Synthesis, Structural elucidation, DFT calculation, Biological studies and DNA Interaction of Some Aryl hydrazone Cr3+, Fe3+, and Cu2+ Chelates

Investigation of bisindole-linked pyrimidine moieties: synthesis using strantium-aluminum supported strontium aluminate nanophosphors catalyst, DNA reactivity, and in silico molecular docking studies

In this communication, an innovative and straightforward protocol for the one-pot catalytic synthesis of bis(indolyl)pyrimidine derivatives and their DNA binding abilities is presented. The synthesis involves the condensation of indole with diverse substituted pyrimidine-5-carbaldehydes, employing cost-effective and reusable Sr-Al supported nanophosphors, specifically strontium aluminate (SrAl2O4), as a catalyst. In particular, this method does not require the use of toxic solvents. The Sr-Al supported nanophosphorus catalyst exhibited sustained activity over multiple cycles and showed no significant decline while maintaining its strictly heterogeneous properties. The bis(indolyl)pyrimidine derivatives were extensively characterized using spectroscopic and analytical techniques. Furthermore, the interaction between these derivatives and CT-DNA was investigated by absorption spectroscopy, viscosity measurement, and in silico molecular docking studies. Photoinduced cleavage studies demonstrated the photonuclease activity of the compound against pUC19 DNA upon exposure to UV-visible radiation.

Molecular Structure, Spectroscopic, Frontier Molecular Orbital Analysis, Molecular Docking Studies, and In Vitro DNA-Binding Studies of Osmium(II)-Cymene Complexes with Aryl Phosphine and Aryl Phosphonium Assemblies

X-ray crystallography, spectroscopy, computational methods, molecular docking studies, and in vitro DNA-binding studies have been useful in the investigations of intermolecular and intramolecular interactions of osmium-cymene oxalato complexes with aryl phosphine and aryl phosphonium groups in both primary and secondary coordination spheres, respectively. Molecular structures of the novel complexes PPh4[Os(η6-p-cymene)Br(κ2-O,O'-C2O4)] (1) and [Os(η6-p-cymene) (κ2-O,O'-C2O4)PPh3] (2) were resolved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD). Primary and secondary coordination sphere contacts were investigated using Hirshfeld surface analysis which was supported by molecular docking (MD) studies. The MD data obtained predicted significant differences in binding energy across three receptors for the two osmium complexes. An in vitro DNA-binding study was accomplished using UV-Vis spectroscopy which showed that both 1 and 2 bond with DNA through an intercalation approach. The optimized molecular geometry, frontier molecular orbital (EHOMO and ELUMO) energies, global electrophilicity index (ω), chemical hardness (η), chemical potential (µ), and the energy band gap (EHOMO-ELUMO) were calculated utilizing density functional theory (DFT) methods. Computed structural parameters (bond lengths and angles) support the experimental single-crystal XRD data.

Preparation of a Novel Oat β-Glucan-Chromium(III) Complex and Its Hypoglycemic Effect and Mechanism

This study synthesized a novel oat β-glucan (OBG)-Cr(III) complex (OBG-Cr(III)) and explored its structure, inhibitory effects on α-amylase and α-glucosidase, and hypoglycemic activities and mechanism in vitro using an insulin-resistant HepG2 (IR-HepG2) cell model. The Cr(III) content in the complex was found to be 10.87%. The molecular weight of OBG-Cr(III) was determined to be 7.736 × 104 Da with chromium ions binding to the hydroxyl groups of OBG. This binding resulted in the increased asymmetry and altered spatial conformation of the complex along with significant changes in morphology and crystallinity. Our findings demonstrated that OBG-Cr(III) exhibited inhibitory effects on α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Furthermore, OBG-Cr(III) enhanced the insulin sensitivity of IR-HepG2 cells, promoting glucose uptake and metabolism more efficiently than OBG alone. The underlying mechanism of its hypoglycemic effect involved the modulation of the c-Cbl/PI3K/AKT/GLUT4 signaling pathway, as revealed by Western blot analysis. This research not only broadened the applications of OBG but also positioned OBG-Cr(III) as a promising Cr(III) supplement with enhanced hypoglycemic benefits.

