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Zhang X, Thomas GM. Recruitment, Regulation and Release: Control of signaling enzyme localization and function by reversible S-acylation. J Biol Chem 2024:107696. [PMID: 39168183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
An ever-growing number of studies highlight the importance of S-acylation, a reversible protein-lipid modification, for diverse aspects of intracellular signaling. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of how S-acylation regulates perhaps the best-known class of signaling enzymes, protein kinases. We describe how S-acylation acts as a membrane targeting signal that localizes certain kinases to specific membranes, and how such membrane localization in turn facilitates the assembly of signaling hubs consisting of an S-acylated kinase's upstream activators and/or downstream targets. We further discuss recent findings that S-acylation can control additional aspects of the function of certain kinases, including their interactions and, surprisingly, their activity, and how such regulation might be exploited for potential therapeutic gain. We go on to describe the roles and regulation of de-S-acylases and how extracellular signals drive dynamic (de)S-acylation of certain kinases. We discuss how S-acylation has the potential to lead to 'emergent properties' that alter the temporal profile and/or salience of intracellular signaling events. We close by giving examples of other S-acylation-dependent classes of signaling enzymes and by discussing how recent biological and technological advances should facilitate future studies into the functional roles of S-acylation-dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Zhang
- Department of Neural Sciences and Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Gareth M Thomas
- Department of Neural Sciences and Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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2
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Cong M, Li J, Wang L, Liu C, Zheng M, Zhou Q, Du M, Ye X, Feng M, Ye Y, Zhang S, Xu W, Lu Y, Wang C, Xia Y, Xie H, Zhang Y, He Q, Gong L, Gu Y, Sun H, Zhang Q, Zhao J, Ding F, Gu X, Zhou S. MircoRNA-25-3p in skin precursor cell-induced Schwann cell-derived extracellular vesicles promotes axon regeneration by targeting Tgif1. Exp Neurol 2024; 376:114750. [PMID: 38492636 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Nerve injury often leads to severe dysfunction because of the lack of axon regeneration in adult mammal. Intriguingly a series of extracellular vesicles (EVs) have the obvious ability to accelerate the nerve repair. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms to describe that EVs switch neuron from a transmitter to a regenerative state have not been elucidated. This study elucidated the microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles of two types of EVs that promote nerve regeneration. The functions of these miRNAs were screened in vitro. Among the 12 overlapping miRNAs, miR-25-3p was selected for further analysis as it markedly promoted axon regeneration both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, knockdown experiments confirmed that PTEN and Klf4, which are the major inhibitors of axon regeneration, were the direct targets of miR-25-3p in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. The utilization of luciferase reporter assays and functional tests provided evidence that miR-25-3p enhances axon regeneration by targeting Tgif1. Additionally, miR-25-3p upregulated the phosphorylation of Erk. Furthermore, Rapamycin modulated the expression of miR-25-3p in DRG neurons. Finally, the pro-axon regeneration effects of EVs were confirmed by overexpressing miR-25-3p and Tgif1 knockdown in the optic nerve crush model. Thus, the enrichment of miR-25-3p in EVs suggests that it regulates axon regeneration, proving a potential cell-free treatment strategy for nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Cong
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Jiyu Li
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Mengru Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Mingzhi Du
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Xinli Ye
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Min Feng
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Yujiao Ye
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Wenqing Xu
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Yingjie Xia
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Huimin Xie
- The Affiliated Nantong Stomatological Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226007, China
| | - Yide Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qianru He
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Leilei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Yun Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Hualin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China.
| | - Fei Ding
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China.
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China.
| | - Songlin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China.
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3
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Rouchka EC, de Almeida C, House RB, Daneshmand JC, Chariker JH, Saraswat-Ohri S, Gomes C, Sharp M, Shum-Siu A, Cesarz GM, Petruska JC, Magnuson DSK. Construction of a Searchable Database for Gene Expression Changes in Spinal Cord Injury Experiments. J Neurotrauma 2024; 41:1030-1043. [PMID: 37917105 PMCID: PMC11302316 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2023.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating condition with an estimated 18,000 new cases annually in the United States. The field has accepted and adopted standardized databases such as the Open Data Commons for Spinal Cord Injury (ODC-SCI) to aid in broader analyses, but these currently lack high-throughput data despite the availability of nearly 6000 samples from over 90 studies available in the Sequence Read Archive. This limits the potential for large datasets to enhance our understanding of SCI-related mechanisms at the molecular and cellular level. Therefore, we have developed a protocol for processing RNA-Seq samples from high-throughput sequencing experiments related to SCI resulting in both raw and normalized data that can be efficiently mined for comparisons across studies, as well as homologous discovery across species. We have processed 1196 publicly available RNA-Seq samples from 50 bulk RNA-Seq studies across nine different species, resulting in an SQLite database that can be used by the SCI research community for further discovery. We provide both the database as well as a web-based front-end that can be used to query the database for genes of interest, differential gene expression, genes with high variance, and gene set enrichments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. Rouchka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Kentucky IDeA Networks of Biomedical Research Excellence (KY INBRE) Bioinformatics Core, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Bioinformatics Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Carlos de Almeida
- Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Randi B. House
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - Julia H. Chariker
- Kentucky IDeA Networks of Biomedical Research Excellence (KY INBRE) Bioinformatics Core, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Neuroscience Training, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Sujata Saraswat-Ohri
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Cynthia Gomes
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Morgan Sharp
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Alice Shum-Siu
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Greta M. Cesarz
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Petruska
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - David S. K. Magnuson
- Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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4
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Ebrahimi A, Parivar K, Roodbari NHE, Eidi A. Treatment with quercetin increases Nrf2 expression and neuronal differentiation of sub ventricular zone derived neural progenitor stem cells in adult rats. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:8163-8175. [PMID: 37555870 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08707-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of neural precursor stem cells (NPSCs) in some parts of the adult brain and the potency of these types of cells with a therapeutic viewpoint, has opened up a new approach for the treatment and recovery of the defects of central nervous system (CNS). Quercetin, as an herbal flavonoid, has been extensively investigated and shown to have numerous restoratives, inhibitory, and protective effects on some cell-lines and disorders. The purpose of this study is to simultaneously investigate the effect of quercetin on the expression of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) gene and the effect on the proliferation and differentiation of NPSCs derived from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the brain of adult rats. METHODS AND RESULTS The cell obtained from SVZ cultured for one week and treated with quercetin at the concentrations of 1, 5, and 15 μM to evaluate the Nrf2 expression, proliferation and differentiation of NSCs after one week. Cellular and genetic results was performed by RT-PCR, MTT assay test, quantification of images with Image-J and counting. The results indicated that the quercetin increases expression of Nrf2 at concentration above 5 μM. Also differentiation and proliferation rate of NSCs is affected by various concentrations of quercetin in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION These findings confirmed the dose-dependent effect of quercetin on proliferation and differentiation of cell. In addition, quercetin increased the expression of Nrf2 gene. By combining these two effects of quercetin, this substance can be considered an effective compound in the treatment of degenerative defects in CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ebrahimi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Parivar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nasim Hayati-E Roodbari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Eidi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Mencel ML, Bittner GD. Repair of traumatic lesions to the plasmalemma of neurons and other cells: Commonalities, conflicts, and controversies. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1114779. [PMID: 37008019 PMCID: PMC10050709 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1114779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroscientists and Cell Biologists have known for many decades that eukaryotic cells, including neurons, are surrounded by a plasmalemma/axolemma consisting of a phospholipid bilayer that regulates trans-membrane diffusion of ions (including calcium) and other substances. Cells often incur plasmalemmal damage via traumatic injury and various diseases. If the damaged plasmalemma is not rapidly repaired within minutes, activation of apoptotic pathways by calcium influx often results in cell death. We review publications reporting what is less-well known (and not yet covered in neuroscience or cell biology textbooks): that calcium influx at the lesion sites ranging from small nm-sized holes to complete axonal transection activates parallel biochemical pathways that induce vesicles/membrane-bound structures to migrate and interact to restore original barrier properties and eventual reestablishment of the plasmalemma. We assess the reliability of, and problems with, various measures (e.g., membrane voltage, input resistance, current flow, tracer dyes, confocal microscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy) used individually and in combination to assess plasmalemmal sealing in various cell types (e.g., invertebrate giant axons, oocytes, hippocampal and other mammalian neurons). We identify controversies such as plug versus patch hypotheses that attempt to account for currently available data on the subcellular mechanisms of plasmalemmal repair/sealing. We describe current research gaps and potential future developments, such as much more extensive correlations of biochemical/biophysical measures with sub-cellular micromorphology. We compare and contrast naturally occurring sealing with recently-discovered artificially-induced plasmalemmal sealing by polyethylene glycol (PEG) that bypasses all natural pathways for membrane repair. We assess other recent developments such as adaptive membrane responses in neighboring cells following injury to an adjacent cell. Finally, we speculate how a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in natural and artificial plasmalemmal sealing is needed to develop better clinical treatments for muscular dystrophies, stroke and other ischemic conditions, and various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshal L. Mencel
