1
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Boschen SL, Seethaler J, Wang S, Lujan WD, Silvernail JL, Carter RE, Chang SY, Lujan JL. Midbrain dopaminergic degeneration differentially modulates primary motor cortex activity and motor behavior in hemi-parkinsonian rats. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4365911. [PMID: 38798359 PMCID: PMC11118689 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4365911/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is marked by degeneration in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway, affecting motor control via complex changes in the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic motor network, including the primary motor cortex (M1). The modulation of M1 neuronal activity by dopaminergic inputs, particularly from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), plays a crucial role in PD pathophysiology. This study investigates how nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration influences M1 neuronal activity in rats using in vivo calcium imaging. Histological analysis confirmed dopaminergic lesion severity, with high lesion level rats showing significant motor deficits. Levodopa treatment improved fine motor abilities, particularly in high lesion level rats. Analysis of M1 calcium signals based on dopaminergic lesion severity revealed distinct M1 activity patterns. Animals with low dopaminergic lesion showed increased calcium events, while high lesion level rats exhibited decreased activity, partially restored by levodopa. These findings suggest that M1 activity is more sensitive to transient fluctuations in dopaminergic transmission, rather than to chronic high or low dopaminergic signaling. This study underscores the complex interplay between dopaminergic signaling and M1 neuronal activity in PD symptoms development. Further research integrating behavioral and calcium imaging data can elucidate mechanisms underlying motor deficits and therapeutic responses in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shaohua Wang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
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2
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Choi JW, Malekmohammadi M, Niketeghad S, Cross KA, Ebadi H, Alijanpourotaghsara A, Aron A, Rutishauser U, Pouratian N. Prefrontal-subthalamic theta signaling mediates delayed responses during conflict processing. Prog Neurobiol 2024; 236:102613. [PMID: 38631480 PMCID: PMC11149786 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2024.102613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
While medial frontal cortex (MFC) and subthalamic nucleus (STN) have been implicated in conflict monitoring and action inhibition, respectively, an integrated understanding of the spatiotemporal and spectral interaction of these nodes and how they interact with motor cortex (M1) to definitively modify motor behavior during conflict is lacking. We recorded neural signals intracranially across presupplementary motor area (preSMA), M1, STN, and globus pallidus internus (GPi), during a flanker task in 20 patients undergoing deep brain stimulation implantation surgery for Parkinson disease or dystonia. Conflict is associated with sequential and causal increases in local theta power from preSMA to STN to M1 with movement delays directly correlated with increased STN theta power, indicating preSMA is the MFC locus that monitors conflict and signals STN to implement a 'break.' Transmission of theta from STN-to-M1 subsequently results in a transient increase in M1-to-GPi beta flow immediately prior to movement, modulating the motor network to actuate the conflict-related action inhibition (i.e., delayed response). Action regulation during conflict relies on two distinct circuits, the conflict-related theta and movement-related beta networks, that are separated spatially, spectrally, and temporally, but which interact dynamically to mediate motor performance, highlighting complex parallel yet interacting networks regulating movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Woo Choi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Mahsa Malekmohammadi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Soroush Niketeghad
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Katy A Cross
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hamasa Ebadi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | - Adam Aron
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ueli Rutishauser
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, and Center for Neural Science and Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Nader Pouratian
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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3
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Foster M, Dwibhashyam S, Patel D, Gupta K, Matz OC, Billings BK, Bitterman K, Bertelson M, Tang CY, Mars RB, Raghanti MA, Hof PR, Sherwood CC, Manger PR, Spocter MA. Comparative anatomy of the caudate nucleus in canids and felids: Associations with brain size, curvature, cross-sectional properties, and behavioral ecology. J Comp Neurol 2024; 532:e25618. [PMID: 38686628 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The evolutionary history of canids and felids is marked by a deep time separation that has uniquely shaped their behavior and phenotype toward refined predatory abilities. The caudate nucleus is a subcortical brain structure associated with both motor control and cognitive, emotional, and executive functions. We used a combination of three-dimensional imaging, allometric scaling, and structural analyses to compare the size and shape characteristics of the caudate nucleus. The sample consisted of MRI scan data obtained from six canid species (Canis lupus lupus, Canis latrans, Chrysocyon brachyurus, Lycaon pictus, Vulpes vulpes, Vulpes zerda), two canid subspecies (Canis lupus familiaris, Canis lupus dingo), as well as three felids (Panthera tigris, Panthera uncia, Felis silvestris catus). Results revealed marked conservation in the scaling and shape attributes of the caudate nucleus across species, with only slight deviations. We hypothesize that observed differences in caudate nucleus size and structure for the domestic canids are reflective of enhanced cognitive and emotional pathways that possibly emerged during domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Foster
- Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, West Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | - Sai Dwibhashyam
- Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, West Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | - Devan Patel
- Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, West Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | - Kanika Gupta
- Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, West Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | - Olivia C Matz
- Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, West Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | - Brendon K Billings
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Kathleen Bitterman
- Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, West Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | - Mads Bertelson
- Center for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Cheuk Y Tang
- Departments of Radiology and Psychiatry, BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rogier B Mars
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mary Ann Raghanti
- Department of Anthropology and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chet C Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Paul R Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Muhammad A Spocter
- Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, West Des Moines, Iowa, USA
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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4
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Aquino CHD, Moscovich M, Marinho MM, Barcelos LB, Felício AC, Halverson M, Hamani C, Ferraz HB, Munhoz RP. Fundamentals of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease in clinical practice: part 1. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2024; 82:1-9. [PMID: 38653485 PMCID: PMC11039067 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1786026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is recognized as an established therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD) and other movement disorders in the light of the developments seen over the past three decades. Long-term efficacy is established for PD with documented improvement in the cardinal motor symptoms of PD and levodopa-induced complications, such as motor fluctuations and dyskinesias. Timing of patient selection is crucial to obtain optimal benefits from DBS therapy, before PD complications become irreversible. The objective of this first part review is to examine the fundamental concepts of DBS for PD in clinical practice, discussing the historical aspects, patient selection, potential effects of DBS on motor and non-motor symptoms, and the practical management of patients after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Henriques de Aquino
- University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Calgary, AB, Canada.
- University of Calgary, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada.
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Moscovich
- Christian-Albrechts University, Department of Neurology, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Murilo Martinez Marinho
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
| | - Lorena Broseghini Barcelos
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Matthew Halverson
- University of Utah, Department of Neurology, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States.
| | - Clement Hamani
- University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Henrique Ballalai Ferraz
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
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5
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Reinshagen A. Grid cells: the missing link in understanding Parkinson's disease? Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1276714. [PMID: 38389787 PMCID: PMC10881698 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1276714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying Parkinson's disease (PD) are complex and not fully understood, and the box-and-arrow model among other current models present significant challenges. This paper explores the potential role of the allocentric brain and especially its grid cells in several PD motor symptoms, including bradykinesia, kinesia paradoxa, freezing of gait, the bottleneck phenomenon, and their dependency on cueing. It is argued that central hubs, like the locus coeruleus and the pedunculopontine nucleus, often narrowly interpreted in the context of PD, play an equally important role in governing the allocentric brain as the basal ganglia. Consequently, the motor and secondary motor (e.g., spatially related) symptoms of PD linked with dopamine depletion may be more closely tied to erroneous computation by grid cells than to the basal ganglia alone. Because grid cells and their associated central hubs introduce both spatial and temporal information to the brain influencing velocity perception they may cause bradykinesia or hyperkinesia as well. In summary, PD motor symptoms may primarily be an allocentric disturbance resulting from virtual faulty computation by grid cells revealed by dopamine depletion in PD.
