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Jampaklay A, Vapattanawong P, Lucktong A, Yakoh K, Chow C, Fu Y, Adulyarat M, Jordan LP. Continuity in child mental health from preschool years to adolescence in parental migration contexts: Evidence from a longitudinal study in Thailand. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 247:104329. [PMID: 38852320 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Our analysis employed the life-course approach to examine whether and how mental health during the preschool stage could predict mental health during adolescence in the Thai context, where migration of parents is common. We used the longitudinal data set of the 2008 and 2021 Child Health and Migrant Parents (CHAMPSEA)-Thailand. The baseline survey of CHAMSEA-Thailand gathered data from 1030 households that met the eligibility criteria, each having a child within one of the two specified age ranges (aged 3-5 or 9-11). Our analysis used the baseline data of children aged 3 to 5 years old who were 16 to 18 years old in the subsequent survey (N = 404). In both surveys, the mental health of children was measured using the SDQ (total difficulties scores), a global standard tool for assessing children's mental health. Parental migration measured whether the parent(s) were international migrants when the child was 3 to 5 years old at the baseline. Results showed a significant, positive impact of the SDQ total difficulties scores of children aged 3 to 5 on their SDQ total difficulties scores when they grew up to 16 to 18 years old. Findings also revealed that experiencing parental international migration during the early life stage led to adverse effects on individuals' mental health when they became adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aree Jampaklay
- Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
| | - Patama Vapattanawong
- Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | | | - Kasama Yakoh
- Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Cheng Chow
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Yao Fu
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | | | - Lucy P Jordan
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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Camacho NL, Fowler CH, Gaffrey MS. Dimensions of Depressive Symptoms in Young Children: Factor Analysis of the Preschool Feelings Checklist-Scale. Assessment 2024:10731911241256443. [PMID: 38877728 DOI: 10.1177/10731911241256443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
The current study is an investigation of the dimensionality of the Preschool Feelings Checklist-Scale (PFC-S), a caregiver-report questionnaire of early childhood depressive symptom severity. Caregivers of 450 young children, ages 3-8 years (M = 5.62, SD = 0.95; 49% female; 7% Hispanic; 66% White), completed the PFC-S and questionnaires on child emotion regulation and expression and self-reported depressive symptomatology. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that a one-factor structure did not adequately fit the current PFC-S data. Using exploratory factor analysis, a three-factor structure emerged as interpretable and structurally sound, yielding reliable factors related to social and behavioral anhedonia, emotional and behavioral dysregulation, and excessive guilt and sadness. This factor structure showed configural and scalar invariance across preschool-aged and early middle childhood-aged children as well as children assigned male and female sex at birth. Correlations between the three factors and constructs related to depression suggested preliminary construct validity. The current study provides initial evidence for a multidimensional structure of the PFC-S and improves our understanding of early childhood depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael S Gaffrey
- Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
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3
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Irwin JL, Davis EP, Sandman CA, Baram TZ, Stern HS, Glynn LM. Infant hedonic/anhedonic processing index (HAPI-Infant): Assessing infant anhedonia and its prospective association with adolescent depressive symptoms. J Affect Disord 2024; 352:281-287. [PMID: 38307131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anhedonia, an impairment in the motivation for or experience of pleasure, is a well-established transdiagnostic harbinger and core symptom of mental illness. Given increasing recognition of early life origins of mental illness, we posit that anhedonia should, and could, be recognized earlier if appropriate tools were available. However, reliable diagnostic instruments prior to childhood do not currently exist. METHODS We developed an assessment instrument for anhedonia/reward processing in infancy, the Infant Hedonic/Anhedonic Processing Index (HAPI-Infant). Exploratory factor and psychometric analyses were conducted using data from 6- and 12-month-old infants from two cohorts (N = 188, N = 212). Then, associations were assessed between infant anhedonia and adolescent self-report of depressive symptoms. RESULTS The HAPI-Infant (47-items), exhibited excellent psychometric properties. Higher anhedonia scores at 6 (r = 0.23, p < .01) and 12 months (r = 0.19, p < .05) predicted elevated adolescent depressive symptoms, and these associations were stronger than for established infant risk indicators such as negative affectivity. Subsequent analyses supported the validity of short (27-item) and very short (12-item) versions of this measure. LIMITATIONS The primary limitations of this study are that the HAPI-Infant awaits additional tests of generalizability and of its ability to predict clinical diagnosis of depression. CONCLUSIONS The HAPI-Infant is a novel, psychometrically strong diagnostic tool suitable for recognizing anhedonia during the first year of life with strong predictive value for later depressive symptoms. In view of the emerging recognition of increasing prevalence of affective disorders in children and adolescents, the importance of the HAPI-Infant in diagnosing anhedonia is encouraging. Early recognition of anhedonia could target high-risk individuals for intervention and perhaps prevention of mental health disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Irwin
- Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, United States of America
| | - Elysia Poggi Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States of America; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Curt A Sandman
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Tallie Z Baram
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America; Department of Anatomy/Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America; Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Hal S Stern
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Laura M Glynn
- Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, United States of America.