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - George D. Bittner
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: George D. Bittner,
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6
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Lopez JA, Yamamoto A, Vecchi JT, Hagen J, Lee K, Sonka M, Hansen MR, Lee A. Caldendrin represses neurite regeneration and growth in dorsal root ganglion neurons. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2608. [PMID: 36788334 PMCID: PMC9929226 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29622-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Caldendrin is a Ca2+ binding protein that interacts with multiple effectors, such as the Cav1 L-type Ca2+ channel, which play a prominent role in regulating the outgrowth of dendrites and axons (i.e., neurites) during development and in response to injury. Here, we investigated the role of caldendrin in Cav1-dependent pathways that impinge upon neurite growth in dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGNs). By immunofluorescence, caldendrin was localized in medium- and large- diameter DRGNs. Compared to DRGNs cultured from WT mice, DRGNs of caldendrin knockout (KO) mice exhibited enhanced neurite regeneration and outgrowth. Strong depolarization, which normally represses neurite growth through activation of Cav1 channels, had no effect on neurite growth in DRGN cultures from female caldendrin KO mice. Remarkably, DRGNs from caldendrin KO males were no different from those of WT males in terms of depolarization-dependent neurite growth repression. We conclude that caldendrin opposes neurite regeneration and growth, and this involves coupling of Cav1 channels to growth-inhibitory pathways in DRGNs of females but not males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josue A Lopez
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas-Austin, 100 E. 24th St., Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Annamarie Yamamoto
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas-Austin, 100 E. 24th St., Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Joseph T Vecchi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and Otolaryngology Head-Neck Surgery, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Jussara Hagen
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and Otolaryngology Head-Neck Surgery, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Kyungmoo Lee
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa Institute for Biomedical Imaging, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd. Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Milan Sonka
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa Institute for Biomedical Imaging, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd. Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Marlan R Hansen
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and Otolaryngology Head-Neck Surgery, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Amy Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas-Austin, 100 E. 24th St., Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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7
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Rouchka EC, de Almeida C, House RB, Daneshmand JC, Chariker JH, Saraswat-Ohri S, Gomes C, Sharp M, Shum-Siu A, Cesarz GM, Petruska JC, Magnuson DS. Construction of a searchable database for gene expression changes in spinal cord injury experiments. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.01.526630. [PMID: 36778366 PMCID: PMC9915599 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.01.526630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating disease resulting in an estimated 18,000 new cases in the United States on an annual basis. Significant behavioral research on animal models has led to a large amount of data, some of which has been catalogued in the Open Data Commons for Spinal Cord Injury (ODC-SCI). More recently, high throughput sequencing experiments have been utilized to understand molecular mechanisms associated with SCI, with nearly 6,000 samples from over 90 studies available in the Sequence Read Archive. However, to date, no resource is available for efficiently mining high throughput sequencing data from SCI experiments. Therefore, we have developed a protocol for processing RNA-Seq samples from high-throughput sequencing experiments related to SCI resulting in both raw and normalized data that can be efficiently mined for comparisons across studies as well as homologous discovery across species. We have processed 1,196 publicly available RNA-seq samples from 50 bulk RNA-Seq studies across nine different species, resulting in an SQLite database that can be used by the SCI research community for further discovery. We provide both the database as well as a web-based front-end that can be used to query the database for genes of interest, differential gene expression, genes with high variance, and gene set enrichments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. Rouchka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
- Kentucky IDeA Networks of Biomedical Research Excellence (KY INBRE) Bioinformatics Core, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 522 East Gray Street, Louisville, KY USA 40202
- Bioinformatics Program, School of Interdisciplinary and Graduate Studies, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Carlos de Almeida
- Translational Neuroscience Program, School of Interdisciplinary and Graduate Studies, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Randi B. House
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Department of Bioengineering, Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Jonah C. Daneshmand
- Bioinformatics Program, School of Interdisciplinary and Graduate Studies, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Julia H. Chariker
- Kentucky IDeA Networks of Biomedical Research Excellence (KY INBRE) Bioinformatics Core, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 522 East Gray Street, Louisville, KY USA 40202
- Department of Neuroscience Training, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Sujata Saraswat-Ohri
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
| | - Cynthia Gomes
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Morgan Sharp
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
| | - Alice Shum-Siu
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
| | - Greta M. Cesarz
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Jeffrey C. Petruska
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - David S.K. Magnuson
- Translational Neuroscience Program, School of Interdisciplinary and Graduate Studies, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
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8
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Stem Cell Strategies in Promoting Neuronal Regeneration after Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232112996. [PMID: 36361786 PMCID: PMC9657320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition with a significant medical and socioeconomic impact. To date, no effective treatment is available that can enable neuronal regeneration and recovery of function at the damaged level. This is thought to be due to scar formation, axonal degeneration and a strong inflammatory response inducing a loss of neurons followed by a cascade of events that leads to further spinal cord damage. Many experimental studies demonstrate the therapeutic effect of stem cells in SCI due to their ability to differentiate into neuronal cells and release neurotrophic factors. Therefore, it appears to be a valid strategy to use in the field of regenerative medicine. This review aims to provide an up-to-date summary of the current research status, challenges, and future directions for stem cell therapy in SCI models, providing an overview of this constantly evolving and promising field.
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9
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Chen KZ, Liu SX, Li YW, He T, Zhao J, Wang T, Qiu XX, Wu HF. Vimentin as a potential target for diverse nervous system diseases. Neural Regen Res 2022; 18:969-975. [PMID: 36254976 PMCID: PMC9827761 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.355744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Vimentin is a major type III intermediate filament protein that plays important roles in several basic cellular functions including cell migration, proliferation, and division. Although vimentin is a cytoplasmic protein, it also exists in the extracellular matrix and at the cell surface. Previous studies have shown that vimentin may exert multiple physiological effects in different nervous system injuries and diseases. For example, the studies of vimentin in spinal cord injury and stroke mainly focus on the formation of reactive astrocytes. Reduced glial scar, increased axonal regeneration, and improved motor function have been noted after spinal cord injury in vimentin and glial fibrillary acidic protein knockout (GFAP-/-VIM-/-) mice. However, attenuated glial scar formation in post-stroke in GFAP-/- VIM-/- mice resulted in abnormal neuronal network restoration and worse neurological recovery. These opposite results have been attributed to the multiple roles of glial scar in different temporal and spatial conditions. In addition, extracellular vimentin may be a neurotrophic factor that promotes axonal extension by interaction with the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor. In the pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis, cell surface vimentin is a meningitis facilitator, acting as a receptor of multiple pathogenic bacteria, including E. coli K1, Listeria monocytogenes, and group B streptococcus. Compared with wild type mice, VIM-/- mice are less susceptible to bacterial infection and exhibit a reduced inflammatory response, suggesting that vimentin is necessary to induce the pathogenesis of meningitis. Recently published literature showed that vimentin serves as a double-edged sword in the nervous system, regulating axonal regrowth, myelination, apoptosis, and neuroinflammation. This review aims to provide an overview of vimentin in spinal cord injury, stroke, bacterial meningitis, gliomas, and peripheral nerve injury and to discuss the potential therapeutic methods involving vimentin manipulation in improving axonal regeneration, alleviating infection, inhibiting brain tumor progression, and enhancing nerve myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Zhen Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Huadu Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University (Guangzhou Huadu District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital), Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China,Dongguan City Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shu-Xian Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Huadu Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University (Guangzhou Huadu District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital), Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yan-Wei Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Huadu Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University (Guangzhou Huadu District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital), Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Tao He
- Dongguan City Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Dongguan City Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Surgery, the Third Hospital of Guangdong Medical University (Longjiang Hospital of Shunde District), Foshan, Guangdong Province, China,Correspondence to: Hong-Fu Wu, ; Xian-Xiu Qiu, ; Tao Wang, .
| | - Xian-Xiu Qiu
- Dongguan City Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China,Correspondence to: Hong-Fu Wu, ; Xian-Xiu Qiu, ; Tao Wang, .
| | - Hong-Fu Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Huadu Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University (Guangzhou Huadu District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital), Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China,Dongguan City Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China,Correspondence to: Hong-Fu Wu, ; Xian-Xiu Qiu, ; Tao Wang, .