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6
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Esposito M, Palermo S, Nahi YC, Tamietto M, Celeghin A. Implicit Selective Attention: The Role of the Mesencephalic-basal Ganglia System. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:1497-1512. [PMID: 37653629 PMCID: PMC11097991 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230831163052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of the brain to recognize and orient attention to relevant stimuli appearing in the visual field is highlighted by a tuning process, which involves modulating the early visual system by both cortical and subcortical brain areas. Selective attention is coordinated not only by the output of stimulus-based saliency maps but is also influenced by top-down cognitive factors, such as internal states, goals, or previous experiences. The basal ganglia system plays a key role in implicitly modulating the underlying mechanisms of selective attention, favouring the formation and maintenance of implicit sensory-motor memories that are capable of automatically modifying the output of priority maps in sensory-motor structures of the midbrain, such as the superior colliculus. The article presents an overview of the recent literature outlining the crucial contribution of several subcortical structures to the processing of different sources of salient stimuli. In detail, we will focus on how the mesencephalic- basal ganglia closed loops contribute to implicitly addressing and modulating selective attention to prioritized stimuli. We conclude by discussing implicit behavioural responses observed in clinical populations in which awareness is compromised at some level. Implicit (emergent) awareness in clinical conditions that can be accompanied by manifest anosognosic symptomatology (i.e., hemiplegia) or involving abnormal conscious processing of visual information (i.e., unilateral spatial neglect and blindsight) represents interesting neurocognitive "test cases" for inferences about mesencephalicbasal ganglia closed-loops involvement in the formation of implicit sensory-motor memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Esposito
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Via Verdi 10, 10124, Turin
| | - Sara Palermo
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Via Verdi 10, 10124, Turin
- Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Diagnostic and Technology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Marco Tamietto
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Via Verdi 10, 10124, Turin
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, and CoRPS - Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases, Tilburg University, PO Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Alessia Celeghin
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Via Verdi 10, 10124, Turin
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7
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Tiroshi L, Atamna Y, Gilin N, Berkowitz N, Goldberg JA. Striatal Neurons Are Recruited Dynamically into Collective Representations of Self-Initiated and Learned Actions in Freely Moving Mice. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0315-23.2023. [PMID: 38164559 PMCID: PMC11057506 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0315-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Striatal spiny projection neurons are hyperpolarized-at-rest (HaR) and driven to action potential threshold by a small number of powerful inputs-an input-output configuration that is detrimental to response reliability. Because the striatum is important for habitual behaviors and goal-directed learning, we conducted a microendoscopic imaging in freely moving mice that express a genetically encoded Ca2+ indicator sparsely in striatal HaR neurons to evaluate their response reliability during self-initiated movements and operant conditioning. The sparse expression was critical for longitudinal studies of response reliability, and for studying correlations among HaR neurons while minimizing spurious correlations arising from contamination by the background signal. We found that HaR neurons are recruited dynamically into action representation, with distinct neuronal subsets being engaged in a moment-by-moment fashion. While individual neurons respond with little reliability, the population response remained stable across days. Moreover, we found evidence for the temporal coupling between neuronal subsets during conditioned (but not innate) behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Tiroshi
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel - Canada, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112102, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yara Atamna
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel - Canada, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112102, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Naomi Gilin
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel - Canada, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112102, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Noa Berkowitz
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel - Canada, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112102, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Joshua A Goldberg
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel - Canada, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112102, Jerusalem, Israel
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8
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Evangelisti S, Boessenkool S, Pflanz CP, Basting R, Betts JF, Jenkinson M, Clare S, Muhammed K, LeHeron C, Armstrong R, Klein JC, Husain M, Nemeth AH, Hu MT, Douaud G. Subthalamic nucleus shows opposite functional connectivity pattern in Huntington's and Parkinson's disease. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad282. [PMID: 38075949 PMCID: PMC10699743 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Huntington's and Parkinson's disease are two movement disorders representing mainly opposite states of the basal ganglia inhibitory function. Despite being an integral part of the cortico-subcortico-cortical circuitry, the subthalamic nucleus function has been studied at the level of detail required to isolate its signal only through invasive studies in Huntington's and Parkinson's disease. Here, we tested whether the subthalamic nucleus exhibited opposite functional signatures in early Huntington's and Parkinson's disease. We included both movement disorders in the same whole-brain imaging study, and leveraged ultra-high-field 7T MRI to achieve the very fine resolution needed to investigate the smallest of the basal ganglia nuclei. Eleven of the 12 Huntington's disease carriers were recruited at a premanifest stage, while 16 of the 18 Parkinson's disease patients only exhibited unilateral motor symptoms (15 were at Stage I of Hoehn and Yahr off medication). Our group comparison interaction analyses, including 24 healthy controls, revealed a differential effect of Huntington's and Parkinson's disease on the functional connectivity at rest of the subthalamic nucleus within the sensorimotor network, i.e. an opposite effect compared with their respective age-matched healthy control groups. This differential impact in the subthalamic nucleus included an area precisely corresponding to the deep brain stimulation 'sweet spot'-the area with maximum overall efficacy-in Parkinson's disease. Importantly, the severity of deviation away from controls' resting-state values in the subthalamic nucleus was associated with the severity of motor and cognitive symptoms in both diseases, despite functional connectivity going in opposite directions in each disorder. We also observed an altered, opposite impact of Huntington's and Parkinson's disease on functional connectivity within the sensorimotor cortex, once again with relevant associations with clinical symptoms. The high resolution offered by the 7T scanner has thus made it possible to explore the complex interplay between the disease effects and their contribution on the subthalamic nucleus, and sensorimotor cortex. Taken altogether, these findings reveal for the first time non-invasively in humans a differential, clinically meaningful impact of the pathophysiological process of these two movement disorders on the overall sensorimotor functional connection of the subthalamic nucleus and sensorimotor cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Evangelisti
- FMRIB Centre, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU Oxford, UK
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sirius Boessenkool
- FMRIB Centre, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU Oxford, UK
| | - Chris Patrick Pflanz
- FMRIB Centre, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU Oxford, UK
- Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, CB2 0QQ Cambridge, UK
| | - Romina Basting
- FMRIB Centre, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU Oxford, UK
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, OX2 6GG Oxford, UK
| | - Jill F Betts
- FMRIB Centre, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU Oxford, UK
| | - Mark Jenkinson
- FMRIB Centre, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU Oxford, UK
- School of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, University of Adelaide, 5005 Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stuart Clare
- FMRIB Centre, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU Oxford, UK
| | - Kinan Muhammed
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU Oxford, UK
| | - Campbell LeHeron
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU Oxford, UK
- New Zealand Brain Research Institute, 8011 Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Richard Armstrong
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU Oxford, UK
| | - Johannes C Klein
- FMRIB Centre, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU Oxford, UK
| | - Masud Husain
- FMRIB Centre, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU Oxford, UK
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, OX2 6GG Oxford, UK
| | - Andrea H Nemeth
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU Oxford, UK
| | - Michele T Hu
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU Oxford, UK
| | - Gwenaëlle Douaud
- FMRIB Centre, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU Oxford, UK
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9
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Zhai S, Cui Q, Simmons DV, Surmeier DJ. Distributed dopaminergic signaling in the basal ganglia and its relationship to motor disability in Parkinson's disease. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 83:102798. [PMID: 37866012 PMCID: PMC10842063 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The degeneration of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons that innervate the basal ganglia is responsible for the cardinal motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). It has been thought that loss of dopaminergic signaling in one basal ganglia region - the striatum - was solely responsible for the network pathophysiology causing PD motor symptoms. While our understanding of dopamine (DA)'s role in modulating striatal circuitry has deepened in recent years, it also has become clear that it acts in other regions of the basal ganglia to influence movement. Underscoring this point, examination of a new progressive mouse model of PD shows that striatal dopamine DA depletion alone is not sufficient to induce parkinsonism and that restoration of extra-striatal DA signaling attenuates parkinsonian motor deficits once they appear. This review summarizes recent advances in the effort to understand basal ganglia circuitry, its modulation by DA, and how its dysfunction drives PD motor symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenyu Zhai
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Qiaoling Cui
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - DeNard V Simmons
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - D James Surmeier
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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10
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Rios A, Nonomura S, Kato S, Yoshida J, Matsushita N, Nambu A, Takada M, Hira R, Kobayashi K, Sakai Y, Kimura M, Isomura Y. Reward expectation enhances action-related activity of nigral dopaminergic and two striatal output pathways. Commun Biol 2023; 6:914. [PMID: 37673949 PMCID: PMC10482957 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05288-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons comprising nigrostriatal system play important roles in action selection. However, it remains unclear how this system integrates recent outcome information with current action (movement) and outcome (reward or no reward) information to achieve appropriate subsequent action. We examined how neuronal activity of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and dorsal striatum reflects the level of reward expectation from recent outcomes in rats performing a reward-based choice task. Movement-related activity of direct and indirect pathway striatal projection neurons (dSPNs and iSPNs, respectively) were enhanced by reward expectation, similarly to the SNc dopaminergic neurons, in both medial and lateral nigrostriatal projections. Given the classical basal ganglia model wherein dopamine stimulates dSPNs and suppresses iSPNs through distinct dopamine receptors, dopamine might not be the primary driver of iSPN activity increasing following higher reward expectation. In contrast, outcome-related activity was affected by reward expectation in line with the classical model and reinforcement learning theory, suggesting purposive effects of reward expectation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Rios
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Nonomura
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kato
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Science, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Junichi Yoshida
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Natsuki Matsushita
- Division of Laboratory Animal Research, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nambu
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute of Physiological Sciences and Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masahiko Takada
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan
| | - Riichiro Hira
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuto Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Science, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Yutaka Sakai
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, 194-8610, Japan
| | - Minoru Kimura
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, 194-8610, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Isomura
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, 194-8610, Japan.
