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Sarkar D, Monzote L, Gille L, Chatterjee M. Natural endoperoxides as promising anti-leishmanials. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 129:155640. [PMID: 38714091 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The discovery of artemisinin, an endoperoxide, encouraged the scientific community to explore endoperoxides as potential anti-parasitic molecules. Although artemisinin derivatives are rapidly evolving as potent anti-malarials, their potential as anti-leishmanials is emerging gradually. The treatment of leishmaniasis, a group of neglected tropical diseases is handicapped by lack of effective vaccines, drug toxicities and drug resistance. The weak antioxidant defense mechanism of the Leishmania parasites due to lack of catalase and a selenium dependent glutathione peroxidase system makes them vulnerable to oxidative stress, and this has been successful exploited by endoperoxides. PURPOSE The study aimed to review the available literature on the anti-leishmanial efficacy of natural endoperoxides with a view to achieve insights into their mode of actions. METHODS We reviewed more around 110 research and review articles restricted to the English language, sourced from electronic bibliographic databases including PubMed, Google, Web of Science, Google scholar etc. RESULTS: Natural endoperoxides could potentially augment the anti-leishmanial drug library, with artemisinin and ascaridole emerging as potential anti-leishmanial agents. Due to higher reactivity of the cyclic peroxide moiety, and exploiting the compromised antioxidant defense of Leishmania, endoperoxides like artemisinin and ascaridole potentiate their leishmanicidal efficacy by creating a redox imbalance. Furthermore, these molecules minimally impair oxidative phosphorylation; instead inhibit glycolytic functions, culminating in depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane and depletion of ATP. Additionally, the carbon-centered free radicals generated from endoperoxides, participate in chain reactions that can generate even more reactive organic radicals that are toxic to macromolecules, including lipids, proteins and DNA, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of Leishmania parasites. However, the precise target(s) of the toxic free radicals remains open-ended. CONCLUSION In this overview, the spectrum of natural endoperoxide molecules as major anti-leishmanials and their mechanism of action has been delineated. In view of the substantial evidence that natural endoperoxides (e.g., artemisinin, ascaridole) exert a noxious effect on different species of Leishmania, identification and characterization of other natural endoperoxides is a promising therapeutic option worthy of further pharmacological consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deblina Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (IPGME&R), Kolkata-700 020, W.B, India
| | - Lianet Monzote
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kourí", Havana 10400, Cuba
| | - Lars Gille
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mitali Chatterjee
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (IPGME&R), Kolkata-700 020, W.B, India.
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2
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Akbari M, Heli H, Oryan A, Hatam G. A novel outlook in the delivery of artemisinin: production and efficacy in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Pathog Glob Health 2024; 118:40-46. [PMID: 37183476 PMCID: PMC10769112 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2023.2212347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The visceral form of leishmaniasis (VL), due to infection by Leishmania infantum, is a neglected tropical disease. The accessible therapeutic options are limited. Artemisinin is an efficient antileishmanial product with poor biological availability that requires high repetition of therapeutic doses in VL. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) provide targeted delivery, increase bioavailability and reduce toxicity of the traditional therapeutic strategy. The spherical shape artemisinin-loaded SLNs were prepared in a particle diameter of 222.0 ± 14.0 nm. The SLNs showed no particular toxic effect on the parasites, whereas the native artemisinin demonstrated a significant toxicity rate of 31% in viability of the promastigotes at the 250 µg/ml concentration. The therapeutic efficacy of the artemisinin-loaded SLNs was demonstrated in the experimental VL, using the L. infantum-infected BALB/c mice, in the present study. The 10 and 20 mg/kg doses of artemisinin-loaded SLNs showed higher level of antileishmanial efficacy compared with the free artemisinin. There was a significant diminishing of the parasite burden in liver (84.7 ± 4.9%) and spleen (85.0 ± 3.1%) and hepatosplenomegaly by the artemisinin-loaded SLNs treated at 20 mg/kg compared to the free artemisinin. Therefore, the present study supports the superior efficacy of artemisinin-loaded SLNs over the free artemisinin and could be considered as a new therapeutic strategy in the treatment of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Akbari
- Department of Parasitology and mycology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein Heli
- Department of Nanomedicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Oryan
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hatam
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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3
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Therapeutic potential of Indian medicinal plants against Leishmania donovani: a review. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL SCIENCE ACADEMY 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s43538-023-00153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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4
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Gupta D, Singh PK, Yadav PK, Narender T, Patil UK, Jain SK, Chourasia MK. Emerging strategies and challenges of molecular therapeutics in antileishmanial drug development. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 115:109649. [PMID: 36603357 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular therapy refers to targeted therapies based on molecules which have been intelligently directed towards specific biomolecular structures and include small molecule drugs, monoclonal antibodies, proteins and peptides, DNA or RNA-based strategies, targeted chemotherapy and nanomedicines. Molecular therapy is emerging as the most effective strategy to combat the present challenges of life-threatening visceral leishmaniasis, where the successful human vaccine is currently unavailable. Moreover, current chemotherapy-based strategies are associated with the issues of ineffective targeting, unavoidable toxicities, invasive therapies, prolonged treatment, high treatment costs and the development of drug-resistant strains. Thus, the rational approach to antileishmanial drug development primarily demands critical exploration and exploitation of biochemical differences between host and parasite biology, immunocharacteristics of parasite homing, and host-parasite interactions at the molecular/cellular level. Following this, the novel technology-based designing and development of host and/or parasite-targeted therapeutics having leishmanicidal and immunomodulatory activity is utmost essential to improve treatment efficacy. Thus, the present review is focused on immunological and molecular checkpoint targets in host-pathogen interaction, and molecular therapeutic prospects for Leishmania intervention, and the challenges ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar 470003, M.P., India; Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - Pankaj K Singh
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India; Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad 500037, Telangana, India
| | - Pavan K Yadav
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - Tadigoppula Narender
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - Umesh K Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar 470003, M.P., India
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar 470003, M.P., India
| | - Manish K Chourasia
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India.
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Usman M, Sarwar Y, Abbasi R, Ishaq HM, Iftikhar M, Hussain I, Demirdogen RE, Ihsan A. Nanogold morphologies with the same surface chemistry provoke a different innate immune response: An in-vitro and in-vivo study. NANOIMPACT 2022; 28:100419. [PMID: 36038134 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2022.100419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanomaterials (GNMs) have unique optical properties with less antigenicity, and their physicochemical properties have strong relation with an immunological response at bio-interface including antigenicity. An interpretation of this correlation would significantly impact on the clinical and theranostic applications of GNMs. Herein, we studied the effect of GNMs morphology on the cytotoxicity (in-vitro), innate immune responses, hepatotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity (in-vivo studies) using gold nano-cups (GNCs), porous gold nanospheres (PGNSs) and solid gold nano particles (SGNPs) coated with the same ligand to ensure similar surface chemistry. The cytotoxicity was assessed via sulfo-rhodamine B (SRB) assay, and the cytotoxicity data showed that morphological features at nanoscale dimensions like surface roughness and hollowness etc. have a significant impact on cellular viability. The biochemical and histopathological study of liver and kidney tissues also showed that all GNMs did not show any toxicity even at high concentration (100 μL). The relative quantification of cytokine gene expression of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, 1L-6, and 1L-17 (against each morphology) was checked after in-vivo activation in mice. Among the different nanogold morphologies, PVP stabilized GNCs (PVP-GNCs) showed the highest release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which might be due to their high surface energy and large surface area for exposure as compared to other nanogold morphologies studied. The pro-inflammatory cytokine release could be suppressed by coating with some anti-inflammatory polymer, i.e., inulin. The in-vitro results of pro-inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1) cytokines also suggested that all GNMs may induce activation of macrophages and Th1 immune response. The in-vivo activation results showed a decrease in mRNA expression of the cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, 1L-6 and 1L-17). Based on these findings, we proposed that the shape and morphology of GNMs control their immune response at nano-bio interface, and it must be considered while designing their role for different biomedical applications like immuno-stimulation and bio-imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Usman
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Punjab, Pakistan; Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan 66000, Pakistan
| | - Yasra Sarwar
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Rashda Abbasi
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering, G-9/1, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan 66000, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Iftikhar
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Irshad Hussain
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, SBA School of Science and Engineering (SBA-SSE), Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore 54792, Pakistan
| | - Ruken Esra Demirdogen
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Çankırı Karatekin University, Çankırı 18100, Turkey
| | - Ayesha Ihsan
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Punjab, Pakistan.
