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Steiner D, Schumann LV, Bunjes H. Processing of Lipid Nanodispersions into Solid Powders by Spray Drying. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112464. [PMID: 36432654 PMCID: PMC9696983 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spray drying is a promising technology for drying lipid nanodispersions. These formulations can serve as carrier systems for poorly water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) that are loaded into the lipid matrix to improve their bioavailability. Once the API-loaded nanocarriers have been further processed into solid dosage forms, they could be administered orally, which is usually preferred by patients. Various solid lipids as well as oils were used in this study to prepare lipid nanodispersions, and it was shown that their nanoparticulate properties could be maintained when lactose in combination with SDS was used as matrix material in the spray-drying process. In addition, for lipid nanoemulsions loaded with fenofibrate, a good redispersibility with particle sizes below 300 nm at a lipid content of 26.8 wt.% in the powders was observed. More detailed investigations on the influence of the drying temperature yielded good results when the inlet temperature of the drying air was set at 110 °C or above, enabling the lactose to form an amorphous matrix around the embedded lipid particles. A tristearin suspension was developed as a probe to measure the temperature exposure of the lipid particles during the drying process. The results with this approach indicate that the actual temperature the particles were exposed to during the drying process could be higher than the outlet temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Steiner
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie und Biopharmazie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Zentrum für Pharmaverfahrenstechnik (PVZ), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Straße 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Leonie V. Schumann
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie und Biopharmazie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Heike Bunjes
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie und Biopharmazie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Zentrum für Pharmaverfahrenstechnik (PVZ), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Straße 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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2
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Steiner D, Bunjes H. Influence of process and formulation parameters on the preparation of solid lipid nanoparticles by dual centrifugation. Int J Pharm X 2021; 3:100085. [PMID: 34159313 PMCID: PMC8193364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2021.100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A promising strategy to formulate poorly water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) is the application of these substances in solid lipid nanoparticles. These drug carrier systems are commonly prepared by high-pressure homogenization above the melting temperature of the utilized lipid. While being very useful for large-scale production this method is quite resource-consuming and does not allow simultaneous processing of multiple samples, e.g. for screening purposes. For this reason, an alternative manufacturing process, dual centrifugation, is introduced to prepare solid lipid nanoparticles. The ingredients of the dispersions were directly weighed into 2 mL vessels at room temperature without the need to prepare a pre-mix emulsion. Due to an additional rotation of the samples in the heated centrifuge as well as the addition of grinding media an intensive stressing of the samples was achieved. The emulsification process was finished within 10 min with sample temperatures of up to 90 °C being obtained. Dependent on the process set-up like grinding media size, filling ratio or process temperature and the composition of the lipid formulation, the achieved particles sizes were below 200 nm and had a narrow, monomodal size distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Steiner
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie und Biopharmazie, Mendelssohnstraße 1, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Zentrum für Pharmaverfahrenstechnik (PVZ), Franz-Liszt-Straße 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Heike Bunjes
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie und Biopharmazie, Mendelssohnstraße 1, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Zentrum für Pharmaverfahrenstechnik (PVZ), Franz-Liszt-Straße 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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3
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Alfei S, Schito AM, Zuccari G. Nanotechnological Manipulation of Nutraceuticals and Phytochemicals for Healthy Purposes: Established Advantages vs. Still Undefined Risks. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2262. [PMID: 34301020 PMCID: PMC8309409 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous foods, plants, and their bioactive constituents (BACs), named nutraceuticals and phytochemicals by experts, have shown many beneficial effects including antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiulcer, anti-cholesterol, hypoglycemic, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant activities. Producers, consumers, and the market of food- and plant-related compounds are increasingly attracted by health-promoting foods and plants, thus requiring a wider and more fruitful exploitation of the healthy properties of their BACs. The demand for new BACs and for the development of novel functional foods and BACs-based food additives is pressing from various sectors. Unfortunately, low stability, poor water solubility, opsonization, and fast metabolism in vivo hinder the effective exploitation of the potential of BACs. To overcome these issues, researchers have engineered nanomaterials, obtaining food-grade delivery systems, and edible food- and plant-related nanoparticles (NPs) acting as color, flavor, and preservative additives and natural therapeutics. Here, we have reviewed the nanotechnological transformations of several BACs implemented to increase their bioavailability, to mask any unpleasant taste and flavors, to be included as active ingredients in food or food packaging, to improve food appearance, quality, and resistance to deterioration due to storage. The pending issue regarding the possible toxic effect of NPs, whose knowledge is still limited, has also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Alfei
