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Plessow F, Marengi DA, Perry SK, Lawson EA. Oxytocin Administration Increases Proactive Control in Men with Overweight or Obesity: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:56-61. [PMID: 33225615 PMCID: PMC8695366 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that oxytocin administration decreases food intake and weight. The mechanisms underlying the anorexigenic effects of oxytocin in humans are unknown but critical to study to consider oxytocin as a neurohormonal weight loss treatment. Complementing ongoing research into metabolic and food motivation mechanisms of oxytocin, this study hypothesized that in humans, oxytocin improves cognitive control over behavior. METHODS In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study of 24-IU single-dose intranasal oxytocin, 10 men with overweight or obesity completed a stop-signal task assessing ability and strategy to suppress behavioral impulses, in which they performed a choice-reaction task (go task) but had to withhold their response when prompted (stop task). It was hypothesized that oxytocin would improve suppression of behavioral impulses. RESULTS After receiving oxytocin, compared with placebo, participants showed increased reaction times in the go task (mean [M] = 936 milliseconds vs. 833 millseconds; P = 0.012; 95% CI: 29 to 178) and displayed fewer stop errors (M = 36.41% vs. 41.15%; P = 0.049; 95% CI: -9.43% to -0.03%). CONCLUSIONS Oxytocin triggers increased proactive control over behavior. Future studies need to further characterize the impact of oxytocin on cognitive control and investigate its potential role in the anorexigenic effects of oxytocin in human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Plessow
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dean A Marengi
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sylvia K Perry
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Lawson
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Leontyev A, Yamauchi T. Mouse movement measures enhance the stop-signal task in adult ADHD assessment. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225437. [PMID: 31770416 PMCID: PMC6880625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The accurate detection of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, such as inattentiveness and behavioral disinhibition, is crucial for delivering timely assistance and treatment. ADHD is commonly diagnosed and studied with specialized questionnaires and behavioral tests such as the stop-signal task. However, in cases of late-onset or mild forms of ADHD, behavioral measures often fail to gauge the deficiencies well-highlighted by questionnaires. To improve the sensitivity of behavioral tests, we propose a novel version of the stop-signal task (SST), which integrates mouse cursor tracking. In two studies, we investigated whether introducing mouse movement measures to the stop-signal task improves associations with questionnaire-based measures, as compared to the traditional (keypress-based) version of SST. We also scrutinized the influence of different parameters of stop-signal tasks, such as the method of stop-signal delay setting or definition of response inhibition failure, on these associations. Our results show that a) SSRT has weak association with impulsivity, while mouse movement measures have strong and significant association with impulsivity; b) machine learning models trained on the mouse movement data from "known" participants using nested cross-validation procedure can accurately predict impulsivity ratings of "unknown" participants; c) mouse movement features such as maximum acceleration and maximum velocity are among the most important predictors for impulsivity; d) using preset stop-signal delays prompts behavior that is more indicative of impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Leontyev
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas
A&M University,Texas, United States of America
| | - Takashi Yamauchi
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas
A&M University,Texas, United States of America
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3
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Two types of backward crosstalk: Sequential modulations and evidence from the diffusion model. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2019; 193:132-152. [PMID: 30639985 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In multitasking, the backward crosstalk effect (BCE) means that Task 1 performance is influenced by characteristics of Task 2. For example, (1) RT1 is shorter when the two responses are given on the same (compatible trial) compared with opposite sides (incompatible conflict-trial; compatibility-based BCE), and (2) RT1 is longer when Task 2 is a no-go relative to a go task (no-go BCE). We investigated the impact of recently experienced trial and conflict history on the size of such BCEs. Similar to the Gratton effect in standard conflict tasks, clear sequential modulations were observed for the two kinds of BCEs, which were present following (1) compatible trials and (2) go-trials and inverted following (1) incompatible and (2) no-go trials. Furthermore, recent evidence from mental chronometry studies suggests that the compatibility-based BCE is located inside the response selection stage, while the no-go-based BCE arises in motor execution. Against this background, a diffusion model analysis was carried out to reveal the reason(s) for the sequential modulations. As expected, for the compatibility-based BCE, changes in drift rate explain the sequential modulations, but for the no-go BCE changes in non-decision time are important. The present results indicate that both BCEs not only differ fundamentally in their underlying processes, but also in the way cognitive control is adjusted.
