, Instituto de Micología y Botánica (INMIBO), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Andrea Patriarca
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Argentina; CONICET, Instituto de Micología y Botánica (INMIBO), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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14
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Wang X, Han Y, Niu H, Zhang L, Xiang Q, Zong W. Alternaria mycotoxin degradation and quality evaluation of jujube juice by cold plasma treatment. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.108926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Penagos-Tabares F, Khiaosa-Ard R, Schmidt M, Pacífico C, Faas J, Jenkins T, Nagl V, Sulyok M, Labuda R, Zebeli Q. Fungal species and mycotoxins in mouldy spots of grass and maize silages in Austria. Mycotoxin Res 2022; 38:117-136. [PMID: 35347677 PMCID: PMC9038934 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-022-00453-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Fungi and mycotoxins in silage can have detrimental consequences for both cattle and human health. This pilot study identified, via the routinary direct plating method, the dominant cultivable fungi in mouldy grass silages (GS) (n = 19) and maize silages (MS) (n = 28) from Austria. The profiles of regulated, modified, and emerging mycotoxins together with other fungal metabolites were analysed via LC-(ESI)MS/MS. Penicillium roqueforti, Saccharomyces spp., Geotrichum candidum, Aspergillus fumigatus and Monascus ruber were the most frequent fungal organisms identified. Other species including Mucor circinelloides, Fusarium spp. and Paecilomyces niveus were detected at lower frequencies. The presence of complex mixtures of toxic and potentially toxic compounds was evidenced by high levels and occurrences (≥ 50%) of Penicillium-produced compounds such as mycophenolic acid (MPA), roquefortines (ROCs), andrastins (ANDs) and marcfortine A. Mouldy silages contained toxins commonly produced by genus Fusarium (e.g. zearalenone (ZEN) and trichothecenes), Alternaria (like tenuazonic acid (TeA) and alternariol (AHO)) and Aspergillus (such as sterigmatocystin (STC)). Compared to those in GS, mouldy spots in MS presented significantly higher fungal counts and more diverse toxin profiles, in addition to superior levels of Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp. and total fungal metabolites. Generally, no correlation between mould counts and corresponding metabolites was detected, except for the counts of P. roqueforti, which were positively correlated with Penicillium spp. metabolites in mouldy MS. This study represents a first assessment of the fungal diversity in mouldy silage in Austria and highlights its potential role as a substantial contributor to contamination with complex mycotoxin mixtures in cattle diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Penagos-Tabares
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ratchaneewan Khiaosa-Ard
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Marlene Schmidt
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cátia Pacífico
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Faas
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430, Tulln a.d. Donau, Austria
| | - Timothy Jenkins
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430, Tulln a.d. Donau, Austria
| | - Veronika Nagl
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430, Tulln a.d. Donau, Austria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstrasse 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Roman Labuda
- Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform Bioactive Microbial Metabolites (BiMM), 3430, Tulln a.d. Donau, Austria
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Christian-Doppler-Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts in Livestock (CDL-LiveGUT), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
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16
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Determination of Alternaria Toxins in Food by SPE and LC-IDMS: Development and In-House Validation of a Candidate Method for Standardisation. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternaria toxins (ATs) are frequently found contaminants in foodstuffs (e.g., alternariol), often reaching high concentrations (e.g., tenuazonic acid). They can spoil a wide variety of food categories (e.g., cereals, vegetables, seeds and drinks) and storage at fridge temperatures does not prevent the growth of Alternaria fungi. Therefore, reliable and validated analytical methods are needed to protect human health and to ensure a transparent and fair trade. This paper describes new technical features that improved a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the analysis of ATs in tomato, wheat and sunflower seeds. This analytical method should be simple to implement in different laboratories across the EU and thus be an attractive candidate for standardisation. The major element for improvement was the use of isotopically labelled internal standards, only recently commercially available, thereby reducing the sample handling and improving the accuracy of the results. In addition, the sample extraction and the solid-phase extraction (SPE) enrichment/clean-up were fine-tuned, whereas a more suitable analytical column (XSelect HSS T3) with improved selectivity was also employed. Overall, this method shows adequate precision (repeatability < 5.7% RSD; intermediate precision < 7.0% RSD) and trueness (recoveries ranging from 74% to 112%). The limits of quantification in wheat (the most analytically demanding matrix) vary between 0.19 and 1.40 µg/kg. These figures were deemed satisfactory by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) and have formed the basis for a subsequent interlaboratory validation study. The corresponding standard was published by CEN in 2021.