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Effects of terpenes in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis: a systematic review of preclinical evidence. Pharmacol Res 2022; 177:106117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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7
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Intakhan N, Siriyasatien P, Chanmol W. Anti-Leishmania activity of artesunate and combination effects with amphotericin B against Leishmania (Mundinia) martiniquensis in vitro. Acta Trop 2022; 226:106260. [PMID: 34848183 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is an emerging disease in several countries over the world, especially in tropical regions. In Thailand, Leishmania (Mundinia) martiniquensis is the most frequent cause of visceral leishmaniasis and disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis among HIV/AIDs patients. Amphotericin B (AmB) is the only drug currently available for the treatment of leishmaniasis in Thailand, but has some limitations like high renal toxicity and the prolonged hospitalization required for the treatment. Moreover, recurrence of the disease has been reported in several cases, indicating that new drugs or treatment strategies should be improved. In this study, Artesunate (ARS) was determined for anti-Leishmania activity against L. martiniquensis in promastigotes and amastigotes. In addition, the combination effects of ARS and AmB against intracellular amastigotes on THP-1 derived macrophages were also investigated for the first time. The result showed that L. martiniquensis was susceptible to ARS in both stages of the parasite. ARS was effective against intracellular amastigotes and safe to macrophage host cells, showing a SI value of 1,065. Furthermore, combination effects of ARS and AmB showed five synergistic combinations with a combination index (CI) value less than 1.0 (0.28-0.92) for intracellular amastigotes ranging from slight synergism to strong synergism. The strong synergistic combination had the highest dose reduction index (DRI), approximately a 9.7-fold reduction in AmB used. None of the treatments in combination had noticeable toxicity to THP-1 derived macrophages in the concentration range examined. The data provided in this study lead to further study in vivo and to develop a novel formulation of drug combinations to improve the outcome of leishmaniasis treatment.
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Rahnama V, Motazedian MH, Mohammadi-Samani S, Asgari Q, Ghasemiyeh P, Khazaei M. Artemether-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers: preparation, characterization, and evaluation of in vitro effect on Leishmania major. Res Pharm Sci 2021; 16:623-633. [PMID: 34760010 PMCID: PMC8562414 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.327508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a global health problem. The discovery of new and highly efficient anti-leishmanial treatments with lower toxicity is globally needed. The current study was carried out to evaluate the anti-leishmanial effects of artemether (ART) and ART-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (ART-NLCs) against promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania major. Experimental approach Solvent diffusion evaporation technique was applied to prepare ART-NLCs. These nanoparticles were characterized using a particle size analyzer (PSA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The antiparasitic activity on amastigote was assessed in J774 cell culture. The drug cytotoxicity on promastigote and macrophage was assessed using the MTT technique after 24 and 48 h and compared with NLCs, ART, and amphotericin B, as the control agents. The selectivity index was calculated for the agents. Findings/Results The DLS and PSA techniques confirmed that ART-NLCs were homogenous in size with an average diameter of 101 ± 2.0 nm and span index of 0.9. The ART-NLCs significantly heighten the anti-leishmanial activity of ART (P < 0.001). The IC50 values of ART and ART-NLCs on promastigotes after 24 and 48 h were 76.08, 36.71 and 35.14, 14.81 μg/mL, respectively while they were calculated 53.97, 25.43 and 20.13, 11.92 for amastigotes. Also, ART-NLCs had the lowest cytotoxicity against macrophages. Furthermore, among the agents tested, ART-NLCs had the highest selectivity index. Conclusion and implications ART-NLCs had lower cytotoxic effects than ART and amphotericin B, also its selectivity index was significantly higher. Based on the findings of the study, this formulation could be a promising candidate for further research into leishmaniasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Rahnama
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Motazedian
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran.,Nanomedicine and Nanobiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran
| | - Soliman Mohammadi-Samani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran.,Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran
| | - Qasem Asgari
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran
| | - Parisa Ghasemiyeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran
| | - Meisam Khazaei
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran
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Kumari D, Perveen S, Sharma R, Singh K. Advancement in leishmaniasis diagnosis and therapeutics: An update. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 910:174436. [PMID: 34428435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is regarded as a neglected tropical disease by World Health Organization (WHO) and is ranked next to malaria as the deadliest protozoan disease. The primary causative agents of the disease comprise of diverse leishmanial species sharing clinical features ranging from skin abrasions to lethal infection in the visceral organs. As several Leishmania species are involved in infection, the role of accurate diagnosis becomes pivotal in adding new dimensions to anti-leishmanial therapy. Diagnostic methods must be fast, reliable, easy to perform, highly sensitive, and specific to differentiate among similar parasitic diseases. Herein, we present the conventional and recent approaches impended for the disease diagnosis and their sensitivity, specificity, and clinical application in parasite detection. Furthermore, we have also elaborated various new methods to cure leishmaniasis, which include host-directed therapies, drug repurposing, nanotechnology, and combinational therapy. This review addresses novel techniques and innovations in leishmaniasis, which can aid in unraveling new strategies to fight against the deadly infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Kumari
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Summaya Perveen
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Rashmi Sharma
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Kuljit Singh
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Zhang J, Hu K, Di L, Wang P, Liu Z, Zhang J, Yue P, Song W, Zhang J, Chen T, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Wang X, Zhan C, Cheng YC, Li X, Li Q, Fan JY, Shen Y, Han JY, Qiao H. Traditional herbal medicine and nanomedicine: Converging disciplines to improve therapeutic efficacy and human health. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 178:113964. [PMID: 34499982 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Traditional herbal medicine (THM), an ancient science, is a gift from nature. For thousands of years, it has helped humans fight diseases and protect life, health, and reproduction. Nanomedicine, a newer discipline has evolved from exploitation of the unique nanoscale morphology and is widely used in diagnosis, imaging, drug delivery, and other biomedical fields. Although THM and nanomedicine differ greatly in time span and discipline dimensions, they are closely related and are even evolving toward integration and convergence. This review begins with the history and latest research progress of THM and nanomedicine, expounding their respective developmental trajectory. It then discusses the overlapping connectivity and relevance of the two fields, including nanoaggregates generated in herbal medicine decoctions, the application of nanotechnology in the delivery and treatment of natural active ingredients, and the influence of physiological regulatory capability of THM on the in vivo fate of nanoparticles. Finally, future development trends, challenges, and research directions are discussed.
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Patra S, Singh M, Wasnik K, Pareek D, Gupta PS, Mukherjee S, Paik P. Polymeric Nanoparticle Based Diagnosis and Nanomedicine for Treatment and Development of Vaccines for Cerebral Malaria: A Review on Recent Advancement. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:7342-7365. [PMID: 35006689 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria occurs due to Plasmodium falciparum infection, which causes 228 million infections and 450,000 deaths worldwide every year. African people are mostly affected with nearly 91% cases, of which 86% are pregnant women and infants. India and Brazil are the other two countries severely suffering from malaria endemicity. Commonly used drugs have severe side effects, and unfortunately no suitable vaccine is available in the market today. In this line, this review is focused on polymeric nanomaterials and nanocapsules that can be used for the development of effective diagnostic strategies, nanomedicines, and vaccines in the management of cerebral malaria. Further, this review will help scientists and medical professionals by updating the status on the development stages of polymeric nanoparticle based diagnostics, nanomedicines, and vaccines and strategies to eradicate cerebral malaria. In addition to this, the predominant focus of this review is antimalarial agents based on polymer nanomedicines that are currently in the preclinical and clinical trial stages, and potential developments are suggested as well. This review further will have an important social and commercial impact worldwide for the development of polymeric nanomedicines and strategies for the treatment of cerebral malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Patra
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-BHU, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Monika Singh
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-BHU, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Kirti Wasnik
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-BHU, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Divya Pareek
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-BHU, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Prem Shankar Gupta
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-BHU, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sudip Mukherjee
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Pradip Paik
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-BHU, Varanasi 221005, India
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12
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Gu X, Cheng Q, He P, Zhang Y, Jiang Z, Zeng Y. Dihydroartemisinin-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Inhibit the Rifampicin-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Disrupting the Cell Wall. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:735166. [PMID: 34630358 PMCID: PMC8500176 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.735166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is a deadly infection, and increasing resistance worsens an already bad scenario. In this work, a new nanomedicine antibacterial agent, based on dihydroartemisinin (DHA) and chitosan (CS), has been successfully developed to overcome MTB's drug-resistant. To enhance DHA's solubility, we have prepared nanoparticles of DHA loaded CS by an ionic crosslinking method with sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) as the crosslinking agent. The DHA-CS nanoparticles (DHA-CS NPs) have been fully characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and ultraviolet spectrophotometry. DHA-CS NPs show an excellent antibacterial effect on the rifampicin (RFP)-resistant strain (ATCC 35838) and, at a concentration of 8.0 μg/ml, the antibacterial impact reaches up to 61.0 ± 2.13% (n = 3). The results of Gram staining, acid-fast staining, auramine "O" staining and electron microscopy show that the cell wall of RFP-resistant strains is destroyed by DHA-CS NPs (n = 3), and it is further verified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Since all the metabolites identified in DHA-CS NPs treated RFP-resistant strains indicate an increase in fatty acid synthesis and cell wall repair, it can be concluded that DHA-CS NPs act by disrupting the cell wall. In addition, the resistance of 12 strains is effectively reduced by 8.0 μg/ml DHA-CS NPs combined with RFP, with an effective rate of 66.0%. The obtained results indicate that DHA-CS NPs combined with RFP may have potential use for TB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Gu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Mianyang 404 Hospital, Mianyang, China
| | - Qi Cheng
- Respiratory Medicine, Chengdu Seventh People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Mianyang 404 Hospital, Mianyang, China
| | - Zhengfang Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Mianyang 404 Hospital, Mianyang, China
| | - Yali Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Mianyang 404 Hospital, Mianyang, China
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Prasanna P, Kumar P, Kumar S, Rajana VK, Kant V, Prasad SR, Mohan U, Ravichandiran V, Mandal D. Current status of nanoscale drug delivery and the future of nano-vaccine development for leishmaniasis - A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111920. [PMID: 34328115 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of tropical diseases like leishmaniasis, a parasitic disease, has not received much attention even though it is the second-largest infectious disease after malaria. As per the WHO report, a total of 0.7-1.0 million new leishmaniasis cases, which are spread by 23 Leishmania species in more than 98 countries, are estimated with an alarming 26,000-65,000 death toll every year. Lack of potential vaccines along with the cost and toxicity of amphotericin B (AmB), the most common drug for the treatment of leishmaniasis, has raised the interest significantly for new formulations and drug delivery systems including nanoparticle-based delivery as anti-leishmanial agents. The size, shape, and high surface area to volume ratio of different NPs make them ideal for many biological applications. The delivery of drugs through liposome, polymeric, and solid-lipid NPs provides the advantage of high biocomatibilty of the carrier with reduced toxicity. Importantly, NP-based delivery has shown improved efficacy due to targeted delivery of the payload and synergistic action of NP and payload on the target. This review analyses the advantage of NP-based delivery over standard chemotherapy and natural product-based delivery system. The role of different physicochemical properties of a nanoscale delivery system is discussed. Further, different ways of nanoformulation delivery ranging from liposome, niosomes, polymeric, metallic, solid-lipid NPs were updated along with the possible mechanisms of action against the parasite. The status of current nano-vaccines and the future potential of NP-based vaccine are elaborated here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Prasanna
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur 844102, India.