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4
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Dupuis A, Indralingam M, Chevrier A, Crosbie J, Arnold P, Burton CL, Schachar R. Response Time Adjustment in the Stop Signal Task: Development in Children and Adolescents. Child Dev 2018; 90:e263-e272. [DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paul Arnold
- Hospital for Sick Children
- University of Calgary
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5
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Wilkinson AA, Dennis M, Taylor MJ, Guerguerian AM, Boutis K, Choong K, Campbell C, Fraser D, Hutchison J, Schachar R. Performance Monitoring in Children Following Traumatic Brain Injury Compared to Typically Developing Children. Child Neurol Open 2017; 4:2329048X17732713. [PMID: 29051909 PMCID: PMC5639967 DOI: 10.1177/2329048x17732713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with traumatic brain injury are reported to have deficits in performance monitoring, but the mechanisms underlying these deficits are not well understood. Four performance monitoring hypotheses were explored by comparing how 28 children with traumatic brain injury and 28 typically developing controls (matched by age and sex) performed on the stop-signal task. Control children slowed significantly more following incorrect than correct stop-signal trials, fitting the error monitoring hypothesis. In contrast, the traumatic brain injury group showed no performance monitoring difference with trial types, but significant group differences did not emerge, suggesting that children with traumatic brain injury may not perform the same way as controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy A Wilkinson
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Program in Neuroscience & Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maureen Dennis
- Dr Maureen Dennis passed away during the completion of this study
| | - Margot J Taylor
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Program in Neuroscience & Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Guerguerian
- Program in Neuroscience & Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathy Boutis
- Division of Emergency Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen Choong
- Division of Pediatric Intensive Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Craig Campbell
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Neurological Sciences and Epidemiology, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Douglas Fraser
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Neurological Sciences and Epidemiology, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jamie Hutchison
- Program in Neuroscience & Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Russell Schachar
- Program in Neuroscience & Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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6
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Resisting distraction and response inhibition trigger similar enhancements of future performance. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2017; 180:40-51. [PMID: 28843207 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Resisting distraction and response inhibition are crucial aspects of cognitive control. Interestingly, each of these abilities transiently improves just after it is utilized. Competing views differ, however, as to whether utilizing either of these abilities (e.g., resisting distraction) enhances future performance involving the other ability (e.g., response inhibition). To distinguish between these views, we combined a Stroop-like task that requires resisting distraction with a restraint variant of the stop-signal task that requires response inhibition. We observed similar sequential-trial effects (i.e., performance enhancements) following trials in which participants (a) resisted distraction (i.e., incongruent go trials) and (b) inhibited a response (i.e., congruent stop trials). First, the congruency effect in go trials, which indexes overall distractibility, was smaller after both incongruent go trials and congruent stop trials than it was after congruent go trials. Second, stop failures were less frequent after both incongruent go trials and congruent stop trials than after congruent go trials. A control experiment ruled out the possibility that perceptual conflict or surprise engendered by occasional stop signals triggers sequential-trial effects independent of stopping. Thus, our findings support a novel, integrated view in which resisting distraction and response inhibition trigger similar sequential enhancements of future performance.