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10
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Jacobi A, Tran NM, Yan W, Benhar I, Tian F, Schaffer R, He Z, Sanes JR. Overlapping transcriptional programs promote survival and axonal regeneration of injured retinal ganglion cells. Neuron 2022; 110:2625-2645.e7. [PMID: 35767994 PMCID: PMC9391321 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Injured neurons in the adult mammalian central nervous system often die and seldom regenerate axons. To uncover transcriptional pathways that could ameliorate these disappointing responses, we analyzed three interventions that increase survival and regeneration of mouse retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) following optic nerve crush (ONC) injury, albeit not to a clinically useful extent. We assessed gene expression in each of 46 RGC types by single-cell transcriptomics following ONC and treatment. We also compared RGCs that regenerated with those that survived but did not regenerate. Each intervention enhanced survival of most RGC types, but type-independent axon regeneration required manipulation of multiple pathways. Distinct computational methods converged on separate sets of genes selectively expressed by RGCs likely to be dying, surviving, or regenerating. Overexpression of genes associated with the regeneration program enhanced both survival and axon regeneration in vivo, indicating that mechanistic analysis can be used to identify novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Jacobi
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Nicholas M Tran
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wenjun Yan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Inbal Benhar
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Feng Tian
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rebecca Schaffer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Zhigang He
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Joshua R Sanes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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11
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Cheng Y, Yin Y, Zhang A, Bernstein AM, Kawaguchi R, Gao K, Potter K, Gilbert HY, Ao Y, Ou J, Fricano-Kugler CJ, Goldberg JL, He Z, Woolf CJ, Sofroniew MV, Benowitz LI, Geschwind DH. Transcription factor network analysis identifies REST/NRSF as an intrinsic regulator of CNS regeneration in mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4418. [PMID: 35906210 PMCID: PMC9338053 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31960-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The inability of neurons to regenerate long axons within the CNS is a major impediment to improving outcome after spinal cord injury, stroke, and other CNS insults. Recent advances have uncovered an intrinsic program that involves coordinate regulation by multiple transcription factors that can be manipulated to enhance growth in the peripheral nervous system. Here, we use a systems genomics approach to characterize regulatory relationships of regeneration-associated transcription factors, identifying RE1-Silencing Transcription Factor (REST; Neuron-Restrictive Silencer Factor, NRSF) as a predicted upstream suppressor of a pro-regenerative gene program associated with axon regeneration in the CNS. We validate our predictions using multiple paradigms, showing that mature mice bearing cell type-specific deletions of REST or expressing dominant-negative mutant REST show improved regeneration of the corticospinal tract and optic nerve after spinal cord injury and optic nerve crush, which is accompanied by upregulation of regeneration-associated genes in cortical motor neurons and retinal ganglion cells, respectively. These analyses identify a role for REST as an upstream suppressor of the intrinsic regenerative program in the CNS and demonstrate the utility of a systems biology approach involving integrative genomics and bio-informatics to prioritize hypotheses relevant to CNS repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Cheng
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yuqin Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alice Zhang
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Alexander M Bernstein
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kun Gao
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kyra Potter
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Hui-Ya Gilbert
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yan Ao
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jing Ou
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Catherine J Fricano-Kugler
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Byers Eye Institute and Wu Tsai Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Zhigang He
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Michael V Sofroniew
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Larry I Benowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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12
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Elbaz B, Yang L, Vardy M, Isaac S, Rader BL, Kawaguchi R, Traka M, Woolf CJ, Renthal W, Popko B. Sensory neurons display cell-type-specific vulnerability to loss of neuron-glia interactions. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111130. [PMID: 35858549 PMCID: PMC9354470 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) injuries initiate transcriptional changes in glial cells and sensory neurons that promote axonal regeneration. While the factors that initiate the transcriptional changes in glial cells are well characterized, the full range of stimuli that initiate the response of sensory neurons remain elusive. Here, using a genetic model of glial cell ablation, we find that glial cell loss results in transient PNS demyelination without overt axonal loss. By profiling sensory ganglia at single-cell resolution, we show that glial cell loss induces a transcriptional injury response preferentially in proprioceptive and Aβ RA-LTMR neurons. The transcriptional response of sensory neurons to mechanical injury has been assumed to be a cell-autonomous response. By identifying a similar response in non-injured, demyelinated neurons, our study suggests that this represents a non-cell-autonomous transcriptional response of sensory neurons to glial cell loss and demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benayahu Elbaz
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Lite Yang
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maia Vardy
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sara Isaac
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Braesen L Rader
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Maria Traka
- Department of Anatomy, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - William Renthal
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brian Popko
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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13
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Shamoun F, Shamoun V, Akhavan A, Tuffaha SH. Target Receptors of Regenerating Nerves: Neuroma Formation and Current Treatment Options. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:859221. [PMID: 35866159 PMCID: PMC9295905 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.859221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromas form as a result of disorganized sensory axonal regeneration following nerve injury. Painful neuromas lead to poor quality of life for patients and place a burden on healthcare systems. Modern surgical interventions for neuromas entail guided regeneration of sensory nerve fibers into muscle tissue leading to muscle innervation and neuroma treatment or prevention. However, it is unclear how innervating denervated muscle targets prevents painful neuroma formation, as little is known about the fate of sensory fibers, and more specifically pain fiber, as they regenerate into muscle. Golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles have been proposed as possible receptor targets for the regenerating sensory fibers; however, these receptors are not typically innervated by pain fibers, as these free nerve endings do not synapse on receptors. The mechanisms by which pain fibers are signaled to cease regeneration therefore remain unknown. In this article, we review the physiology underlying nerve regeneration, the guiding molecular signals, and the target receptor specificity of regenerating sensory axons as it pertains to the development and prevention of painful neuroma formation while highlighting gaps in literature. We discuss management options for painful neuromas and the current supporting evidence for the various interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feras Shamoun
- Peripheral Nerve Lab, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Valentina Shamoun
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Scarborough, ON, Canada
| | - Arya Akhavan
- Peripheral Nerve Lab, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sami H. Tuffaha
- Peripheral Nerve Lab, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Sami H. Tuffaha,
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14
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Shen YY, Zhang RR, Liu QY, Li SY, Yi S. Robust temporal changes of cellular senescence and proliferation after sciatic nerve injury. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1588-1595. [PMID: 34916445 PMCID: PMC8771116 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.330619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence and proliferation are essential for wound healing and tissue remodeling. However, senescence-proliferation cell fate after peripheral nerve injury has not been clearly revealed. Here, post-injury gene expression patterns in rat sciatic nerve stumps (SRP113121) and L4-5 dorsal root ganglia (SRP200823) obtained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information were analyzed to decipher cellular senescence and proliferation-associated genetic changes. We first constructed a rat sciatic nerve crush model. Then, β-galactosidase activities were determined to indicate the existence of cellular senescence in the injured sciatic nerve. Ki67 and EdU immunostaining was performed to indicate cellular proliferation in the injured sciatic nerve. Both cellular senescence and proliferation were less vigorous in the dorsal root ganglia than in sciatic nerve stumps. These results reveal the dynamic changes of injury-induced cellular senescence and proliferation from both genetic and morphological aspects, and thus extend our understanding of the biological processes following peripheral nerve injury. The study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Nantong University, China (approval No. 20190226-001) on February 26, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ying Shen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Rui-Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qian-Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shi-Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Sheng Yi
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
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15
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RSK1 promotes mammalian axon regeneration by inducing the synthesis of regeneration-related proteins. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001653. [PMID: 35648763 PMCID: PMC9159620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS), the neurons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) can regenerate their axons. However, the underlying mechanism dictating the regeneration program after PNS injuries remains poorly understood. Combining chemical inhibitor screening with gain- and loss-of-function analyses, we identified p90 ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (RSK1) as a crucial regulator of axon regeneration in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons after sciatic nerve injury (SNI). Mechanistically, RSK1 was found to preferentially regulate the synthesis of regeneration-related proteins using ribosomal profiling. Interestingly, RSK1 expression was up-regulated in injured DRG neurons, but not retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Additionally, RSK1 overexpression enhanced phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) deletion-induced axon regeneration in RGCs in the adult CNS. Our findings reveal a critical mechanism in inducing protein synthesis that promotes axon regeneration and further suggest RSK1 as a possible therapeutic target for neuronal injury repair. This study shows that p90 ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (RSK1) responds differentially to nerve injury in the peripheral and central nervous systems, and identifies it as a crucial regulator of axonal regeneration; mechanistically, RSK1 preferentially induces the synthesis of regeneration-related proteins via the RSK1-eEF2K-eEF2 axis.
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16
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Restoration of ER proteostasis attenuates remote apoptotic cell death after spinal cord injury by reducing autophagosome overload. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:381. [PMID: 35444186 PMCID: PMC9021197 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04830-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenic mechanisms that underlie the progression of remote degeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI) are not fully understood. In this study, we examined the relationship between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and macroautophagy, hereafter autophagy, and its contribution to the secondary damage and outcomes that are associated with remote degeneration after SCI. Using a rat model of spinal cord hemisection at the cervical level, we measured ER stress and autophagy markers in the axotomized neurons of the red nucleus (RN). In SCI animals, mRNA and protein levels of markers of ER stress, such as GRP78, CHOP, and GADD34, increased 1 day after the injury, peaking on Day 5. Notably, in SCI animals, the increase of ER stress markers correlated with a blockade in autophagic flux, as evidenced by the increase in microtubule-associated protein 2 light chain 3 (LC3-II) and p62/SQSTM1 (p62) and the decline in LAMP1 and LAMP2 levels. After injury, treatment with guanabenz protected neurons from UPR failure and increased lysosomes biogenesis, unblocking autophagic flux. These effects correlated with greater activation of TFEB and improved neuronal survival and functional recovery—effects that persisted after suspension of the treatment. Collectively, our results demonstrate that in remote secondary damage, impairments in autophagic flux are intertwined with ER stress, an association that contributes to the apoptotic cell death and functional damage that are observed after SCI.