| | - Prakash Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur 844102, India.
| | - Saurabh Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur 844102, India.
| | - Vinod Kumar Rajana
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur 844102, India.
| | - Vishnu Kant
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur 844102, India.
| | - Surendra Rajit Prasad
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur 844102, India.
| | - Utpal Mohan
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata 700054, India.
| | - V Ravichandiran
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur 844102, India; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata 700054, India.
| | - Debabrata Mandal
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur 844102, India.
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14
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Thapa R, Mondal S, Riikonen J, Rantanen J, Näkki S, Nissinen T, Närvänen A, Lehto VP. Biogenic nanoporous silicon carrier improves the efficacy of buparvaquone against resistant visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009533. [PMID: 34185780 PMCID: PMC8274846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a vector-borne protozoan infection that is fatal if untreated. There is no vaccination against the disease, and the current chemotherapeutic agents are ineffective due to increased resistance and severe side effects. Buparvaquone is a potential drug against the leishmaniases, but it is highly hydrophobic resulting in poor bioavailability and low therapeutic efficacy. Herein, we loaded the drug into silicon nanoparticles produced from barley husk, which is an agricultural residue and widely available. The buparvaquone-loaded nanoparticles were several times more selective to kill the intracellular parasites being non-toxic to macrophages compared to the pure buparvaquone and other conventionally used anti-leishmanial agents. Furthermore, the in vivo results revealed that the intraperitoneally injected buparvaquone-loaded nanoparticles suppressed the parasite burden close to 100%. By contrast, pure buparvaquone suppressed the burden only by 50% with corresponding doses. As the conclusion, the biogenic silicon nanoparticles are promising carriers to significantly improve the therapeutic efficacy and selectivity of buparvaquone against resistant visceral leishmaniasis opening a new avenue for low-cost treatment against this neglected tropical disease threatening especially the poor people in developing nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinez Thapa
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Subhasish Mondal
- School of Pharmacy, The Neotia University, Sarisa, West Bengal, India
| | - Joakim Riikonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jimi Rantanen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Simo Näkki
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuomo Nissinen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ale Närvänen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vesa-Pekka Lehto
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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15
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Kammona O, Tsanaktsidou E. Nanotechnology-aided diagnosis, treatment and prevention of leishmaniasis. Int J Pharm 2021; 605:120761. [PMID: 34081999 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a prevalent parasitic infection belonging to neglected tropical diseases. It is caused by Leishmania protozoan parasites transmitted by sandflies and it is responsible for increased morbidity/mortality especially in low- and middle-income countries. The lack of cheap, portable, easy to use diagnostic tools exhibiting high efficiency and specificity impede the early diagnosis of the disease. Furthermore, the typical anti-leishmanial agents are cytotoxic, characterized by low patient compliance and require long-term regimen and usually hospitalization. In addition, due to the intracellular nature of the disease, the existing treatments exhibit low bioavailability resulting in low therapeutic efficacy. The above, combined with the common development of resistance against the anti-leishmanial agents, denote the urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, the lack of effective prophylactic vaccines hinders the control of the disease. The development of nanoparticle-based biosensors and nanocarrier-aided treatment and vaccination strategies could advance the diagnosis, therapy and prevention of leishmaniasis. The present review intends to highlight the various nanotechnology-based approaches pursued until now to improve the detection of Leishmania species in biological samples, decrease the side effects and increase the efficacy of anti-leishmanial drugs, and induce enhanced immune responses, specifically focusing on the outcome of their preclinical and clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kammona
- Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, P.O. Box 60361, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Evgenia Tsanaktsidou
- Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, P.O. Box 60361, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
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16
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Qiao L, Han M, Gao S, Shao X, Wang X, Sun L, Fu X, Wei Q. Research progress on nanotechnology for delivery of active ingredients from traditional Chinese medicines. J Mater Chem B 2021; 8:6333-6351. [PMID: 32633311 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01260b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is growing acceptance of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) as potential sources of clinical agents based on the demonstrated efficacies of numerous bioactive compounds first identified in TCM extracts, such as paclitaxel, camptothecin, and artemisinin. However, there are several challenges to achieving the full clinical potential of many TCMs, particularly the generally high hydrophobicity and low bioavailability. Recently, however, numerous studies have attempted to circumvent the limited in vivo activity and systemic toxicity of TCM ingredients by incorporation into nanoparticle-based delivery systems. Many of these formulations demonstrate improved bioavailability, enhanced tissue targeting, and greater in vivo stability compared to the native compound. This review summarizes nanoformulations of the most promising and extensively studied TCM compounds to provide a reference for further research. Combining these natural compounds with nanotechnology-based delivery systems may further improve the clinical utility of these agents, in turn leading to more intensive research on traditional medicinal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qiao
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, P. R. China
| | - Maosen Han
- College of Phamaceutical Science, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, P. R. China
| | - Shijie Gao
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, P. R. China
| | - Xinxin Shao
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Network Pharmacology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Sun
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, P. R. China
| | - Xianjun Fu
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Network Pharmacology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, P. R. China.
| | - Qingcong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, P. R. China.
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17
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J B, M BM, Chanda K. An Overview on the Therapeutics of Neglected Infectious Diseases-Leishmaniasis and Chagas Diseases. Front Chem 2021; 9:622286. [PMID: 33777895 PMCID: PMC7994601 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.622286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) as termed by WHO include twenty different infectious diseases that are caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Among these NTDs, Chagas disease and leishmaniasis are reported to cause high mortality in humans and are further associated with the limitations of existing drugs like severe toxicity and drug resistance. The above hitches have rendered researchers to focus on developing alternatives and novel therapeutics for the treatment of these diseases. In the past decade, several target-based drugs have emerged, which focus on specific biochemical pathways of the causative parasites. For leishmaniasis, the targets such as nucleoside analogs, inhibitors targeting nucleoside phosphate kinases of the parasite’s purine salvage pathway, 20S proteasome of Leishmania, mitochondria, and the associated proteins are reviewed along with the chemical structures of potential drug candidates. Similarly, in case of therapeutics for Chagas disease, several target-based drug candidates targeting sterol biosynthetic pathway (C14-ademethylase), L-cysteine protease, heme peroxidation, mitochondria, farnesyl pyrophosphate, etc., which are vital and unique to the causative parasite are discussed. Moreover, the use of nano-based formulations towards the therapeutics of the above diseases is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brindha J
- Division of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Balamurali M M
- Division of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Kaushik Chanda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
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18
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Charlie-Silva I, Feitosa NM, Fukushima HCS, Borra RC, Foglio MA, Xavier RMP, de Melo Hoyos DC, de Oliveira Sousa IM, de Souza GG, Bailone RL, de Andrade Belo MA, Correia SAM, Junior JDC, Pierezan F, Malafaia G. Effects of nanocapsules of poly-ε-caprolactone containing artemisinin on zebrafish early-life stages and adults. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 756:143851. [PMID: 33257061 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinin extracted from Artemisia annua L. plants has a range of properties that qualifies it to treat several diseases, such as malaria and cancer. However, it has short half-life, which requires making continuous use of it, which has motivated the association of artemisinin (ART) with polymeric nanoparticles to increase its therapeutic efficiency. However, the ecotoxicological safety of this association has been questioned, given the scarcity of studies in this area. Thus, in this work the toxicity of Poly (ε-Caprolactone) nanocapsules added with ART (ART-NANO) in zebrafish (Danio rerio), embryos and adults was studied. Different endpoints were analyzed in organisms exposed to ART-NANO, including those predictive of embryotoxicity and histopatoxicity. Embryotoxicity was analyzed based on Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) test guideline (236) for fish embryo acute toxicity applied to zebrafish (Danio rerio) at 96 hpf under five nominal logarithmic concentrations (0.125 to 2.0 mg/ L). Our results demonstrate, mainly, that fertilized eggs presented increased coagulation, lack of heart rate, vitelline sac displacement and lack of somite formation. On the other hand, adult individuals (exposed to the same concentrations and evaluated after 24 and 96 h of exposure) have shown increased pericarditis. Therefore, the treatment based on ART, poly (ε-caprolactone) nanocapsules and on their combination at different concentrations have shown toxic effects on zebrafish embryos and adult individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ives Charlie-Silva
- Pharmacology Department, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Natália Martins Feitosa
- Integrated Translational Biosciences Laboratory (LIBT), Biodiversity and Sustainability Institute (NUPEM), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)- Macaé, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Carneiro Borra
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Mary Ann Foglio
- Pharmaceutical Sciences School, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Ricardo Lacava Bailone
- Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio de Andrade Belo
- Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Biological Sciences Department, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil.