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7
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Lee HJ, Lin FH, Kuo WJ. The neural mechanism underpinning balance calibration between action inhibition and activation initiated by reward motivation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9722. [PMID: 28852156 PMCID: PMC5575270 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10539-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In everyday life, it is often the case that in some situations we are motivated and want not only to speed up our actions but also to avoid mistakes—for example, ballgames. How our brain works at that moment to resolve the situations and react properly has created an active research field. Previous findings indicated that maintaining a balance between withholding and executing an action are highly dynamic and involve many executive control processes. This fMRI study was set up to investigate how motivation affects these balancing processes. With manipulation of prospective rewards in a stop-signal task where both the proactive and reactive control were equally emphasized, our behavioral results replicated previous findings. The fMRI findings backed up the behavioral results. We found motivation effects in the anterior caudate and pre-SMA for action inhibition. The former works to register motivation status, the latter works to transform motivation into action inhibition control. Together with the results of connectivity analysis, our study also suggests a hierarchical relationship between functional roles of pre-SMA and right inferior frontal gyrus during action inhibition. While the pre-SMA acts to accommodate higher-order factors, such as motivation, for action control, the right inferior frontal cortex acts to participate in the execution of action inhibition. This study pinned down a neural mechanism that integrates reward motivation into action inhibition control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Ju Lee
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fa-Hsuan Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jui Kuo
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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8
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Visual salience of the stop-signal affects movement suppression process. Exp Brain Res 2017; 235:2203-2214. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-017-4961-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Pandit JJ, Matthews J, Pandit M. “Mock before you block”: an in-built action-check to prevent wrong-side anaesthetic nerve blocks. Anaesthesia 2016; 72:150-155. [DOI: 10.1111/anae.13664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - J. Matthews
- Nuffield Department of Anaesthetics; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Oxford UK
| | - M. Pandit
- University Hospitals of Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust; Coventry UK
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10
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Wichmann T, DeLong MR. Deep Brain Stimulation for Movement Disorders of Basal Ganglia Origin: Restoring Function or Functionality? Neurotherapeutics 2016; 13:264-83. [PMID: 26956115 PMCID: PMC4824026 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-016-0426-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is highly effective for both hypo- and hyperkinetic movement disorders of basal ganglia origin. The clinical use of DBS is, in part, empiric, based on the experience with prior surgical ablative therapies for these disorders, and, in part, driven by scientific discoveries made decades ago. In this review, we consider anatomical and functional concepts of the basal ganglia relevant to our understanding of DBS mechanisms, as well as our current understanding of the pathophysiology of two of the most commonly DBS-treated conditions, Parkinson's disease and dystonia. Finally, we discuss the proposed mechanism(s) of action of DBS in restoring function in patients with movement disorders. The signs and symptoms of the various disorders appear to result from signature disordered activity in the basal ganglia output, which disrupts the activity in thalamocortical and brainstem networks. The available evidence suggests that the effects of DBS are strongly dependent on targeting sensorimotor portions of specific nodes of the basal ganglia-thalamocortical motor circuit, that is, the subthalamic nucleus and the internal segment of the globus pallidus. There is little evidence to suggest that DBS in patients with movement disorders restores normal basal ganglia functions (e.g., their role in movement or reinforcement learning). Instead, it appears that high-frequency DBS replaces the abnormal basal ganglia output with a more tolerable pattern, which helps to restore the functionality of downstream networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wichmann
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Mahlon R DeLong
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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11