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Cheng Z, Moser AD, Jones M, Kaiser RH. Reinforcement learning and working memory in mood disorders: A computational analysis in a developmental transdiagnostic sample. J Affect Disord 2024; 344:423-431. [PMID: 37839471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mood disorders commonly onset during adolescence and young adulthood and are conceptually and empirically related to reinforcement learning abnormalities. However, the nature of abnormalities associated with acute symptom severity versus lifetime diagnosis remains unclear, and prior research has often failed to disentangle working memory from reward processes. METHODS The present sample (N = 220) included adolescents and young adults with a lifetime history of unipolar disorders (n = 127), bipolar disorders (n = 28), or no history of psychopathology (n = 62), and varying severity of mood symptoms. Analyses fitted a reinforcement learning and working memory model to an instrumental learning task that varied working memory load, and tested associations between model parameters and diagnoses or current symptoms. RESULTS Current severity of manic or anhedonic symptoms negatively correlated with task performance. Participants reporting higher severity of current anhedonia, or with lifetime unipolar or bipolar disorders, showed lower reward learning rates. Participants reporting higher severity of current manic symptoms showed faster working memory decay and reduced use of working memory. LIMITATIONS Computational parameters should be interpreted in the task environment (a deterministic reward learning paradigm), and developmental population. Future work should test replication in other paradigms and populations. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate abnormalities in reinforcement learning processes that either scale with current symptom severity, or correspond with lifetime mood diagnoses. Findings may have implications for understanding reward processing anomalies related to state-like (current symptom) or trait-like (lifetime diagnosis) aspects of mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Cheng
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States; Institute for Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Amelia D Moser
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States; Institute for Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Matt Jones
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Roselinde H Kaiser
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States; Institute for Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States.
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Wiggins JL, Ureña Rosario A, MacNeill LA, Krogh‐Jespersen S, Briggs‐Gowan M, Smith JD, Wakschlag LS. Prevalence, stability, and predictive utility of the Multidimensional Assessment of Preschoolers Scales clinically optimized irritability score: Pragmatic early assessment of mental disorder risk. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2023; 32:e1991. [PMID: 37728118 PMCID: PMC10654826 DOI: 10.1002/mpr.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Characterizing the scope and import of early childhood irritability is essential for real-world actualization of this reliable indicator of transdiagnostic mental health risk. Thus, we utilize pragmatic assessment to establish prevalence, stability, and predictive utility of clinically significant early childhood irritability. METHODS Data included two independent, diverse community samples of preschool age children (N = 1857; N = 1490), with a subset enriched for risk (N = 425) assessed longitudinally from early childhood through preadolescence (∼4-9 years old). A validated, brief (2-item) scale pragmatically assessed clinically significant irritability. In the longitudinal subsample, clinical interviews assessed internalizing/externalizing disorders. RESULTS One in five preschool-age children had clinically significant irritability, which was independently replicated. Irritability was highly stable through preadolescence. Children with versus without clinically significant early childhood irritability had greater odds of early onset, persistent internalizing/externalizing disorders. The pragmatic assessment effectively screened out low-risk children and identified 2/3 of children with early-onset, persistent psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS Clinically significant early childhood irritability prevalence is akin to the pediatric obesity epidemic and may warrant similar universal screening/intervention. Also, irritability's stability demonstrates the common guidance "they'll grow out of it" to be false. Finally, pragmatic irritability assessment has transdiagnostic predictive power and addresses a need for feasible measures to flag risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Lee Wiggins
- Department of PsychologySan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
- San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical PsychologySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ana Ureña Rosario
- Department of PsychologySan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Leigha A. MacNeill
- Department of Medical Social SciencesFeinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental SciencesNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIllinoisUSA
| | - Sheila Krogh‐Jespersen
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental SciencesNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIllinoisUSA
| | | | - Justin D. Smith
- Department of Population Health SciencesUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Lauren S. Wakschlag
- Department of Medical Social SciencesFeinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental SciencesNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIllinoisUSA
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Hoyniak CP, Donohue MR, Quiñones-Camacho LE, Vogel AC, Perino MT, Hennefield L, Tillman R, Barch DM, Luby JL. Developmental pathways from preschool temper tantrums to later psychopathology. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:1643-1655. [PMID: 35440360 PMCID: PMC10863336 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579422000359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Temper tantrums are sudden, overt negative emotional displays that are disproportionate to the eliciting event. Research supports that severe temper tantrums during the preschool period are associated with preschool psychopathology, but few studies have identified which characteristics of preschool tantrums are predictive of distal psychopathological outcomes in later childhood and adolescence. To examine this question, we used a prospective, longitudinal dataset enriched for early psychopathology. Participants (N = 299) included 3-to 6-year-old children (47.8% female) assessed for tantrums and early childhood psychopathology using diagnostic interviews and then continually assessed using diagnostic interviews over 10 subsequent time points throughout childhood and adolescence. We identified two unique groupings of tantrum behaviors: aggression towards others/objects (e.g., hitting others) and aggression towards self (e.g., hitting self). While both types of tantrum behaviors were associated with early childhood psychopathology severity, tantrum behaviors characterized by aggression towards self were more predictive of later psychopathology. Children displaying high levels of both types of tantrum behaviors had more severe externalizing problems during early childhood and more severe depression and oppositional defiant disorder across childhood and adolescence. Findings suggest that tantrum behaviors characterized by aggression towards self are particularly predictive of later psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline P Hoyniak