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano, 16148 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Anna Maria Schito
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, I-16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Guendalina Zuccari
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano, 16148 Genoa, Italy;
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4
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Lange M, Wagner PV, Fedorova M. Lipid composition dictates the rate of lipid peroxidation in artificial lipid droplets. Free Radic Res 2021; 55:469-480. [PMID: 33866899 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2021.1898603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cellular and organismal redox imbalance leading to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species significantly enhances lipid peroxidation (LPO). LPO is relatively well studied for phospholipid membranes and to some extent for circulating lipoproteins. However, it is rarely addressed for intracellular lipid droplets (LDs). Here we optimized an in vitro model system to investigate oxidizability of different lipid classes within artificial LDs (aLDs). To this end, aLDs were reconstructed using differential centrifugation and characterized by a variety of analytical methods. Influence of different lipid compositions on aLDs size was studied and showed opposing effects of unsaturated phospholipids (PLs), triacyclglycerols (TAGs) and cholesteryl esters (CEs). To address aLDs oxidizability, the LPO sensitive ratiometric probe BODIPY-C11 was infused into aLDs, and lipid peroxidation kinetics, upon LPO activation either by copper/ascorbate or 2,2'-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine), was followed up by fluorescence spectroscopy. Generated lipid peroxidation products were additionally identified and relatively quantified by high-resolution LC-MS/MS. It was demonstrated that lipid composition is detrimental to aLD's oxidation sensitivity. Increasing unsaturation levels in the PL monolayer or the TAG core increases oxidation sensitivity, whereas the presence of CEs in the LD core has a dual effect depending on the acylated fatty acid. Moreover, not only the total level of lipid unsaturation, but also the ratio between different lipid species was shown to play a significant role in LPO propagation. This shows that the lipid composition of aLD's determines their sensitivity to LPO. As LDs lipidome reflects and is dynamically influenced by cellular and organismal metabolic status, our findings provide an important observation linking LD lipid composition and their redox sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Lange
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pia Viktoria Wagner
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Fedorova
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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5
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Gordillo-Galeano A, Ponce A, Mora-Huertas CE. Surface structural characteristics of some colloidal lipid systems used in pharmaceutics. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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6
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Francke NM, Bunjes H. Drug localization and its effect on the physical stability of poloxamer 188-stabilized colloidal lipid emulsions. Int J Pharm 2021; 599:120394. [PMID: 33675931 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Colloidal lipid emulsions are a promising formulation option for poorly water-soluble drugs. Due to their complex composition, they provide different sites for the localization of drugs. Drug molecules can be situated in the lipid matrix, in the aqueous phase with its structures formed by an excess of emulsifier or at the droplet interface. The interface and the mechanism of stabilization is mainly characterized by the emulsifier. In this study, the main focus was on the influence of drug localization on the stability of emulsions sterically stabilized with poloxamer188. In addition to 5% of this non-ionic emulsifier, the emulsions contained 10% soybean oil. The localization of the drugs fenofibrate, curcumin, betamethasone valerate, cinnarizine, dibucaine and flufenamic acid within the emulsion system at a physiological pH of 7.4 as well as their influence on emulsion stability were examined. The results indicated that the stability of poloxamer 188-stabilized emulsions can be influenced in a positive or negative way by the localization of drug molecules in the interface of emulsion droplets. Applying cinnarizine as model substance at pH 5, 7.4 and 10, no pronounced change in the localization was detected as a result of alterations in the charge of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine M Francke
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie und Biopharmazie, Mendelssohnstraße 1, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Heike Bunjes
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie und Biopharmazie, Mendelssohnstraße 1, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Zentrum für Pharmaverfahrenstechnik (PVZ), Franz-Liszt-Straße 35A, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
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7