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17
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Contreras E, Bolívar S, Navarro X, Udina E. New insights into peripheral nerve regeneration: The role of secretomes. Exp Neurol 2022; 354:114069. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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18
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Chernov AV, Shubayev VI. Sexual Dimorphism of Early Transcriptional Reprogramming in Dorsal Root Ganglia After Peripheral Nerve Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:779024. [PMID: 34966260 PMCID: PMC8710713 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.779024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury induces genome-wide transcriptional reprogramming of first-order neurons and auxiliary cells of dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Accumulating experimental evidence suggests that onset and mechanistic principles of post-nerve injury processes are sexually dimorphic. We examined largely understudied aspects of early transcriptional events in DRG within 24 h after sciatic nerve axotomy in mice of both sexes. Using high-depth RNA sequencing (>50 million reads/sample) to pinpoint sexually dimorphic changes related to regeneration, immune response, bioenergy, and sensory functions, we identified a higher number of transcriptional changes in male relative to female DRG. In males, the decline in ion channel transcripts was accompanied by the induction of innate immune cascades via TLR, chemokine, and Csf1-receptor axis and robust regenerative programs driven by Sox, Twist1/2, and Pax5/9 transcription factors. Females demonstrated nerve injury-specific transcriptional co-activation of the actinin 2 network. The predicted upstream regulators and interactive networks highlighted the role of novel epigenetic factors and genetic linkage to sex chromosomes as hallmarks of gene regulation post-axotomy. We implicated epigenetic X chromosome inactivation in the regulation of immune response activity uniquely in females. Sexually dimorphic regulation of MMP/ADAMTS metalloproteinases and their intrinsic X-linked regulator Timp1 contributes to extracellular matrix remodeling integrated with pro-regenerative and immune functions. Lexis1 non-coding RNA involved in LXR-mediated lipid metabolism was identified as a novel nerve injury marker. Together, our data identified unique early response triggers of sex-specific peripheral nerve injury regulation to gain mechanistic insights into the origin of female- and male-prevalent sensory neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei V Chernov
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Veronica I Shubayev
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
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19
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Khaitin A. Calcium in Neuronal and Glial Response to Axotomy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413344. [PMID: 34948141 PMCID: PMC8706492 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrauma assumes an instant or delayed disconnection of axons (axotomy), which affects not only neurons, but surrounding glia as well. Not only mechanically injured glia near the site of disconnection, especially transection, is subjected to the damage, but also glia that is remote from the lesion site. Glial cells, which surround the neuronal body, in turn, support neuron survival, so there is a mutual protection between neuron and glia. Calcium signaling is a central mediator of all post-axotomy events, both in neuron and glia, playing a critical role in their survival/regeneration or death/degeneration. The involvement of calcium in post-axotomy survival of the remote, mechanically intact glia is poorly studied. The purpose of this review is to sum up the calcium-involving mechanisms in responses of neurons and glial cells to axotomy to show their importance and to give some suggestions for future research of remote glia in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Khaitin
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
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20
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Jha MK, Passero JV, Rawat A, Ament XH, Yang F, Vidensky S, Collins SL, Horton MR, Hoke A, Rutter GA, Latremoliere A, Rothstein JD, Morrison BM. Macrophage monocarboxylate transporter 1 promotes peripheral nerve regeneration after injury in mice. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e141964. [PMID: 34491913 DOI: 10.1172/jci141964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerves have the capacity for regeneration, but the rate of regeneration is so slow that many nerve injuries lead to incomplete recovery and permanent disability for patients. Macrophages play a critical role in the peripheral nerve response to injury, contributing to both Wallerian degeneration and nerve regeneration, and their function has recently been shown to be dependent on intracellular metabolism. To date, the impact of their intracellular metabolism on peripheral nerve regeneration has not been studied. We examined conditional transgenic mice with selective ablation in macrophages of solute carrier family 16, member 1 (Slc16a1), which encodes monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1), and found that MCT1 contributed to macrophage metabolism, phenotype, and function, specifically in regard to phagocytosis and peripheral nerve regeneration. Adoptive cell transfer of wild-type macrophages ameliorated the impaired nerve regeneration in macrophage-selective MCT1-null mice. We also developed a mouse model that overexpressed MCT1 in macrophages and found that peripheral nerves in these mice regenerated more rapidly than in control mice. Our study provides further evidence that MCT1 has an important biological role in macrophages and that manipulations of macrophage metabolism can enhance recovery from peripheral nerve injuries, for which there are currently no approved medical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Samuel L Collins
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maureen R Horton
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Guy A Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alban Latremoliere
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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21
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He B, Pang V, Liu X, Xu S, Zhang Y, Djuanda D, Wu G, Xu Y, Zhu Z. Interactions Among Nerve Regeneration, Angiogenesis, and the Immune Response Immediately After Sciatic Nerve Crush Injury in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:717209. [PMID: 34671243 PMCID: PMC8522912 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.717209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To preliminarily explore the primary changes in the expression of genes involved in peripheral nerve processes, namely, regeneration, angiogenesis, and the immune response, and to identify important molecular therapeutic targets, 45 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into a control group and an injury group. In the injury group, tissue samples were collected at 4 and 7 days after the injury for next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis combined with gene ontology (GO) analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis and Venn diagram construction to identify the differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs) associated with regeneration, angiogenesis, and the immune response of the nerve. The expression of genes in the distal and proximal ends of the injured nerve after injury was analyzed by qRT-PCR. NGS revealed that compared with the control group, the injury group had 4020 DEmRNAs 4 days after injury and 3278 DEmRNAs 7 days after injury. A bioinformatics analysis showed that C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5), Thy1 cell surface antigen (Thy1), Notch homolog 1 (Notch1), and semaphorin 4A (Sema4A) were all associated with regeneration, angiogenesis, and the immune response of the nerve at both 4 and 7 days after injury, but qPCR revealed no significant difference in the expression of Thy1 (P = 0.29) or Sema4A (P = 0.82) in the proximal end, whereas a significant difference was observed in CCR5 and Notch1 (P < 0.05). The trend in the Notch1 change was basically consistent with the RNA-seq result after injury, which implied its indispensable role during endothelial cell proliferation and migration, macrophage recruitment, and neurotrophic factor secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo He
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Vincent Pang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangxia Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Shuqia Xu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - David Djuanda
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanggeng Wu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangbin Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaowei Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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22
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Zhao S, Xu J, Zhang W, Yan W, Li G. Paternal exposure to microcystin-LR triggers developmental neurotoxicity in zebrafish offspring via an epigenetic mechanism involving MAPK pathway. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 792:148437. [PMID: 34153754 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MCLR) induced impairment to male reproductive system and revealed the effects of transgenerational toxicity on offspring. But very little is known about the inheritance of these effects to offspring and the mechanisms involved. Here, we used methylated DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeDIP-Seq) and microarray to characterize whole-genome DNA methylation and mRNA expression patterns in zebrafish testis after 6-week exposure to 5 and 20 μg/L MCLR. Accompanied with these analyses it revealed that MAPK pathway and ER pathway significantly enriched in zebrafish testes. Apoptosis and testicular damage were also observed in testis. Next, we test the transmission of effects to compare control-father and MCLR exposure-father progenies. DNA methylation analyses (via reduced representation bisulfite sequencing) reveal that the enrichment of differentially methylated regions on neurodevelopment after paternal MCLR exposure. Meanwhile, several genes associated with neurodevelopment were markedly downregulated in zebrafish larvae, and swimming speed was also reduced in the larvae. Interestingly, paternal MCLR exposure also triggered activation the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway which is also associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. These results demonstrated the significant effect that paternal MCLR exposure may have on gene-specific DNA methylation patterns in testis. Inherited epigenetic alterations through the germline may be the mechanism leading to developmental neurotoxicity in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujuan Zhao
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jiayi Xu
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Weiyun Zhang
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards & Testing Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Guangyu Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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23
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Șelaru A, Costache M, Dinescu S. Epitranscriptomic signatures in stem cell differentiation to the neuronal lineage. RNA Biol 2021; 18:51-60. [PMID: 34582322 PMCID: PMC8677044 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2021.1985348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Considered to be a field that is continuously growing, epitranscriptomics analyzes the modifications that occur in RNA transcripts and their downstream effects. As epigenetic modifications found in DNA and histones exhibit specific roles on various biological processes, also epitranscriptomic marks control gene expression patterns that are crucial for proper cell proliferation, differentiation and tissue development. Thus, various epitranscriptomic signatures have been identified to play specific roles during stem cell differentiation towards the neuronal and glial lineages, axonal guidance, synaptic plasticity, thus leading to the development of the mature brain tissue. Here we describe in-depth molecular mechanism underlying the most important RNA modifications with emerging roles in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Șelaru
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marieta Costache
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sorina Dinescu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
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24
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Inactivation of vimentin in satellite glial cells affects dorsal root ganglion intermediate filament expression and neuronal axon growth in vitro. Mol Cell Neurosci 2021; 115:103659. [PMID: 34400333 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2021.103659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve trauma and regeneration are complex events, and little is known concerning how occurrences in the distal stump affect the cell body's response to injury. Intermediate filament (IF) proteins underpin cellular architecture and take part in nerve cell proliferation, differentiation and axon regeneration, but their role in these processes is not yet fully understood. The present study aimed to investigate the regulation and interrelationship of major neural IFs in adult dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and satellite glial cells (SGCs) following sciatic nerve injury. We demonstrated that the expression of neural IFs in DRG neurons and SGCs after axotomy depends on vimentin activity. In intact DRGs, synemin M and peripherin proteins are detected in small neurons while neurofilament L (NFL) and synemin L characterize large neurons. Both neuronal populations are surrounded by vimentin positive- and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-negative SGCs. In response to axotomy, synemin M and peripherin were upregulated in large wild-type DRG neurons and, to a lesser extent, in vim-/- and synm-/- DRG neurons, suggesting the role for these IFs in axon regeneration. However, an increase in the number of NFL-positive small neurons was observed in vim-/- mice, accompanied by a decrease of peripherin-positive small neurons. These findings suggest that vimentin is required for injury-induced neuronal IF remodeling. We further show that vimentin is also indispensable for nerve injury-induced GFAP upregulation in perineuronal SGCs and that inactivation of vimentin and synemin appears to accelerate the rate of DRG neurite regeneration at early stages in vitro.
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25
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Wang Q, Gong L, Mao S, Yao C, Liu M, Wang Y, Yang J, Yu B, Chen G, Gu X. Klf2-Vav1-Rac1 axis promotes axon regeneration after peripheral nerve injury. Exp Neurol 2021; 343:113788. [PMID: 34147481 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Increasing the intrinsic regeneration potential of neurons is the key to promote axon regeneration and repair of nerve injury. Therefore, identifying the molecular switches that respond to nerve injury may play critical role in improving intrinsic regeneration ability. The mechanisms by which injury unlocks the intrinsic axonal growth competence of mature neurons are not well understood. The present study identified the key regulatory genes after sciatic nerve crush injury by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and found that the hub gene Vav1 was highly expressed at both early response and regenerative stages of sciatic nerve injury. Furthermore, Vav1 was required for axon regeneration of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons and functional recovery. Krüppel-like factor 2 (Klf2) was induced by retrograde Ca2+ signaling from injured axons and could directly promote Vav1 transcription in adult DRG neurons. The increased Vav1 then promoted axon regeneration by activating Rac1 GTPase independent of its tyrosine phosphorylation. Collectively, these findings break through previous limited cognition of Vav1, and first reveal a crucial role of Vav1 as a molecular switch in response to axonal injury for promoting axon regeneration, which might further serve as a novel molecular therapeutic target for clinical nerve injury repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihui Wang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Leilei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Susu Mao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Chun Yao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Mingwen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yaxian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Guiquan Chen
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China.
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China.