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Meghan R Donohue
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Laura E Quiñones-Camacho
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alecia C Vogel
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael T Perino
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Laura Hennefield
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rebecca Tillman
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- The Program in Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joan L Luby
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Michelini G, Gair K, Tian Y, Miao J, Dougherty LR, Goldstein BL, MacNeill LA, Barch DM, Luby JL, Wakschlag LS, Klein DN, Kotov R. Do general and specific factors of preschool psychopathology predict preadolescent outcomes? A transdiagnostic hierarchical approach. Psychol Med 2023; 53:5405-5414. [PMID: 37795688 PMCID: PMC10482704 DOI: 10.1017/s003329172200246x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preschool psychiatric symptoms significantly increase the risk for long-term negative outcomes. Transdiagnostic hierarchical approaches that capture general ('p') and specific psychopathology dimensions are promising for understanding risk and predicting outcomes, but their predictive utility in young children is not well established. We delineated a hierarchical structure of preschool psychopathology dimensions and tested their ability to predict psychiatric disorders and functional impairment in preadolescence. METHODS Data for 1253 preschool children (mean age = 4.17, s.d. = 0.81) were drawn from three longitudinal studies using a similar methodology (one community sample, two psychopathology-enriched samples) and followed up into preadolescence, yielding a large and diverse sample. Exploratory factor models derived a hierarchical structure of general and specific factors using symptoms from the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment interview. Longitudinal analyses examined the prospective associations of preschool p and specific factors with preadolescent psychiatric disorders and functional impairment. RESULTS A hierarchical dimensional structure with a p factor at the top and up to six specific factors (distress, fear, separation anxiety, social anxiety, inattention-hyperactivity, oppositionality) emerged at preschool age. The p factor predicted all preadolescent disorders (ΔR2 = 0.04-0.15) and functional impairment (ΔR2 = 0.01-0.07) to a significantly greater extent than preschool psychiatric diagnoses and functioning. Specific dimensions provided additional predictive power for the majority of preadolescent outcomes (disorders: ΔR2 = 0.06-0.15; functional impairment: ΔR2 = 0.05-0.12). CONCLUSIONS Both general and specific dimensions of preschool psychopathology are useful for predicting clinical and functional outcomes almost a decade later. These findings highlight the value of transdiagnostic dimensions for predicting prognosis and as potential targets for early intervention and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Michelini
- Department of Biological & Experimental Psychology, School of Biological & Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kelly Gair
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Jiaju Miao
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Lea R. Dougherty
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Brandon L. Goldstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Leigha A. MacNeill
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, and Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Deanna M. Barch
- Departments of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Departments of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joan L. Luby
- Departments of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lauren S. Wakschlag
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, and Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel N. Klein
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Roman Kotov
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Speranza AM, Liotti M, Spoletini I, Fortunato A. Heterotypic and homotypic continuity in psychopathology: a narrative review. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1194249. [PMID: 37397301 PMCID: PMC10307982 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1194249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychopathology is a process: it unfolds over time and involves several different factors. To extend our knowledge of such process, it is vital to understand the trajectories that lead to developing and maintaining a specific disorder. The construct of continuity appears very useful to this aim. It refers to the consistency, similarity, and predictability of behaviors or internal states across different developmental phases. This paper aims to present a narrative review of the literature on homotypic and heterotypic continuity of psychopathology across the lifespan. A detailed search of the published literature was conducted using the PsycINFO Record and Medline (PubMed) databases. Articles were included in the review based on the following criteria: (1) publication dates ranging from January 1970 to October 2022; and (2) articles being written in the English language. To ensure a thorough investigation, multiple combinations of keywords such as "continuity," "psychopathology," "infancy," "childhood," "adolescence," "adulthood," "homotypic," and "heterotypic" were used. Articles were excluded if exclusively focused on epidemiologic data and if not specifically addressing the topic of psychopathology continuity. The literature yielded a total of 36 longitudinal studies and an additional 190 articles, spanning the research published between 1970 and 2022. Studies on continuity focus on the etiology of different forms of mental disorders and may represent a fundamental resource from both a theoretical and clinical perspective. Enhancing our understanding of the different trajectories beneath psychopathology may allow clinicians to implement more effective strategies, focusing both on prevention and intervention. Since literature highlights the importance of early detection of clinical signs of psychopathology, future research should focus more on infancy and pre-scholar age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Speranza
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marianna Liotti
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Spoletini
- Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Alexandro Fortunato