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Ahmad R, Srivastava S, Ghosh S, Khare SK. Phytochemical delivery through nanocarriers: a review. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 197:111389. [PMID: 33075659 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent times, phytochemicals encapsulated or conjugated with nanocarriers for delivery to the specific sites have gained considerable research interest. Phytochemicals are mostly plant secondary metabolites which reported to be beneficial for human health and in disease theraphy. However, these compound are large size and polar nature of these compounds, make it difficult to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), endothelial lining of blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract and mucosa. Moreover, they are enzymatically degraded in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, encapsulation or conjugation of these compounds with nanocrriers could be an alternate way to enhance their bioefficacy by influencing their gastrointestinal stability, rate of absorption and dispersion. This review presents an overview of nanocarriers alternatives which improves therapeutic value and avoid toxicity, by releasing bioactive compounds specifically at target tissues with enhanced stability and bioavailability. Future investigations may emphasize on deciphering the structural changes in nanocarriers during digestion and absorption, the difference between in-vitro and in-vivo digestion simulations, and impact of nanocarriers on the metabolism of phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razi Ahmad
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Sukriti Srivastava
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Shubhrima Ghosh
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Khare
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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8
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Francke NM, Bunjes H. Influence of drug loading on the physical stability of phospholipid-stabilised colloidal lipid emulsions. Int J Pharm X 2020; 2:100060. [PMID: 33305256 PMCID: PMC7711285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2020.100060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
When poorly water-soluble drugs are formulated in colloidal lipid emulsions, adequate stability of the emulsion must be ensured. The aim of this work was to investigate different aspects related to drug loading in order to gain a better understanding on how drugs affect the stability of phospholipid-stabilised emulsions. To obtain information on emulsion stability, a rapid and reproduceable shaking test was developed. A passive loading approach was applied for drug loading of the commercially available nanoemulsion Lipofundin® MCT/LCT 10% with seven drugs of different charge and localisation tendency within the emulsion system. Localisation of drug molecules in the droplet interface did not generally lead to destabilisation of the emulsion, whereas the charge of the drug was of decisive importance. Aspects such as the drug concentration, its influence on the pH and the impact of zeta potential changes had an influence on emulsion stability as well. Certain destabilising effects of drugs could be counteracted by modification of the pH. Lipofundin® MCT/LCT 10%, passively loaded with propofol, was compared with two commercially available propofol preparations. No negative effect of the passive loading procedure could be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Monika Francke
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie und Biopharmazie, Mendelssohnstraße 1, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Heike Bunjes
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie und Biopharmazie, Mendelssohnstraße 1, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Zentrum für Pharmaverfahrenstechnik, Franz-Liszt-Straße 35A, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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9
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Schröder A, Sprakel J, Schroën K, Berton‐Carabin CC. Chemical Stability of α‐Tocopherol in Colloidal Lipid Particles with Various Morphologies. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Schröder
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering Wageningen University and Research Bornse Weilanden 9 Wageningen 6708 WG The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter Wageningen University and Research Stippeneng 4 Wageningen 6708 WE The Netherlands
| | - Joris Sprakel
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter Wageningen University and Research Stippeneng 4 Wageningen 6708 WE The Netherlands
| | - Karin Schroën
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering Wageningen University and Research Bornse Weilanden 9 Wageningen 6708 WG The Netherlands
| | - Claire C. Berton‐Carabin
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering Wageningen University and Research Bornse Weilanden 9 Wageningen 6708 WG The Netherlands
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10
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Hou P, Pu F, Zou H, Diao M, Zhao C, Xi C, Zhang T. Whey protein stabilized nanoemulsion: A potential delivery system for ginsenoside Rg3 whey protein stabilized nanoemulsion: Potential Rg3 delivery system. FOOD BIOSCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2019.100427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Schröder A, Sprakel J, Boerkamp W, Schroën K, Berton-Carabin CC. Can we prevent lipid oxidation in emulsions by using fat-based Pickering particles? Food Res Int 2019; 120:352-363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Oehlke K, Keppler JK, Milsmann J, Mayer-Miebach E, Greiner R, Steffen-Heins A. Adsorption of β-lactoglobulin to solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) depends on encapsulated compounds. J FOOD ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Anankanbil S, Mose JH, Pérez B, Cheng W, Pedersen JN, Guo Z. Mapping the location of DATEM in multi-phase systems: Synthesis and characterization of spin-label probe analogues. Food Chem 2019; 275:474-479. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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14