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17
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Wang L, Wang M, Jiao J, Liu H. Roles of AaVeA on Mycotoxin Production via Light in Alternaria alternata. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:842268. [PMID: 35250954 PMCID: PMC8894881 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.842268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternaria alternata is a principal plant pathogen responsible for the biosynthesis of mycotoxins, including tenuazonic acid (TeA), alternariol (AOH), and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME). The velvet gene VeA is involved in fungal growth, development, and secondary metabolism, including mycotoxin biosynthesis via light regulation. In this study, the detailed regulatory roles of AaVeA in A. alternata with various light sources were investigated from the comparative analyses between the wild type and the gene knockout strains. In fungal growth and conidiation, mycelial extension was independent of light regulation in A. alternata. Red light favored conidiation, but blue light repressed it. The absence of AaVeA caused the marked reduction of hyphae extension and conidiophore formation even though red light could not induce more spores in ΔAaVeA mutant. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) enriched in hyphal growth and conidiation were drastically transcribed from the comparatively transcriptomic profile between the wild type and ΔAaVeA mutant strains with or without light. In mycotoxin production, TeA biosynthesis seems no obvious effect by light regulation, but AOH and AME formation was significantly stimulated by blue light. Nevertheless, the disruption of AaVeA resulted in a marked decrease in mycotoxin production and the action of the stimulation was lost via blue light for the abundant accumulation of AOH and AME in the ΔAaVeA strain. From DEG expression and further verification by RT-qPCR, the loss of AaVeA caused the discontinuous supply of the substrates for mycotoxin biosynthesis and the drastic decline of biosynthetic gene expression. In addition, pathogenicity depends on AaVeA regulation in tomato infected by A. alternata in vivo. These findings provide a distinct understanding of the roles of AaVeA in fungal growth, development, mycotoxin biosynthesis, and pathogenicity in response to various light sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuqing Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology of BAAFS (Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences), Beijing, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology of BAAFS (Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences), Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Meng Wang,
| | - Jian Jiao
- Institutes of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing, China
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18
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Sun T, Ouyang H, Sun P, Zhang W, Wang Y, Cheng S, Chen G. Postharvest UV-C irradiation inhibits blackhead disease by inducing disease resistance and reducing mycotoxin production in 'Korla' fragrant pear (Pyrus sinkiangensis). Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 362:109485. [PMID: 34823080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Blackhead disease is a major fungal disease causing the quality deterioration of postharvest 'Korla' fragrant pear. In this study, the relationships of resistance to blackhead disease with the enzyme activity, phenolic compounds, and mycotoxin metabolism of 'Korla' fragrant pear were investigated, through UV-C irradiation of 0.12, 0.24, 0.36, 0.48, 0.72 and 1.08 kJ/m2 on 'Korla' fragrant pear inoculated with Alternaria alternata (Fries) Keissler (A. alternata). The results showed that the low-dose UV-C irradiation (0.36 kJ/m2) effectively controlled blackhead disease. The activities of chitinase (CHI), β-1,3-glucanase (GLU), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), and the content of phenolic compounds in fruit were enhanced, whereas the activities of lipoxygenase (LOX), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and the contents of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and mycotoxins (including AOH, AME, and TeA) were decreased. Therefore, the low-dose UV-C irradiation could improve the resistance to blackhead disease and reduce the production of mycotoxins in 'Korla' fragrant pear. This study proves that UV-C irradiation may be a potentially effective strategy for the control of blackhead disease and the improvement of quality of postharvest 'Korla' fragrant pear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongrui Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, PR China
| | - Hui Ouyang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, PR China
| | - Pengcheng Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, PR China
| | - Weida Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, PR China
| | - Yue Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, PR China
| | - Shaobo Cheng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, PR China.
| | - Guogang Chen
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, PR China.