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Medkour H, Bitam I, Laidoudi Y, Lafri I, Lounas A, Hamidat HK, Mekroud A, Varloud M, Davoust B, Mediannikov O. Potential of Artesunate in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in dogs naturally infected by Leishmania infantum: Efficacy evidence from a randomized field trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008947. [PMID: 33338041 PMCID: PMC7781483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is among the world’s most neglected diseases. Dogs are the main reservoirs/hosts of Leishmania infantum, causative agent of both canine and human visceral leishmaniosis. Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) represents a public health problem as one of the most prevalent zoonotic diseases worldwide. Current therapeutics present drawbacks; thus, there is a need for more effective, safer, and cheaper drugs. The aim of this study was to evaluate and to compare the efficacy of oral administration of artesunate or meglumine antimoniate/allopurinol in dogs with clinical leishmaniasis. Forty-two dogs with naturally occurring clinical leishmaniasis were included in this open-label, simple randomized positive-control clinical field trial with 6 months of follow-up. Dogs received meglumine antimoniate 100 mg/kg/day and allopurinol 30 mg/kg/day for 28 days (control group, n = 26) or artesunate 25 mg/kg/day for 6 days (test group, n = 16). The animals were evaluated for their clinical evolution, parasite load (by qPCR) and humoral response at different time points: 0, 30, 90, and 180 days after treatment. Data analyses showed a significant improvement in both groups in clinical scores, parasitemia and antibody titers after treatment. Compared to the control group, the artesunate group showed significantly lower clinical score (P = 0.0001), lower parasitemia (P = 0.0001) and antibody titers after 6 months of follow-up. Compared to baseline values, a rapid, significant reduction (P < 0.012) in antibody levels, 2.28- versus 3.04-fold for the control versus artesunate groups, respectively, was observed 30 days after treatment. Antibody levels continued to decrease further in the artesunate group, where 58% of cases became seronegative at the 6-month follow-up. All qPCR-positive dogs were negative after treatment with artesunate, while 14.3% remained positive with the appearance of two new cases in the control group. Artesunate was well tolerated, and no side effects were recorded. Treatment failures were similar in both groups with 27.27% (6/22), including 18.18% (4/22) mortality in the control group, versus 26.66% (4/15), including 13.33% (2/15) mortality in the artesunate group. This is the first report showing the potential of artesunate in the treatment of dogs with clinical leishmaniasis. Artesunate showed higher efficacy than the current first-line treatment for CanL without any adverse effects. It could be a good alternative chemotherapy for CanL, and may be considered for further studies in human leishmaniases. Further clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings, to determine if there are relapses after treatment and if dogs remain infective to sandflies, to define the ideal therapeutic dosage and duration of treatment with artesunate. Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a fatal, zoonotic vector-borne disease caused by Leishmania infantum, a common pathogen for both humans and dogs. Most CanL therapeutics are toxic, expensive, or ineffective. Artemisinin and derivatives have recently demonstrated potent antileishmanial activity in vitro and in experimental models. In this study, dogs with clinical leishmaniasis were randomly included in one of the treatment groups: meglumine antimoniate/allopurinol (control) or artesunate (alternative). Dogs were followed up for 6 months for their clinical score, parasitemia and Leishmania antibody levels. Both groups showed improved clinical scores, parasitemia and antibody titers after treatment. After six months of follow-up, treatment success was very similar in both groups, and 72.73% (16/22) of the controls versus 73.34% (11/15) in the artesunate group had clinical improvement. All dogs initially seropositive by PCR became negative after artesunate treatment, while 14.3% remained positive with the appearance of new cases in the control group. Antibody titers decreased rapidly (from day 30) from baseline especially in the artesunate group, where 58% of the dogs converted to seronegative after 6 months. Artesunate could be a good alternative for treatment of leishmaniasis. Additional clinical trials are needed to obtain more data on this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hacène Medkour
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
- PADESCA Laboratory, Veterinary Science Institute, University Constantine 1, El Khroub, Algeria
| | - Idir Bitam
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
- Superior School of Food Sciences and Food Industries of Algiers, Algeria
| | - Younes Laidoudi
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
- PADESCA Laboratory, Veterinary Science Institute, University Constantine 1, El Khroub, Algeria
| | - Ismail Lafri
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Blida 1, Algeria
- Laboratory of Biotechnology related to Animal Reproduction (LBRA), University of Blida, Blida, Algeria
| | - Abdelaziz Lounas
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Blida 1, Algeria
- Laboratory of Biotechnology related to Animal Reproduction (LBRA), University of Blida, Blida, Algeria
| | - Hamza Karim Hamidat
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Boumerdes, Algeria
| | - Abdeslam Mekroud
- PADESCA Laboratory, Veterinary Science Institute, University Constantine 1, El Khroub, Algeria
| | | | - Bernard Davoust
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
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20
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Matha K, Calvignac B, Gangneux JP, Benoit JP. The advantages of nanomedicine in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis: between sound arguments and wishful thinking. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 18:471-487. [PMID: 33217254 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1853701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Although life-threatening if left untreated, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is still a neglected endemic disease in 98 countries worldwide. The number of drugs available is low and few are in clinical trials. In the last decades, efforts have been made on the development of nanocarriers as drug delivery systems to treat VL. Given the preferential intracellular location of the parasite in the liver and spleen macrophages, the rationale is sturdy. In a clinical setting, liposomal amphotericin B displays astonishing cure rates.Areas covered: A literature search was performed through PubMed and Google Scholar. We critically reviewed the main literature highlighting the success of nanomedicine in VL. We also reviewed the hurdles and yet unfulfilled promises rising awareness of potential drawbacks of nanomedicine in VL.Expert opinion: VL is a disease where nanomedicines successes shine through. However, there are a lot of obstacles on the road to developing more efficient strategies such as targeting functionalization, oral formulations, or combined therapies. And those strategies raise many questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Matha
- MINT, Univ Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021, Université Bretagne Loire, 4 Rue Larrey 49933 Angers cedex 9, France.,CHU Angers, département Pharmacie,4 rue Larrey, 49933 Angers cedex 9, France
| | - Brice Calvignac
- MINT, Univ Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021, Université Bretagne Loire, 4 Rue Larrey 49933 Angers cedex 9, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Gangneux
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset , (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.,Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU de Rennes, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033, Rennes, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Benoit
- MINT, Univ Angers, INSERM 1066, CNRS 6021, Université Bretagne Loire, 4 Rue Larrey 49933 Angers cedex 9, France.,CHU Angers, département Pharmacie,4 rue Larrey, 49933 Angers cedex 9, France
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21
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Ghosh S, Verma A, Kumar V, Pradhan D, Selvapandiyan A, Salotra P, Singh R. Genomic and Transcriptomic Analysis for Identification of Genes and Interlinked Pathways Mediating Artemisinin Resistance in Leishmania donovani. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1362. [PMID: 33213096 PMCID: PMC7698566 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapy for visceral leishmaniasis (VL), compromised by drug resistance, toxicity, and high cost, demands for more effective, safer, and low-cost drugs. Artemisinin has been found to be an effectual drug alternative in experimental models of leishmaniasis. Comparative genome and transcriptome analysis of in vitro-adapted artesunate-resistant (K133AS-R) and -sensitive wild-type (K133WT) Leishmania donovani parasites was carried out using next-generation sequencing and single-color DNA microarray technology, respectively, to identify genes and interlinked pathways contributing to drug resistance. Whole-genome sequence analysis of K133WT vs. K133AS-R parasites revealed substantial variation among the two and identified 240 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 237 insertion deletions (InDels), 616 copy number variations (CNVs) (377 deletions and 239 duplications), and trisomy of chromosome 12 in K133AS-R parasites. Transcriptome analysis revealed differential expression of 208 genes (fold change ≥ 2) in K133AS-R parasites. Functional categorization and analysis of modulated genes of interlinked pathways pointed out plausible adaptations in K133AS-R parasites, such as (i) a dependency on lipid and amino acid metabolism for generating energy, (ii) reduced DNA and protein synthesis leading to parasites in the quiescence state, and (iii) active drug efflux. The upregulated expression of cathepsin-L like protease, amastin-like surface protein, and amino acid transporter and downregulated expression of the gene encoding ABCG2, pteridine receptor, adenylatecyclase-type receptor, phosphoaceylglucosamine mutase, and certain hypothetical proteins are concordant with genomic alterations suggesting their potential role in drug resistance. The study provided an understanding of the molecular basis linked to artemisinin resistance in Leishmania parasites, which may be advantageous for safeguarding this drug for future use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Ghosh
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi 110029, India; (S.G.); (A.V.); (V.K.); (P.S.)