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11
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Yoshida A, Hikosaka O. Opposing functions of glutamatergic inputs between the globus pallidus external segment and substantia nigra pars reticulata. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.25.550377. [PMID: 37546868 PMCID: PMC10402021 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.25.550377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The indirect pathway of the basal ganglia, including the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and globus pallidus external segment (GPe), is believed to play a crucial role in suppressing involuntary movements. However, recent evidence suggests the STN and GPe also facilitate voluntary movements. This study hypothesized that excitatory inputs from the STN to the GPe contribute to this facilitation, and that excitatory projections to the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) are involved in the inhibition. To disrupt the STN-GPe or STN-SNr projections in monkeys during choice and fixation tasks, glutamate receptor inhibitors were injected into the GPe or SNr, which induced delayed saccade latencies toward good choices in the choice task (GPe) and caused frequent reflexive saccades to objects in the fixation task (SNr). Our findings suggest excitatory inputs to the GPe and SNr work in opposing manners, providing new insights that redefine our understanding of the functions of basal ganglia pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yoshida
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Okihide Hikosaka
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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12
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Surmeier DJ, Zhai S, Cui Q, Simmons DV. Rethinking the network determinants of motor disability in Parkinson's disease. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2023; 15:1186484. [PMID: 37448451 PMCID: PMC10336242 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2023.1186484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
For roughly the last 30 years, the notion that striatal dopamine (DA) depletion was the critical determinant of network pathophysiology underlying the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) has dominated the field. While the basal ganglia circuit model underpinning this hypothesis has been of great heuristic value, the hypothesis itself has never been directly tested. Moreover, studies in the last couple of decades have made it clear that the network model underlying this hypothesis fails to incorporate key features of the basal ganglia, including the fact that DA acts throughout the basal ganglia, not just in the striatum. Underscoring this point, recent work using a progressive mouse model of PD has shown that striatal DA depletion alone is not sufficient to induce parkinsonism and that restoration of extra-striatal DA signaling attenuates parkinsonian motor deficits once they appear. Given the broad array of discoveries in the field, it is time for a new model of the network determinants of motor disability in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalton James Surmeier
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Shenyu Zhai
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Qiaoling Cui
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - DeNard V Simmons
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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13
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Barnett WH, Kuznetsov A, Lapish CC. Distinct cortico-striatal compartments drive competition between adaptive and automatized behavior. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279841. [PMID: 36943842 PMCID: PMC10030038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical and basal ganglia circuits play a crucial role in the formation of goal-directed and habitual behaviors. In this study, we investigate the cortico-striatal circuitry involved in learning and the role of this circuitry in the emergence of inflexible behaviors such as those observed in addiction. Specifically, we develop a computational model of cortico-striatal interactions that performs concurrent goal-directed and habit learning. The model accomplishes this by distinguishing learning processes in the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) that rely on reward prediction error signals as distinct from the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) where learning is supported by salience signals. These striatal subregions each operate on unique cortical input: the DMS receives input from the prefrontal cortex (PFC) which represents outcomes, and the DLS receives input from the premotor cortex which determines action selection. Following an initial learning of a two-alternative forced choice task, we subjected the model to reversal learning, reward devaluation, and learning a punished outcome. Behavior driven by stimulus-response associations in the DLS resisted goal-directed learning of new reward feedback rules despite devaluation or punishment, indicating the expression of habit. We repeated these simulations after the impairment of executive control, which was implemented as poor outcome representation in the PFC. The degraded executive control reduced the efficacy of goal-directed learning, and stimulus-response associations in the DLS were even more resistant to the learning of new reward feedback rules. In summary, this model describes how circuits of the dorsal striatum are dynamically engaged to control behavior and how the impairment of executive control by the PFC enhances inflexible behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H. Barnett
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University—Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Alexey Kuznetsov
- Department of Mathematics, Indiana University—Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Christopher C. Lapish
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University—Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University—Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
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14
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Guarino S, Hagen C, Nguyen Q, Papini MR. Frustrative nonreward and the basal ganglia: Chemogenetic inhibition and excitation of the nucleus accumbens and globus pallidus externus during reward downshift. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2023; 200:107736. [PMID: 36822464 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Frustrative nonreward contributes to anxiety disorders and addiction, and is included in the Research Domain Criteria initiative as a relevant endophenotype. These experiments explored the role of the basal ganglia in consummatory reward downshift (cRD) using inhibitory and excitatory DREADDs (designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs) infused in either the nucleus accumbens (NAc) or one of its downstream targets, the globus pallidus externus (GPe). NAc inhibition did not disrupt consummatory suppression during a 32-to-2% (Experiment 1) or 8-to-2% sucrose downshift (Experiment 2). However, NAc excitation enhanced consummatory suppression during a 32-to-2% sucrose downshift (Experiment 1). GPe inhibition caused a trend toward increased consummatory suppression after a 32-to-2% sucrose downshift, whereas GPe excitation eliminated consummatory suppression after an 8-to-2% sucrose downshift (Experiment 3). Chemogenetic manipulations of NAc and GPe had no detectable effects on open field activity. The effects of DREADD activation via clozapine N-oxide (CNO) administration were compared to controls that carried the DREADDs, but received vehicle injections. There was no evidence that CNO or vehicle injections in virus vector control (VVC) animals affected cRD or OF activity after either CNO or vehicle injections. NAc and GPe excitation led to opposite results in the cRD task, providing evidence that the basal ganglia circuit has a function in frustrative nonreward in the absence of detectable motor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Guarino
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA
| | - Christopher Hagen
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA
| | - Quynh Nguyen
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA
| | - Mauricio R Papini
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76109, USA.
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15
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Sukhanov I, Dorotenko A, Fesenko Z, Savchenko A, Efimova EV, Mor MS, Belozertseva IV, Sotnikova TD, Gainetdinov RR. Inhibition of PDE10A in a New Rat Model of Severe Dopamine Depletion Suggests New Approach to Non-Dopamine Parkinson's Disease Therapy. Biomolecules 2022; 13:biom13010009. [PMID: 36671394 PMCID: PMC9855999 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative pathology. Due to the limitations of existing therapeutic approaches, novel anti-parkinsonian medicines with non-dopamine mechanisms of action are clearly needed. One of the promising pharmacological targets for anti-Parkinson drug development is phosphodiesterase (PDE) 10A. The stimulating motor effects of PDE10A inhibition were detected only under the conditions of partial dopamine depletion. The results raise the question of whether PDE10A inhibitors are able to restore locomotor activity when dopamine levels are very low. To address this issue, we (1) developed and validated the rat model of acute severe dopamine deficiency and (2) tested the action of PDE10A inhibitor MP-10 in this model. All experiments were performed in dopamine transporter knockout (DAT-KO) rats. A tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor, α-Methyl-DL-tyrosine (αMPT), was used as an agent to cause extreme dopamine deficiency. In vivo tests included estimation of locomotor activity and catalepsy levels in the bar test. Additionally, we evaluated the tissue content of dopamine in brain samples by HPLC analysis. The acute administration of αMPT to DAT-KO rats caused severe depletion of dopamine, immobility, and catalepsy (Dopamine-Deficient DAT-KO (DDD) rats). As expected, treatment with the L-DOPA and carbidopa combination restored the motor functions of DDD rats. Strikingly, administration of MP-10 also fully reversed immobility and catalepsy in DDD rats. According to neurochemical studies, the action of MP-10, in contrast to L-DOPA + carbidopa, seems to be dopamine-independent. These observations indicate that targeting PDE10A may represent a new promising approach in the development of non-dopamine therapies for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Sukhanov
- Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence: (I.S.); (R.R.G.); Tel.: +7-(812)-346-39-25 (I.S.); +7-(812)-363-69-39 (R.R.G.)
| | - Artem Dorotenko
- Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Zoia Fesenko
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Artem Savchenko
- Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Evgeniya V. Efimova
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mikael S. Mor
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina V. Belozertseva
- Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatyana D. Sotnikova
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Raul R. Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
- St. Petersburg University Hospital, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence: (I.S.); (R.R.G.); Tel.: +7-(812)-346-39-25 (I.S.); +7-(812)-363-69-39 (R.R.G.)