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19
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Addante-Moya LG, Abad-Somovilla A, Abad-Fuentes A, Agulló C, Mercader JV. Assessment of the Optimum Linker Tethering Site of Alternariol Haptens for Antibody Generation and Immunoassay Development. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13120883. [PMID: 34941720 PMCID: PMC8705777 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunochemical methods for mycotoxin analysis require antigens with well-defined structures and antibodies with outstanding binding properties. Immunoreagents for the mycotoxins alternariol and/or alternariol monomethyl ether have typically been obtained with chemically uncharacterized haptens, and antigen conjugates have most likely been prepared with mixtures of functionalized molecules. For the first time, total synthesis was performed, in the present study, to obtain two haptens with opposite linker attachment locations. The functionalized synthetic haptens were purified and deeply characterized by different spectrometric methods, allowing the preparation of bioconjugates with unequivocal structures. Direct and indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, using homologous and heterologous conjugates, were employed to extensively evaluate the generated immunoreagents. Antibodies with high affinity were raised from conjugates of both haptens, and a structure-activity relationship between the synthetic haptens and the specificity of the generated antibodies could be established. These results pave the way for the development of novel highly sensitive immunoassays selective of one or two of these Alternaria mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis G. Addante-Moya
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Doctor Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; (L.G.A.-M.); (A.A.-S.); (C.A.)
| | - Antonio Abad-Somovilla
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Doctor Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; (L.G.A.-M.); (A.A.-S.); (C.A.)
| | - Antonio Abad-Fuentes
- Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Agustí Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain;
| | - Consuelo Agulló
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Doctor Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; (L.G.A.-M.); (A.A.-S.); (C.A.)
| | - Josep V. Mercader
- Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Agustí Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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20
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Machine learning approach for predicting the antifungal effect of gilaburu (Viburnum opulus) fruit extracts on Fusarium spp. isolated from diseased potato tubers. J Microbiol Methods 2021; 192:106379. [PMID: 34808145 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2021.106379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This work addresses the mathematical model building to detect the diameter of the inhibition zone of gilaburu (Viburnum opulus L.) extract against eight different Fusarium strains isolated from diseased potato tubers. Gilaburu extracts were obtained with acetone, ethanol or methanol. The isolated Fusarium strains were: F. solani, F. oxysporum, F. sambucinum, F. graminearum, F. coeruleum, F. sulphureum, F. auneaceum and F. culmorum. In general, it was observed that ethanolic extracts showed highest antifungal activity. The antifungal activity of extracts was evaluated with machine learning (ML) methods. Several ML methods (classification and regression trees (CART), support vector machines (SVM), k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN), artificial neural network (ANN), ensemble algorithms (EA), AdaBoost (AB) algorithm, gradient boosting (GBM) algorithm, random forests (RF) bagging algorithm and extra trees (ET)) were applied and compared for modeling fungal growth. From this research, it is clear that ML methods have the lowest error level. As a result, ML methods are reliable, fast, and cheap tools for predicting the antifungal activity of gilaburu extracts. These encouraging results will attract more research efforts to implement ML into the field of food microbiology instead of traditional methods.
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21
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Gonçalves C, Tölgyesi Á, Bouten K, Robouch P, Emons H, Stroka J. Determination of Alternaria toxins in tomato, wheat and sunflower seeds by SPE and LC-MS/MS - a method validation through a collaborative trial. J AOAC Int 2021; 105:80-94. [PMID: 34293145 PMCID: PMC8824793 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsab094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Alternaria toxins are ubiquitous contaminants in highly consumed food products. Therefore, they are candidates to be regulated by EU legislation. In this context, the availability of reliable analytical methods is a keystone both for protecting the health of citizens and smooth functioning of the European market. Objective This paper describes an advanced LC-MS/MS method based on isotope dilution quantification suitable for the determination of altenuene, alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, tenuazonic acid, and tentoxin in tomato puree, wheat, and sunflower seeds. Methods The method has been validated in an interlaboratory study that included the analysis of both spiked and naturally contaminated food commodities. Twenty-three participants contributed with analytical data. Results The average recoveries and relative standard deviations for repeatability and reproducibility obtained across the tested matrixes were: 97, 8.0, and 23%, for altenuene, respectively; 95, 9.2, and 17% for alternariol, respectively; 98, 6.4, and 13% for alternariol monomethyl ether, respectively; 97, 4.2, and 9.3% for tenuazonic acid, respectively; and 102, 5.6, and 15% for tentoxin, respectively. The method enabled the determination of all tested Alternaria toxins close to or below 1 µg/kg. Conclusion Overall, the method showed a satisfactory trueness and precision, complying with the requirements for the monitoring of mycotoxins in food in the EU. It is currently under evaluation by the European Committee for Standardization for adoption as a standard method. Highlights Isotope dilution mass spectrometry method for the determination of Alternaria toxins in food.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ádam Tölgyesi