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Simmonite M, Bates AT, Groom M, Hollis C, Liddle PF. Reduced event-related low frequency EEG activity in patients with early onset schizophrenia and their unaffected siblings. Psychiatry Res 2015; 232:51-7. [PMID: 25745977 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Low-frequency oscillations in the electroencephalogram (EEG) have been found to be abnormal in patients with schizophrenia. It is unclear, however, whether these abnormalities are related to severity of illness or are a marker for risk. This study investigated total and evoked theta and delta activity in schizophrenia patients, unaffected siblings, and healthy controls (HCs). EEG data were recorded whilst 24 individuals with schizophrenia, 26 unaffected siblings of individuals with schizophrenia and 26 healthy control participants completed a Go/No-Go task. Event-related total activity and evoked theta and delta activity were calculated for correct hits (CH), failed inhibitions (FI) and correct inhibitions (CI) trials. Patients displayed significantly less total delta, evoked delta, total theta and evoked theta activity when compared with healthy controls. Unaffected siblings displayed abnormalities of evoked delta, but other measures were similar to those in control participants. The findings of this study add to evidence that abnormal low-frequency EEG oscillations contribute to impairments in information processing seen in schizophrenia. These findings also suggest abnormal evoked delta oscillations are associated with an increased familial risk of developing the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Simmonite
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Alan Thomas Bates
- Psychiatry Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Madeleine Groom
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Chris Hollis
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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12
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Stevens T, Brevers D, Chambers CD, Lavric A, McLaren IPL, Mertens M, Noël X, Verbruggen F. How does response inhibition influence decision making when gambling? J Exp Psychol Appl 2015; 21:15-36. [PMID: 25559481 PMCID: PMC4353260 DOI: 10.1037/xap0000039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent research suggests that response inhibition training can alter impulsive and compulsive behavior. When stop signals are introduced in a gambling task, people not only become more cautious when executing their choice responses, they also prefer lower bets when gambling. Here, we examined how stopping motor responses influences gambling. Experiment 1 showed that the reduced betting in stop-signal blocks was not caused by changes in information sampling styles or changes in arousal. In Experiments 2a and 2b, people preferred lower bets when they occasionally had to stop their response in a secondary decision-making task but not when they were instructed to respond as accurately as possible. Experiment 3 showed that merely introducing trials on which subjects could not gamble did not influence gambling preferences. Experiment 4 demonstrated that the effect of stopping on gambling generalized to different populations. Further, 2 combined analyses suggested that the effect of stopping on gambling preferences was reliable but small. Finally, Experiment 5 showed that the effect of stopping on gambling generalized to a different task. On the basis of our findings and earlier research, we propose that the presence of stop signals influences gambling by reducing approach behavior and altering the motivational value of the gambling outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Damien Brevers
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et d'Addictologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles
| | | | | | | | | | - Xavier Noël
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale et d'Addictologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles
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13
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Chevalier N, Kelsey KM, Wiebe SA, Espy KA. The temporal dynamic of response inhibition in early childhood: an ERP study of partial and successful inhibition. Dev Neuropsychol 2014; 39:585-99. [PMID: 25470223 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2014.973497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Event-related potentials were recorded while five-year-old children completed a Go/No-Go task that distinguished between partial inhibition (i.e., response is initiated but cancelled before completion) and successful inhibition (i.e., response is inhibited before it is initiated). Partial inhibition trials were characterized by faster response initiation and later latency of the lateral frontal negativity than successful Go and successful inhibition trials. The speed of response initiation was influenced by the response speed on previous trials and influenced the response speed on subsequent trials. Response initiation and action decision dynamically influenced each other, and their temporal interplay determined response inhibition success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Chevalier
- a Department of Psychology , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , United Kingdom
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14
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Noël X, Brevers D, Bechara A. A triadic neurocognitive approach to addiction for clinical interventions. Front Psychiatry 2013; 4:179. [PMID: 24409155 PMCID: PMC3873521 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the triadic neurocognitive model of addiction to drugs (e.g., cocaine) and non-drugs (e.g., gambling), weakened "willpower" associated with these behaviors is the product of an abnormal functioning in one or more of three key neural and cognitive systems: (1) an amygdala-striatum dependent system mediating automatic, habitual, and salient behaviors; (2) a prefrontal cortex dependent system important for self-regulation and forecasting the future consequences of a behavior; and (3) an insula dependent system for the reception of interoceptive signals and their translation into feeling states (such as urge and craving), which in turn plays a strong influential role in decision-making and impulse control processes related to uncertainty, risk, and reward. The described three-systems account for poor decision-making (i.e., prioritizing short-term consequences of a decisional option) and stimulus-driven actions, thus leading to a more elevated risk for relapse. Finally, this article elaborates on the need for "personalized" clinical model-based interventions targeting interactions between implicit processes, interoceptive signaling, and supervisory function aimed at helping individuals become less governed by immediate situations and automatic pre-potent responses, and more influenced by systems involved in the pursuit of future valued goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Noël