Environmentally benign synthesis of unsymmetrical ureas and their evaluation as potential HIV-1 protease inhibitors via a computational approach

The present work reports the cost-effective, high yielding and environmentally acceptable preparation of unsymmetrical ureas from thiocarbamate salts using sodium percarbonate as an oxidant. Efficacy of the unsymmetrical ureas as potential human immune deficiency virus (HIV-1) protease inhibitors has been evaluated via in silico approach. The results revealed interactions of the urea compounds at the active site of the enzyme with favorable binding affinities causing possible mutations hindering the functioning of the enzyme. Further computational assessment of IC50 using known references satisfactorily authenticated the inhibitory action of the selected compounds against HIV-1 protease. Added to the easy synthesis of the ureas following an environmentally benign protocol, this work may be a valuable addition to the ongoing search for drugs with better efficacy profiles and reduced toxicity against HIV.

Molecular structure, vibrational spectral, electron density analysis on linaloe oil and molecular docking efficacy against the therapeutic target on human immunodeficiency virus-1 organism (VIRAL protein)

Natural traditional medicine extensively uses certain terpenes and gives plants their flavor, aroma, and color. Treatments for bacterial infections, malaria, and cardiovascular disorders, anti-inflammatory, promote circulation, and heal wounds. 3,7-Dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol (Linalool) is a naturally occurring monoterpene alcohol with no cycle and is a colorless liquid. Spectral analysis such as UV absorption spectra, NMR for structure determination, and IR and Raman for vibrational analysis. The Quantum mechanical approach uses DFT, ELF, and LOL-promolecular electron density, non-relaxed, and atomic density analysis. The biomolecular studies such as molecular dynamics using protein-ligand complex with HIV-1 organism (energy minimization). ADMET for the usage of linalool in different metabolism studies and Molecular docking for binding affinity, its reactive site estimation, and macromolecules that come into contact with protein receptors and conclude ligand binding affinity with protein.

Cobalt oxide-chitosan based nanocomposites: Synthesis, characterization and their potential pharmaceutical applications

This research aimed to prepare, characterize, and investigate the biological efficacy of chitosan‑cobalt (II) oxide hybrid nanocomposites against a variety of micrograms. Analytical methods, FTIR, SEM, XRD, and EDX, were utilized to thoroughly characterize the produced CS-CoO nanocomposite. In FTIR spectra, the presence of the chitosan peaks in addition to that of CoO at 681 and 558 cm-1 confirmed that CoO molecules interact with the chitosan backbone. Moreover, in the XRD measurements, significantly less chitosan crystallinity was observed. Due to the incorporation of a larger amount of cobalt oxide within the polymer matrix. Applying the Debye-Sherrer calculation, the crystallite size was obviously reduced from 48.24 nm (5 wt %) to 19.27 nm (20 wt %) for the obtained nanocomposites. Furthermore, SEM measurements showed a transformation in the chitosan surface with the physical adsorption of CoO molecules on the surface active sites of chitosan that were visible in SEM graphs. Additionally, EDX determined the amount of Co element within the chitosan, with the sample of 20 wt % weight being found to be 19.26 wt %. The variable dose well-diffusion method was utilized to assess the efficacy of the CS-Co nanocomposite against a wide range of bacteria and fungi. CS - CoO nanocomposite is more effective than chitosan alone as an antibacterial agent against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, the MTT approach was employed to measure the cytotoxicity based on the cell viability of different cancer cell lines under different UV expositions. The proportion of the destroyed cells elevated due to the easy diffusion of CS - CoO nanocomposite into cancer cells as UV-free anticancer activity. UV exposition has stimulated the anticancer activity, which was attributed to an increase in ROS generation caused by the increased dose of the chitosan and its CS - CoO nanocomposites. Furthermore, the antioxidant capacities of the prepared nano-composites thin films were validated using the DPPH free radical scavenging method and showed good antioxidant activities with the DPPH radical compared with standard vitamin C. It has been noticed that by increasing the content of CoO nanoparticles from 5 to 20 wt %, the biological activity of the prepared nanocomposites was enhanced.