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16
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Filyushkina V, Belova E, Usova S, Tomskiy A, Sedov A. Attenuation of neural responses in subthalamic nucleus during internally guided voluntary movements in Parkinson’s disease. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:977784. [PMID: 36277053 PMCID: PMC9585536 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.977784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The proposed models of segregated functional loops describe the organization of motor control over externally triggered (ET) and internally guided (IG) movements. The dopamine deficiency in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is considered to cause a disturbance in the functional loop regulating IG movements. At the same time, the neural mechanisms of movement performance and the role of basal ganglia in motor control remain unclear.The aim of this study was to compare neuronal responses in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) during ET and IG movements in PD. We found and analyzed 26 sensitive neurons in 12 PD patients who underwent surgery for implantation of electrodes for deep brain stimulation. We also analyzed the local field potentials (LFP) of the STN of six patients during the postoperative period. Patients were asked to perform voluntary movements (clenching and unclenching the fist) evoked by verbal command (ET) or self-initiated (IG). We showed heterogeneity of neuronal responses and did not find sensitive neurons associated with only one type of movement. Most cells were characterized by leading responses, indicating that the STN has an important role in movement initiation. At the same time, we found attenuation of motor responses during IG movement vs. stable responses during ET movements. LFP analysis also showed attenuation of beta desynchronization during multiple IG movements.We propose that stable neuronal response to ET movements is associated with the reboot of the motor program for each movement, while attenuation of responses to IG movement is associated with single motor program launching for multiple movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Filyushkina
- Laboratory of Human Cell Neurophysiology, N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Veronika Filyushkina
| | - Elena Belova
- Laboratory of Human Cell Neurophysiology, N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana Usova
- Laboratory of Human Cell Neurophysiology, N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Tomskiy
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Burdenko National Scientific and Practical Center for Neurosurgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Sedov
- Laboratory of Human Cell Neurophysiology, N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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17
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Alavi SM, Mirzaei A, Valizadeh A, Ebrahimpour R. Excitatory deep brain stimulation quenches beta oscillations arising in a computational model of the subthalamo-pallidal loop. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7845. [PMID: 35552409 PMCID: PMC9098470 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is associated with abnormal \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\beta$$\end{document}β band oscillations (13–30 Hz) in the cortico-basal ganglia circuits. Abnormally increased striato-pallidal inhibition and strengthening the synaptic coupling between subthalamic nucleus (STN) and globus pallidus externa (GPe), due to the loss of dopamine, are considered as the potential sources of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\beta$$\end{document}β oscillations in the basal ganglia. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the basal ganglia subregions is known as a way to reduce the pathological \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\beta$$\end{document}β oscillations and motor deficits related to PD. Despite the success of the DBS, its underlying mechanism is poorly understood and, there is controversy about the inhibitory or excitatory role of the DBS in the literature. Here, we utilized a computational network model of basal ganglia which consists of STN, GPe, globus pallidus interna, and thalamic neuronal population. This model can reproduce healthy and pathological \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\beta$$\end{document}β oscillations similar to what has been observed in experimental studies. Using this model, we investigated the effect of DBS to understand whether its effect is excitatory or inhibitory. Our results show that the excitatory DBS is able to quench the pathological synchrony and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\beta$$\end{document}β oscillations, while, applying inhibitory DBS failed to quench the PD signs. In light of simulation results, we conclude that the effect of the DBS on its target is excitatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mojtaba Alavi
- Faculty of Computer Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran.,School of Cognitive Sciences (SCS), Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Valizadeh
- Department of Physics, Institute for Advance Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, Iran.,School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ebrahimpour
- Faculty of Computer Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran. .,School of Cognitive Sciences (SCS), Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran.
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18
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Ogata K, Kadono F, Hirai Y, Inoue KI, Takada M, Karube F, Fujiyama F. Conservation of the Direct and Indirect Pathway Dichotomy in Mouse Caudal Striatum With Uneven Distribution of Dopamine Receptor D1- and D2-Expressing Neurons. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:809446. [PMID: 35185482 PMCID: PMC8854186 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.809446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The striatum is one of the key nuclei for adequate control of voluntary behaviors and reinforcement learning. Two striatal projection neuron types, expressing either dopamine receptor D1 (D1R) or dopamine receptor D2 (D2R) constitute two independent output routes: the direct or indirect pathways, respectively. These pathways co-work in balance to achieve coordinated behavior. Two projection neuron types are equivalently intermingled in most striatal space. However, recent studies revealed two atypical zones in the caudal striatum: the zone in which D1R-neurons are the minor population (D1R-poor zone) and that in which D2R-neurons are the minority (D2R-poor zone). It remains obscure as to whether these imbalanced zones have similar properties on axonal projections and electrophysiology compared to other striatal regions. Based on morphological experiments in mice using immunofluorescence, in situ hybridization, and neural tracing, here, we revealed that the poor zones densely projected to the globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars lateralis, with a few collaterals in substantia nigra pars reticulata and compacta. Similar to that in other striatal regions, D1R-neurons were the direct pathway neurons. We also showed that the membrane properties of projection neurons in the poor zones were largely similar to those in the conventional striatum using in vitro electrophysiological recording. In addition, the poor zones existed irrespective of the age or sex of mice. We also identified the poor zones in the common marmoset as well as other rodents. These results suggest that the poor zones in the caudal striatum follow the conventional projection patterns irrespective of the imbalanced distribution of projection neurons. The poor zones could be an innate structure and common in mammals. The unique striatal zones possessing highly restricted projections could relate to functions different from those of motor-related striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Ogata
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
| | - Fuko Kadono
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Hirai
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Inoue
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Masahiko Takada
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Karube
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Fuyuki Karube,
| | - Fumino Fujiyama
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Fumino Fujiyama,
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19
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Handa T, Harukuni R, Fukai T. Concomitant Processing of Choice and Outcome in Frontal Corticostriatal Ensembles Correlates with Performance of Rats. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:4357-4375. [PMID: 33914862 PMCID: PMC8328202 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The frontal cortex-basal ganglia network plays a pivotal role in adaptive goal-directed behaviors. Medial frontal cortex (MFC) encodes information about choices and outcomes into sequential activation of neural population, or neural trajectory. While MFC projects to the dorsal striatum (DS), whether DS also displays temporally coordinated activity remains unknown. We studied this question by simultaneously recording neural ensembles in the MFC and DS of rodents performing an outcome-based alternative choice task. We found that the two regions exhibited highly parallel evolution of neural trajectories, transforming choice information into outcome-related information. When the two trajectories were highly correlated, spike synchrony was task-dependently modulated in some MFC-DS neuron pairs. Our results suggest that neural trajectories concomitantly process decision-relevant information in MFC and DS with increased spike synchrony between these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Handa
- Department of Behavior and Brain Organization, Center Advanced European Study and Research (Caesar), Bonn 53175, Germany
- Department of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences (Medicine), Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
- Laboratory for Neural Coding and Brain Computing, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Rie Harukuni
- Laboratory for Neural Coding and Brain Computing, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tomoki Fukai
- Laboratory for Neural Coding and Brain Computing, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Neural Coding and Brain Computing Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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20