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26
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Komirishetty P, Zubkow K, Areti A, Ong H, Zochodne DW. Delayed manipulation of regeneration within injured peripheral axons. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 155:105383. [PMID: 33945876 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While several new translational strategies to enhance regrowth of peripheral axons have been identified, combined approaches with different targets are rare. Moreover, few have been studied after a significant delay when growth programs are already well established and regeneration-related protein expression has waned. Here we study two approaches, Rb1 (Retinoblastoma 1) knockdown that targets overall neuron plasticity, and near nerve insulin acting as a growth factor. Both are validated to boost regrowth only at the outset of regeneration. We show that local delivery of Rb1 siRNA alone, with electroporation to an area of prior sciatic nerve injury generated knockdown of Rb1 mRNA in ipsilateral lumbar dorsal root ganglia. While mice treated with Rb1-targeted siRNA, compared with scrambled control siRNA, starting 2 weeks after the onset of regeneration, had only limited behavioural or electrophysiological benefits, they had enhanced reinnervation of epidermal axons. We next confirmed that intrinsic Rb1 knockdown combined with exogenous insulin had dramatic synergistic impacts on the growth patterns of adult sensory neurons studied in vitro, prompting analysis of a combined approach in vivo. Using an identical delayed post-injury protocol, we noted that added insulin not only augmented epidermal reinnervation rendered by Rb1 knockdown alone but also improved indices of mechanical sensation and motor axon recovery. The findings illustrate that peripheral neurons that are well into attempted regrowth retain their responsiveness to both intrinsic and exogenous approaches that improve their recovery. We also identify a novel local approach to manipulate gene expression and outcome in regrowing axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Komirishetty
- Peripheral Nerve Research Laboratory, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - K Zubkow
- Peripheral Nerve Research Laboratory, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - A Areti
- Peripheral Nerve Research Laboratory, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - H Ong
- Peripheral Nerve Research Laboratory, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - D W Zochodne
- Peripheral Nerve Research Laboratory, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Canada.
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27
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Kim H, Lee J, Cho Y. PDK1 is a negative regulator of axon regeneration. Mol Brain 2021; 14:31. [PMID: 33579325 PMCID: PMC7881570 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00748-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon regeneration in the central nervous system is inefficient. However, the neurons in the peripheral nervous system display robust regeneration after injury, indicating that axonal regeneration is differentially controlled under various conditions. To identify those molecules regulating axon regeneration, comparative analysis from dorsal root ganglion neurons at embryonic or adult stages is utilized, which reveals that PDK1 is functions as a negative regulator of axon regeneration. PDK1 is downregulated in embryonic neurons after axotomy. In contrast, sciatic nerve axotomy upregulated PDK1 at protein levels from adult mice. The knockdown of PDK1 or the chemical inhibition of PDK1 promotes axon regeneration in vitro and in vivo. Here we present PDK1 as a new player to negatively regulate axon regeneration and as a potential target in the development of therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongcheol Cho
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Ewan EE, Avraham O, Carlin D, Gonçalves TM, Zhao G, Cavalli V. Ascending dorsal column sensory neurons respond to spinal cord injury and downregulate genes related to lipid metabolism. Sci Rep 2021; 11:374. [PMID: 33431991 PMCID: PMC7801468 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79624-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Regeneration failure after spinal cord injury (SCI) results in part from the lack of a pro-regenerative response in injured neurons, but the response to SCI has not been examined specifically in injured sensory neurons. Using RNA sequencing of dorsal root ganglion, we determined that thoracic SCI elicits a transcriptional response distinct from sciatic nerve injury (SNI). Both SNI and SCI induced upregulation of ATF3 and Jun, yet this response failed to promote growth in sensory neurons after SCI. RNA sequencing of purified sensory neurons one and three days after injury revealed that unlike SNI, the SCI response is not sustained. Both SCI and SNI elicited the expression of ATF3 target genes, with very little overlap between conditions. Pathway analysis of differentially expressed ATF3 target genes revealed that fatty acid biosynthesis and terpenoid backbone synthesis were downregulated after SCI but not SNI. Pharmacologic inhibition of fatty acid synthase, the enzyme generating palmitic acid, decreased axon growth and regeneration in vitro. These results support the notion that decreased expression of lipid metabolism-related genes after SCI, including fatty acid synthase, may restrict axon regenerative capacity after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Ewan
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8108, St. Louis, MO, 63110-1093, USA
| | - Oshri Avraham
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8108, St. Louis, MO, 63110-1093, USA
| | - Dan Carlin
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8108, St. Louis, MO, 63110-1093, USA
| | - Tassia Mangetti Gonçalves
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8108, St. Louis, MO, 63110-1093, USA
| | - Guoyan Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8108, St. Louis, MO, 63110-1093, USA
| | - Valeria Cavalli
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8108, St. Louis, MO, 63110-1093, USA. .,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA. .,Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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29
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Lee B, Cho Y. Experimental Model Systems for Understanding Human Axonal Injury Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E474. [PMID: 33418850 PMCID: PMC7824864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are structurally unique and have dendrites and axons that are vulnerable to injury. Some neurons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) can regenerate their axons after injuries. However, most neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) fail to do so, resulting in irreversible neurological disorders. To understand the mechanisms of axon regeneration, various experimental models have been utilized in vivo and in vitro. Here, we collate the key experimental models that revealed the important mechanisms regulating axon regeneration and degeneration in different systems. We also discuss the advantages of experimenting with the rodent model, considering the application of these findings in understanding human diseases and for developing therapeutic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yongcheol Cho
- Laboratory of Axon Regeneration & Degeneration, Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea;
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30
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Carvalho CR, Chang W, Silva‐Correia J, Reis RL, Oliveira JM, Kohn J. Engineering Silk Fibroin-Based Nerve Conduit with Neurotrophic Factors for Proximal Protection after Peripheral Nerve Injury. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2000753. [PMID: 33169544 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Artificial nerve conduits capable of adequately releasing neurotrophic factors are extensively studied to bridge nerve defects. However, the lack of neurotrophic factors in the proximal area and their visible effects in axonal retrograde transport following nerve injury is one of the factors causing an incomplete nerve regeneration. Herein, an advanced conduit made of silk fibroin is produced, which can incorporate growth factors and promote an effective regeneration after injury. For that, enzymatically crosslinked silk fibroin-based conduits are developed to be used as a platform for the controlled delivery of neurotrophic factors. Nerve growth factor and glial-cell line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) are incorporated using two different methodologies: i) crosslinking and ii) absorption method. The release profile is measured by ELISA technique. The bioactivity of the neurotrophic factors is evaluated in vitro by using primary dorsal root ganglia. When implanted in a 10 mm sciatic nerve defect in rats, GDNF-loaded silk fibroin conduits reveal retrograde neuroprotection as compared to autografts and plain silk fibroin conduit. Therefore, the novel design presents a substantial improvement of retrograde trafficking, neurons' protection, and motor nerve reinnervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana R. Carvalho
- 3B's Research Group‐Biomaterials Biodegradables and Biomimetics Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine University of Minho Barco Guimarães 4805‐017 Portugal
| | - Wei Chang
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials Rutgers The State University of New Jersey Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
| | - Joana Silva‐Correia
- 3B's Research Group‐Biomaterials Biodegradables and Biomimetics Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine University of Minho Barco Guimarães 4805‐017 Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B's Research Group‐Biomaterials Biodegradables and Biomimetics Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine University of Minho Barco Guimarães 4805‐017 Portugal
| | - Joaquim M. Oliveira
- 3B's Research Group‐Biomaterials Biodegradables and Biomimetics Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine University of Minho Barco Guimarães 4805‐017 Portugal
| | - Joachim Kohn
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials Rutgers The State University of New Jersey Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
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31
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Maggiore JC, Burrell JC, Browne KD, Katiyar KS, Laimo FA, Ali ZS, Kaplan HM, Rosen JM, Cullen DK. Tissue engineered axon-based "living scaffolds" promote survival of spinal cord motor neurons following peripheral nerve repair. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 14:1892-1907. [PMID: 33049797 DOI: 10.1002/term.3145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) impacts millions annually, often leaving debilitated patients with minimal repair options to improve functional recovery. Our group has previously developed tissue engineered nerve grafts (TENGs) featuring long, aligned axonal tracts from dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons that are fabricated in custom bioreactors using the process of axon "stretch-growth." We have shown that TENGs effectively serve as "living scaffolds" to promote regeneration across segmental nerve defects by exploiting the newfound mechanism of axon-facilitated axon regeneration, or "AFAR," by simultaneously providing haptic and neurotrophic support. To extend this work, the current study investigated the efficacy of living versus nonliving regenerative scaffolds in preserving host sensory and motor neuronal health following nerve repair. Rats were assigned across five groups: naïve, or repair using autograft, nerve guidance tube (NGT) with collagen, NGT + non-aligned DRG populations in collagen, or TENGs. We found that TENG repairs yielded equivalent regenerative capacity as autograft repairs based on preserved health of host spinal cord motor neurons and acute axonal regeneration, whereas NGT repairs or DRG neurons within an NGT exhibited reduced motor neuron preservation and diminished regenerative capacity. These acute regenerative benefits ultimately resulted in enhanced levels of functional recovery in animals receiving TENGs, at levels matching those attained by autografts. Our findings indicate that TENGs may preserve host spinal cord motor neuron health and regenerative capacity without sacrificing an otherwise uninjured nerve (as in the case of the autograft) and therefore represent a promising alternative strategy for neurosurgical repair following PNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Maggiore