- Mertcontroll Ltd., Szabadság street 13, 2144 Kerepes, Hungary
| | - Katrien Bouten
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Geel, Belgium
| | - Piotr Robouch
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Geel, Belgium
| | - Hendrik Emons
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Geel, Belgium
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22
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Chen A, Mao X, Sun Q, Wei Z, Li J, You Y, Zhao J, Jiang G, Wu Y, Wang L, Li Y. Alternaria Mycotoxins: An Overview of Toxicity, Metabolism, and Analysis in Food. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:7817-7830. [PMID: 34250809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The genus Alternaria is widely distributed in the environment. Numerous species of the genus Alternaria can produce a variety of toxic secondary metabolites, called Alternaria mycotoxins. In this review, natural occurrence, toxicity, metabolism, and analytical methods are introduced. The contamination of these toxins in foodstuffs is ubiquitous, and most of these metabolites present genotoxic and cytotoxic effects. Moreover, Alternaria toxins are mainly hydroxylated to catechol metabolites and combined with sulfate and glucuronic acid in in vitro arrays. A more detailed summary of the metabolism of Alternaria toxins is presented in this work. To effectively detect and determine the mycotoxins in food, analytical methods with high sensitivity and good accuracy are also reviewed. This review will guide the formulation of maximum residue limit standards in the future, covering both toxicity and metabolic mechanism of Alternaria toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Chen
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Mao
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghui Sun
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zixuan Wei
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Yanli You
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiqiang Zhao
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongning Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100017, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanshen Li
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, People's Republic of China
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23
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Penagos-Tabares F, Khiaosa-ard R, Nagl V, Faas J, Jenkins T, Sulyok M, Zebeli Q. Mycotoxins, Phytoestrogens and Other Secondary Metabolites in Austrian Pastures: Occurrences, Contamination Levels and Implications of Geo-Climatic Factors. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:460. [PMID: 34209232 PMCID: PMC8310091 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pastures are key feed sources for dairy production and can be contaminated with several secondary metabolites from fungi and plants with toxic or endocrine-disrupting activities, which possess a risk for the health, reproduction and performance of cattle. This exploratory study aimed to determine the co-occurrences and concentrations of a wide range of mycotoxins, phytoestrogens and other secondary metabolites in grazing pastures. Representative samples of pastures were collected from 18 Austrian dairy farms (one sample per farm) between April to October 2019. After sample preparation (drying and milling) the pastures were subjected to multi-metabolite analysis using LC-MS/MS. In total, 68 metabolites were detected, including regulated zearalenone and deoxynivalenol (range: 2.16-138 and 107-505 μg/kg on a dry matter (DM) basis, respectively), modified (3-deoxynivalenol-glucoside, HT-2-glucoside) and emerging Fusarium mycotoxins (e.g., enniatins), ergot alkaloids and Alternaria metabolites along with phytoestrogens and other metabolites. Aflatoxins, fumonisins, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin and ochratoxins were not detected. Of the geo-climatic factors and botanical diversity investigated, the environment temperature (average of 2 pre-sampling months and the sampling month) was the most influential factor. The number of fungal metabolites linearly increased with increasing temperatures and temperatures exceeding 15 °C triggered an exponential increment in the concentrations of Fusarium and Alternaria metabolites and ergot alkaloids. In conclusion, even though the levels of regulated mycotoxins detected were below the EU guidance levels, the long-term exposure along with co-occurrence with modified and emerging mycotoxins might be an underestimated risk for grazing and forage-fed livestock. The one-year preliminary data points out a dominant effect of environmental temperature in the diversity and contamination level of fungal metabolites in pastures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Penagos-Tabares
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (F.P.-T.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Ratchaneewan Khiaosa-ard
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (F.P.-T.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Veronika Nagl
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (V.N.); (J.F.); (T.J.)
| | - Johannes Faas
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (V.N.); (J.F.); (T.J.)
| | - Timothy Jenkins
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (V.N.); (J.F.); (T.J.)