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Son S, Lee H, Jang Y. Continuity and Stability of Child and Adolescent Depressive Symptoms in South Korea: A Meta-analysis of Longitudinal Studies. J Youth Adolesc 2023; 52:598-618. [PMID: 36469180 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-022-01709-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many adolescents in South Korea experience risk-level depressive symptoms due to stress caused by personal and environmental changes. Prior studies investigated various characteristics of depressive symptoms. However, it is unclear when the mean level of depression changes with the development of children and adolescents and whether it is stable relative to one another over time. Thus, it is necessary to closely understand the continuity and stability of depressive symptoms across developmental stages in children and adolescents. In this study, continuity refers to the consistency in a group's mean level of depressive symptoms over time; however, stability refers to the consistency in the relative placement of the levels of depressive symptoms of individuals within a group over time. To comprehensively understand previous studies, this meta-analysis compiled data from 95 South Korean longitudinal studies (N = 200,338; 49.7% females) published between 2000 and 2021. Data were analyzed using a three-level random effects model with a 1-year interval for each age group to integrate effect sizes, followed by a generalized additive mixed model integrating age as a continuous variable. The results indicate that the mean-level continuity of depressive symptoms was relatively high and the rank-order stability was low for the children in elementary school (including both upper and lower grades). Additionally, as the adolescents aged, the mean-level continuity of depressive symptoms slightly decreased while stability increased. When entering early adulthood, the continuity and stability of depressive symptoms converged without significant change. As a result of moderating effect, the female-only group indicated a high level of continuity and stability than the male-only or mixed group. The findings highlight that South Korean childhood is a period of relatively high continuity and low stability. Moreover, female students' depressive symptoms fluctuate more than those of males, suggesting the need for providing effective and appropriate help.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sookyoung Son
- Innovation Project Group, Woosuk University, 443, Samnye-ro, Samnye-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 55338, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyunjung Lee
- Department of Education, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoona Jang
- Department of Education, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
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10
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Fowler CH, Gaffrey MS. Reduced cortical surface area globally and in reward-related cortex is associated with elevated depressive symptoms in preschoolers. J Affect Disord 2022; 319:286-293. [PMID: 36162658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated depressive symptoms in early childhood strongly predict depression onset in youth. Nevertheless, little is known about the neural correlates of these symptoms, information that is key for understanding the early development of depression. As a result, the present study conducted a novel investigation of the association between cortical structure and depressive symptoms in preschoolers. METHODS Forty-six preschool age children (Mage = 5.90, SD = 0.75), some (N = 15) at high risk for depression, participated in the study. Data included parent-report of child depressive symptoms and measures of child whole brain and regional cortical structure acquired via 3T MRI. RESULTS After adjustment for maternal depression, socio-economic status, child age, child sex, and intracranial volume, reduced total cortical surface area and reduced surface area of the lateral orbitofrontal cortex were associated with elevated depressive symptoms. Cortical thickness was not associated with depressive symptoms. LIMITATIONS The present data are cross-sectional, limiting any causal interpretations. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that reduced cortical surface area, rather than thickness, is a neural correlate of depressive symptoms in preschoolers. Findings highlight the importance of surface area in reward processing regions (i.e., lateral orbitofrontal cortex) in particular. The present results provide novel insight into early emerging associations between brain structure and features of depression in young children and underscore early childhood as an important developmental period for understanding depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina H Fowler
- Duke University, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Durham, NC 27708, United States of America.
| | - Michael S Gaffrey
- Duke University, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Durham, NC 27708, United States of America
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11
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Carter Leno V, Hollocks MJ, Chandler S, White P, Yorke I, Charman T, Pickles A, Baird G, Simonoff E. Homotypic and Heterotypic Continuity in Psychiatric Symptoms From Childhood to Adolescence in Autistic Youth. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 61:1445-1454. [PMID: 35710080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the high prevalence of mental health difficulties in autistic youth, little is known about the patterns of developmental continuity and change in psychiatric symptoms between childhood and adolescence. Using a stratified community-derived sample of autistic youth (n = 101; 57 males, 44 females), within (homotypic) and between (heterotypic) domain associations between psychiatric symptoms in childhood to adolescence were tested as well as whether any continuities were moderated by sex, IQ, autism symptom severity, social economic status, or parental mental health. METHOD Autistic youth were assessed for emotional, behavioral, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in childhood (age 4-9 years) and adolescence (age 13-17 years) using parental diagnostic interview. Unadjusted and adjusted (accounting for the co-occurrence of psychiatric symptoms in childhood) weighted models tested homotypic and heterotypic associations between symptoms in childhood and adolescence. Moderation of significant pathways was tested using multigroup analysis. RESULTS Adolescent psychiatric symptoms all were predicted by symptoms of their childhood counterparts (emotional symptoms incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.02-1.10, p < .01; behavioral symptoms IRR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.21-1.59, p < .01; ADHD symptoms IRR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.05-1.19, p < .01); the only heterotypic pathway that remained significant in adjusted analyses was from childhood emotional symptoms to adolescent ADHD symptoms (IRR = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.01-1.07, p = .02). Sex moderated the homotypic ADHD symptoms pathway; associations were significant in female participants only. Child IQ moderated the homotypic behavioral symptoms pathway; the association was stronger in youth with IQ <70. CONCLUSION Results from this community-based sample suggest that psychiatric symptoms in autistic youth exhibit substantial developmental continuity and thus highlight the importance of early screening and intervention. Sex and IQ may be important factors to consider when predicting likelihood of stability of ADHD and behavioral symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Carter Leno
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom.