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, CMC VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Justin C Burrell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, CMC VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kevin D Browne
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, CMC VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kritika S Katiyar
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, CMC VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Axonova Medical LLC, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Franco A Laimo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, CMC VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zarina S Ali
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hilton M Kaplan
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Joseph M Rosen
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Division of Plastic Surgery, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - D Kacy Cullen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, CMC VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Axonova Medical LLC, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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32
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Kalinski AL, Yoon C, Huffman LD, Duncker PC, Kohen R, Passino R, Hafner H, Johnson C, Kawaguchi R, Carbajal KS, Jara JS, Hollis E, Geschwind DH, Segal BM, Giger RJ. Analysis of the immune response to sciatic nerve injury identifies efferocytosis as a key mechanism of nerve debridement. eLife 2020; 9:60223. [PMID: 33263277 PMCID: PMC7735761 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sciatic nerve crush injury triggers sterile inflammation within the distal nerve and axotomized dorsal root ganglia (DRGs). Granulocytes and pro-inflammatory Ly6Chigh monocytes infiltrate the nerve first and rapidly give way to Ly6Cnegative inflammation-resolving macrophages. In axotomized DRGs, few hematogenous leukocytes are detected and resident macrophages acquire a ramified morphology. Single-cell RNA-sequencing of injured sciatic nerve identifies five macrophage subpopulations, repair Schwann cells, and mesenchymal precursor cells. Macrophages at the nerve crush site are molecularly distinct from macrophages associated with Wallerian degeneration. In the injured nerve, macrophages ‘eat’ apoptotic leukocytes, a process called efferocytosis, and thereby promote an anti-inflammatory milieu. Myeloid cells in the injured nerve, but not axotomized DRGs, strongly express receptors for the cytokine GM-CSF. In GM-CSF-deficient (Csf2-/-) mice, inflammation resolution is delayed and conditioning-lesion-induced regeneration of DRG neuron central axons is abolished. Thus, carefully orchestrated inflammation resolution in the nerve is required for conditioning-lesion-induced neurorepair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Kalinski
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Choya Yoon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Lucas D Huffman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Patrick C Duncker
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Rafi Kohen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Ryan Passino
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Hannah Hafner
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Craig Johnson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Kevin S Carbajal
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
| | | | - Edmund Hollis
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, United States.,The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Benjamin M Segal
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, United States.,The Neurological Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
| | - Roman J Giger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, United States
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Collura KM, Niu J, Sanders SS, Montersino A, Holland SM, Thomas GM. The palmitoyl acyltransferases ZDHHC5 and ZDHHC8 are uniquely present in DRG axons and control retrograde signaling via the Gp130/JAK/STAT3 pathway. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:15427-15437. [PMID: 32958558 PMCID: PMC7667964 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylation, the modification of proteins with the lipid palmitate, is a key regulator of protein targeting and trafficking. However, knowledge of the roles of specific palmitoyl acyltransferases (PATs), which catalyze palmitoylation, is incomplete. For example, little is known about which PATs are present in neuronal axons, although long-distance trafficking of palmitoyl-proteins is important for axon integrity and for axon-to-soma retrograde signaling, a process critical for axon development and for responses to injury. Identifying axonally targeted PATs might thus provide insights into multiple aspects of axonal biology. We therefore comprehensively determined the subcellular distribution of mammalian PATs in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and, strikingly, found that only two PATs, ZDHHC5 and ZDHHC8, were enriched in DRG axons. Signals via the Gp130/JAK/STAT3 and DLK/JNK pathways are important for axonal injury responses, and we found that ZDHHC5 and ZDHHC8 were required for Gp130/JAK/STAT3, but not DLK/JNK, axon-to-soma signaling. ZDHHC5 and ZDHHC8 robustly palmitoylated Gp130 in cotransfected nonneuronal cells, supporting the possibility that Gp130 is a direct ZDHHC5/8 substrate. In DRG neurons, Zdhhc5/8 shRNA knockdown reduced Gp130 palmitoylation and even more markedly reduced Gp130 surface expression, potentially explaining the importance of these PATs for Gp130-dependent signaling. Together, these findings provide new insights into the subcellular distribution and roles of specific PATs and reveal a novel mechanism by which palmitoylation controls axonal retrograde signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin M Collura
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jingwen Niu
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shaun S Sanders
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Audrey Montersino
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sabrina M Holland
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gareth M Thomas
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair), Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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34
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Linher-Melville K, Shah A, Singh G. Sex differences in neuro(auto)immunity and chronic sciatic nerve pain. Biol Sex Differ 2020; 11:62. [PMID: 33183347 PMCID: PMC7661171 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-020-00339-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain occurs with greater frequency in women, with a parallel sexually dimorphic trend reported in sufferers of many autoimmune diseases. There is a need to continue examining neuro-immune-endocrine crosstalk in the context of sexual dimorphisms in chronic pain. Several phenomena in particular need to be further explored. In patients, autoantibodies to neural antigens have been associated with sensory pathway hyper-excitability, and the role of self-antigens released by damaged nerves remains to be defined. In addition, specific immune cells release pro-nociceptive cytokines that directly influence neural firing, while T lymphocytes activated by specific antigens secrete factors that either support nerve repair or exacerbate the damage. Modulating specific immune cell populations could therefore be a means to promote nerve recovery, with sex-specific outcomes. Understanding biological sex differences that maintain, or fail to maintain, neuroimmune homeostasis may inform the selection of sex-specific treatment regimens, improving chronic pain management by rebalancing neuroimmune feedback. Given the significance of interactions between nerves and immune cells in the generation and maintenance of neuropathic pain, this review focuses on sex differences and possible links with persistent autoimmune activity using sciatica as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Linher-Melville
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anita Shah
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gurmit Singh
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Renthal W, Tochitsky I, Yang L, Cheng YC, Li E, Kawaguchi R, Geschwind DH, Woolf CJ. Transcriptional Reprogramming of Distinct Peripheral Sensory Neuron Subtypes after Axonal Injury. Neuron 2020; 108:128-144.e9. [PMID: 32810432 PMCID: PMC7590250 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Primary somatosensory neurons are specialized to transmit specific types of sensory information through differences in cell size, myelination, and the expression of distinct receptors and ion channels, which together define their transcriptional and functional identity. By profiling sensory ganglia at single-cell resolution, we find that all somatosensory neuronal subtypes undergo a similar transcriptional response to peripheral nerve injury that both promotes axonal regeneration and suppresses cell identity. This transcriptional reprogramming, which is not observed in non-neuronal cells, resolves over a similar time course as target reinnervation and is associated with the restoration of original cell identity. Injury-induced transcriptional reprogramming requires ATF3, a transcription factor that is induced rapidly after injury and necessary for axonal regeneration and functional recovery. Our findings suggest that transcription factors induced early after peripheral nerve injury confer the cellular plasticity required for sensory neurons to transform into a regenerative state.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Renthal
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Rd., Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Ivan Tochitsky
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Cir., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lite Yang
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Rd., Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Cir., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yung-Chih Cheng
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Cir., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Emmy Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, 3 Blackfan Cir., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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36
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An Emerging Role of m6A in Memory: A Case for Translational Priming. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207447. [PMID: 33050279 PMCID: PMC7589748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigation into the role of methylation of the adenosine base (m6A) of RNA has only recently begun, but it quickly became apparent that m6A is able to control and fine-tune many aspects of mRNA, from splicing to translation. The ability of m6A to regulate translation distally, away from traditional sites near the nucleus, quickly caught the eye of neuroscientists because of implications for selective protein translation at synapses. Work in the brain has demonstrated how m6A is functionally required for many neuronal functions, but two in particular are covered at length here: The role of m6A in 1) neuron development; and 2) memory formation. The purpose of this review is not to cover all data about m6A in the brain. Instead, this review will focus on connecting mechanisms of m6A function in neuron development, with m6A’s known function in memory formation. We will introduce the concept of “translational priming” and discuss how current data fit into this model, then speculate how m6A-mediated translational priming during memory consolidation can regulate learning and memory locally at the synapse.