- JH-Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India;
| | - Aditya Verma
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi 110029, India; (S.G.); (A.V.); (V.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Vinay Kumar
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi 110029, India; (S.G.); (A.V.); (V.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Dibyabhaba Pradhan
- ICMR-AIIMS Computational Genomics Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi 110029, India;
| | | | - Poonam Salotra
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi 110029, India; (S.G.); (A.V.); (V.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Ruchi Singh
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi 110029, India; (S.G.); (A.V.); (V.K.); (P.S.)
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22
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Ortalli M, Varani S, Cimato G, Veronesi R, Quintavalla A, Lombardo M, Monari M, Trombini C. Evaluation of the Pharmacophoric Role of the O-O Bond in Synthetic Antileishmanial Compounds: Comparison between 1,2-Dioxanes and Tetrahydropyrans. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13140-13158. [PMID: 33091297 PMCID: PMC8018184 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniases are neglected diseases that can be treated with a limited drug arsenal; the development of new molecules is therefore a priority. Recent evidence indicates that endoperoxides, including artemisinin and its derivatives, possess antileishmanial activity. Here, 1,2-dioxanes were synthesized with their corresponding tetrahydropyrans lacking the peroxide bridge, to ascertain if this group is a key pharmacophoric requirement for the antileishmanial bioactivity. Newly synthesized compounds were examined in vitro, and their mechanism of action was preliminarily investigated. Three endoperoxides and their corresponding tetrahydropyrans effectively inhibited the growth of Leishmania donovani promastigotes and amastigotes, and iron did not play a significant role in their activation. Further, reactive oxygen species were produced in both endoperoxide- and tetrahydropyran-treated promastigotes. In conclusion, the peroxide group proved not to be crucial for the antileishmanial bioactivity of endoperoxides, under the tested conditions. Our findings reveal the potential of both 1,2-dioxanes and tetrahydropyrans as lead compounds for novel therapies against Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Ortalli
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Regional Reference
Centre for Microbiological Emergencies (CRREM), St. Orsola-Malpighi
University Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna,
Italy
| | - Stefania Varani
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Regional Reference
Centre for Microbiological Emergencies (CRREM), St. Orsola-Malpighi
University Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna,
Italy
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty
Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via
Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgia Cimato
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Regional Reference
Centre for Microbiological Emergencies (CRREM), St. Orsola-Malpighi
University Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna,
Italy
| | - Ruben Veronesi
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”,
Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna Via Selmi 2,
40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Arianna Quintavalla
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”,
Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna Via Selmi 2,
40126 Bologna, Italy
- Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulla Malaria
(CIRM) - Italian Malaria Network (IMN), University of Milan,
20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Lombardo
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”,
Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna Via Selmi 2,
40126 Bologna, Italy
- Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulla Malaria
(CIRM) - Italian Malaria Network (IMN), University of Milan,
20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Magda Monari
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”,
Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna Via Selmi 2,
40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Trombini
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”,
Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna Via Selmi 2,
40126 Bologna, Italy
- Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulla Malaria
(CIRM) - Italian Malaria Network (IMN), University of Milan,
20100 Milan, Italy
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Cao Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Wang L, Lv L, Ma X, Zeng S, Wang H. Biodegradable functional chitosan membrane for enhancement of artemisinin purification. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 246:116590. [PMID: 32747249 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinin is mainly derived from Artemisia annua L. Since the leaves composition is complex, artemisinin purification faces great challenges. In this work, functional chitosan membranes were fabricated by a one-step hydrolysis method through grafting long-chain alkyl group on the surface of chitosan to increase its hydrophobicity. The as-prepared membranes were used to adsorb wax oil (i.e., the impurity components) in Artemisia annua L. and to avoid co-precipitation of wax oil along with artemisinin using the crystallization technique for purification. Octyl-trimethoxysilane modified chitosan membrane (FCM-C8) showed excellent capability to intensify this purification process. The product purity could reach more than 98 % using one crystallization step under the optimal conditions, and in this case, adsorption capacity of FCM-C8 for wax oil was 478.9 mg/g. In addition, the adsorption kinetics and mechanism of wax oil on FCM-C8 were studied. The membrane can simultaneously adsorb multiple components in wax oil through interactions like electrostatic forces, hydrogen bondings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Ling Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Lunchao Lv
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Xifei Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Shaojuan Zeng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
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Medrán NS, Sayé M, Pereira CA, Tekwani BL, La-Venia A, Labadie GR. Expanding the scope of synthetic 1,2,4-trioxanes towards Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania donovani. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127491. [PMID: 32795626 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A series of synthetic 1,2,4-trioxanes related to artemisinin was tested against L. donovani and T. cruzi parasites. This screening identified some active compounds, with key common structural features. Interestingly, these selected trioxanes were efficient against both parasites, and achieved antiparasitic activities comparable or superior than those presented by the corresponding reference drugs, artemisinin and artesunate. This study represents the first example of synthetic trioxanes evaluated on T. cruzi and provides possible candidates for developing new drugs for the treatment of leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia S Medrán
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario-CONICET, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina; Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Melisa Sayé
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas (IDIM), Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudio A Pereira
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas A. Lanari, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas (IDIM), Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Babu L Tekwani
- National Center for Natural Products Research & Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Agustina La-Venia
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario-CONICET, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina; Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Guillermo R Labadie
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario-CONICET, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina; Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina.
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25
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Valissery P, Thapa R, Singh J, Gaur D, Bhattacharya J, Singh AP, Dhar SK. Potent in vivo antimalarial activity of water-soluble artemisinin nano-preparations. RSC Adv 2020; 10:36201-36211. [PMID: 35517081 PMCID: PMC9057047 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05597b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin is a remarkable compound whose derivatives and combinations with multiple drugs have been utilized at the forefront of malaria treatment. However, the inherent issues of the parent compound such as poor bioavailability, short serum half-life, and high first-pass metabolism partially limit further applications of this drug. In this study, we enhanced the aqueous phase solubility of artemisinin by encapsulating it in two nanocarriers based on the polymer polycaprolactone (ART-PCL) and lipid-based Large Unilamellar Vesicles (ART-LIPO) respectively. Both nanoformulations exhibit in vitro parasite killing activity against Plasmodium falciparum with the ART-LIPO performing at comparable efficacy to the control drug solubilized in ethanol. These water-soluble formulations showed potent in vivo antimalarial activity as well in the mouse model of malaria at equivalent doses of the parent drug. Additionally, the artemisinin-PCL nanoformulation used in combination with either pyrimethamine or chloroquine increased the survival of the Plasmodium berghei infected mice for more than 34 days and effectively cured the mice of the infection. We highlight the potential for polymer and liposome-based nanocarriers in improving not only the aqueous phase solubility of artemisinin but also concomitantly retaining its therapeutic efficacy in vivo as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveesh Valissery
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi 110067 India
| | - Roshni Thapa
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi 110067 India
| | - Jyoti Singh
- National Institute of Immunology New Delhi 110067 India
| | - Deepak Gaur
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi 110067 India
| | | | | | - Suman Kumar Dhar
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi 110067 India
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Alven S, Aderibigbe BA. Nanoparticles Formulations of Artemisinin and Derivatives as Potential Therapeutics for the Treatment of Cancer, Leishmaniasis and Malaria. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E748. [PMID: 32784933 PMCID: PMC7466127 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12080748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer, malaria, and leishmaniasis remain the deadly diseases around the world although several strategies of treatment have been developed. However, most of the drugs used to treat the aforementioned diseases suffer from several pharmacological limitations such as poor pharmacokinetics, toxicity, drug resistance, poor bioavailability and water solubility. Artemisinin and its derivatives are antimalarial drugs. However, they also exhibit anticancer and antileishmanial activity. They have been evaluated as potential anticancer and antileishmanial drugs but their use is also limited by their poor water solubility and poor bioavailability. To overcome the aforementioned limitations associated with artemisinin and its derivatives used for the treatment of these diseases, they have been incorporated into nanoparticles. Several researchers incorporated this class of drugs into nanoparticles resulting in enhanced therapeutic outcomes. Their potential efficacy for the treatment of parasitic infections such as malaria and leishmaniasis and chronic diseases such as cancer has been reported. This review article will be focused on the nanoparticles formulations of artemisinin and derivatives for the treatment of cancer, malaria, and leishmaniasis and the biological outcomes (in vitro and in vivo).