| | - Matthew J Hollocks
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susie Chandler
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Pippa White
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Yorke
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Charman
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Pickles
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Baird
- Evelina Children's Hospital, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's Health Partners, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Simonoff
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom; South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Silver J, Olino TM, Carlson GA, Dougherty LR, Bufferd SJ, Klein DN. Depression in 3/6-year-old children: clinical and psychosocial outcomes in later childhood and adolescence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022; 63:984-991. [PMID: 34859433 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, epidemiological and clinical studies have revealed that depressive disorders can present in early childhood. To clarify the validity and prognostic significance of early childhood-onset depression, we investigated diagnostic and functional outcomes in later childhood and adolescence. METHODS A community sample (N = 516) was assessed for psychopathology at ages 3 and 6 using the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment. When participants were 9, 12, and 15 years old, children and parents completed the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia and measures of symptoms and functioning. RESULTS In models adjusting for covariates, depressed 3/6-year-old children were more likely to experience subsequent episodes of depressive disorders and exhibited significantly higher rates of later anxiety disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and suicidality compared to children without depressive disorders at age 3/6. Early childhood depression was also associated with higher levels of mother, but not child, reported depressive symptoms at age 15 compared to children without depressive disorders at age 3/6. Finally, depression at age 3/6 predicted lower levels of global and interpersonal functioning and higher rates of treatment at age 15 compared to children without depressive disorders at age 3/6. CONCLUSIONS Results support the clinical significance of depression in 3/6-year-old children, although further studies with larger samples are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamilah Silver
- Psychology Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel N Klein
- Psychology Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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13
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Mayes SD, Waschbusch DA, Mattison RE, Kallus R, Baweja R, Fernandez-Mendoza J, Calhoun SL. Stability of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Compared to Externalizing and Internalizing Parent Symptom Ratings from Age 9 to 8-Years Follow-up in a Population-Based Sample. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-022-09977-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Parra GR, Smith JP, Mason WA. Investigation of the bidirectional relations between adolescents' anger at their parents and symptoms of depression. FAMILY RELATIONS 2022; 71:602-610. [PMID: 35600937 PMCID: PMC9122112 DOI: 10.1111/fare.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the associations between adolescents' anger at their parents and depression over a 1-year period. BACKGROUND Anger tends to co-occur with depression during adolescence. Most research on anger has investigated anger in general and has not focused on specific sources of anger. Anger at parents is likely an important source of adolescents' anger. METHOD Participants were 321 adolescents (M age at enrollment = 13.41 years [SD = 0.52]; 46.7% male) and one of their parents. Families completed questionnaires at two time points separated by 1 year. RESULTS High levels of adolescents' anger at their parents were related to increased levels of depression 1 year later (based only on parent-reported anger at parents). Similarly, high levels of depression were associated with increased levels of adolescents' anger at their parents 1 year later (based on adolescent- and parent-reported anger at parents). CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that adolescents' anger at their parents and depression are mutually reinforcing during middle adolescence. IMPLICATIONS The results highlight the importance of assessing anger at parents when working with adolescents who are experiencing depressive symptoms. Further, adolescents' feelings of anger at their parents when evident should be incorporated into case conceptualizations and treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert R. Parra
- Child, Youth and Family Studies, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - John P. Smith
- Child, Youth and Family Studies, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - W. Alex Mason
- Department of Preventive Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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15
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Psychopathological symptoms as precursors of depressive symptoms in adolescence: a prospective analysis of the GINIplus and LISA birth cohort studies. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2022; 57:1627-1639. [PMID: 35426507 PMCID: PMC9288954 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-022-02267-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Depressive symptoms are highly prevalent in adolescence, highlighting the need for early identification of precursors. Research into psychopathological symptoms predicting depressive psychopathology in adolescents is therefore of great relevance. Moreover, given that the prevalence of depressive symptomatology in adolescence shows marked differences between girls and boys, insight into potential sex-specific differences in precursors is important. METHODS This study examined the relationships between emotional problems, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention, peer problems, and difficulties in prosocial behaviour at age 10 (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire), and the presence of depressive symptoms at age 15 (Depression Screener for Teenagers). Using data from 2824 participants of the GINIplus and LISA birth cohorts, the association of each SDQ subscale at age 10 years with the presence of depressive symptoms at age 15 years was analyzed using sex-specific logistic regression, adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS Emotional problems [odds ratio (OR) 1.99, p = 0.002 for boys and OR 1.77, p < 0.001 for girls] and peer problems (OR 2.62, p < 0.001 for boys, OR 1.91, p = 0.001 for girls) at age 10 showed an increased risk for the presence of depressive symptoms at age 15. Additionally, boys with conduct problems at age 10 were at greater risk of showing depressive symptoms in adolescence (OR 2.50, p < 0.001). DISCUSSION Based on the identified prospective relationships in our study, it might be of particular importance to tailor prevention approaches during childhood to peer and emotional problems to reduce the risk of depressive psychopathology in adolescence. Moreover, particularly in boys, it seems important to also target conduct problems in childhood as a precursor of depressive symptoms in the adolescent period.