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Wang JB, Zhang Z, Li JN, Yang T, Du S, Cao RJ, Cui SS. SPP1 promotes Schwann cell proliferation and survival through PKCα by binding with CD44 and αvβ3 after peripheral nerve injury. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:98. [PMID: 32843960 PMCID: PMC7439540 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00458-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schwann cells (SCs) play a crucial role in Wallerian degeneration after peripheral nerve injury. The expression of genes in SCs undergo a series of changes, which greatly affect the proliferation and apoptosis of SCs as well as the fate of peripheral nerve regeneration. However, how do these genes regulate the proliferation and apoptosis of SCs remains unclear. RESULTS SPP1 and PKCα were found upregulated after human median peripheral nerve injury, which promoted SCs proliferation and survival. The promoted proliferation and inhibited apoptosis by SPP1 were blocked after the treatment of PKCα antagonist Gö6976. Whereas, the inhibited proliferation and enhanced apoptosis induced by silence of SPP1 could be rescued by the activation of PKCα, which suggested that SPP1 functioned through PKCα. Moreover, both CD44 and αvβ3 were found expressed in SCs and increased after peripheral nerve injury. Silence of CD44 or β3 alleviated the increased proliferation and inhibited apoptosis induced by recombinant osteopontin, suggesting the function of SPP1 on SCs were dependent on CD44 and β3. CONCLUSION These results suggested that SPP1 promoted proliferation and inhibited apoptosis of SCs through PKCα signaling pathway by binding with CD44 and αvβ3. This study provides a potential therapeutic target for improving peripheral nerve recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Bo Wang
- Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033 China
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033 China
| | - Jian-Nan Li
- Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033 China
| | - Tuo Yang
- Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033 China
| | - Shuang Du
- Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033 China
| | - Rang-Juan Cao
- Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033 China
| | - Shu-Sen Cui
- Department of Hand Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033 China
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38
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Min Q, Parkinson DB, Dun XP. Migrating Schwann cells direct axon regeneration within the peripheral nerve bridge. Glia 2020; 69:235-254. [PMID: 32697392 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cells within the peripheral nervous system possess a remarkable regenerative potential. Current research shows that peripheral nerve-associated Schwann cells possess the capacity to promote repair of multiple tissues including peripheral nerve gap bridging, skin wound healing, digit tip repair as well as tooth regeneration. One of the key features of the specialized repair Schwann cells is that they become highly motile. They not only migrate into the area of damaged tissue and become a key component of regenerating tissue but also secrete signaling molecules to attract macrophages, support neuronal survival, promote axonal regrowth, activate local mesenchymal stem cells, and interact with other cell types. Currently, the importance of migratory Schwann cells in tissue regeneration is most evident in the case of a peripheral nerve transection injury. Following nerve transection, Schwann cells from both proximal and distal nerve stumps migrate into the nerve bridge and form Schwann cell cords to guide axon regeneration. The formation of Schwann cell cords in the nerve bridge is key to successful peripheral nerve repair following transection injury. In this review, we first examine nerve bridge formation and the behavior of Schwann cell migration in the nerve bridge, and then discuss how migrating Schwann cells direct regenerating axons into the distal nerve. We also review the current understanding of signals that could activate Schwann cell migration and signals that Schwann cells utilize to direct axon regeneration. Understanding the molecular mechanism of Schwann cell migration could potentially offer new therapeutic strategies for peripheral nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Min
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - David B Parkinson
- Peninsula Medical School, Faculty of Health, Plymouth University, Plymouth, Devon, UK
| | - Xin-Peng Dun
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
- Peninsula Medical School, Faculty of Health, Plymouth University, Plymouth, Devon, UK
- The Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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39
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Shorey M, Stone MC, Mandel J, Rolls MM. Neurons survive simultaneous injury to axons and dendrites and regrow both types of processes in vivo. Dev Biol 2020; 465:108-118. [PMID: 32687893 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurons extend dendrites and axons to receive and send signals. If either type of process is removed, the cell cannot function. Rather than undergoing cell death, some neurons can regrow axons and dendrites. Axon and dendrite regeneration have been examined separately and require sensing the injury and reinitiating the correct growth program. Whether neurons in vivo can sense and respond to simultaneous axon and dendrite injury with polarized regeneration has not been explored. To investigate the outcome of simultaneous axon and dendrite damage, we used a Drosophila model system in which neuronal polarity, axon regeneration, and dendrite regeneration have been characterized. After removal of the axon and all but one dendrite, the remaining dendrite was converted to a process that had a long unbranched region that extended over long distances and a region where shorter branched processes were added. These observations suggested axons and dendrites could regrow at the same time. To further test the capacity of neurons to implement polarized regeneration after axon and dendrite damage, we removed all neurites from mature neurons. In this case a long unbranched neurite and short branched neurites were regrown from the stripped cell body. Moreover, the long neurite had axonal plus-end-out microtubule polarity and the shorter neurites had mixed polarity consistent with dendrite identity. The long process also accumulated endoplasmic reticulum at its tip like regenerating axons. We conclude that neurons in vivo can respond to simultaneous axon and dendrite injury by initiating growth of a new axon and new dendrites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Shorey
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Michelle C Stone
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jenna Mandel
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Melissa M Rolls
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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Ultrasound Stimulation Increases Neurite Regeneration in Injured Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons through Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Activation. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10070409. [PMID: 32629985 PMCID: PMC7407506 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10070409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound stimulation (US) is reported to be a safe and useful technology for improving injured nerve regeneration. However, the intracellular mechanisms underlying its stimulatory effects are only partially understood. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is involved in neuronal survival and axonal outgrowth. In this study, we investigated the effect of US on regeneration of injured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and activation of the mTOR pathway. We showed that US significantly increased neurite regeneration and enhanced mTOR activation. Moreover, the expression of growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43), a crucial factor for axonal outgrowth and regeneration in neurons, was significantly increased by US. These data suggest that US-induced neurite regeneration is mediated by upregulation of mTOR activity, which promotes the regeneration of injured DRG neurons.
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41
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Kim JE, Cho YH, Seo TB. Treadmill exercise activates ATF3 and ERK1/2 downstream molecules to facilitate axonal regrowth after sciatic nerve injury. J Exerc Rehabil 2020; 16:141-147. [PMID: 32509698 PMCID: PMC7248442 DOI: 10.12965/jer.2040188.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of treadmill exer-cise on activating transcription factors such as activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) sig-naling pathway to facilitate axonal regrowth after sciatic nerve injury (SNI). The experimental rats divided into the normal control (n=10), sedentary groups for 7 (n=10) and 14 days (n=10) post crush, exercise group for 7 (n=10) and 14 days (n=10) post crush (dpc). The rats in ex-ercise groups run on treadmill device at a speed of 8 m/min for 20 min once a day according to exercise duration. In order to evaluate specific regeneration markers and axonal elongation in injured sciatic nerve, we applied immunofluorescence staining and western blot techniques. Treadmill exercise further increased growth-associated protein (GAP-43) expression and axonal regrowth at 7 and 14 dpc than those in sed-entary group. Among mitogen-activated protein kinase downstream molecules, phospho-ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2) was enhanced by treadmill ex-ercise at only 7 dpc and decreased to basal level 14 days later. But c-Jun N-terminal kinase, c-Jun, and phospho-cyclic adenosine mono-phosphate response element-binding protein showed a tendency to in-crease continuously until 14 dpc by exercise. ATF3 expression in exer-cise group was upregulated at both 7 and 14 dpc compared to the sed-entary group. These results indicate that treadmill exercise had benefi-cial effect on expression of regeneration-related proteins after SNI, suggesting that exercise might be one of various therapeutic strategies for sciatic nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Natural Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Yeong-Hyun Cho
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Natural Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Tae-Beom Seo
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Natural Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
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Wang D, Chen Y, Liu M, Cao Q, Wang Q, Zhou S, Wang Y, Mao S, Gu X, Luo Z, Yu B. The long noncoding RNA Arrl1 inhibits neurite outgrowth by functioning as a competing endogenous RNA during neuronal regeneration in rats. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:8374-8386. [PMID: 32336677 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The intrinsic regeneration ability of neurons is a pivotal factor in the repair of peripheral nerve injury. Therefore, identifying the key modulators of nerve regeneration may help improve axon regeneration and functional recovery after injury. Unlike for classical transcription factors and regeneration-associated genes, the function of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the regulation of neuronal regeneration remains mostly unknown. In this study, we used RNA-Seq-based transcriptome profiling to analyze the expression patterns of lncRNAs and mRNAs in rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) following sciatic nerve injury. Analyses using the lncRNA-mRNA co-expression network, gene ontology enrichment, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway databases indicated that the lncRNA Arrl1 decreases neurite outgrowth after neuronal injury. shRNA-mediated Arrl1 silencing increased axon regeneration both in vitro and in vivo and improved functional recovery of the sciatic nerve. Moreover, inhibiting an identified target gene of Arrl1, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B (Cdkn2b), markedly promoted neurite outgrowth of DRG neurons. We also found that Arrl1 acts as a competing endogenous RNA that sponges a Cdkn2b repressor, microRNA-761 (miR-761), and thereby up-regulates Cdkn2b expression during neuron regeneration. We conclude that the lncRNA Arrl1 affects the intrinsic regeneration of DRG neurons by derepressing Cdkn2b expression. Our findings indicate a role for an lncRNA-microRNA-kinase pathway in the regulation of axon regeneration and functional recovery following peripheral nerve injury in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yanping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Mingwen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qianqian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qihui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Shuoshuo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yaxian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Susu Mao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zhenge Luo
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China .,Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Pan D, Mackinnon SE, Wood MD. Advances in the repair of segmental nerve injuries and trends in reconstruction. Muscle Nerve 2020; 61:726-739. [PMID: 31883129 DOI: 10.1002/mus.26797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in surgery, the reconstruction of segmental nerve injuries continues to pose challenges. In this review, current neurobiology regarding regeneration across a nerve defect is discussed in detail. Recent findings include the complex roles of nonneuronal cells in nerve defect regeneration, such as the role of the innate immune system in angiogenesis and how Schwann cells migrate within the defect. Clinically, the repair of nerve defects is still best served by using nerve autografts with the exception of small, noncritical sensory nerve defects, which can be repaired using autograft alternatives, such as processed or acellular nerve allografts. Given current clinical limits for when alternatives can be used, advanced solutions to repair nerve defects demonstrated in animals are highlighted. These highlights include alternatives designed with novel topology and materials, delivery of drugs specifically known to accelerate axon growth, and greater attention to the role of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Pan
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Susan E Mackinnon
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Matthew D Wood
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Abstract
Toxic peripheral neuropathies are an important form of acquired polyneuropathy produced by a variety of xenobiotics and different exposure scenarios. Delineating the mechanisms of neurotoxicants and determining the degenerative biological pathways triggered by peripheral neurotoxicants will facilitate the development of sensitive and specific biochemical-based methods for identifying neurotoxicants, designing therapeutic interventions, and developing structure-activity relationships for predicting potential neurotoxicants. This review presents an overview of the general concepts of toxic peripheral neuropathies with the goal of providing insight into why certain agents target the peripheral nervous system and produce their associated lesions. Experimental data and the main hypotheses for the mechanisms of selected agents that produce neuronopathies, axonopathies, or myelinopathies including covalent or noncovalent modifications, compromised energy or protein biosynthesis, and oxidative injury and disruption of ionic gradients across membranes are presented. The relevance of signaling between the main components of peripheral nerve, that is, glia, neuronal perikaryon, and axon, as a target for neurotoxicants and the contribution of active programmed degenerative pathways to the lesions observed in toxic peripheral neuropathies is also discussed.