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27
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Nafari A, Cheraghipour K, Sepahvand M, Shahrokhi G, Gabal E, Mahmoudvand H. Nanoparticles: New agents toward treatment of leishmaniasis. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2020; 10:e00156. [PMID: 32566773 PMCID: PMC7298521 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2020.e00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a widespread disease that causes 20,000 to 30,000 deaths annually, making it a major health problem in endemic areas. Because of low-performance medications, drug delivery poses a great challenge for better treatment of leishmaniasis. The present study's purpose was to review the application of nanoparticles as a new method in leishmaniasis treatment. To identify all relevant literature, we searched Web of Sciences, Scopus, PubMed, NCBI, Scielo, and Google Scholar, and profiled studies published between 1986 and 2019. In the present study, we tried to identify different research efforts in different conditions that examined the influence of various nanoparticles on different forms of leishmaniasis. In this way, we could compare their results and obtain a reliable conclusion from the most recent studies on this subject. Our review's results indicate that incorporating nanoparticles with chemical drugs improves the quality, efficiency, and sustainability of drugs and reduces their costs. Finally, considering the use of nanoparticles in the destruction of parasites, their inhibitory effect (making drugs more effective and less harmful), and their utility in making effective vaccines to prevent and fight against parasites, further research on this issue is highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Nafari
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Koroush Cheraghipour
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Maryam Sepahvand
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Ghazal Shahrokhi
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Esraa Gabal
- Agricultural Science and Resource Management in the Tropics and Subtropics, Bonn University, Germany
| | - Hossein Mahmoudvand
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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28
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Santos SS, de Araújo RV, Giarolla J, Seoud OE, Ferreira EI. Searching for drugs for Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and schistosomiasis: a review. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 55:105906. [PMID: 31987883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and schistosomiasis are neglected diseases (NDs) and are a considerable global challenge. Despite the huge number of people infected, NDs do not create interest from pharmaceutical companies because the associated revenue is generally low. Most of the research on these diseases has been conducted in academic institutions. The chemotherapeutic armamentarium for NDs is scarce and inefficient and better drugs are needed. Researchers have found some promising potential drug candidates using medicinal chemistry and computational approaches. Most of these compounds are synthetic but some are from natural sources or are semi-synthetic. Drug repurposing or repositioning has also been greatly stimulated for NDs. This review considers some potential drug candidates and provides details of their design, discovery and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Silva Santos
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Chemotherapeutics Potentially Active in Neglected Diseases (LAPEN), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo-USP, Avenue Professor Lineu Prestes, 580-Building 13, São Paulo SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Renan Vinicius de Araújo
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Chemotherapeutics Potentially Active in Neglected Diseases (LAPEN), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo-USP, Avenue Professor Lineu Prestes, 580-Building 13, São Paulo SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Jeanine Giarolla
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Chemotherapeutics Potentially Active in Neglected Diseases (LAPEN), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo-USP, Avenue Professor Lineu Prestes, 580-Building 13, São Paulo SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Omar El Seoud
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Chemotherapeutics Potentially Active in Neglected Diseases (LAPEN), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo-USP, Avenue Professor Lineu Prestes, 580-Building 13, São Paulo SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Igne Ferreira
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Chemotherapeutics Potentially Active in Neglected Diseases (LAPEN), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo-USP, Avenue Professor Lineu Prestes, 580-Building 13, São Paulo SP, 05508-900, Brazil.
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29
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Synthesis and Antileishmanial Activity of 1,2,4,5-Tetraoxanes against Leishmania donovani. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030465. [PMID: 31979089 PMCID: PMC7038143 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A chemically diverse range of novel tetraoxanes was synthesized and evaluated in vitro against intramacrophage amastigote forms of Leishmania donovani. All 15 tested tetraoxanes displayed activity, with IC50 values ranging from 2 to 45 µm. The most active tetraoxane, compound LC140, exhibited an IC50 value of 2.52 ± 0.65 µm on L. donovani intramacrophage amastigotes, with a selectivity index of 13.5. This compound reduced the liver parasite burden of L. donovani-infected mice by 37% after an intraperitoneal treatment at 10 mg/kg/day for five consecutive days, whereas miltefosine, an antileishmanial drug in use, reduced it by 66%. These results provide a relevant basis for the development of further tetraoxanes as effective, safe, and cheap drugs against leishmaniasis.
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Gérard Yaméogo JB, Mazet R, Wouessidjewe D, Choisnard L, Godin-Ribuot D, Putaux JL, Semdé R, Gèze A. Pharmacokinetic study of intravenously administered artemisinin-loaded surface-decorated amphiphilic γ-cyclodextrin nanoparticles. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 106:110281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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A multilamellar nanoliposome stabilized by interlayer hydrogen bonds increases antimalarial drug efficacy. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 22:102099. [PMID: 31648039 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.102099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lipid particles for drug delivery can be modified to create multilayer vesicles with higher stability and improved cargo interaction. Here, we used lipids capable of forming hydrogen bonds instead of covalent bonds and designed stable vesicles-inside-vesicles with a high capacity of entrapping antimalarial drugs such as chloroquine (hydrophilic) and Artemisinin (lipophilic). In vitro treatment of the drug-sensitive P. falciparum strain NF54 showed that encapsulated drugs resulted in 72% and 60% lower IC50 values for each drug, respectively. Fluorochrome-labeling of a cargo-peptide or of membrane-resident lipids indicated that vesicles interacted more specifically with parasite-infected erythrocytes than with normal red blood cells. Accordingly, vesicle-confined chloroquine was able to elicit a stronger antiparasitic effect than free chloroquine in a lethal murine model of infection. Being permissive not only to small molecules but also to larger peptides, hydrogen-bond linked multilamellar liposomes are a very promising approach for enhanced drug delivery.
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Verma A, Ghosh S, Salotra P, Singh R. Artemisinin-resistant Leishmania parasite modulates host cell defense mechanism and exhibits altered expression of unfolded protein response genes. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:2705-2713. [PMID: 31359134 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06404-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinin, extracted from a medicinal herb Artemisia annua, is widely used to treat malaria and has shown potent anticancer activity. Artemisinin has been found to be effective against experimental visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis. Despite extensive research to understand the complex mechanism of resistance to artemisinin, several questions remain unanswered. The artesunate (ART)-resistant line of Leishmania donovani was selected and cellular mechanisms associated with resistance to artemisinin were investigated. ART-resistant (AS-R) parasites showed reduced susceptibility towards ART both at promastigote and amastigote stage compared with ART sensitive (WT) parasites. WT and AS-R parasites were both more susceptible to ART at the early log phase of growth compared with late log phase. AS-R parasites were more infective to the host macrophages (p < 0.05). Evaluation of parasites' tolerance towards host microbicidal mechanisms revealed that AS-R parasites were more tolerant to complement-mediated lysis and nitrosative stress. ROS levels were modulated in presence of ART in AS-R parasites infected macrophages. Interestingly, infection of macrophages by AS-R parasites led to modulated levels of host interleukins, IL-2 and IL-10, in addition to nitric oxide. Additionally, AS-R parasites showed upregulated expression of genes of unfolded protein response pathway including methyltransferase domain-containing protein (HSP40) and flagellar attachment zone protein (prefoldin), that are reported to be associated with ART resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. This study presents in vitro model of artemisinin-resistant Leishmania parasite and cellular mechanisms associated with ART resistance in Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Verma
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Sushmita Ghosh
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Poonam Salotra
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Ruchi Singh
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, 110029, India.
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Shah A, Gupta SS. Anti-leishmanial Nanotherapeutics: A Current Perspective. Curr Drug Metab 2019; 20:473-482. [DOI: 10.2174/1389200219666181022163424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Leishmaniasis is a dreaded disease caused by protozoan parasites belonging to the genus
Leishmania which results in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. There are no vaccines available currently
for the treatment of Leishmaniasis and chemotherapy still remains the mainstay for anti-leishmanial therapeutics.
However, toxicity, reduced bioavailability, high cost and chemoresistance are the principal problems which limit the
use of the available drugs. In this context, anti-leishmanial nanotherapeutics may show the way for effective treatment
of this dreaded disease.