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16
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Ho TC, King LS. Mechanisms of neuroplasticity linking early adversity to depression: developmental considerations. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:517. [PMID: 34628465 PMCID: PMC8501358 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01639-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Early exposure to psychosocial adversity is among the most potent predictors of depression. Because depression commonly emerges prior to adulthood, we must consider the fundamental principles of developmental neuroscience when examining how experiences of childhood adversity, including abuse and neglect, can lead to depression. Considering that both the environment and the brain are highly dynamic across the period spanning gestation through adolescence, the purpose of this review is to discuss and integrate stress-based models of depression that center developmental processes. We offer a general framework for understanding how psychosocial adversity in early life disrupts or calibrates the biobehavioral systems implicated in depression. Specifically, we propose that the sources and nature of the environmental input shaping the brain, and the mechanisms of neuroplasticity involved, change across development. We contend that the effects of adversity largely depend on the developmental stage of the organism. First, we summarize leading neurobiological models that focus on the effects of adversity on risk for mental disorders, including depression. In particular, we highlight models of allostatic load, acceleration maturation, dimensions of adversity, and sensitive or critical periods. Second, we expound on and review evidence for the formulation that distinct mechanisms of neuroplasticity are implicated depending on the timing of adverse experiences, and that inherent within certain windows of development are constraints on the sources and nature of these experiences. Finally, we consider other important facets of adverse experiences (e.g., environmental unpredictability, perceptions of one's experiences) before discussing promising research directions for the future of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany C Ho
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Lucy S King
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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17
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Silver J, Barch DM, Klein DN, Whalen DJ, Hennefield L, Tillman R, Luby J. A Brief Early Childhood Screening Tool for Psychopathology Risk in Primary Care: The Moderating Role of Poverty. J Pediatr 2021; 236:164-171. [PMID: 33930406 PMCID: PMC8403161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the Preschool Feeling Checklist (PFC) utility for predicting later mental disorders and functioning for children and assess whether the PFC's predictive utility differs as a function of childhood poverty. STUDY DESIGN We analyzed data from a prospective longitudinal study of preschoolers in St Louis. Preschoolers (N = 287) were recruited from primary care sites and were assessed annually for 10-15 years. The PFC screened for depressive symptoms. Later age-appropriate psychiatric diagnostic interviews were used to derive Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, diagnoses. Regression and moderation analyses, and multilevel modeling were used to test the association between the PFC and later outcomes, and whether this relationship was moderated by income-to-needs. RESULTS The PFC predicted major depressive disorder (OR 1.13, P < .001), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (OR 1.16, P < .001), and mania (OR 1.18, P < .05) in adolescence and early adulthood. Income-to-needs was a moderator in the predictive pathway between the PFC and later major depressive disorder (OR 1.10, P < .05) and mania (OR 1.19, P < .001) with the measure less predictive for children living in poverty. The PFC predicted worse functioning by the final assessment (b = 1.71, SE = 0.51, P = .001). CONCLUSIONS The PFC served as an indicator of risk for later attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and impairment in all children. It has predictive utility for later mood disorders only in children living above the poverty line. Predicting depression in children living below the poverty line may require consideration of risk factors not covered by the PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamilah Silver
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY.
| | - Deanna M. Barch
- Department of Psychological & Brain Science, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO
| | - Daniel N. Klein
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Diana J. Whalen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO
| | - Laura Hennefield
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO
| | - Rebecca Tillman
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO
| | - Joan Luby
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO
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18
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Morken IS, Viddal KR, Ranum B, Wichstrøm L. Depression from preschool to adolescence - five faces of stability. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2021; 62:1000-1009. [PMID: 33242346 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The term 'stability' has different meanings, and its implications for the etiology, prevention, and treatment of depression vary accordingly. Here, we identify five types of stability in childhood depression, many undetermined due to a lack of research or inconsistent findings. METHODS Children and parents (n = 1,042) drawn from two birth cohorts in Trondheim, Norway, were followed biennially from ages 4-14 years. Symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) and dysthymia were assessed with the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (only parents) and the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (age 8 onwards). RESULTS (a) Stability of form: Most symptoms increased in frequency. The symptoms' importance (according to factor loadings) was stable across childhood but increased from ages 12-14, indicating that MDD became more coherent. (b) Stability at the group level: The number of symptoms of dysthymia increased slightly until age 12, and the number of symptoms of MDD and dysthymia increased sharply between ages 12-14. (c) Stability relative to the group (i.e., 'rank-order') was modest to moderate and increased from ages 12-14. (d) Stability relative to oneself (i.e., intraclass correlations) was stronger than stability relative to the group and increased from age 12-14. (e) Stability of within-person changes: At all ages, decreases or increases in the number of symptoms forecasted similar changes two years later, but more strongly so between ages 12-14. CONCLUSIONS Across childhood, while most symptoms of MDD and dysthymia become more frequent, they are equally important. The transition to adolescence is a particularly vulnerable period: The depression construct becomes more coherent, stability increases, the level of depression increases, and such an increase predicts further escalation. Even so, intervention at any time during childhood may have lasting effects on reducing child and adolescent depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Sund Morken
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Bror Ranum
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lars Wichstrøm
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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19
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Girls' Pubertal Timing and Tempo and Mental Health: A Longitudinal Examination in an Ethnically Diverse Sample. J Adolesc Health 2021; 68:1197-1203. [PMID: 33637403 PMCID: PMC8154636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Earlier timing and faster tempo of puberty have been linked to adolescents' poor mental health. Previous research rarely adjusted for childhood mental health, did not use physical examination to assess puberty, and excluded Latinas and Asian Americans. This study addressed these limitations. METHODS We followed 822 girls, recruited at ages 6-8, for 8 years. Breast and pubic hair development and anxiety and depressive symptoms were assessed prospectively and repeatedly. Structural equation models tested whether pubertal timing and tempo were associated with adolescent mental health symptoms and whether associations varied by ethnicity. Models were adjusted for childhood mental health symptoms, body mass index, and family income. RESULTS Earlier breast development was associated with higher depressive symptoms among whites (β = -.19; p < .01) and higher anxiety symptoms among Latinas (β = -.26; p < .05), but lower depressive symptoms among Asians (β = .24, p < .05). Later pubic hair development (b = .24; p < .05) and faster pubic hair tempo (β = .26; p < .01) were associated with higher anxiety symptoms among Latinas. Faster pubic hair tempo was associated with lower depressive symptoms among Asians (β = -.34; p < .05). Tempo of breast development showed no associations. CONCLUSIONS Findings confirmed that earlier breast development was associated with higher mental health symptoms for Latina and white girls but was protective among Asians. Results for pubic hair and pubertal tempo were inconsistent, requiring future examination. While targeted interventions to prevent mental health problems among early-maturing girls are critical, there is variability among who might benefit most.