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Chiken S, Takada M, Nambu A. Altered Dynamic Information Flow through the Cortico-Basal Ganglia Pathways Mediates Parkinson's Disease Symptoms. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:5363-5380. [PMID: 34268560 PMCID: PMC8568006 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by dopamine deficiency. To elucidate network-level changes through the cortico-basal ganglia pathways in PD, we recorded neuronal activity in PD monkeys treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. We applied electrical stimulation to the motor cortices and examined responses in the internal (GPi) and external (GPe) segments of the globus pallidus, the output and relay nuclei of the basal ganglia, respectively. In the normal state, cortical stimulation induced a triphasic response composed of early excitation, inhibition, and late excitation in the GPi and GPe. In the PD state, cortically evoked inhibition in the GPi mediated by the cortico-striato-GPi “direct” pathway was largely diminished, whereas late excitation in the GPe mediated by the cortico-striato-GPe-subthalamo (STN)-GPe pathway was elongated. l-DOPA treatment ameliorated PD signs, particularly akinesia/bradykinesia, and normalized cortically evoked responses in both the GPi and GPe. STN blockade by muscimol injection ameliorated the motor deficit and unmasked cortically evoked inhibition in the GPi. These results suggest that information flow through the direct pathway responsible for the initiation of movements is largely reduced in PD and fails to release movements, resulting in akinesia/bradykinesia. Restoration of the information flow through the direct pathway recovers execution of voluntary movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Chiken
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences and Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masahiko Takada
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama 484-8506, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nambu
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences and Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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21
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Alterations of Striato-Thalamic Metabolism in Normal Aging Human Brain-An MR Metabolic Imaging Study. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11060371. [PMID: 34207758 PMCID: PMC8228538 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11060371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging effects on striato-thalamic metabolism in healthy human brains were studied in vivo using short-TE whole brain 1H-MR spectroscopic imaging (wbMRSI) on eighty healthy subjects aged evenly between 20 to 70 years at 3T. Relative concentrations of N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), choline, total creatine (tCr), myo-inositol (mI), glutamate, and glutamine in bilateral caudate nucleus, putamen, pallidum, and thalamus were determined using signal normalization relative to brain tissue water. Linear regression analysis was used to analyze the age-dependence of the metabolite concentrations. The metabolite concentrations revealed spatial inhomogeneity across brain regions and metabolites. With age, NAA decreased significantly in bilateral caudate nucleus and putamen, left pallidum, and left thalamus, tCr decreased in left putamen and bilateral pallidum, mI increased in bilateral caudate nucleus and right thalamus, and spectral linewidth increased in left putamen and right thalamus. In conclusion, normal aging of striato-thalamic metabolism in healthy human is associated with regional specific decreases of NAA and tCr and increases of mI, which may reflect the individual role of each brain structure within brain functionality.
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Wang H, Li HY, Guo X, Zhou Y. Posture Instability Is Associated with Dopamine Drop of Nigrostriatal System and Hypometabolism of Cerebral Cortex in Parkinson Disease. Curr Neurovasc Res 2021; 18:244-253. [PMID: 34082681 DOI: 10.2174/1567202618666210603124814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posture instability (PI) is known to be a severe complication in Parkinson's disease (PD), and its mechanism remains poorly understood. Our study aims to explore the changes of brain network in PI of PD, and further investigate the role of peripheral inflammation on activities of different brain regions in PD with PI. METHODS 167 individuals were recruited, including 36 PD cases with PI and 131 ones without PI. We carefully assessed the status of motor and cognitive function, measured serum inflammatory factors, and detected the dopaminergic pathways and the metabolism of different brain regions by positron emission tomography (PET). Data analysis was conducted by variance, univariate analysis, chi-square analysis, logistic regression, and partial correlation. RESULT No difference was found for age or onset age between the two groups (P>0.05). Female patients were susceptible to posture impairment and had a 2.14-fold risk for PI compared with male patients in PD (P<0.05). Patients with PI had more severe impairment of motor and cognitive function for a longer duration than those without PI (P<0.05). The mean uptake ratios of presynaptic vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2), which were detected in the caudate nucleus and putamen, were lower in PI group than those without PI (P<0.05). There were lower activities of the midbrain, caudate nucleus, and anterior medial temporal cortex in PI group than those in the non-PI group (P<0.05). Although serum concentrations of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, and IgA) and complements (C3, C4) were higher in PI group than those in the non-PI group, only serum IgM concentration had a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). We further explored significant inverse correlations of IgG, IgM, IgA, and C4 with activities of some cerebral cortex in PI of PD (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Female patients were susceptible to posture instability and had a 2.14-fold risk for PI of PD. Patients with PI had more severe impairments of motor and cognitive function for a longer duration than those without PI. PI was associated with dopamine drop of the nigrostriatal system and lower activities of the limbic cortex in PD. Peripheral inflammation may be involved in degeneration of the cerebral cortex in PD combined with PI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Wang
- The Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 10053, China
| | - Hong-Yu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiuhai Guo
- The Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 10053, China
| | - Yongtao Zhou
- The Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 10053, China
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Esposito M, Tamietto M, Geminiani GC, Celeghin A. A subcortical network for implicit visuo-spatial attention: Implications for Parkinson's Disease. Cortex 2021; 141:421-435. [PMID: 34144272 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies in humans and animal models suggest a primary role of the basal ganglia in the extraction of stimulus-value regularities, then exploited to orient attentional shift and build up sensorimotor memories. The tail of the caudate and the posterior putamen both receive early visual input from the superficial layers of the superior colliculus, thus forming a closed-loop. We portend that the functional value of this circuit is to manage the selection of visual stimuli in a rapid and automatic way, once sensory-motor associations are formed and stored in the posterior striatum. In Parkinson's Disease, the nigrostriatal dopamine depletion starts and tends to be more pronounced in the posterior putamen. Thus, at least some aspect of the visuospatial attention deficits observed since the early stages of the disease could be the behavioral consequences of a cognitive system that has lost the ability to translate high-level processing in stable sensorimotor memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Esposito
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Tamietto
- Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, CoRPS - Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases, Tilburg University, the Netherlands.
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24
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Corticostriatal Regulation of Language Functions. Neuropsychol Rev 2021; 31:472-494. [PMID: 33982264 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-021-09481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of corticostriatal circuits in language functions is unclear. In this review, we consider evidence from language learning, syntax, and controlled language production and comprehension tasks that implicate various corticostriatal circuits. Converging evidence from neuroimaging in healthy individuals, studies in populations with subcortical dysfunction, pharmacological studies, and brain stimulation suggests a domain-general regulatory role of corticostriatal systems in language operations. The role of corticostriatal systems in language operations identified in this review is likely to reflect a broader function of the striatum in responding to uncertainty and conflict which demands selection, sequencing, and cognitive control. We argue that this role is dynamic and varies depending on the degree and form of cognitive control required, which in turn will recruit particular corticostriatal circuits and components organised in a cognitive hierarchy.
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25
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The Human Basal Ganglia Mediate the Interplay between Reactive and Proactive Control of Response through Both Motor Inhibition and Sensory Modulation. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11050560. [PMID: 33925153 PMCID: PMC8146223 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia (BG) have long been known for contributing to the regulation of motor behaviour by means of a complex interplay between tonic and phasic inhibitory mechanisms. However, after having focused for a long time on phasic reactive mechanisms, it is only recently that psychological research in healthy humans has modelled tonic proactive mechanisms of control. Mutual calibration between anatomo-functional and psychological models is still needed to better understand the unclear role of the BG in the interplay between proactive and reactive mechanisms of control. Here, we implemented an event-related fMRI design allowing proper analysis of both the brain activity preceding the target-stimulus and the brain activity induced by the target-stimulus during a simple go/nogo task, with a particular interest in the ambiguous role of the basal ganglia. Post-stimulus activity was evoked in the left dorsal striatum, the subthalamus nucleus and internal globus pallidus by any stimulus when the situation was unpredictable, pinpointing its involvement in reactive, non-selective inhibitory mechanisms when action restraint is required. Pre-stimulus activity was detected in the ventral, not the dorsal, striatum, when the situation was unpredictable, and was associated with changes in functional connectivity with the early visual, not the motor, cortex. This suggests that the ventral striatum supports modulatory influence over sensory processing during proactive control.