Methods:
We carried out extensive literature search of bibliographic database using keywords strictly within the
scope of the present study for peer reviewed research articles. We focused specifically on articles related to the application
of nanotechnology in drug development, drug delivery and vaccine delivery for anti-leishmanial therapeutics.
Results:
This study shows the immense potential of the application of nanotechnology in the field of anti-leishmanial
therapeutics. This will aid the targeted delivery of different drugs which is expected to increase the bioavailability,
reduce toxicity and also address the problem of chemoresistance.
Conclusion:
We surmise that exciting research in the field of anti-leishmanial nanotherapeutics is already showing
the promise for effective applicability. Though direct use of nanoparticles as therapeutic agents does not seem to be a
good option, the application of nanotechnology in this field for vaccine development is still in its early days. The
nano based drug delivery system for anti-leishmanial therapeutics has evolved considerably over the past ten years
and holds the potential to drastically change the landscape of anti-leishmanial therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Shah
- Division of Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Central Campus, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat -380009, India
| | - Souvik Sen Gupta
- Division of Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Central Campus, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat -380009, India
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Singh OP, Gedda MR, Mudavath SL, Srivastava ON, Sundar S. Envisioning the innovations in nanomedicine to combat visceral leishmaniasis: for future theranostic application. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:1911-1927. [PMID: 31313971 PMCID: PMC7006826 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a life-threatening parasitic disease affecting impoverished people of the developing world; and much effort has been spent on the early case detection and treatment. However, current diagnostics and treatment options are not sufficient for appropriate surveillance in VL elimination setting. Hence, there is a dire need to develop highly sensitive diagnostics and less toxic effective treatments for proper management of cases and to achieve the sustained disease elimination. Although, promising results have been observed with nanomedicines in leishmaniasis; there are great challenges ahead especially in translating this to clinical setting. This review provides updated progress of nanomedicines in VL, and discussed how these innovations and future directions play vital role in achieving VL elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om Prakash Singh
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Mallikarjuna Rao Gedda
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shyam Lal Mudavath
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science & Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Onkar Nath Srivastava
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Investigation of the Effects of Artemisinin on Testis and Kidney Injury Induced by Doxorubicin. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2019-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Artemisinin, an antimalarial drug, has anticancer activity and possesses protective effects against several tissue injuries. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of artemisinin on doxorubicin-induced renal and testicular toxicity in rats. Doxorubicin was administered to rats at a single dose of 10 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) as a single intraperitoneal injection. Application of artemisinin was by using oral gavage feeding needle for 14 days at different specified doses (7 mg/kg and 35 mg/kg b.w.). At the end of the experiments, kidney and testis samples were collected and used for histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations. At histopathological examination, while hyperemia was the marked finding in kidney and testis of rats treated with doxorubicin only, no evidence of structural abnormalities showed in other groups. Immunohistochemical examination of the testes and kidneys demonstrated significantly increased expression of caspase-3, TNF-α, iNOS and NF-κB in rats treated with doxorubicin only. Artemisinin decreased the doxorubicin-induced overexpression of NF-κB, iNOS, TNFα and caspase-3 in these tissues of rats. Artemisinin can protect the kidney and testis against doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity and testotoxicity, probably through a decrease of caspase-3, TNF-α, iNOS and NF-κB expressions. It may be concluded that artemisinin has a potential for clinical use in the treatment of kidney and testis damage induced by doxorubicin. Further researches are required to determine the appropriate combination of artemisinin with doxorubicin.
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Moraes Neto RN, Setúbal RFB, Higino TMM, Brelaz-de-Castro MCA, da Silva LCN, Aliança ASDS. Asteraceae Plants as Sources of Compounds Against Leishmaniasis and Chagas Disease. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:477. [PMID: 31156427 PMCID: PMC6530400 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis and Chagas disease cause great impact on social and economic aspects of people living in developing countries. The treatments for these diseases are based on the same regimen for over 40 years, thus, there is an urgent need for the development of new drugs. In this scenario, Asteraceae plants (a family widely used in folk medicine worldwide) are emerging as an interesting source for new trypanocidal and leishmanicidal compounds. Herein, we provide a non-exhaustive review about the activity of plant-derived products from Asteraceae with inhibitory action toward Leishmania spp. and T. cruzi. Special attention was given to those studies aiming the isolation (or identification) of the bioactive compounds. Ferulic acid, rosmarinic acid, and ursolic acid (Baccharis uncinella DC.) were efficient to treat experimental leishmaniasis; while deoxymikanolide (Mikania micrantha) and (+)-15-hydroxy-labd-7-en-17-al (Aristeguietia glutinosa Lam.) showed in vivo anti-T. cruzi action. It is also important to highlight that several plant-derived products (compounds, essential oils) from Artemisia plants have shown high inhibitory potential against Leishmania spp., such as artemisinin and its derivatives. In summary, these compounds may help the development of new effective agents against these neglected diseases.
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Ortalli M, Varani S, Rosso C, Quintavalla A, Lombardo M, Trombini C. Evaluation of synthetic substituted 1,2-dioxanes as novel agents against human leishmaniasis. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 170:126-140. [PMID: 30878827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of human leishmaniasis is currently based on few compounds that are highly toxic, expensive and have a high rate of treatment failure. A number of recent studies on new drugs focuses on natural or semi-synthetic compounds. Among them, the endoperoxide artemisinin, extracted from Artemisia annua, and some of its derivatives have shown leishmanicidal activity. In the present work, a series of structurally simple, fully synthetic 1,2-dioxanes were evaluated for in vitro antileishmanial activity against promastigotes of Leishmania donovani; the cytotoxicity for mammalian cells was also assessed. The six most promising compounds in terms of activity and selectivity were further investigated for their antileishmanial activity on the promastigote forms of L. tropica, L. major and L. infantum and against L. donovani amastigotes. The good performance in terms of potency and selectivity makes these six hits promising candidates for a preliminary lead optimization as antileishmanial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ortalli
- Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - S Varani
- Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy; Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Regional Reference Centre for Microbiological Emergencies (CRREM), St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - C Rosso
- Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - A Quintavalla
- Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - M Lombardo
- Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - C Trombini
- Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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Volpedo G, Costa L, Ryan N, Halsey G, Satoskar A, Oghumu S. Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems for the treatment of neglected tropical protozoan diseases. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2019; 25:e144118. [PMID: 31130996 PMCID: PMC6483407 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-1441-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) comprise of a group of seventeen infectious
conditions endemic in many developing countries. Among these diseases are three
of protozoan origin, namely leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and African
trypanosomiasis, caused by the parasites Leishmania spp.,
Trypanosoma cruzi, and Trypanosoma brucei
respectively. These diseases have their own unique challenges which are
associated with the development of effective prevention and treatment methods.