Design, spectral characterization, quantum chemical investigation, biological activity of nano-sized transition metal complexes of tridentate 3-mercapto-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl-aminomethylphenol Schiff base ligand

A tridentate Schiff base ligand, H2MTIP, was produced by condensing salicylaldehyde with 4-amino-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol. The ligand was then used to create nanosized complexes of Pt(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Pd(II). The complexes have the composition [Pt/Ni/Cu/or Pd(MTIP)(H2O)], this conclusion is supported by molar conductance, magnetic moments, elemental analyses, spectral analyses. In DFT analysis, the 6-31+ g(d,p) basis set was used to fully optimize the energy with respect to the shapes of Schiff base ligand and metal complexes. Pt(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Pd(II) complexes have been assigned square-planar geometries. At the same time, the intense diffraction peaks in X-ray diffractograms show their crystalline features with particle sizes in the nanoscale range. The binding interaction of calf thymus DNA with these metal complexes and their insulin-like activity was examined in vitro by inhibiting α-amylase. The study investigated the in-vitro activity of several complexes and identified Pt(II) complex as the one with the highest activity. The researchers then tested this complex for in-vivo antidiabetic activity in induced diabetic rats using the STZ model, and it significantly lowered blood glucose levels. The antioxidant activity and toxicity level of Pt(II) complex were also excellent, suggesting that it could be a good candidate for further research as a possible diabetes drug.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Synthesis and DFT calculations of metal(II) oxime complexes bearing cysteine as coligand and investigation of their biological evolutions in vitro and in silico

New complexes with the formula of [ML(Cys)(H2O)2] were obtained as a result of the reaction between the oxime ligand [HL: 4-(4-bromophenylaminoisonitrosoacetyl)biphenyl], cysteine (Cys), and the metal(II) salts (Mn, Ni, Co, Zn, Cu). The newly synthesized compounds were characterized using conventional techniques such as molar conductance, magnetic measurements, elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and thermal analysis (TGA/DTA). Based on the conductivity measurements in DMF, it was determined that the complexes were non-electrolytes. The TGA/DTA analysis was performed to examine the thermal stability and degradation behavior of all samples, and results demonstrated that metal oxides or sulfides formed as a result of the decompositions. In conjunction with other data obtained, the elemental analysis confirmed the octahedral coordination of the complexes with deprotonated oxime (O, O-donor) and amino acid (N, S-donor) ligands and two coordinated waters. The compounds' optimized geometries, molecular electrostatic potential diagrams, and frontier molecular orbitals were computed at the DFT/B3LYP level using the 6-311 G(d,p) and LANL2DZ basis sets. The antibacterial and DNA cleavage activities of all synthesized compounds were also screened, and molecular docking simulations were performed. According to the results of molecular docking studies conducted with three different proteins, the best interaction was found to be between HL-1HNJ with a binding energy of -9.5 kcal/mol. The stability of the HL-1HNJ complex was also verified by a molecular dynamics simulation performed for 50 ns.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Complexing Properties of Synthesized 1,3,5-Triaza-7-Phosphaadamantane Derivatives Towards Some Lanthanides and Transition Metal Cations With Significant Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities

The synthesis of new water-soluble N-alkylated derivatives of 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane is presented. Ru(PPh3)2Cl2 has been used to react with 1-(4-nitrobenzyl)-3,5-triaza-1-azonia-7-phosphaadamantane bromide (PTAR). By using elemental analysis, NMR, and IR spectroscopy, the obtained compounds were identified. The UV-visible absorption spectroscopy has been used to monitor the complexation of various transition metal cations. Studies on conductivity have been utilized to validate the complexes' stoichiometries. Using the disc diffusion method, five bacteria strains were used for the study of the antimicrobial activity of compounds 1-3. All tested pathogens, including M luteus LB 141107, were found to have strong biologic activity against the compounds tested in this study. Additionally, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) has been tested for its ability to scavenge hydrogen peroxide and free radicals. According to our results, these compounds exhibit excellent radical scavenging properties.