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20
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Carboni E, Carta AR, Carboni E, Novelli A. Repurposing Ketamine in Depression and Related Disorders: Can This Enigmatic Drug Achieve Success? Front Neurosci 2021; 15:657714. [PMID: 33994933 PMCID: PMC8120160 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.657714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Repurposing ketamine in the therapy of depression could well represent a breakthrough in understanding the etiology of depression. Ketamine was originally used as an anesthetic drug and later its use was extended to other therapeutic applications such as analgesia and the treatment of addiction. At the same time, the abuse of ketamine as a recreational drug has generated a concern for its psychotropic and potential long-term effects; nevertheless, its use as a fast acting antidepressant in treatment-resistant patients has boosted the interest in the mechanism of action both in psychiatry and in the wider area of neuroscience. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the actions of ketamine and intends to cover: (i) the evaluation of its clinical use in the treatment of depression and suicidal behavior; (ii) the potential use of ketamine in pediatrics; (iii) a description of its mechanism of action; (iv) the involvement of specific brain areas in producing antidepressant effects; (v) the potential interaction of ketamine with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; (vi) the effect of ketamine on neuronal transmission in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis and on its output; (vii) the evaluation of any gender-dependent effects of ketamine; (viii) the interaction of ketamine with the inflammatory processes involved in depression; (ix) the evaluation of the effects observed with single or repeated administration; (x) a description of any adverse or cognitive effects and its abuse potential. Finally, this review attempts to assess whether ketamine's use in depression can improve our knowledge of the etiopathology of depression and whether its therapeutic effect can be considered an actual cure for depression rather than a therapy merely aimed to control the symptoms of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezio Carboni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Anna R. Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elena Carboni
- Unit of Paediatrics, ASST Cremona Maggiore Hospital, Cremona, Italy
| | - Antonello Novelli
- Department of Psychology and University Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Sanitary Institute of the Princedom of Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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21
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Silver J, Olino TM, Luby J, Hawes MH, Carlson GA, Klein DN. Reliability and Validity of Preschool Feelings Checklist. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2021; 49:367-379. [PMID: 33403492 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-020-00746-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Preschool Feelings Checklist (PFC) is a 16-item parent report measure of depressive symptoms in young children. However, data on its reliability and validity are limited. We examined the internal consistency and convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity of the PFC in an unselected community sample of 490 3-year old children. Child psychopathology was assessed using semi-structured diagnostic interviews conducted with a parent at ages 3 and 6 (the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment) and with the child and a parent at ages 9, 12, and 15 (the Kiddie Schedule for the Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, Present and Lifetime Version). The PFC exhibited good internal consistency. It was concurrently associated with depression, as well as a wide range of other psychiatric disorders and functional impairment. Similarly, the PFC at 3 years independently predicted depression and a range of other disorders and global functioning in subsequent assessments later in childhood and in adolescence. Finally, the PFC outperformed the longer Child Behavior Checklist in predicting diagnoses and functioning. Results support the concurrent and predictive validity of the PFC in preschoolers. However, it also exhibited concurrent and predictive associations with a number of other disorders, suggesting that it indexes a broad transdiagnostic liability for psychopathology and impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamilah Silver
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| | - Thomas M Olino
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joan Luby
- School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mariah H Hawes
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | | | - Daniel N Klein
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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22
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Zarka D, Leroy A, Cebolla AM, Cevallos C, Palmero-Soler E, Cheron G. Neural generators involved in visual cue processing in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:1207-1224. [PMID: 33169431 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Event-related potentials (ERP) studies report alterations in the ongoing visuo-attentional processes in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We hypothesized that the neural generators progressively recruited after a cue stimulus imply executive-related areas well before engagement in executive processing in children with ADHD compared to typically developed children (TDC). We computed source localization (swLORETA) of the ERP and ERSP evoked by the Cue stimulus during a visual Cue-Go/Nogo paradigm in 15 ADHD compared to 16 TDC. A significant difference in N200/P200 amplitude over the right centro-frontal regions was observed between ADHD and TDC, supported by a stronger contribution of the left visuo-motor coordination area, premotor cortex, and prefrontal cortex in ADHD. In addition, we recorded a greater beta power spectrum in ADHD during the 80-230 ms interval, which was explained by increased activity in occipito-parieto-central areas and lower activity in the left supramarginal gyrus and prefrontal areas in ADHD. Successive analysis of the ERP generators (0-500 ms with successive periods of 50 ms) revealed significant differences beginning at 50 ms, with higher activity in the ventral anterior cingulate cortex, premotor cortex, and fusiform gyrus, and ending at 400-500 ms with higher activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and lower activity of the posterior cingulate cortex in ADHD compared to TDC. The areas contributing to ERP in ADHD and TDC differ from the early steps of visuo-attentional processing and reveal an overinvestment of the executive networks interfering with the activity of the dorsal attention network in children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Zarka
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Research Unit in Osteopathy, Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Axelle Leroy
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ana Maria Cebolla
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carlos Cevallos
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Ernesto Palmero-Soler
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guy Cheron
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Electrophysiology, Université de Mons, Mons, Belgium
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Stewart SM, Emslie GJ. Editorial: Extending Parent-Child Interaction Therapy to Preschool Children Who Are Depressed. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 59:803-804. [PMID: 31972261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization lists depression as the single largest contributor to global disability. More than 300 million people worldwide are estimated to suffer from this disorder. Success in managing depression once it begins is limited, with questions about the extent of the effectiveness of antidepressant medications and psychosocial treatments on depression in youths.1,2 Depression is associated with a host of attendant comorbidities, such as substance use and suicidal and nonsuicidal self-injury, which are difficult to treat and wreak further havoc on the lives of youths and their families. There are few available nonpharmacological treatments for preschool depression. Parent-Child Interaction therapy (PCIT) is an evidence-based program3 designed to address externalizing behaviors in preschool children. Luby et al.4 present data on the effectiveness of a module that extends PCIT to address symptoms of preschool depression (PCIT-ED). Strengths of this study are the extension of a well-developed program to a group in high need, a sequential approach to examining effects, and the measurement of neural response as an outcome. The study is an exciting contribution to the care of preschool children. It has implications for early intervention, for altering trajectories of negative parent-child interactions in vulnerable families, and for personalized approaches to care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita M Stewart
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Children's Health Systems of Texas.