Collectively, these parasitic diseases cause more deaths worldwide than all
other NTDs combined. Moreover, many current therapies for these diseases are
limited in their efficacy, possessing harmful or potentially fatal side effects
at therapeutic doses. It is therefore imperative that new treatment strategies
for these parasitic diseases are developed. Nanoparticulate drug delivery
systems have emerged as a promising area of research in the therapy and
prevention of NTDs. These delivery systems provide novel mechanisms for targeted
drug delivery within the host, maximizing therapeutic effects while minimizing
systemic side effects. Currently approved drugs may also be repackaged using
these delivery systems, allowing for their potential use in NTDs of protozoan
origin. Current research on these novel delivery systems has provided insight
into possible indications, with evidence demonstrating their improved ability to
specifically target pathogens, penetrate barriers within the host, and reduce
toxicity with lower dose regimens. In this review, we will examine current
research on these delivery systems, focusing on applications in the treatment of
leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and African trypanosomiasis. Nanoparticulate
systems present a unique therapeutic alternative through the repositioning of
existing medications and directed drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Volpedo
- Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Lourena Costa
- Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Nathan Ryan
- Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Gregory Halsey
- Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Abhay Satoskar
- Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Steve Oghumu
- Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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Wen Z, Liu F, Chen Q, Xu Y, Li H, Sun S. Recent development in biodegradable nanovehicle delivery system-assisted immunotherapy. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:4414-4443. [DOI: 10.1039/c9bm00961b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A schematic illustration of BNDS biodegradation and release antigen delivery for assisting immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfu Wen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling
- P. R. China
| | - Fengyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry
- Dalian University of Technology
- Ganjingzi District
- P. R. China
| | | | - Yongqian Xu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling
- P. R. China
| | - Hongjuan Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling
- P. R. China
| | - Shiguo Sun
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling
- P. R. China
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Varikuti S, Jha BK, Volpedo G, Ryan NM, Halsey G, Hamza OM, McGwire BS, Satoskar AR. Host-Directed Drug Therapies for Neglected Tropical Diseases Caused by Protozoan Parasites. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2655. [PMID: 30555425 PMCID: PMC6284052 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) caused by protozoan parasites are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current treatments using anti-parasitic drugs are toxic and prolonged with poor patient compliance. In addition, emergence of drug-resistant parasites is increasing worldwide. Hence, there is a need for safer and better therapeutics for these infections. Host-directed therapy using drugs that target host pathways required for pathogen survival or its clearance is a promising approach for treating infections. This review will give a summary of the current status and advances of host-targeted therapies for treating NTDs caused by protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Varikuti
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Bijay Kumar Jha
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Greta Volpedo
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Nathan M Ryan
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Gregory Halsey
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Omar M Hamza
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Bradford S McGwire
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Abhay R Satoskar
- Department of Pathology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Charlie-Silva I, Fraceto LF, de Melo NFS. Progress in nano-drug delivery of artemisinin and its derivatives: towards to use in immunomodulatory approaches. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:S611-S620. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1505739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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42
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Efferth T. Beyond malaria: The inhibition of viruses by artemisinin-type compounds. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1730-1737. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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43
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Ishaq ZA, Ahmed N, Anwar MN, ul-Haq I, ur-Rehman T, Ahmad NM, Elaissari A. Development and in vitro evaluation of cost effective amphotericin B polymeric emulsion. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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44
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Medhi H, Maity S, Suthram N, Chalapareddy SK, Bhattacharyya MK, Paik P. Hollow mesoporous polymer capsules with Dihydroartemisinin and Chloroquine diphosphate for knocking down Plasmodium falciparum infection. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aaaddb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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45
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Bruni N, Stella B, Giraudo L, Della Pepa C, Gastaldi D, Dosio F. Nanostructured delivery systems with improved leishmanicidal activity: a critical review. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:5289-5311. [PMID: 28794624 PMCID: PMC5536235 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s140363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne zoonotic disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania, which are responsible for numerous clinical manifestations, such as cutaneous, visceral, and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, depending on the site of infection for particular species. These complexities threaten 350 million people in 98 countries worldwide. Amastigotes living within macrophage phagolysosomes are the principal target of antileishmanial treatment, but these are not an easy target as drugs must overcome major structural barriers. Furthermore, limitations on current therapy are related to efficacy, toxicity, and cost, as well as the length of treatment, which can increase parasitic resistance. Nanotechnology has emerged as an attractive alternative as conventional drugs delivered by nanosized carriers have improved bioavailability and reduced toxicity, together with other characteristics that help to relieve the burden of this disease. The significance of using colloidal carriers loaded with active agents derives from the physiological uptake route of intravenous administered nanosystems (the phagocyte system). Nanosystems are thus able to promote a high drug concentration in intracellular mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS)-infected cells. Moreover, the versatility of nanometric drug delivery systems for the deliberate transport of a range of molecules plays a pivotal role in the design of therapeutic strategies against leishmaniasis. This review discusses studies on nanocarriers that have greatly contributed to improving the efficacy of antileishmaniasis drugs, presenting a critical review and some suggestions for improving drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Stella
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Della Pepa
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Daniela Gastaldi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Franco Dosio
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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46
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Islan GA, Durán M, Cacicedo ML, Nakazato G, Kobayashi RKT, Martinez DST, Castro GR, Durán N. Nanopharmaceuticals as a solution to neglected diseases: Is it possible? Acta Trop 2017; 170:16-42. [PMID: 28232069 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The study of neglected diseases has not received much attention, especially from public and private institutions over the last years, in terms of strong support for developing treatment for these diseases. Support in the form of substantial amounts of private and public investment is greatly needed in this area. Due to the lack of novel drugs for these diseases, nanobiotechnology has appeared as an important new breakthrough for the treatment of neglected diseases. Recently, very few reviews focusing on filiarasis, leishmaniasis, leprosy, malaria, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, trypanosomiasis, and tuberculosis, and dengue virus have been published. New developments in nanocarriers have made promising advances in the treatment of several kinds of diseases with less toxicity, high efficacy and improved bioavailability of drugs with extended release and fewer applications. This review deals with the current status of nanobiotechnology in the treatment of neglected diseases and highlights how it provides key tools for exploring new perspectives in the treatment of a wide range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- German A Islan
- Laboratorio de Nanobiomateriales, CINDEFI, Depto. de Quimica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata - CONICET (CCT La Plata), 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marcela Durán
- Urogenital Carcinogenesis: Urogenitaland Immunotherapy Laboratory, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil,; NanoBioss, Chemistry Institute, University of Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Maximiliano L Cacicedo
- Laboratorio de Nanobiomateriales, CINDEFI, Depto. de Quimica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata - CONICET (CCT La Plata), 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Gerson Nakazato
- Department of Microbiology, Biology Sciences Center, Londrina State University (UEL), Londrina, Brazil
| | - Renata K T Kobayashi
- Department of Microbiology, Biology Sciences Center, Londrina State University (UEL), Londrina, Brazil
| | - Diego S T Martinez
- NanoBioss, Chemistry Institute, University of Campinas, SP, Brazil; Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano-CNPEM), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Guillermo R Castro
- Laboratorio de Nanobiomateriales, CINDEFI, Depto. de Quimica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata - CONICET (CCT La Plata), 1900, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Nelson Durán
- NanoBioss, Chemistry Institute, University of Campinas, SP, Brazil; Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano-CNPEM), Campinas, SP, Brazil; Biological Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP. Brazil.
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Himly M, Mills-Goodlet R, Geppert M, Duschl A. Nanomaterials in the Context of Type 2 Immune Responses-Fears and Potentials. Front Immunol 2017; 8:471. [PMID: 28487697 PMCID: PMC5403887 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The type 2 immune response is an adaptive immune program involved in defense against parasites, detoxification, and wound healing, but is predominantly known for its pathophysiological effects, manifesting as allergic disease. Engineered nanoparticles (NPs) are non-self entities that, to our knowledge, do not stimulate detrimental type 2 responses directly, but have the potential to modulate ongoing reactions in various ways, including the delivery of substances aiming at providing a therapeutic benefit. We review, here, the state of knowledge concerning the interaction of NPs with type 2 immune responses and highlight their potential as a multifunctional platform for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Himly
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Robert Mills-Goodlet
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mark Geppert
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Albert Duschl
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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48
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Want MY, Islammudin M, Chouhan G, Ozbak HA, Hemeg HA, Chattopadhyay AP, Afrin F. Nanoliposomal artemisinin for the treatment of murine visceral leishmaniasis. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:2189-2204. [PMID: 28356736 PMCID: PMC5367595 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s106548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a fatal, vector-borne disease caused by the intracellular protozoa of the genus Leishmania. Most of the therapeutics for VL are toxic, expensive, or ineffective. Sesquiterpenes are a new class of drugs with proven antimicrobial and antiviral activities. Artemisinin is a sesquiterpene lactone with potent antileishmanial activity, but with limited access to infected cells, being a highly lipophilic molecule. Association of artemisinin with liposome is a desirable strategy to circumvent the problem of poor accessibility, thereby improving its efficacy, as demonstrated in a murine model of experimental VL. Nanoliposomal artemisinin (NLA) was prepared by thin-film hydration method and optimized using Box–Behnken design with a mean particle diameter of 83±16 nm, polydispersity index of 0.2±0.03, zeta potential of −27.4±5.7 mV, and drug loading of 33.2%±2.1%. Morphological study of these nanoliposomes by microscopy showed a smooth and spherical surface. The mechanism of release of artemisinin from the liposomes followed the Higuchi model in vitro. NLA was free from concomitant signs of toxicity, both ex vivo in murine macrophages and in vivo in healthy BALB/c mice. NLA significantly denigrated the intracellular infection of Leishmania donovani amastigotes and the number of infected macrophages ex vivo with an IC50 of 6.0±1.4 µg/mL and 5.1±0.9 µg/mL, respectively. Following treatment in a murine model of VL, NLA demonstrated superior efficacy compared to artemisinin with a percentage inhibition of 82.4%±3.8% in the liver and 77.6%±5.5% in spleen at the highest dose of 20 mg/kg body weight with modulation of cell-mediated immunity towards protective Th1 type. This study is the first report on the use of a liposomal drug delivery system for artemisinin as a promising alternative intervention against VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzamil Y Want
- Parasite Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Islammudin
- Parasite Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Garima Chouhan
- Parasite Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Hani A Ozbak
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A Hemeg
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Farhat Afrin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
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Design of Drug Delivery Systems Containing Artemisinin and Its Derivatives. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22020323. [PMID: 28230749 PMCID: PMC6155641 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin and its derivatives have been reported to be experimentally effective for the treatment of highly aggressive cancers without developing drug resistance, they are useful for the treatment of malaria, other protozoal infections and they exhibit antiviral activity. However, they are limited pharmacologically by their poor bioavailability, short half-life in vivo, poor water solubility and long term usage results in toxicity. They are also expensive for the treatment of malaria when compared to other antimalarials. In order to enhance their therapeutic efficacy, they are incorporated onto different drug delivery systems, thus yielding improved biological outcomes. This review article is focused on the currently synthesized derivatives of artemisinin and different delivery systems used for the incorporation of artemisinin and its derivatives.
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50
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The pharmacological activities and mechanisms of artemisinin and its derivatives: a systematic review. Med Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-016-1778-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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