Spectroscopic and theoretical approach of DNA interaction and anticancer studies of bio-pharmaceutically active pyrimidine derived Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes

New metal(II) complexes (CuL2 and ZnL2) with pyrimidine appended Schiff base ligand (HL) were synthesized and characterized by diverse spectroscopic methods, reveals the proposed structure of metal(II) complexes possess square planar geometry. DNA interaction ability of isolated compounds was studied by UV-Visible, fluorescence, viscometric and electrochemical methods and the results showed that isolated compounds intercalated with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA). In addition, anticancer activities of HL, CuL2, and ZnL2 have been evaluated by MTT assay, signifying moderate cytotoxic activity on selected cancer cell lines and less toxicity on NHDF normal cell line due to the specific targeting of pyrimidine analogues. Moreover, antioxidant activities of isolated compounds towards diverse free radicals have been studied by spectrophotometric methods. These results showed that CuL2 has better antioxidant ability than HL and ZnL2. Finally, antimicrobial activities of isolated compounds against selected antimicrobial pathogens exposed that CuL2 has better antimicrobial activity on E. coli and C. albicans than other antimicrobial pathogens. The DFT calculations have been done to get the optimized geometry of the ligand and the metal complexes. In order to get a broad understanding of the interactions of these synthesized metal complexes, a detailed molecular docking analysis is taken up.

Visible light-driven photocatalysts, quantum chemical calculations, ADMET-SAR parameters, and DNA binding studies of nickel complex of sulfadiazine

A 3D-supramolecular nickel integrated Ni-SDZ complex was synthesized using sodium salt of sulfadiazine as the ligand and nickel(II) acetate as the metal salt using a condensation process and slow evaporation approach to growing the single crystal. The metal complex was characterized for its composition, functional groups, surface morphology as well as complex 3D structure, by resorting to various analytical techniques. The interacting surface and stability as well as reactivity of the complex were carried out using the DFT platform. From ADMET parameters, human Intestinal Absorbance data revealed that the compound has the potential to be well absorbed, and also Ni-SDZ complex cannot cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Additionally, the complex's DNA binding affinity and in-vivo and in-vitro cytotoxic studies were explored utilizing UV-Vis absorbance titration, viscosity measurements, and S. pombe cells and brine shrimp lethality tests. In visible light radiation, the Ni-SDZ complex displayed exceptional photo-degradation characteristics of approximately 70.19% within 70 min against methylene blue (MB).

Computational studies indicated the effectiveness of human metabolites against SARS-Cov-2 main protease

To fight against the devastating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), identifying robust anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics from all possible directions is necessary. To contribute to this effort, we selected a human metabolites database containing waters and lipid-soluble metabolites to screen against the 3-chymotrypsin-like proteases (3CLpro) protein of SARS-CoV-2. The top 8 hits from virtual screening displayed a docking score varying between ~ - 11 and ~ - 14 kcal/mol. Molecular dynamics simulations complement the virtual screening study in conjunction with the molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area (MM/GBSA) scheme. Our analyses revealed that (HMDB0132640) has the best glide docking score, - 14.06 kcal/mol, and MM-GBSA binding free energy, - 18.08 kcal/mol. The other three lead molecules are also selected along with the top molecule through a critical inspection of their pharmacokinetic properties. HMDB0132640 displayed a better binding affinity than the other three compounds (HMDB0127868, HMDB0134119, and HMDB0125821) due to increased favorable contributions from the intermolecular electrostatic and van der Waals interactions. Further, we have investigated the ligand-induced structural dynamics of the main protease. Overall, we have identified new compounds that can serve as potential leads for developing novel antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 and elucidated molecular mechanisms of their binding to the main protease. Identification of probable hits from human metabolites against SARS-CoV-2 using integrated computational approaches-Missed against MS.