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26
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Soh C, Wessel JR. Unexpected Sounds Nonselectively Inhibit Active Visual Stimulus Representations. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:1632-1646. [PMID: 33140100 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain's capacity to process unexpected events is key to cognitive flexibility. The most well-known effect of unexpected events is the interruption of attentional engagement (distraction). We tested whether unexpected events interrupt attentional representations by activating a neural mechanism for inhibitory control. This mechanism is most well characterized within the motor system. However, recent work showed that it is automatically activated by unexpected events and can explain some of their nonmotor effects (e.g., on working memory representations). Here, human participants attended to lateralized flickering visual stimuli, producing steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) in the scalp electroencephalogram. After unexpected sounds, the SSVEP was rapidly suppressed. Using a functional localizer (stop-signal) task and independent component analysis, we then identified a fronto-central EEG source whose activity indexes inhibitory motor control. Unexpected sounds in the SSVEP task also activated this source. Using single-trial analyses, we found that subcomponents of this source differentially relate to sound-induced SSVEP changes: While its N2 component predicted the subsequent suppression of the attended-stimulus SSVEP, the P3 component predicted the suppression of the SSVEP to the unattended stimulus. These results shed new light on the processes underlying fronto-central control signals and have implications for phenomena such as distraction and the attentional blink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Soh
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52245, USA
| | - Jan R Wessel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52245, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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27
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Serotonergic control of the glutamatergic neurons of the subthalamic nucleus. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2021; 261:423-462. [PMID: 33785138 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) houses a dense cluster of glutamatergic neurons that play a central role in the functional dynamics of the basal ganglia, a group of subcortical structures involved in the control of motor behaviors. Numerous anatomical, electrophysiological, neurochemical and behavioral studies have reported that serotonergic neurons from the midbrain raphe nuclei modulate the activity of STN neurons. Here, we describe this serotonergic innervation and the nature of the regulation exerted by serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) on STN neuron activity. This regulation can occur either directly within the STN or at distal sites, including other structures of the basal ganglia or cortex. The effect of 5-HT on STN neuronal activity involves several 5-HT receptor subtypes, including 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT2C and 5-HT4 receptors, which have garnered the highest attention on this topic. The multiple regulatory effects exerted by 5-HT are thought to be modified under pathological conditions, altering the activity of the STN, or due to the benefits and side effects of treatments used for Parkinson's disease, notably the dopamine precursor l-DOPA and high-frequency STN stimulation. Originally understood as a motor center, the STN is also associated with decision making and participates in mood regulation and cognitive performance, two domains of personality that are also regulated by 5-HT. The literature concerning the link between 5-HT and STN is already important, and the functional overlap is evident, but this link is still not entirely understood. The understanding of this link between 5-HT and STN should be increased due to the possible importance of this regulation in the control of fronto-STN loops and inherent motor and non-motor behaviors.
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28
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Gagliano A, Puligheddu M, Ronzano N, Congiu P, Tanca MG, Cursio I, Carucci S, Sotgiu S, Grossi E, Zuddas A. Artificial Neural Networks Analysis of polysomnographic and clinical features in Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS): from sleep alteration to "Brain Fog". Nat Sci Sleep 2021; 13:1209-1224. [PMID: 34326674 PMCID: PMC8315772 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s300818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES PANS (pediatric acute onset neuropsychiatric syndrome) is thought to be the result of several mechanisms and multiple etiologies, ranging from endocrine/metabolic causes to postinfectious autoimmune and neuroinflammatory disorders. Sleep disorders represent one of the most frequent manifestations of PANS, involving around 80% of patients. The present study describes the clinical and polysomnographic features in a group of PANS children identifying the relationships between sleep disorders and other PANS symptoms. METHODS All participants underwent a clinical evaluation including comprehensive sleep history, polysomnography, cognitive assessment and blood chemistry examination. A data mining approach with fourth-generation artificial neural networks has been used in order to discover subtle trends and associations among variables. RESULTS Polysomnography showed abnormality in 17 out of 23 recruited subjects (73.9%). In particular, 8/17 children (47%) had ineffective sleep, 10/17 (58.8%) fragmented sleep, 8/17 (47.1%) periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) and 11/17 (64.7%) REM-sleep without atonia (RSWA). Most subjects presented more than one sleep disturbances. Notably, among the 19/23 patients diagnosed with Tic/Tourette disorder, 8/19 (42.1%) show PLMD and 10/19 (52.6%) RSWA. Artificial neural network methodology and the auto-contractive map exploited the links among the full spectrum of variables revealing the simultaneous connections among them, facing the complexity of PANS phenotype. CONCLUSION Disordered sleep represents, for prevalence and impact on quality of life, a cardinal symptom in patients with PANS. Thus, considering the weight of sleep disturbances on diagnosis and prognosis of PANS, we could consider the possibility of including them among the major diagnostic criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Gagliano
- Child & Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, “Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu” Hospital Trust, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Monica Puligheddu
- Sleep Disorder Centre, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Correspondence: Monica Puligheddu Sleep Disorder Research Center, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, asse didattico E. SS 554 bivio Sestu, Monserrato, Cagliari, 09042, ItalyTel +0706754952 Email
| | - Nadia Ronzano
- Section of Neuroscience & Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Congiu
- Sleep Disorder Centre, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marcello Giuseppe Tanca
- Section of Neuroscience & Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ida Cursio
- Section of Neuroscience & Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sara Carucci
- Child & Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, “Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu” Hospital Trust, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stefano Sotgiu
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University Hospital of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Enzo Grossi
- Autism Research Unit, Villa Santa Maria Foundation, Como, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zuddas
- Child & Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, “Azienda Ospedaliera Brotzu” Hospital Trust, Cagliari, Italy
- Section of Neuroscience & Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Mori A. How do adenosine A 2A receptors regulate motor function? Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020; 80 Suppl 1:S13-S20. [PMID: 33349575 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine A2A receptor antagonism is a new therapeutic strategy in the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). This review addresses how adenosine A2A receptors are involved with the control of motor function via the basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuit, and considers the anatomical localization and physiological function of the receptor, along with its ultrastructural localization in critical areas/neurons of the circuit. Based on this understanding of the functional significance of the adenosine A2A receptor in the basal ganglia, the mode of action of A2A receptor antagonists is explored in terms of the dynamic functioning of the basal ganglia and the activity of the internal circuits of the striatum in PD. Finally, the pathophysiological differences between the normal and PD states are examined to emphasize the importance of the adenosine A2A receptor.