- Psychological Medicine Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Damien Brevers
- Psychological Medicine Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Brussels , Belgium ; Department of Psychology, Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Antoine Bechara
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA , USA
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15
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Harlé KM, Shenoy P, Paulus MP. The influence of emotions on cognitive control: feelings and beliefs-where do they meet? Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:508. [PMID: 24065901 PMCID: PMC3776943 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of emotion on higher-order cognitive functions, such as attention allocation, planning, and decision-making, is a growing area of research with important clinical applications. In this review, we provide a computational framework to conceptualize emotional influences on inhibitory control, an important building block of executive functioning. We first summarize current neuro-cognitive models of inhibitory control and show how Bayesian ideal observer models can help reframe inhibitory control as a dynamic decision-making process. Finally, we propose a Bayesian framework to study emotional influences on inhibitory control, providing several hypotheses that may be useful to conceptualize inhibitory control biases in mental illness such as depression and anxiety. To do so, we consider the neurocognitive literature pertaining to how affective states can bias inhibitory control, with particular attention to how valence and arousal may independently impact inhibitory control by biasing probabilistic representations of information (i.e., beliefs) and valuation processes (e.g., speed-error tradeoffs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia M Harlé
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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16
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Vilar-López R, Takagi M, Lubman DI, Cotton SM, Bora E, Verdejo-García A, Yücel M. The effects of inhalant misuse on attentional networks. Dev Neuropsychol 2013; 38:126-36. [PMID: 23410215 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2012.745547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Inhalant misuse among adolescents is poorly understood from a neuropsychological perspective. This study aimed to identify attentional deficits related to inhalant misuse measured with the Attention Network Test (ANT). We examined three groups: 19 inhalant users, 19 cannabis users, and 18 community controls. There were no group differences on the ANT measures of orienting, alerting, and executive control. However, compared to the cannabis and control groups, inhalant users demonstrated an increased rate of response errors in the absence of any reaction time differences. These differences may reflect a selective deficit in sustained attention or greater impulsivity in the inhalant group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Vilar-López
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatric Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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17
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Padilla C, Perez L, Andres P, Parmentier FBR. Exercise Improves Cognitive Control: Evidence from the Stop Signal Task. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.2929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Concepcion Padilla
- Department of Psychology; University of the Balearic Islands; Palma; Spain
| | - Laura Perez
- Department of Psychology; University of the Balearic Islands; Palma; Spain
| | - Pilar Andres
- Department of Psychology; University of the Balearic Islands; Palma; Spain
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18
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Gooch D, Snowling MJ, Hulme C. Reaction time variability in children with ADHD symptoms and/or dyslexia. Dev Neuropsychol 2012; 37:453-72. [PMID: 22799763 PMCID: PMC3413905 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2011.650809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Reaction time (RT) variability on a Stop Signal task was examined among children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and/or dyslexia in comparison to typically developing (TD) controls. Children's go-trial RTs were analyzed using a novel ex-Gaussian method. Children with ADHD symptoms had increased variability in the fast but not the slow portions of their RT distributions compared to those without ADHD symptoms. The RT distributions of children with dyslexia were similar to those of TD-controls. It is argued that variability in responding may be underpinned by impairments in response preparation or timing during Stop Signal tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Gooch
- Department of Psychology, The University of York, York, United Kingdom.