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Weng J, Li DD, Jiang BG, Yin XF. Temporal changes in the spinal cord transcriptome after peripheral nerve injury. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1360-1367. [PMID: 31960825 PMCID: PMC7047785 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.272618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury may trigger changes in mRNA levels in the spinal cord. Finding key mRNAs is important for improving repair after nerve injury. This study aimed to investigate changes in mRNAs in the spinal cord following sciatic nerve injury by transcriptomic analysis. The left sciatic nerve denervation model was established in C57BL/6 mice. The left L4-6 spinal cord segment was obtained at 0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks after severing the sciatic nerve. mRNA expression profiles were generated by RNA sequencing. The sequencing results of spinal cord mRNA at 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after severing the sciatic nerve were compared with those at 0 weeks by bioinformatic analysis. We identified 1915 differentially expressed mRNAs in the spinal cord, of which 4, 1909, and 2 were differentially expressed at 1, 4, and 8 weeks after sciatic nerve injury, respectively. Sequencing results indicated that the number of differentially expressed mRNAs in the spinal cord was highest at 4 weeks after sciatic nerve injury. These mRNAs were associated with the cellular response to lipid, ATP metabolism, energy coupled proton transmembrane transport, nuclear transcription factor complex, vacuolar proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex, inner mitochondrial membrane protein complex, tau protein binding, NADH dehydrogenase activity and hydrogen ion transmembrane transporter activity. Of these mRNAs, Sgk1, Neurturin and Gpnmb took part in cell growth and development. Pathway analysis showed that these mRNAs were mainly involved in aldosterone-regulated sodium reabsorption, oxidative phosphorylation and collecting duct acid secretion. Functional assessment indicated that these mRNAs were associated with inflammation and cell morphology development. Our findings show that the number and type of spinal cord mRNAs involved in changes at different time points after peripheral nerve injury were different. The number of differentially expressed mRNAs in the spinal cord was highest at 4 weeks after sciatic nerve injury. These results provide reference data for finding new targets for the treatment of peripheral nerve injury, and for further gene therapy studies of peripheral nerve injury and repair. The study procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Peking University People's Hospital (approval No. 2017PHC004) on March 5, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Weng
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing; Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dong-Dong Li
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing; Department of Surgery, the 517th Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Xinzhou, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Bao-Guo Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Yin
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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46
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Günther M, Sköld MK. Temporal gene expression changes after acute and delayed ventral root avulsion-reimplantation. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2019; 38:23-40. [PMID: 31683492 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-190955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a model of injured spinal motor neurons where the avulsed spinal nerve is surgically reimplanted, useful regrowth of the injured nerve follows, both in animal experiments and clinical cases. This has led to surgical reimplantation strategies with subsequent partial functional motoric recovery. Still, the ideal time point for successful regeneration after reimplantation and the specific genetic profile of this time point is not known. OBJECTIVE To explore the temporal gene expression of the whole genome in the ventral spinal cord after reimplantation at different time points after avulsion. METHODS Totally 18 adult rats were subjected to avulsion of the left L5 root only (N = 3), avulsion followed by acute spinal reimplantation (N = 3), avulsion followed by 24 h (N = 3) or 48 h (N = 3) delayed reimplantation. Animals were allowed to survive 24 h after their respective surgery whereafter the ventral quadrant of the spinal cord at the operated side was harvested, processed for and analysed with Affymetrix Rat Gene ST 1.0 array followed by statistical analysis of gene expression patternsResults:Specific gene expression patterns were found at different time points after avulsion and reimplantation. Over all, early reimplantation seemed to diminish inflammatory response and support gene regulation related to neuronal activity compared to avulsion only or delayed reimplantation. In addition did gene activity after avulsion-reimplantation correspond to regeneration-associated genes typical for regeneration in the peripheral nervous system. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveal that genetic profiling after this kind of injury is possible, that specific and distinct expression patterns can be found with early reimplantation being favourable over late and that regenerative activity in this kind of injury bears hallmark typical for peripheral nerve regeneration. These findings can be useful in elucidating specific genetic expression typical for successful nerve regeneration, hopefully not only in this specific model but in the nervous system in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Günther
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Experimental Traumatology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias K Sköld
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Experimental Traumatology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Hao Y, Waller TJ, Nye DM, Li J, Zhang Y, Hume RI, Rolls MM, Collins CA. Degeneration of Injured Axons and Dendrites Requires Restraint of a Protective JNK Signaling Pathway by the Transmembrane Protein Raw. J Neurosci 2019; 39:8457-8470. [PMID: 31492772 PMCID: PMC6807270 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0016-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The degeneration of injured axons involves a self-destruction pathway whose components and mechanism are not fully understood. Here, we report a new regulator of axonal resilience. The transmembrane protein Raw is cell autonomously required for the degeneration of injured axons, dendrites, and synapses in Drosophila melanogaster In both male and female raw hypomorphic mutant or knock-down larvae, the degeneration of injured axons, dendrites, and synapses from motoneurons and sensory neurons is strongly inhibited. This protection is insensitive to reduction in the levels of the NAD+ synthesis enzyme Nmnat (nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyl transferase), but requires the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and the transcription factors Fos and Jun (AP-1). Although these factors were previously known to function in axonal injury signaling and regeneration, Raw's function can be genetically separated from other axonal injury responses: Raw does not modulate JNK-dependent axonal injury signaling and regenerative responses, but instead restrains a protective pathway that inhibits the degeneration of axons, dendrites, and synapses. Although protection in raw mutants requires JNK, Fos, and Jun, JNK also promotes axonal degeneration. These findings suggest the existence of multiple independent pathways that share modulation by JNK, Fos, and Jun that influence how axons respond to stress and injury.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Axonal degeneration is a major feature of neuropathies and nerve injuries and occurs via a cell autonomous self-destruction pathway whose mechanism is poorly understood. This study reports the identification of a new regulator of axonal degeneration: the transmembrane protein Raw. Raw regulates a cell autonomous nuclear signaling pathway whose yet unknown downstream effectors protect injured axons, dendrites, and synapses from degenerating. These findings imply that the susceptibility of axons to degeneration is strongly regulated in neurons. Future understanding of the cellular pathway regulated by Raw, which engages the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and Fos and Jun transcription factors, may suggest new strategies to increase the resiliency of axons in debilitating neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hao
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1085
| | - Thomas J Waller
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1085
| | - Derek M Nye
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, and
| | - Jiaxing Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1085
| | - Yanxiao Zhang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2218
| | - Richard I Hume
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1085
| | - Melissa M Rolls
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, and
| | - Catherine A Collins
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1085,
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48
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Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid regulates the repair of rat sciatic nerve injury by promoting the proliferation of Schwann cells. Life Sci 2019; 254:116887. [PMID: 31606377 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to study the effects of acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA) on the regeneration of injured peripheral nerves and the ability of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway to regulate the proliferation of Schwann cells and the formation of myelin. MAIN METHODS A sciatic nerve crush injury model rats were randomly divided into the model control, low-, medium-, and high-dose AKBA groups. The repair of myelin damage was observed through Luxol Fast Blue staining and the expression of neurofilament-200 (NF200) protein was detected through immunohistochemical tests. The relative expression levels of ERK, Phosphorylated-ERK (p-ERK), c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK), and Phosphorylated-JNK (p-JNK) proteins were detected in vitro in Schwann cells treated with AKBA. The effect of AKBA on P0 and P75 protein expression in Schwann cells was detected through siRNA-mediated ERK gene knockout. KEY FINDINGS AKBA promotes the repair of rat sciatic nerve injury by elevating the phosphorylation of the ERK signaling pathway and by regulating the proliferation and myelination of Schwann cells. SIGNIFICANCE This test can provide data support for AKBA to repair sciatic nerve injury, provide a theoretical basis for further revealing AKBA repair mechanism, and provide reference for clinical development of sciatic nerve injury drugs.
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49
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Enhanced regeneration and reinnervation following timed GDNF gene therapy in a cervical ventral root avulsion. Exp Neurol 2019; 321:113037. [PMID: 31425689 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Avulsion of spinal nerve roots is a severe proximal peripheral nerve lesion. Despite neurosurgical repair, recovery of function in human patients is disappointing, because spinal motor neurons degenerate progressively, axons grow slowly and the distal Schwann cells which are instrumental to supporting axon extension lose their pro-regenerative properties. We have recently shown that timed GDNF gene therapy (dox-i-GDNF) in a lumbar plexus injury model promotes axon regeneration and improves electrophysiological recovery but fails to stimulate voluntary hind paw function. Here we report that dox-i-GDNF treatment following avulsion and re-implantation of cervical ventral roots leads to sustained motoneuron survival and recovery of voluntary function. These improvements were associated with a twofold increase in motor axon regeneration and enhanced reinnervation of the hand musculature. In this cervical model the distal hand muscles are located 6,5 cm from the reimplantation site, whereas following a lumber lesion this distance is twice as long. Since the first signs of muscle reinnervation are observed 6 weeks after the lesion, this suggests that regenerating axons reached the hand musculature before a critical state of chronic denervation has developed. These results demonstrate that the beneficial effects of timed GDNF-gene therapy are more robust following spinal nerve avulsion lesions that allow reinnervation of target muscles within a relatively short time window after the lesion. This study is an important step in demonstrating the potential of timed GDNF-gene therapy to enhance axon regeneration after neurosurgical repair of a severe proximal nerve lesion.
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50
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Shin JE, Ha H, Kim YK, Cho Y, DiAntonio A. DLK regulates a distinctive transcriptional regeneration program after peripheral nerve injury. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 127:178-192. [PMID: 30735704 PMCID: PMC6588443 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Following damage to a peripheral nerve, injury signaling pathways converge in the cell body to generate transcriptional changes that support axon regeneration. Here, we demonstrate that dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK), a central regulator of injury responses including axon regeneration and neuronal apoptosis, is required for the induction of the pro-regenerative transcriptional program in response to peripheral nerve injury. Using a sensory neuron-conditional DLK knockout mouse model, we show a time course for the dependency of gene expression changes on the DLK pathway after sciatic nerve injury. Gene ontology analysis reveals that DLK-dependent gene sets are enriched for specific functional annotations such as ion transport and immune response. A series of comparative analyses shows that the DLK-dependent transcriptional program is distinct from that promoted by the importin-dependent retrograde signaling pathway, while it is partially shared between PNS and CNS injury responses. We suggest that DLK-dependency might provide a selective filter for regeneration-associated genes among the injury-responsive transcriptome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Shin
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongseok Ha
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Creative Research Initiatives Center for Molecular Biology of Translation, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ki Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Creative Research Initiatives Center for Molecular Biology of Translation, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongcheol Cho
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Aaron DiAntonio
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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