Recent Overview of Potent Antioxidant Activity of Coordination Compounds

During recent decades, the complexation of organic ligands toward several metal ions of s-p and d-block has been applied as a plan to enhance its antioxidant performance. Due to their wide range of beneficial impacts, coordination compounds are widely used in industries, specifically in the medicinal and pharmaceutical fields. The activity is generally improved by chelation consequently knowing that the characteristics of both ligands and metals can lead to the development of greatly active compounds. Chelation compounds are a substitute for using the traditional synthetic antioxidants, because metal chelates present benefits, including a variety in geometry, oxidation states, and coordination number, that assist and favor the redox methods associated with antioxidant action. As well as understanding the best studied anti-oxidative assets of these compounds, coordination compounds are involved in the free radical scavenging process and protecting human organisms from the opposing effects of these radicals. The antioxidant ability can be assessed by various interrelated systems. The methodological modification offers the most knowledge on the antioxidant property of metal chelates. Colorimetric techniques are the most used, though electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is an alternative for metallic compounds, since color does not affect the results. Information about systems, with their benefits, and restrictions, permits a dependable valuation of the antioxidant performance of coordination compounds, as well as assisting application in various states wherever antioxidant drugs are required, such as in food protection, appropriate good-packaged foods, dietary supplements, and others. Because of the new exhaustive analysis of organic ligands, it has become a separate field of research in chemistry. The present investigation will be respected for providing a foundation for the antioxidant properties of organic ligands, future tests on organic ligands, and building high-quality antioxidative compounds.

Design, Synthesis, Spectroscopic Inspection, DFT and Molecular Docking Study of Metal Chelates Incorporating Azo Dye Ligand for Biological Evaluation

A new heterocyclic azo dye ligand (L) was synthesized by the combination of 4-amino antipyrine with 4-aminophenol. The new Cr(III), Mn(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), and Cd(II) complexes were synthesized in excellent yields. The metal chelate structures were elucidated using elemental analyses, FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, mass, magnetic moment, diffused reflectance spectral and thermal analysis (TG-DTG), and molar conductivity measurement. According to the FT-IR study, the azo dye ligand exhibited neutral tri-dentate behavior, binding to the metal ions with the azo N, carbonyl O, and protonated phenolic OH. The ¹H-NMR spectral study of the Zn(II) complex supported the coordination of the zo dye ligand without proton displacement of the phenolic OH. Diffused reflectance and magnetic moment studies revealed the octahedral geometry of the complexes, as well as their good electrolytic nature, excepting the Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes, which were nonelectrolytes, as deduced from the molar conductivity study. The theoretical calculations of optimized HOMO-LUMO energies, geometrical parameters, electronic spectra, natural atomic charges, 3D-plots of MEP, and vibrational wavenumbers were computed and elucidated using LANL2DZ and 6-311G (d, p) basis sets of density functional theory (DFT) with the approach of B3LYP DFT and TD-DFT methods. The ligand and complexes have been assayed for their antimicrobial activity and compared with the standard drugs. Most of the complexes have manifested excellent antimicrobial activity against various microbial strains. A molecular docking investigation was also performed, to acquire more information about the binding mode and energy of the ligand and its metal complexes to the Escherichia coli receptor using molecular docking. Altogether, the newly created ligand and complexes showed positive antibacterial effects and are worth future study.