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstrasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria;
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (F.P.-T.); (Q.Z.)
- Christian-Doppler-Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts in Livestock (CDL-LiveGUT), Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Zhang X, Qu J, Dai Z, Lin Y, Lu G, Yang S, You Y, Liu H, Wu Y, Jiang G, Li Y. Data-dependent acquisition based high-resolution mass spectrum for trace Alternaria mycotoxin analysis and sulfated metabolites identification. Food Chem 2021; 364:130450. [PMID: 34217943 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alternaria mycotoxins are food-related compounds that are mainly produced by Alternaria fungi species. However, it's difficult for Alternaria mycotoxins analysis, especially for conjugated metabolites in food safety surveillance. In this work, a novel data-dependent acquisition (DDA) full mass scan and products scan protocol was proposed for qualitative and quantitative analysis of five target mycotoxins in tomato samples using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap). In total, 24 sulfated metabolites were detected with post-data analysis techniques, and two sulfated metabolites (AME-sulfated and AOH-sulfated) were identified in Alternaria fungi -inoculated tomatoes. In addition, a custom database was established, and it was successfully applied for Alternaria mycotoxins and sulfated metabolites screening in tomatoes. With the improvement in high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) as well as post-data analysis techniques, DDA based HRMS method could be widely applied for compound analysis, identification, and screening in quantitative field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Zhang
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Jinyao Qu
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Zhaoji Dai
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education and College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, PR China
| | - Yucheng Lin
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Guozhu Lu
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Shupeng Yang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Yanli You
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Huihui Liu
- Shandong Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Laboratory of Restoration for Marine Ecology, Yantai 264006, PR China
| | - Yongning Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100017, PR China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Yanshen Li
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China.
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Jiang D, Wei D, Li H, Wang L, Jiang N, Li Y, Wang M. Natural occurrence of Alternaria mycotoxins in wheat and potential of reducing associated risks using magnolol. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:3071-3077. [PMID: 33124688 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wheat is one of three major food crops in China. Alternaria species can cause spoilage of wheat with consequent mycotoxin accumulation. Alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), and tenuazonic acid (TeA) are the most common and frequently studied mycotoxins. There are limited regulations placed on Alternaria mycotoxin concentrations worldwide due to the lack of toxicity data available. More data on the levels of mycotoxin contamination are also needed. It is also important to reduce the risks of Alternaria mycotoxins. RESULTS One hundred and thirty-two wheat samples were collected from Hebei Province, China, and analyzed for AOH, AME, and TeA. Tenuazonic acid was found to be the predominant Alternaria mycotoxin, especially in flour samples. Studying Alternaria species that cause black-point disease of wheat indicated that Alternaria alternata and Alternaria tenuissima were the dominant species. Most of the Alternaria strains studied produced more than one mycotoxin and TeA was produced at the highest concentration, which may have resulted in the high level of TeA contamination in the wheat samples. Furthermore, magnolol displayed obvious antifungal and antimycotoxigenic activity against Alternaria. This is the first report on the antimycotoxigenic activity of magnolol against Alternaria species. CONCLUSION The Alternaria mycotoxin contamination levels in wheat and wheat products from Hebei Province, China, were correlated with the toxigenic capacity of the Alternaria strains colonizing the wheat. Considering its safety, magnolol could be developed as a natural fungicide in wheat, or as a natural alternative food preservative based on its strong antifungal and antimycotoxigenic activity against Alternaria strains. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Jiang
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Dizhe Wei
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Hongtao Li
- Institute of Genetics and Physiology/Research Center for Agricultural Products Quality and Safety, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Liuqing Wang