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da Silva Santos V, Badan Ribeiro AP, Andrade Santana MH. Solid lipid nanoparticles as carriers for lipophilic compounds for applications in foods. Food Res Int 2019; 122:610-626. [PMID: 31229120 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a new subject of interest in the field of food industry. Therefore, scientific and technological studies have been intensified in the last 10 years because of the promising results associated with the potential application of functional properties in food products, such as physical and chemical stability, protection and controlled release of bioactive compounds, and facilitated solubility of lipophilic compounds. Lipids have been used as raw material for the preparation of nanostructures, mainly owing to the solubilization capacity of lipophilic bioactive compounds, as well as because of the advantage of potentially using natural ingredients for production on an industrial scale. Thus, in this review, we describe the information reported in scientific literature on the chemical, physical, and structural properties of lipids used in the preparation of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs). We reviewed the production methods; structural lipid components; emulsifying systems; bioactive lipophilic compounds; and the physical, thermal, and oxidative properties of SLN and NLC. In addition, important methods for characterizing these systems with regard to particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, morphology, crystallization behavior, and polymorphism are discussed with examples, in order to support studies that consider physical stability during processing and storage. Furthermore, studies on the applications of SLNs and NLCs in foods are only found for model systems, justifying the compilation of a series of studies on the potential applications to encourage future works. In addition, we have described the aspects still under discussion, related to the possible risks and regulatory aspects of nanotechnology in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria da Silva Santos
- Department of Biotechnological Processes, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Badan Ribeiro
- Department of Food Technology, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Helena Andrade Santana
- Department of Biotechnological Processes, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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15
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Azizi M, Li Y, Kaul N, Abbaspourrad A. Study of the Physicochemical Properties of Fish Oil Solid Lipid Nanoparticle in the Presence of Palmitic Acid and Quercetin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:671-679. [PMID: 30614694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, naturally found in fish oil, are highly desirable for their associated health benefits. However, they are highly prone to oxidation and degradation. We examined the feasibility of simultaneously adding a solid lipid (palmitic acid) and an antioxidant (quercetin) into a whey-protein-isolate-stabilized solid lipid nanoparticle emulsion for encapsulating fish oil. The goal was to find a rational and new formulation containing both solid lipid and antioxidant that can encapsulate fish oil and give it the best physicochemical stability. Our results show that adding palmitic acid improved the physical stability of the emulsions by decreasing the size of the oil-in-water droplets. On the basis of the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay, we found out that at low concentrations of palmitic acid the addition of quercetin played a dominant role in increasing the oxidation stability of fish oil. On the contrary, at high concentrations of palmitic acid, it was palmitic acid that dominated the oxidation inhibition by the solidification of the encapsulates' core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Azizi
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Yitong Li
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Neha Kaul
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Alireza Abbaspourrad
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
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16
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Lopez de Arbina A, Losada-Barreiro S, Rezende MC, Vidal M, Aliaga C. The location of amphiphobic antioxidants in micellar systems: The diving-swan analogy. Food Chem 2018; 279:288-293. [PMID: 30611492 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A protocol for determining the location of antioxidants (AOs) in a micro-heterogeneous medium was applied to three series of AOs with increasing hydrophobicities: chromancarboxylic acid ("Trolox") esters, caffeic acid and its esters, and gallic acid and its esters. The observed paradoxical behaviour of these and other commonly encountered antioxidants was rationalized with the aid of a pictorial simile, the "diving-swan" analogy, that explains the orientation and location of an amphiphobic AO when it reacts with a radical probe in the micellar interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Lopez de Arbina
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. B.O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile; Centro para el Desarrollo de la Nanociencia y la Nanotecnología, CEDENNA, Chile
| | | | - Marcos Caroli Rezende
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. B.O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Matías Vidal
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. B.O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Aliaga
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. B.O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile; Centro para el Desarrollo de la Nanociencia y la Nanotecnología, CEDENNA, Chile.