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19
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Burnett Heyes S, Adam RJ, Urner M, van der Leer L, Bahrami B, Bays PM, Husain M. Impulsivity and rapid decision-making for reward. Front Psychol 2012; 3:153. [PMID: 22661960 PMCID: PMC3357492 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Impulsivity is a feature of many brain disorders. Although often defined as the predisposition to act with an inadequate degree of deliberation, forethought, or control, it has proven difficult to measure. This may in part be due to the fact that it is a multifaceted construct, with impulsive decisions potentially arising as a result of a number of underlying mechanisms. Indeed, a “functional” degree of impulsivity may even promote effective behavior in healthy participants in a way that can be advantageous under certain circumstances. Although many tasks have been developed to study impulsivity, few examine decisions made rapidly, for time-sensitive rewards. In the current study we examine behavior in 59 adults on a manual “Traffic Light” task which requires participants to take risks under time pressure, if they are to maximize reward. We show that behavioral variables that index rapid anticipatory responding in this paradigm are correlated with one, specific self-report measure of impulsivity: “lack of premeditation” on the UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale. Participants who scored more highly on this subscale performed better on the task. Moreover, anticipatory behavior reduced significantly with age (18–79 years), an effect that continued to be upheld after correction for potential age differences in the ability to judge the timing of responses. Based on these findings, we argue that the Traffic Light task provides a parametric method to study one aspect of impulsivity in health and disease: namely, rapid decision-making in pursuit of risky, time-sensitive rewards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Burnett Heyes
- Institute of Neurology and Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London London, UK
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Sella F, Bonato M, Cutini S, Umiltà C. Living on the edge: strategic and instructed slowing in the stop signal task. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2012; 77:204-10. [PMID: 22331100 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-012-0419-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The stop signal task is widely adopted to assess motor inhibition performance in both clinical and non-clinical populations. Several recent studies explored the influence of strategic approaches to the task. In particular, response slowing seems to be a strategic approach commonly adopted to perform the task. In the present study, we compared a standard version with a strategic version of the task, in which participants were explicitly instructed to slow down responses. Results showed that the instructed slowing did not affect the main inhibition measure, thus confirming the robustness of the stop signal index. On the other hand, it apparently changed the nature of the task, as shown by the lack of correlation between the standard and the strategic versions. In addition, we found a specific influence of individual characteristics on slowing strategies. In the standard version, adherence to task instructions was positively correlated with compliant traits of personality. Despite instructions to maximize response speed, non-compliant participants preferred to adopt a slowing strategy in the standard version of the task, up to a speed level similar to the strategic version, where slowing was required by task instructions. Understanding the role of individual approach to the task seems to be crucial to properly identify how participants cope with task instructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Sella
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131, Padua, Italy.
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Liddle EB, Hollis C, Batty MJ, Groom MJ, Totman JJ, Liotti M, Scerif G, Liddle PF. Task-related default mode network modulation and inhibitory control in ADHD: effects of motivation and methylphenidate. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2011; 52:761-71. [PMID: 21073458 PMCID: PMC4754961 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficits characteristic of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), including poor attention and inhibitory control, are at least partially alleviated by factors that increase engagement of attention, suggesting a hypodopaminergic reward deficit. Lapses of attention are associated with attenuated deactivation of the default mode network (DMN), a distributed brain system normally deactivated during tasks requiring attention to the external world. Task-related DMN deactivation has been shown to be attenuated in ADHD relative to controls. We hypothesised that motivational incentives to balance speed against restraint would increase task engagement during an inhibitory control task, enhancing DMN deactivation in ADHD. We also hypothesised that methylphenidate, an indirect dopamine agonist, would tend to normalise abnormal patterns of DMN deactivation. METHOD We obtained functional magnetic resonance images from 18 methylphenidate-responsive children with ADHD (DSM-IV combined subtype) and 18 pairwise-matched typically developing children aged 9-15 years while they performed a paced Go/No-go task. We manipulated motivational incentive to balance response speed against inhibitory control, and tested children with ADHD both on and off methylphenidate. RESULTS When children with ADHD were off-methylphenidate and task incentive was low, event-related DMN deactivation was significantly attenuated compared to controls, but the two groups did not differ under high motivational incentives. The modulation of DMN deactivation by incentive in the children with ADHD, off-methylphenidate, was statistically significant, and significantly greater than in typically developing children. When children with ADHD were on-methylphenidate, motivational modulation of event-related DMN deactivation was abolished, and no attenuation relative to their typically developing peers was apparent in either motivational condition. CONCLUSIONS During an inhibitory control task, children with ADHD exhibit a raised motivational threshold at which task-relevant stimuli become sufficiently salient to deactivate the DMN. Treatment with methylphenidate normalises this threshold, rendering their pattern of task-related DMN deactivation indistinguishable from that of typically developing children.