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yunchao Li
- Institute of Genetics and Physiology/Research Center for Agricultural Products Quality and Safety, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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Pavicich MA, De Boevre M, Vidal A, Iturmendi F, Mikula H, Warth B, Marko D, De Saeger S, Patriarca A. Fate of free and modified Alternaria mycotoxins during the production of apple concentrates. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Wang X, Han Y, Zhang L, Ge Z, Liu M, Zhao G, Zong W. Removal of Alternaria mycotoxins from aqueous solution by inactivated yeast powder. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:5182-5190. [PMID: 32519761 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alternariol (AOH) and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), produced by Alternaria spp., are the two mycotoxins with the highest outbreak rates in food systems. The purpose of this study was to investigate the removal of AOH and AME from aqueous solutions by inactivated yeast cells. The effects of strains, yeast powder amount, temperature, and pH were evaluated. The kinetics of AOH and AME adsorption on inactivated yeast cells was fitted with four models and a release assay was carried out. RESULTS All three tested yeasts could remove AOH and AME. GIM 2.119 was the most effective strain. The reduction rate of both AOH and AME could be as much as 100% with 40 g‧L-1 of yeast powder. For both mycotoxins, pH = 9 was the best environment for toxin removal. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model was the best model, with R2 ranging from 0.989 to 0.999. However, the R2 of the pseudo-first-order and Elovich models was also relatively high. Alternariol and AME could be partially eluted by methanol and acetonitrile. CONCLUSION The inactivated yeast cells could effectively remove AOH and AME. This was best fitted by the pseudo-second-order model. The release assay suggested that the adsorption of Alternaria mycotoxins was partially reversible. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the removal of Alternaria mycotoxins from food systems and are useful for the investigation of the mechanisms involved in mycotoxin adsorption by inactivated yeast cells. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Wang
- Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Henan, China
| | - Yike Han
- Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Henan, China
| | - Zhenzhen Ge
- Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Henan, China
| | - Mengpei Liu
- Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Henan, China
| | - Guangyuan Zhao
- Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Henan, China
| | - Wei Zong
- Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Production and Safety, Henan, China
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Transcriptomic Insights into the Antifungal Effects of Magnolol on the Growth and Mycotoxin Production of Alternaria alternata. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12100665. [PMID: 33092244 PMCID: PMC7594048 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternaria alternata is an important phytopathogen causing fruit black rot and also producing a variety of mycotoxins, such as alternariol (AOH) and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) as two main contaminants. This could lead to economic losses of agricultural products as well as human health risks. In this study, magnolol extracted from the traditional Chinese herb, Mangnolia officinalis, exhibited an obvious antifungal property and could completely suppress the mycelial growth at 100 μM. Morphological differences of A. alternata were observed to be significantly shrunk and wrinkled after the exposure to magnolol. Furthermore, AOH and AME were no longer produced in response to 50 μM of magnolol. To uncover the antifungal and antimycotoxigenic mechanisms, the transcriptomic profiles of A. alternata—treated with or without magnolol—were evaluated. The clustered genes responsible for AOH and AME biosynthesis were obviously less transcribed under magnolol stress and this was further confirmed by qRT-PCR. The global regulators of carbon and nitrogen utilization, such as CreA and NmrA, were significantly down-regulated and this possibly caused the reduction in mycotoxins. In addition, fatty acid β-oxidation was regarded to contribute to polyketide mycotoxin production for the supply of precursor acetyl-CoA while the expression of these related genes was inhibited. The response to magnolol led to the marked alteration of oxidative stress and the down-expression of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway from the transcriptome data and the determination of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) assays. This above might be the very reason for the growth supression and mycotoxin production of A. alternata by magnolol. This study provides new insights into its potential as an important active ingredient for the control of A. alternata and its mycotoxins in fruits and their products.