Moxifloxacin Metal Complexes: Synthesis, Characterisation, Antimicrobial and Antidiabetic Activities with Docking Studies

Six new metal complexes of Fe(III), Cu(II), and Hg(II) were synthesised, i.e., three (2, 4, and 5) with moxifloxacin (mono-ligand) and the other three (1, 3 and 6) with moxifloxacin and hydrazine (biligand). These were characterised through UV-Vis, FT-IR, elemental analysis (CHN), atomic absorption spectroscopy, TGA, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and powder XRD studies. Further, all of these compounds were screened for their antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and antidiabetic potential. The study revealed that the synthesised metal complexes possess an excellent ability to become antifungal agents compared to moxifloxacin. Additionally, the cytotoxicity of compounds 1, 3, and 4 was in the acceptable range with much better antidiabetic potential as compared to the ligand moxifloxacin. Interestingly, the α-amylase inhibition activity of complexes 1 and 3 was found very close to the standard drug acarbose. Furthermore, the computational studies also authenticate the results of the antidiabetic potential of complexes 1, 3, and 4 by presenting the necessary interactions of these compounds with their respective binding sites. The overall results indicate that the antifungal and antidiabetic ability of moxifloxacin is enhanced significantly by complexation with the given metals and the secondary ligand, thereby making it a suitable lead compound for yet another avenue of an antifungal and antidiabetic agent in the field of drug discovery and development.

Development of New Azomethine Metal Chelates Derived from Isatin: DFT and Pharmaceutical Studies

Through the condensation of isatin (indoline-2, 3-dione) and aniline in a 1:1 ratio, a Schiff base ligand was synthesized and characterized via (¹H-NMR, mass, IR, UV-Vis) spectra. Elemental analyses, spectroscopy (¹H-NMR, mass, UV-Vis), magnetic susceptibility, molar conductivity, mass spectra, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and thermal analysis have all been used to characterize a series of Cr(III), Mn(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), and Cd(II) metal complexes derived from the titled ligand. The metal-to-ligand ratio is 1:1, according to the analytical data. The Schiff base ligand displayed bidentate behavior with NO coordination sites when it bonded to metal ions, as seen by the IR spectra. The magnetic moment measurement and UV-Vis spectral investigation showed the octahedral geometry of the Cr(III), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) complexes, whereas they suggested the tetrahedral geometry of the Mn(II), Cu(II), and Cd(II) complexes. The thermal analysis study confirmed the presence of both hydrated and coordinated water molecules in all the compounds, except for the Mn(II) complex, and showed that the complexes decomposed in three or five decomposition steps leaving the corresponding metal oxide as a residue. The ligand and its metal complexes' antibacterial efficacy were evaluated. The findings showed that the metal complexes had stronger antibacterial properties than the ligand alone. The ligand and its metal complexes' anticancer properties were also investigated. A DFT investigation is also reported to gather information regarding the electronic features of the ligand and its metal complexes. Finally, drug-likeness and ADME characteristics were also calculated as parameters.

Innovation of Imine Metal Chelates as Corrosion Inhibitors at Different Media: A Collective Study

The corrosion inhibition of transition metal chelates derived from Schiff base ligands was tested for (mild, copper, stainless, aluminum and carbon) steel in various concentrations of (HCl, HNO₃ and H₂SO₄) acidic medium at 25 °C through (weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and open circuit potential measurements (OCP)) techniques. The studied compounds were identified with various spectral, analytical and physico-chemical techniques. It was observed that the investigated compounds had a significant inhibitory impact on the corrosion of diverse steels in the medium investigated. The analysis shows that increasing the dose of the studied complexes improves the corresponding inhibitory efficiency values. Negative results of Gibb’s free adsorption energy (ΔGads0) prove the suppression process’s spontaneous and physical adsorption, which contradicts the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. As a result of this insight, a novel bridge between nuclearity driven coordinated inorganic chemistry and materials, as well as corrosion control, has been built. This review provides an overview of the use of Schiff bases and associated transition metals as potential corrosion inhibitors, including the factors that influence their application.