| | - Graham J Emslie
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Children's Health Systems of Texas
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24
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Garber J, Bradshaw CP. Developmental Psychopathology and the Research Domain Criteria: Friend or Foe? JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 49:341-352. [DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2020.1753205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Judy Garber
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University
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25
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review findings related to predictors, correlates, outcomes, and treatment of preschool depression that have been published in the last 3 years. RECENT FINDINGS Preschool depression displays a chronic course through late adolescence and is associated with temperamental and personality traits, poorer physical health, and negative parenting practices. Preschool depression predicts deficits into adolescence, including social difficulties and blunted neural response to rewards. Depressed preschoolers can experience suicidal ideation and behaviors and display an accurate understanding of the finality of death. A treatment for preschool depression has now been validated that uses the parent-child relationship to enhance emotion development and reduce depressive symptoms. Preschool depression is homotypic with depression that occurs later in life. Future work elucidating mechanisms through which preschool depression develops and informs the sub-groups for which particular treatments may be most effective will have considerable implications for prevention and early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Rose Donohue
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, Suite 2500, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Diana J Whalen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, Suite 2500, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kirsten E Gilbert
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, Suite 2500, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Laura Hennefield
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, Suite 2500, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, Suite 2500, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Psychology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joan Luby
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Avenue, Suite 2500, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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Vogel AC, Jackson JJ, Barch DM, Tillman R, Luby JL. Excitability and irritability in preschoolers predicts later psychopathology: The importance of positive and negative emotion dysregulation. Dev Psychopathol 2019; 31:1067-1083. [PMID: 31109387 PMCID: PMC7059859 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579419000609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Emotion dysregulation is a risk factor for the development of a variety of psychopathologic outcomes. In children, irritability, or dysregulated negative affect, has been the primary focus, as it predicts later negative outcomes even in very young children. However, dysregulation of positive emotion is increasingly recognized as a contributor to psychopathology. Here we used an exploratory factor analysis and defined four factors of emotion dysregulation: irritability, excitability, sadness, and anhedonia, in the preschool-age psychiatric assessment collected in a sample of 302 children ages 3-5 years enriched for early onset depression. The irritability and excitability factor scores defined in preschoolers predicted later diagnosis of mood and externalizing disorders when controlling for other factor scores, social adversity, maternal history of mood disorders, and externalizing diagnoses at baseline. The preschool excitability factor score predicted emotion lability in late childhood and early adolescence when controlling for other factor scores, social adversity, and maternal history. Both excitability and irritability factor scores in preschoolers predicted global functioning into the teen years and early adolescence, respectively. These findings underscore the importance of positive, as well as negative, affect dysregulation as early as the preschool years in predicting later psychopathology, which deserves both further study and clinical consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alecia C. Vogel
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine
| | - Joshua J. Jackson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Deanna M. Barch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Rebecca Tillman
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine
| | - Joan L. Luby
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine
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Barch DM, Tillman R, Kelly D, Whalen D, Gilbert K, Luby JL. Hippocampal volume and depression among young children. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2019; 288:21-28. [PMID: 31071541 PMCID: PMC6550342 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Clinical depression can occur in young children as early as age three. This very early onset variant of depression shows the same clinical features with developmental adjustments as depression that onsets later in life. One robust neural feature of adult depression is reduced hippocampal volume. We measured hippocampal volume in a sample of 35 children aged 4-7 who were either in a clinical trial for preschool onset depression or were recruited from the community. We used T1 MPRAGE acquisitions on a Siemen's Scanner, with Freesurfer 5.3 used to segment the hippocampus. Depression was measured using the K-SADS early childhood (K-SADS-EC) to create a dimensional depression severity score and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Depression T-Score. Multilevel models indicated that greater depression severity as measured by either the CBCL Depression Score or the K-SADS-EC was associated with lower hippocampal volume, even controlling for total gray matter, maternal depression, income-to-needs ratio, and stressful life events. These data indicate evidence for reduced hippocampal volume among children with PO-MDD who were more severely depressed. Findings are consistent with the idea that hippocampal volume reductions are an early occurring associated neural marker of MDD, particularly for more severe depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, USA; Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, USA.
| | - Rebecca Tillman
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, USA
| | - Danielle Kelly
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, USA
| | - Diana Whalen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, USA
| | - Kirsten Gilbert
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, USA
| | - Joan L Luby
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, USA
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