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DNA reactivity of altertoxin II: Identification of two covalent guanine adducts formed under cell-free conditions. Toxicol Lett 2020; 331:75-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Wang F, Li ZF, Yang YY, Wan DB, Vasylieva N, Zhang YQ, Cai J, Wang H, Shen YD, Xu ZL, Hammock BD. Chemiluminescent Enzyme Immunoassay and Bioluminescent Enzyme Immunoassay for Tenuazonic Acid Mycotoxin by Exploitation of Nanobody and Nanobody-Nanoluciferase Fusion. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11935-11942. [PMID: 32702970 PMCID: PMC7743996 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The isolation of nanobodies (Nbs) from phage display libraries is an increasingly effective approach for the generation of new biorecognition elements, which can be used to develop immunoassays. In this study, highly specific Nbs against the Alternaria mycotoxin tenuazonic acid (TeA) were isolated from an immune nanobody phage display library using a stringent biopanning strategy. The obtained Nbs were characterized by classical enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the best one Nb-3F9 was fused with nanoluciferase to prepare an advanced bifunctional fusion named nanobody-nanoluciferase (Nb-Nluc). In order to improve the sensitivity and reduce the assay time, two different kinds of luminescent strategies including chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA) and bioluminescent enzyme immunoassay (BLEIA) were established, respectively, on the basis of the single Nb and the fusion protein Nb-Nluc for TeA detection. The two-step CLEIA was developed on the basis of the same nanobody as ELISA, only with simple substrate replacement from 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to luminol. In contrast with CLEIA, the novel BLEIA was conducted in one-step new strategy on the basis of Nb-Nluc and bioluminescent substrate coelenterazine-h (CTZ-h). Their half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were similar to 8.6 ng/mL for CLEIA and 9.3 ng/mL for BLEIA, which was a 6-fold improvement in sensitivity compared with that of ELISA (IC50 of 54.8 ng/mL). Both of the two assays provided satisfactory recoveries ranging from 80.1%-113.5% in real samples, which showed better selectivity for TeA analogues and other common mycotoxins. These results suggested that Nbs and Nb-Nluc could be used as useful reagents for immunodetection and that the developed CLEIA/BLEIA have great potential for TeA analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Processing and Safety Control of Livestock and Poultry Products, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Feng Li
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Guangzhou Nabo Antibody Technology Co. Ltd, Guangzhou 510530, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Yang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Processing and Safety Control of Livestock and Poultry Products, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - De-Bin Wan
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Natalia Vasylieva
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Yu-Qi Zhang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Processing and Safety Control of Livestock and Poultry Products, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Jun Cai
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Processing and Safety Control of Livestock and Poultry Products, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Processing and Safety Control of Livestock and Poultry Products, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Dong Shen
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Processing and Safety Control of Livestock and Poultry Products, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Lin Xu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Processing and Safety Control of Livestock and Poultry Products, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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da Cruz Cabral L, Rodríguez A, Delgado J, Patriarca A. Understanding the effect of postharvest tomato temperatures on two toxigenic Alternaria spp. strains: growth, mycotoxins and cell-wall integrity-related gene expression. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:6689-6695. [PMID: 31350766 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tomato fruit is susceptible to Alternaria spp. spoilage. Correct postharvest management is necessary to prevent mold growth and mycotoxin accumulation, temperature being one of the main factors associated with these problems. The effect of different postharvest temperatures (5, 12, 25, and 35 °C) on growth, mycotoxin production, and stress-related gene expression by two Alternaria spp. was assessed. RESULTS Growth rates decreased rapidly when temperature was higher than the optimum (25 °C), while a gradual reduction was detected at lower temperatures. Tenuazonic acid (TeA) was strongly synthesized at all the temperatures that were evaluated, with a maximum between 12 and 25 °C. Alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) was produced only at the two lowest temperatures, with a peak at 12 °C. Regarding the expression of the stress-related RHO1 gene, during active fungal growth both Alternaria spp. showed more copies of the gene as temperature increased. At the stationary phase, RHO1 gene expression was significantly higher at 12 °C, coinciding with the highest accumulation of AME. CONCLUSION Changes in temperature related to different postharvest stages of tomato fruits markedly affect toxigenic Alternaria spp. The highest levels of both mycotoxins were recorded at 12 °C, a common storage temperature for tomato fruit. An association between alternariol biosynthesis and the cell wall integrity pathway was also noticed in relation to temperature, suggesting that temperature may act as a stressor stimulating the RHO1 gene expression, which in turn triggers this mycotoxin synthesis. These results will be useful in developing new strategies to control Alternaria spoilage efficiently in tomato fruit and by-products. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía da Cruz Cabral
- Food Hygiene and Safety, Meat and Meat Products Research Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Rodríguez
- Food Hygiene and Safety, Meat and Meat Products Research Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Josué Delgado
- Food Hygiene and Safety, Meat and Meat Products Research Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Andrea Patriarca