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30
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Lagière M, Bosc M, Whitestone S, Benazzouz A, Chagraoui A, Millan MJ, De Deurwaerdère P. A Subset of Purposeless Oral Movements Triggered by Dopaminergic Agonists Is Modulated by 5-HT 2C Receptors in Rats: Implication of the Subthalamic Nucleus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228509. [PMID: 33198169 PMCID: PMC7698107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic medication for Parkinson’s disease is associated with troubling dystonia and dyskinesia and, in rodents, dopaminergic agonists likewise induce a variety of orofacial motor responses, certain of which are mimicked by serotonin2C (5-HT2C) receptor agonists. However, the neural substrates underlying these communalities and their interrelationship remain unclear. In Sprague-Dawley rats, the dopaminergic agonist, apomorphine (0.03–0.3 mg/kg) and the preferential D2/3 receptor agonist quinpirole (0.2–0.5 mg/kg), induced purposeless oral movements (chewing, jaw tremor, tongue darting). The 5-HT2C receptor antagonist 5-methyl-1-[[2-[(2-methyl-3-pyridyl)oxyl]-5-pyridyl]carbamoyl]-6-trifluoromethylindone (SB 243213) (1 mg/kg) reduced the oral responses elicited by specific doses of both agonists (0.1 mg/kg apomorphine; 0.5 mg/kg quinpirole). After having confirmed that the oral bouts induced by quinpirole 0.5 mg/kg were blocked by another 5-HT2C antagonist (6-chloro-5-methyl-1-[6-(2-methylpiridin-3-yloxy)pyridine-3-yl carbamoyl] indoline (SB 242084), 1 mg/kg), we mapped the changes in neuronal activity in numerous sub-territories of the basal ganglia using c-Fos expression. We found a marked increase of c-Fos expression in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in combining quinpirole (0.5 mg/kg) with either SB 243213 or SB 242084. In a parallel set of electrophysiological experiments, the same combination of SB 243213/quinpirole produced an irregular pattern of discharge and an increase in the firing rate of STN neurons. Finally, it was shown that upon the electrical stimulation of the anterior cingulate cortex, quinpirole (0.5 mg/kg) increased the response of substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons corresponding to activation of the “hyperdirect” (cortico-subthalamonigral) pathway. This effect of quinpirole was abolished by the two 5-HT2C antagonists. Collectively, these results suggest that induction of orofacial motor responses by D2/3 receptor stimulation involves 5-HT2C receptor-mediated activation of the STN by recruitment of the hyperdirect (cortico-subthalamonigral) pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Lagière
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unité Mixte de Recherche 5287), 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux CEDEX, France; (M.L.); (M.B.); (S.W.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unité Mixte de Recherche 5293), 33076 Bordeaux CEDEX, France;
| | - Marion Bosc
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unité Mixte de Recherche 5287), 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux CEDEX, France; (M.L.); (M.B.); (S.W.)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unité Mixte de Recherche 5293), 33076 Bordeaux CEDEX, France;
| | - Sara Whitestone
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unité Mixte de Recherche 5287), 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux CEDEX, France; (M.L.); (M.B.); (S.W.)
| | - Abdelhamid Benazzouz
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unité Mixte de Recherche 5293), 33076 Bordeaux CEDEX, France;
| | - Abdeslam Chagraoui
- Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication Laboratory, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine of Normandy (IRIB), Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1239, CHU Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France;
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Mark J. Millan
- Institut de Recherche Servier, Center for Therapeutic Innovation in Neuropsychiatry, Croissy/Seine, 78290 Paris, France;
| | - Philippe De Deurwaerdère
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Unité Mixte de Recherche 5287), 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux CEDEX, France; (M.L.); (M.B.); (S.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)-557-57-12-90
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31
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Glaser T, Andrejew R, Oliveira-Giacomelli Á, Ribeiro DE, Bonfim Marques L, Ye Q, Ren WJ, Semyanov A, Illes P, Tang Y, Ulrich H. Purinergic Receptors in Basal Ganglia Diseases: Shared Molecular Mechanisms between Huntington's and Parkinson's Disease. Neurosci Bull 2020; 36:1299-1314. [PMID: 33026587 PMCID: PMC7674528 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-020-00582-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's (HD) and Parkinson's diseases (PD) are neurodegenerative disorders caused by the death of GABAergic and dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia leading to hyperkinetic and hypokinetic symptoms, respectively. We review here the participation of purinergic receptors through intracellular Ca2+ signaling in these neurodegenerative diseases. The adenosine A2A receptor stimulates striatopallidal GABAergic neurons, resulting in inhibitory actions on GABAergic neurons of the globus pallidus. A2A and dopamine D2 receptors form functional heteromeric complexes inducing allosteric inhibition, and A2A receptor activation results in motor inhibition. Furthermore, the A2A receptor physically and functionally interacts with glutamate receptors, mainly with the mGlu5 receptor subtype. This interaction facilitates glutamate release, resulting in NMDA glutamate receptor activation and an increase of Ca2+ influx. P2X7 receptor activation also promotes glutamate release and neuronal damage. Thus, modulation of purinergic receptor activity, such as A2A and P2X7 receptors, and subsequent aberrant Ca2+ signaling, might present interesting therapeutic potential for HD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Glaser
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Roberta Andrejew
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Ágatha Oliveira-Giacomelli
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Deidiane Elisa Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Lucas Bonfim Marques
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Qing Ye
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Acupuncture and Chronobiology, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Wen-Jing Ren
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Acupuncture and Chronobiology, Chengdu, 610075, China
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, 04107, Germany
| | - Alexey Semyanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Peter Illes
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, 04107, Germany
- International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purine Signaling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Acupuncture and Chronobiology, Chengdu, 610075, China
- International Collaborative Centre on Big Science Plan for Purine Signaling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
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32
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Spatial organization of functional clusters representing reward and movement information in the striatal direct and indirect pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:27004-27015. [PMID: 33055217 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2010361117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To obtain insights into striatal neural processes underlying reward-based learning and movement control, we examined spatial organizations of striatal neurons related to movement and reward-based learning. For this, we recorded the activity of direct- and indirect-pathway neurons (D1 and A2a receptor-expressing neurons, respectively) in mice engaged in probabilistic classical conditioning and open-field free exploration. We found broadly organized functional clusters of striatal neurons in the direct as well as indirect pathways for both movement- and reward-related variables. Functional clusters for different variables were partially overlapping in both pathways, but the overlap between outcome- and value-related functional clusters was greater in the indirect than direct pathway. Also, value-related spatial clusters were progressively refined during classical conditioning. Our study shows the broad and learning-dependent spatial organization of functional clusters of dorsal striatal neurons in the direct and indirect pathways. These findings further argue against the classic model of the basal ganglia and support the importance of spatiotemporal patterns of striatal neuronal ensemble activity in the control of behavior.
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33
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Schwab BC, Kase D, Zimnik A, Rosenbaum R, Codianni MG, Rubin JE, Turner RS. Neural activity during a simple reaching task in macaques is counter to gating and rebound in basal ganglia-thalamic communication. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000829. [PMID: 33048920 PMCID: PMC7584254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Task-related activity in the ventral thalamus, a major target of basal ganglia output, is often assumed to be permitted or triggered by changes in basal ganglia activity through gating- or rebound-like mechanisms. To test those hypotheses, we sampled single-unit activity from connected basal ganglia output and thalamic nuclei (globus pallidus-internus [GPi] and ventrolateral anterior nucleus [VLa]) in monkeys performing a reaching task. Rate increases were the most common peri-movement change in both nuclei. Moreover, peri-movement changes generally began earlier in VLa than in GPi. Simultaneously recorded GPi-VLa pairs rarely showed short-time-scale spike-to-spike correlations or slow across-trials covariations, and both were equally positive and negative. Finally, spontaneous GPi bursts and pauses were both followed by small, slow reductions in VLa rate. These results appear incompatible with standard gating and rebound models. Still, gating or rebound may be possible in other physiological situations: simulations show how GPi-VLa communication can scale with GPi synchrony and GPi-to-VLa convergence, illuminating how synchrony of basal ganglia output during motor learning or in pathological conditions may render this pathway effective. Thus, in the healthy state, basal ganglia-thalamic communication during learned movement is more subtle than expected, with changes in firing rates possibly being dominated by a common external source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina C. Schwab
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Technical Medical Center, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Daisuke Kase
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Andrew Zimnik
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Robert Rosenbaum
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Marcello G. Codianni
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jonathan E. Rubin
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert S. Turner
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Girard B, Lienard J, Gutierrez CE, Delord B, Doya K. A biologically constrained spiking neural network model of the primate basal ganglia with overlapping pathways exhibits action selection. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:2254-2277. [PMID: 32564449 PMCID: PMC8246891 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Action selection has been hypothesized to be a key function of the basal ganglia, yet the nuclei involved, their interactions and the importance of the direct/indirect pathway segregation in such process remain debated. Here, we design a spiking computational model of the monkey basal ganglia derived from a previously published population model, initially parameterized to reproduce electrophysiological activity at rest and to embody as much quantitative anatomical data as possible. As a particular feature, both models exhibit the strong overlap between the direct and indirect pathways that has been documented in non-human primates. Here, we first show how the translation from a population to an individual neuron model was achieved, with the addition of a minimal number of parameters. We then show that our model performs action selection, even though it was built without any assumption on the activity carried out during behaviour. We investigate the mechanisms of this selection through circuit disruptions and found an instrumental role of the off-centre/on-surround structure of the MSN-STN-GPi circuit, as well as of the MSN-MSN and FSI-MSN projections. This validates their potency in enabling selection. We finally study the pervasive centromedian and parafascicular thalamic inputs that reach all basal ganglia nuclei and whose influence is therefore difficult to anticipate. Our model predicts that these inputs modulate the responsiveness of action selection, making them a candidate for the regulation of the speed-accuracy trade-off during decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Girard
- Institut des Systèmes Intelligent et de Robotique (ISIR), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Jean Lienard
- Neural Computation Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Kunigami-gun, Japan
| | | | - Bruno Delord
- Institut des Systèmes Intelligent et de Robotique (ISIR), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Kenji Doya
- Neural Computation Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Kunigami-gun, Japan
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35
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Maizey L, Evans CJ, Muhlert N, Verbruggen F, Chambers CD, Allen CPG. Cortical and subcortical functional specificity associated with response inhibition. Neuroimage 2020; 220:117110. [PMID: 32619711 PMCID: PMC7573537 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Is motor response inhibition supported by a specialised neuronal inhibitory control mechanism, or by a more general system of action updating? This pre-registered study employed a context-cueing paradigm requiring both inhibitory and non-inhibitory action updating in combination with functional magnetic resonance imaging to test the specificity of responses under different updating conditions, including the cancellation of actions. Cortical regions of activity were found to be common to multiple forms of action updating. However, functional specificity during response inhibition was observed in the anterior right inferior frontal gyrus. In addition, fronto-subcortical activity was explored using a novel contrast method. These exploratory results indicate that the specificity for response inhibition observed in right prefrontal cortex continued downstream and was observed in right hemisphere subcortical activity, while left hemisphere activity was associated with right-hand response execution. Overall, our findings reveal both common and distinct correlates of response inhibition in prefrontal cortex, with exploratory analyses supporting putative models of subcortical pathways and extending them through the demonstration of lateralisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Maizey
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, United Kingdom.