Design, Structural Inspection and Bio-Medicinal Applications of Some Novel Imine Metal Complexes Based on Acetylferrocene

Some novel imine metal chelates with Cr³⁺, Mn²⁺, Fe³⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, and Cd²⁺ cations were produced from 2-acetylferrocene and 3-aminophenol. The new acetylferrocene azomethine ligand ((Z)-cyclopenta-1,3-dien-1-yl(2-(1-((3-hydroxyphenyl)imino)ethyl)cyclopenta-2,4-dien-1-yl)iron) and its metal ion chelates were constructed and elucidated using FT-IR, UV/Vis, ¹HNMR, DTA/TGA, CHNClM studies, mass spectrometry and SEM analysis. According to the TGA/DTG investigation, the ferrocene moiety spontaneously disintegrates to liberate FeO. The morphology of the free acetylferrocene azomethine via SEM analysis was net-shaped with a size of 64.73 nm, which differed in Cd(II) complex to be a spongy shape with a size of 42.43 nm. The quantum chemical features of the azomethine ligand (HL) were computed, and its electronic and molecular structure was refined theoretically. The investigated acetylferrocene imine ligand behaves as bidinetate ligand towards the cations under study to form octahedral geometries in case of all complexes except in case of Zn²⁺ is tetrahedral. Various microorganisms were used to investigate the anti-pathogenic effects of the free acetylferrocene azomethine ligand and its metal chelates. Moreover, the prepared ligand and its metal complexes were tested for anticancer activity utilizing four different concentrations against the human breast cancer cell line (MCF7) and the normal melanocyte cell line (HBF4). Furthermore, the binding of 3-aminophenol, 2-acetylferrocene, HL, Mn²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Cd²⁺ metal chelates to the receptor of breast cancer mutant oxidoreductase was discovered using molecular docking (PDB ID: 3HB5).

Syntheses, in vitro, and in silico studies of rhodanine-based schiff bases as potential α-amylase inhibitors and radicals (DPPH and ABTS) scavengers

A two-step reaction method was used to synthesize a series of rhodanine-based Schiff bases (2-33) that were characterized using spectroscopic techniques. All compounds were assessed for α-amylase inhibitory and radical scavenging (DPPH and ABTS) activities. In comparison to the standard acarbose (IC₅₀ = 9.08 ± 0.07 µM), all compounds demonstrated good to moderate α-amylase inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ = 10.91 ± 0.08-61.89 ± 0.102 µM). Compounds also demonstrated significantly higher DPPH (IC₅₀ = 10.33 ± 0.02-96.65 ± 0.03 µM) and ABTS (IC₅₀ = 12.01 ± 0.12-97.47 ± 0.13 µM) radical scavenging activities than ascorbic acid (DPPH, IC₅₀ = 15.08 ± 0.03 µM; ABTS, IC₅₀ = 16.09 ± 0.17 µM). The limited structure-activity relationship (SAR) suggests that the position and nature of the substituted groups on the phenyl ring have a vital role in varying inhibitory potential. Among the series, compounds with an electron-withdrawing group at the para position showed the highest potency. Kinetic studies revealed that the compounds followed a competitive mode of inhibition. Molecular docking results are found to agree with experimental findings, showing that compounds reside in the active pocket due to the main rhodanine moiety.

Synthesis, Spectroscopic, Structural and Molecular Docking Studies of Some New Nano-Sized Ferrocene-Based Imine Chelates as Antimicrobial and Anticancer Agents

The newly synthesized organometallic acetyl ferrocene imine ligand (HL) was obtained by the direct combination of 2-acetyl ferrocene with 2-aminothiophenol. The electronic and molecular structure of acetyl ferrocene imine ligand (HL) was refined theoretically and the chemical quantum factors were computed. Complexes of the acetyl ferrocene imine ligand with metal(II)/(III) ions (Cr(III), Mn(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II)) were fabricated. They were inspected by thermal (DTG/TG), spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR, 1H NMR, mass, UV-Vis), molar conductivity, and CHNClM to explicate their structures. Studies using scanning electron microscope (SEM) were conducted on the free acetyl ferrocene imine ligand and its Cd(II) chelate to confirm their nano-structure. To collect an idea about the effect of metal ions on anti-pathogenic properties upon chelation, the newly synthesized acetyl ferrocene imine ligand and some of its metal chelates were tested against a variety of microorganisms, including Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Candida albicans. The ligand and its metal chelate were tested for cytotoxic activity in human cancer (MCF-7 cell viability) and human melanocyte cell line HBF4. It was discovered that the Cd(II) chelate had the lowest IC50 of the three and thus had the prior activity. Molecular docking was utilized to investigate the interaction of acetyl ferrocene imine ligand (HL) with the receptors of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor VEGFR (PDB ID: 1Y6a), human Topo IIA-bound G-segment DNA crystal structure (PDB ID: 2RGR), and Escherichia coli crystal structure (PDB ID: 3T88).