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17
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Solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers: A review emphasizing on particle structure and drug release. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 133:285-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Fate of edible solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) in surfactant stabilized o/w emulsions. Part 2: Release and partitioning behavior of lipophilic probes from SLN into different phases of o/w emulsions. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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19
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Martínez-Ballesta MC, Gil-Izquierdo Á, García-Viguera C, Domínguez-Perles R. Nanoparticles and Controlled Delivery for Bioactive Compounds: Outlining Challenges for New "Smart-Foods" for Health. Foods 2018; 7:E72. [PMID: 29735897 PMCID: PMC5977092 DOI: 10.3390/foods7050072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a field of research that has been stressed as a very valuable approach for the prevention and treatment of different human health disorders. This has been stressed as a delivery system for the therapeutic fight against an array of pathophysiological situations. Actually, industry has applied this technology in the search for new oral delivery alternatives obtained upon the modification of the solubility properties of bioactive compounds. Significant works have been made in the last years for testing the input that nanomaterials and nanoparticles provide for an array of pathophysiological situations. In this frame, this review addresses general questions concerning the extent to which nanoparticles offer alternatives that improve therapeutic value, while avoid toxicity, by releasing bioactive compounds specifically to target tissues affected by specific chemical and pathophysiological settings. In this regard, to date, the contribution of nanoparticles to protect encapsulated bioactive compounds from degradation as a result of gastrointestinal digestion and cellular metabolism, to enable their release in a controlled manner, enhancing biodistribution of bioactive compounds, and to allow them to target those tissues affected by biological disturbances has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- MCarment Martínez-Ballesta
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus de Espinardo 25, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Ángel Gil-Izquierdo
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus de Espinardo 25, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Cristina García-Viguera
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus de Espinardo 25, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Raúl Domínguez-Perles
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus de Espinardo 25, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
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20
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Saez V, Souza IDL, Mansur CRE. Lipid nanoparticles (SLN & NLC) for delivery of vitamin E: a comprehensive review. Int J Cosmet Sci 2018; 40:103-116. [PMID: 29505675 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The antioxidative and photoprotective properties of vitamin E have caused it to be included as an active agent in various pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. However, its lipophilicity, chemical instability and poor skin penetration have limited the effectiveness of these formulations. For that reason, many attempts to include it in different drug delivery systems have been made. In recent decades, lipid nanoparticles have received special attention due to their advantages of compatibility with the skin, ability to enhance penetration of drugs in the stratum corneum, protection of the encapsulated substance against degradation induced by the external medium and control of drug release. This work reviews the current status of the encapsulation of vitamin E in lipid nanoparticles. We describe the most important methods for obtaining and characterizing lipid nanoparticles containing vitamin E (LNP-VE), various techniques for the evaluation of vitamin E's properties after encapsulation, the main in vitro and in vivo studies of the potential effectiveness or toxicity of LNP-VE, the formulations and stability studies of this delivery system, the commercial products based on LNP-VE and the regulatory aspects related to lipid nanoparticles. Finally, we discuss the most relevant advantages of encapsulating vitamin E in such particles and critical aspects that still demand attention to enhance the potential of solid lipid nanoparticles to deliver vitamin E.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Saez
- Institute of Macromolecules (IMA/UFRJ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Horácio Macedo, 2030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941598, Brazil
| | - I D L Souza
- Institute of Macromolecules (IMA/UFRJ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Horácio Macedo, 2030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941598, Brazil
| | - C R E Mansur
- Institute of Macromolecules (IMA/UFRJ), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Horácio Macedo, 2030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941598, Brazil
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21
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Improvement of physicochemical properties of encapsulated echium oil using nanostructured lipid carriers. Food Chem 2018; 246:448-456. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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22
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Berton-Carabin CC, Sagis L, Schroën K. Formation, Structure, and Functionality of Interfacial Layers in Food Emulsions. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2018; 9:551-587. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-030117-012405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonard Sagis