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET, Instituto de Micología y Botánica (INMIBO), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Incidence and levels of Alternaria mycotoxins in spices and herbs produced worldwide and commercialized in Lebanon. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bioavailability, metabolism, and excretion of a complex Alternaria culture extract versus altertoxin II: a comparative study in rats. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:3153-3167. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02575-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Despite the frequent infection of agricultural crops by Alternaria spp., their toxic secondary metabolites and potential food contaminants lack comprehensive metabolic characterization. In this study, we investigated their bioavailability, metabolism, and excretion in vivo. A complex Alternaria culture extract (50 mg/kg body weight) containing 11 known toxins and the isolated lead toxin altertoxin II (0.7 mg/kg body weight) were administered per gavage to groups of 14 Sprague Dawley rats each. After 3 h and 24 h, plasma, urine and feces were collected to determine toxin recoveries. For reliable quantitation, an LC–MS/MS method for the simultaneous detection of 20 Alternaria toxins and metabolites was developed and optimized for either biological matrix. The obtained results demonstrated efficient excretion of alternariol (AOH) and its monomethyl ether (AME) via feces (> 89%) and urine (> 2.6%) after 24 h, while the majority of tenuazonic acid was recovered in urine (20 and 87% after 3 and 24 h, respectively). Moreover, modified forms of AOH and AME were identified in urine and fecal samples confirming both, mammalian phase-I (4-hydroxy-AOH) and phase-II (sulfates) biotransformation in vivo. Despite the comparably high doses, perylene quinones were recovered only at very low levels (altertoxin I, alterperylenol, < 0.06% in urine and plasma, < 5% in feces) or not at all (highly genotoxic, epoxide-holding altertoxin II, stemphyltoxin III). Interestingly, altertoxin I was detected in all matrices of rats receiving altertoxin II and suggests enzymatic de-epoxidation in vivo. In conclusion, the present study contributes valuable information to advance our understanding of the emerging Alternaria mycotoxins and their relevance on food safety.
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Puntscher H, Cobankovic I, Marko D, Warth B. Quantitation of free and modified Alternaria mycotoxins in European food products by LC-MS/MS. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Martins C, Vidal A, De Boevre M, De Saeger S, Nunes C, Torres D, Goios A, Lopes C, Assunção R, Alvito P. Exposure assessment of Portuguese population to multiple mycotoxins: The human biomonitoring approach. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 222:913-925. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Tu YS, Tseng YJ, Appell M. Quantum chemical investigation of the detection properties of alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether. Struct Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-019-01302-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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First insights into Alternaria multi-toxin in vivo metabolism. Toxicol Lett 2019; 301:168-178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Patriarca A, da Cruz Cabral L, Pavicich MA, Nielsen KF, Andersen B. Secondary metabolite profiles of small-spored Alternaria support the new phylogenetic organization of the genus. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 291:135-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Wang J, Peng T, Zhang X, Xie S, Zheng P, Yao K, Ke Y, Wang Z, Jiang H. Application of quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis on an antibody and alternariol-like compounds interaction study. J Mol Recognit 2019; 32:e2776. [PMID: 30663161 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The antigen-antibody interaction determines the sensitivity and specificity of competitive immunoassay for hapten detection. In this paper, the specificity of a monoclonal antibody against alternariol-like compounds was evaluated through indirect competitive ELISA. The results showed that the antibody had cross-reactivity with 33 compounds with the binding affinity (expressed by IC50 ) ranging from 9.4 ng/mL to 12.0 μg/mL. All the 33 compounds contained a common moiety and similar substituents. To understand how this common moiety and substituents affected the recognition ability of the antibody, a three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) between the antibody and the 33 alternariol-like compounds was constructed using comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) methods. The q2 values of the CoMFA and CoMSIA models were 0.785 and 0.782, respectively, and the r2 values were 0.911 and 0.988, respectively, indicating that the models had good predictive ability. The results of 3D-QSAR showed that the most important factor affecting antibody recognition was the hydrogen bond mainly formed by the hydroxyl group of alternariol, followed by the hydrophobic force mainly formed by the methyl group. This study provides a reference for the design of new hapten and the mechanisms for antibody recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyi Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Peng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiya Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Sanlei Xie
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pimiao Zheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Yao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuebin Ke
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Janić-Hajnal E, Kos J, Orčić D. Stability of Alternaria toxins during bread-making process. FOOD AND FEED RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.5937/ffr1901073j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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A novel hapten and monoclonal antibody-based indirect competitive ELISA for simultaneous analysis of alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether in wheat. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Development of an Indirect Competitive ELISA for Analysis of Alternariol in Bread and Bran Samples. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-1126-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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