Fabrication, DFT Calculation, and Molecular Docking of Two Fe(III) Imine Chelates as Anti-COVID-19 and Pharmaceutical Drug Candidate

Two tetradentate dibasic chelating Schiff base iron (III) chelates were prepared from the reaction of 2,2′-((1E,1′E)-(1,2-phenylenebis(azanylylidene))bis(methanylylidene))bis(4-bromophenol) (PDBS) and 2,2′-((1E,1′E)-((4-chloro-1,2-phenylene)bis(azanylylidene))-bis(methanylylidene))bis(4-bromophenol) (CPBS) with Fe³⁺ ions. The prepared complexes were fully characterized with spectral and physicochemical tools such as IR, NMR, CHN analysis, TGA, UV-visible spectra, and magnetic moment measurements. Moreover, geometry optimizations for the synthesized ligands and complexes were conducted using the Gaussian09 program through the DFT approach, to find the best structures and key parameters. The prepared compounds were tested as antimicrobial agents against selected strains of bacteria and fungi. The results suggests that the CPBSFe complex has the highest activity, which is close to the reference. An MTT assay was used to screen the newly synthesized compounds against a variety of cell lines, including colon cancer cells, hepatic cellular carcinoma cells, and breast carcinoma cells. The results are expressed by IC50 value, in which the 48 µg/mL value of the CPBSFe complex indicates its success as a potential anticancer agent. The antioxidant behavior of the two imine chelates was studied by DPPH assay. All the tested imine complexes show potent antioxidant activity compared to the standard Vitamin C. Furthermore, the in vitro assay and the mechanism of binding and interaction efficiency of the tested samples with the receptor of COVID-19 core protease viral protein (PDB ID: 6lu7) and the receptor of Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, PDB ID: 1fj4) were investigated using molecular docking experiments.

Photodegradation of Azathioprine in the Presence of Sodium Thiosulfate

The effect of sodium thiosulfate (ST) on the photodegradation of azathioprine (AZA) was analyzed by UV-VIS spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL), FTIR spectroscopy, Raman scattering, X-ray photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopy, thermogravimetry (TG) and mass spectrometry (MS). The PL studies highlighted that as the ST concentration increased from 25 wt.% to 75 wt.% in the AZA:ST mixture, the emission band of AZA gradual downshifted to 553, 542 and 530 nm. The photodegradation process of AZA:ST induced: (i) the emergence of a new band in the 320–400 nm range in the UV-VIS spectra of AZA and (ii) a change in the intensity ratio of the photoluminescence excitation (PLE) bands in the 280–335 and 335–430 nm spectral ranges. These changes suggest the emergence of new compounds during the photo-oxidation reaction of AZA with ST. The invoked photodegradation compounds were confirmed by studies of the Raman scattering, the FTIR spectroscopy and XPS spectroscopy through: (i) the downshift of the IR band of AZA from 1336 cm⁻¹ to 1331 cm⁻¹, attributed to N-C-N deformation in the purine ring; (ii) the change in the intensity ratio of the Raman lines peaking at 1305 cm⁻¹ and 1330 cm⁻¹ from 3.45 to 4.57, as the weight of ST in the AZA:ST mixture mass increased; and (iii) the emergence of a new band in the XPS O1s spectrum peaking at 531 eV, which was associated with the C=O bond. Through correlated studies of TG-MS, the main key fragments of ST-reacted AZA are reported.