- Physics and Physical Chemistry of Foods, Wageningen University, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Schroën
- Food Process Engineering Group, Wageningen University, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
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23
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Drug solubility in lipid nanocarriers: Influence of lipid matrix and available interfacial area. Int J Pharm 2017; 529:617-628. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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24
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Micro- and nano bio-based delivery systems for food applications: In vitro behavior. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 243:23-45. [PMID: 28395856 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Micro- and nanoencapsulation is an emerging technology in the food field that potentially allows the improvement of food quality and human health. Bio-based delivery systems of bioactive compounds have a wide variety of morphologies that influence their stability and functional performance. The incorporation of bioactive compounds in food products using micro- and nano-delivery systems may offer extra health benefits, beyond basic nutrition, once their encapsulation may provide protection against undesired environmental conditions (e.g., heat, light and oxygen) along the food chain (including processing and storage), thus improving their bioavailability, while enabling their controlled release and target delivery. This review provides an overview of the bio-based materials currently used for encapsulation of bioactive compounds intended for food applications, as well as the main production techniques employed in the development of micro- and nanosystems. The behavior of such systems and of bioactive compounds entrapped into, throughout in vitro gastrointestinal systems, is also tracked in a critical manner. Comparisons between various in vitro digestion systems (including the main advantages and disadvantages) currently in use, as well as correlations between the behavior of micro- and nanosystems studied through in vitro and in vivo systems were highlighted and discussed here for the first time. Finally, examples of bioactive micro- and nanosystems added to food simulants or to real food matrices are provided, together with a revision of the main challenges for their safe commercialization, the regulatory issues involved and the main legislation aspects.
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25
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Oehlke K, Behsnilian D, Mayer-Miebach E, Weidler PG, Greiner R. Edible solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) as carrier system for antioxidants of different lipophilicity. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171662. [PMID: 28192494 PMCID: PMC5305235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferulic acid (FA) and tocopherol (Toc) loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) were prepared by a hot homogenisation method. The particle size distribution, zeta potential and melting behaviour of the SLN as well as the stability, encapsulation efficiency and radical scavenging activity of FA and Toc in the SLN were analysed. The different formulations containing up to 2.8 mg g−1 of FA or Toc were stable during at least 15 weeks of storage at room temperature. Despite partial degradation and / or release of FA and Toc during storage, significant radical scavenging activity was maintained. DSC measurements and radical scavenging tests after different time periods revealed that the re-structuring of the lipid matrix was connected to the enhanced antioxidant activity of Toc but did not affect the activity of FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Oehlke
- Institute for Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Diana Behsnilian
- Institute for Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Esther Mayer-Miebach
- Institute for Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter G. Weidler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces, Division of oxidic and organic interfaces Hermann-von-Helmoltz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ralf Greiner
- Institute for Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
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26
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Abstract
Overly high intake of saturated fat is an international problem contributing to global health issues. Low-moisture snacks account for a nutritionally significant proportion of the saturated fat in the diet, making these foods a key target for improving consumers' health. However, it is not currently feasible to maintain the same oxidative shelf life when replacing saturated fats with unsaturated fats, which are generally perceived to be more heart-healthy. This article summarizes current theories and available research on lipid oxidation in low-moisture foods in order to lay the groundwork for new lipid oxidation rate-reduction strategies. Research deficits needing attention and new methods for assessing lipid oxidation in low-moisture foods are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leann Barden
- a Department of Food Science , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Eric A Decker
- a Department of Food Science , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , Massachusetts , USA
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27
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Partitioning of vanillic acid in oil-in-water emulsions: Impact of the Tween®40 emulsifier. Food Res Int 2016; 88:61-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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28