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Bissett PG, Logan GD. Balancing cognitive demands: control adjustments in the stop-signal paradigm. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 2011; 37:392-404. [PMID: 21171806 DOI: 10.1037/a0021800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive control enables flexible interaction with a dynamic environment. In 2 experiments, the authors investigated control adjustments in the stop-signal paradigm, a procedure that requires balancing speed (going) and caution (stopping) in a dual-task environment. Focusing on the slowing of go reaction times after stop signals, the authors tested 5 competing hypotheses for post-stop-signal adjustments: goal priority, error detection, conflict monitoring, surprise, and memory. Reaction times increased after both successful and failed inhibition, consistent with the goal priority hypothesis and inconsistent with the error detection and conflict hypotheses. Post-stop-signal slowing was greater if the go task stimulus repeated on consecutive trials, suggesting a contribution of memory. We also found evidence for slowing based on more than the immediately preceding stop signal. Post-stop-signal slowing was greater when stop signals occurred more frequently (Experiment 1), inconsistent with the surprise hypothesis, and when inhibition failed more frequently (Experiment 2). This suggests that more global manipulations encompassing many trials affect post-stop-signal adjustments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G Bissett
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.
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Scerif G. Attention trajectories, mechanisms and outcomes: at the interface between developing cognition and environment. Dev Sci 2010; 13:805-12. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010.01013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Doege K, Kumar M, Bates AT, Das D, Boks MPM, Liddle PF. Time and frequency domain event-related electrical activity associated with response control in schizophrenia. Clin Neurophysiol 2010; 121:1760-71. [PMID: 20400372 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2010.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To confirm previously reported abnormalities in time domain EEG components during a go/no-go task in schizophrenia, and to test the hypothesis that patients exhibit abnormalities in frequency domain components reflecting indices of behavioural impairment. METHODS EEG data were recorded from 17 male schizophrenia patients in a stable phase of illness and 17 healthy controls. RESULTS As compared with controls, patients displayed smaller N200 amplitudes and less evoked theta for correct hit trials; and smaller N200 and P300 amplitudes and less evoked delta and theta for correct reject trials. Effect sizes were largest for evoked delta. Source localisation revealed reduced activation in schizophrenia patients during the N200 and P300 time windows in anterior and posterior cingulate, medial frontal gyrus and precuneus. Evoked delta and theta oscillations were significantly correlated with the variability of reaction times and the performance level statistic d-prime. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate impairment of frontal and parietal brain areas involved in response control in schizophrenia. They also suggest that the timing of oscillations in patients is less precise leading to smaller evoked amplitudes and more variable reaction times. SIGNIFICANCE These findings add to the evidence that abnormal EEG oscillations contribute to impaired behavioural control in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Doege
- Division of Psychiatry, School of Community Health Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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Houshmand K, Bräunig P, Gauggel S, Kliesow K, Sarkar R, Krüger S. Emotional vulnerability and cognitive control in patients with bipolar disorder and their healthy siblings: a pilot study. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2010; 22:54-62. [PMID: 25385030 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5215.2010.00451.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Scheuch K, Bräunig P, Gauggel S, Kliesow K, Sarkar R, Krüger S. Emotional vulnerability and cognitive control in patients with bipolar disorder and their healthy siblings: a pilot study. OBJECTIVE There is evidence that, even in remission, patients with bipolar disorder (BD) have deficits in cognitive function and emotional regulation. Siblings of patients with BD are also reported to exhibit minor dysfunction in neuropsychological domains. In this study, we examined the interference of acute mood state with reaction time (RT) and response inhibition in euthymic patients with BD, in their healthy siblings and in healthy controls. METHODS A total of 34 patients with bipolar I disorder, 22 healthy siblings and 33 healthy controls performed a stop-signal paradigm after induction of a transient intense sadness and a relaxed mood state. The differences in RT and the response inhibition were compared between the groups. RESULTS Euthymic patients with BD displayed a higher emotional reactivity compared with their siblings and with controls. Compared with controls, patients with BD showed longer RTs in a relaxed mood state and a delay in response inhibition during emotional activation. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides evidence for the clinical observation that patients with BD have shorter RTs when in a state of emotional arousal rather than in a relaxed state. Inhibitory deficits in these patients may be because of a too strong emotional arousal. The results show that in patients with BD, relaxation and emotional arousal are inversely associated with performance in a neuropsychological task. This is in contrast to findings in healthy individuals suggesting a dysbalance in emotional regulation in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Houshmand
- 1Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Bräunig
- 2Department of Psychiatry, Humboldt Klinikum Vivantes, 13437 Berlin, Germany
| | - Siegfried Gauggel
- 3Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Katrin Kliesow
- 4Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Rahul Sarkar
- 2Department of Psychiatry, Humboldt Klinikum Vivantes, 13437 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephanie Krüger
- 1Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Distinct frontal systems for response inhibition, attentional capture, and error processing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:6106-11. [PMID: 20220100 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1000175107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stopping an action in response to an unexpected event requires both that the event is attended to, and that the action is inhibited. Previous neuroimaging investigations of stopping have failed to adequately separate these cognitive elements. Here we used a version of the widely used Stop Signal Task that controls for the attentional capture of stop signals. This allowed us to fractionate the contributions of frontal regions, including the right inferior frontal gyrus and medial frontal cortex, to attentional capture, response inhibition, and error processing. A ventral attentional system, including the right inferior frontal gyrus, has been shown to respond to unexpected stimuli. In line with this evidence, we reasoned that lateral frontal regions support attentional capture, whereas medial frontal regions, including the presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA), actually inhibit the ongoing action. We tested this hypothesis by contrasting the brain networks associated with the presentation of unexpected stimuli against those associated with outright stopping. Functional MRI images were obtained in 26 healthy volunteers. Successful stopping was associated with activation of the right inferior frontal gyrus, as well as the pre-SMA. However, only activation of the pre-SMA differentiated stopping from a high-level baseline that controlled for attentional capture. As expected, unsuccessful attempts at stopping activated the anterior cingulate cortex. In keeping with work in nonhuman primates these findings demonstrate that successful motor inhibition is specifically associated with pre-SMA activation.
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Wong-Lin K, Eckhoff P, Holmes P, Cohen JD. Optimal performance in a countermanding saccade task. Brain Res 2009; 1318:178-87. [PMID: 20034481 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Countermanding an action is a fundamental form of cognitive control. In a saccade-countermanding task, subjects are instructed that, if a stop signal appears shortly after a target, they are to maintain fixation rather than to make a saccade to the target. In recent years, recordings in the frontal eye fields and superior colliculus of behaving non-human primates have found correlates of such countermanding behavior in movement and fixation neurons. In this work, we extend a previous neural network model of countermanding to account for the high pre-target activity of fixation neurons. We propose that this activity reflects the functioning of control mechanisms responsible for optimizing performance. We demonstrate, using computer simulations and mathematical analysis, that pre-target fixation neuronal activity supports countermanding behavior that maximizes reward rate as a function of the stop signal delay, fraction of stop signal trials, intertrial interval, duration of timeout, and relative reward value. We propose experiments to test these predictions regarding optimal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kongfatt Wong-Lin
- Program in Applied and Computational Mathematics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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