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Troise AD, Berton-Carabin CC, Fogliano V. Amadori products formation in emulsified systems. Food Chem 2016; 199:51-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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29
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Leong WF, Berton-Carabin CC, Elias RJ, Lecomte J, Villeneuve P, Zhao Y, Coupland JN. Effect of lipophilization on the distribution and reactivity of ingredients in emulsions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 459:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Corstens MN, Berton-Carabin CC, de Vries R, Troost FJ, Masclee AAM, Schroën K. Food-grade micro-encapsulation systems that may induce satiety via delayed lipolysis: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 57:2218-2244. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1057634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meinou N. Corstens
- Department of Agrotechnology & Food Sciences, Food Process Engineering Group, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Claire C. Berton-Carabin
- Department of Agrotechnology & Food Sciences, Food Process Engineering Group, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Renko de Vries
- Department of Agrotechnology & Food Sciences, Physical Chemistry and Colloid Science Group, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Freddy J. Troost
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ad A. M. Masclee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Schroën
- Department of Agrotechnology & Food Sciences, Food Process Engineering Group, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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31
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Krudopp H, Sönnichsen FD, Steffen-Heins A. Partitioning of nitroxides in dispersed systems investigated by ultrafiltration, EPR and NMR spectroscopy. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 452:15-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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32
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Martins JT, Ramos ÓL, Pinheiro AC, Bourbon AI, Silva HD, Rivera MC, Cerqueira MA, Pastrana L, Malcata FX, González-Fernández Á, Vicente AA. Edible Bio-Based Nanostructures: Delivery, Absorption and Potential Toxicity. FOOD ENGINEERING REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12393-015-9116-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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33
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Chaprenet J, Berton-Carabin CC, Elias RJ, Coupland JN. Effect of interfacial properties on the reactivity of a lipophilic ingredient in multilayered emulsions. Food Hydrocoll 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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34
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Berton-Carabin CC, Ropers MH, Genot C. Lipid Oxidation in Oil-in-Water Emulsions: Involvement of the Interfacial Layer. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claude Genot
- INRA; UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages; F-44316 Nantes France
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35
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Kupetz E, Bunjes H. Lipid nanoparticles: drug localization is substance-specific and achievable load depends on the size and physical state of the particles. J Control Release 2014; 189:54-64. [PMID: 24933601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lipid nanoemulsions and -suspensions are being intensively investigated as carriers for poorly water soluble drugs. The question on where model compounds or probes are localized within the dispersions has been the subject of several studies. However, only little data exists for pharmaceutically relevant molecules in dispersions composed of pharmaceutically relevant excipients. In this work, the localization of drugs and drug-like substances was studied in lipid nanoemulsions and -suspensions. Conclusions about the drug localization were drawn from the relations between lipid mass, specific particle surface area and drug load in the dispersions. Additionally, the achievable drug loads of the liquid and the solid lipid particles were compared. Nanoemulsions and -suspensions comprised trimyristin as lipid matrix and poloxamer 188 as emulsifier and were prepared with different well-defined particle sizes. These pre-formed dispersions were passively loaded with either amphotericin B, curcumin, dibucaine, fenofibrate, mefenamic acid, propofol, or a porphyrin derivative. The physico-chemical properties of the particles were characterized; drug load and lipid content were quantified by UV spectroscopy and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. For all drugs the passive loading procedure was successful in both emulsions and suspensions. Solid particles accommodate drug molecules preferably at the particle surface. Liquid particles can accommodate drugs at the particle surface as well as in the core; the distribution between the two sites is drug specific. It is also drug specific whether solid or liquid particles yield higher drug loads. As a general rule, smaller particles led to higher drug loads than larger ones. Propofol and the porphyrin derivative displayed eutectic interaction with the lipid and crystal growth after loading, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kupetz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Heike Bunjes
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
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36
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Design of Bio-nanosystems for Oral Delivery of Functional Compounds. FOOD ENGINEERING REVIEWS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12393-013-9074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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