| | - C John Evans
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, United Kingdom
| | - Nils Muhlert
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Christopher D Chambers
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher P G Allen
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, United Kingdom.
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36
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Ford GA, Bhakta BB, Cozens A, Hartley S, Holloway I, Meads D, Pearn J, Ruddock S, Sackley CM, Saloniki EC, Santorelli G, Walker MF, Farrin AJ. Safety and efficacy of co-careldopa as an add-on therapy to occupational and physical therapy in patients after stroke (DARS): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2020; 18:530-538. [PMID: 31122493 PMCID: PMC6527868 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(19)30147-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dopamine is a key modulator of striatal function and learning and might improve motor recovery after stroke. Previous small trials of dopamine agonists after stroke provide equivocal evidence of effectiveness on improving motor recovery. We aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of co-careldopa plus routine occupational and physical therapy during early rehabilitation after stroke. METHODS This double-blind, multicentre, randomised controlled trial of co-careldopa versus placebo in addition to routine NHS occupational and physical therapy was done at 51 UK NHS acute inpatient stroke rehabilitation services. We recruited patients with new or recurrent clinically diagnosed ischaemic or haemorrhagic (excluding subarachnoid haemorrhage) stroke 5-42 days before randomisation, who were unable to walk 10 m or more, had a score of less than 7 points on the Rivermead Mobility Index, were expected to need rehabilitation, and were able to access rehabilitation after discharge from hospital. Participants were assigned (1:1) using stratified random blocks to receive 6 weeks of oral co-careldopa or matched placebo in addition to routine NHS physiotherapy and occupational therapy. The initial two doses of co-careldopa were 62·5 mg (50 mg of levodopa and 12·5 mg of carbidopa) and the remaining doses were 125 mg (100 mg of levodopa and 25 mg of carbidopa). Participants were required to take a single oral tablet 45-60 min before physiotherapy or occupational therapy session. The primary outcome was ability to walk independently, defined as a Rivermead Mobility Index score of 7 or more, at 8 weeks. Primary and safety analyses were done in the intention-to-treat population. The trial is registered on the ISRCTN registry, number ISRCTN99643613. FINDINGS Between May 30, 2011, and March 28, 2014, of 1574 patients found eligible, 593 (mean age 68·5 years) were randomly assigned to either the co-careldopa group (n=308) or to the placebo group (n=285), on an average 18 days after stroke onset. Primary outcome data were available for all 593 patients. We found no evidence that the ability to walk independently improved with co-careldopa (125 [41%] of 308 patients) compared with placebo (127 [45%] of 285 patients; odds ratio 0·78 [95% CI 0·53-1·15]) at 8 weeks. Mortality at 12 months did not differ between the two groups (22 [7%] vs 17 [6%]). Serious adverse events were largely similar between groups. Vomiting during therapy sessions, after taking the study drug, was the most frequent adverse event and was more frequent in the co-careldopa group than the placebo group (19 [6·2%] vs 9 [3·2%]). INTERPRETATION Co-careldopa in addition to routine occupational and physical therapy does not seem to improve walking after stroke. Further research might identify subgroups of patients with stroke who could benefit from dopaminergic therapy at different doses or times after stroke with more intensive motor therapy. FUNDING Medical Research Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Ford
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Bipin B Bhakta
- The Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Suzanne Hartley
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ivana Holloway
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - David Meads
- Academic Unit of Health Economics, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - John Pearn
- The Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Sharon Ruddock
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Catherine M Sackley
- School of Population and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Eirini-Christina Saloniki
- Centre for Health Services Studies and Personal Social Services Research Unit, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Gillian Santorelli
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Marion F Walker
- Rehabilitation and Ageing, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Amanda J Farrin
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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37
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Crone JS, Lutkenhoff ES, Vespa PM, Monti MM. A systematic investigation of the association between network dynamics in the human brain and the state of consciousness. Neurosci Conscious 2020; 2020:niaa008. [PMID: 32551138 PMCID: PMC7293819 DOI: 10.1093/nc/niaa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing amount of studies suggest that brain dynamics measured with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are related to the state of consciousness. However, the challenge of investigating neuronal correlates of consciousness is the confounding interference between (recovery of) consciousness and behavioral responsiveness. To address this issue, and validate the interpretation of prior work linking brain dynamics and consciousness, we performed a longitudinal fMRI study in patients recovering from coma. Patients were assessed twice, 6 months apart, and assigned to one of two groups. One group included patients who were unconscious at the first assessment but regained consciousness and improved behavioral responsiveness by the second assessment. The other group included patients who were already conscious and improved only behavioral responsiveness. While the two groups were matched in terms of the average increase in behavioral responsiveness, only one group experienced a categorical change in their state of consciousness allowing us to partially dissociate consciousness and behavioral responsiveness. We find the variance in network metrics to be systematically different across states of consciousness, both within and across groups. Specifically, at the first assessment, conscious patients exhibited significantly greater variance in network metrics than unconscious patients, a difference that disappeared once all patients had recovered consciousness. Furthermore, we find a significant increase in dynamics for patients who regained consciousness over time, but not for patients who only improved responsiveness. These findings suggest that changes in brain dynamics are indeed linked to the state of consciousness and not just to a general level of behavioral responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia S Crone
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Evan S Lutkenhoff
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Paul M Vespa
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Martin M Monti
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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38
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Durante V, de Iure A, Loffredo V, Vaikath N, De Risi M, Paciotti S, Quiroga-Varela A, Chiasserini D, Mellone M, Mazzocchetti P, Calabrese V, Campanelli F, Mechelli A, Di Filippo M, Ghiglieri V, Picconi B, El-Agnaf OM, De Leonibus E, Gardoni F, Tozzi A, Calabresi P. Alpha-synuclein targets GluN2A NMDA receptor subunit causing striatal synaptic dysfunction and visuospatial memory alteration. Brain 2020; 142:1365-1385. [PMID: 30927362 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by altered striatal dopaminergic signalling that leads to motor and cognitive deficits. Parkinson's disease is also characterized by abnormal presence of soluble toxic forms of α-synuclein that, when clustered into Lewy bodies, represents one of the pathological hallmarks of the disease. However, α-synuclein oligomers might also directly affect synaptic transmission and plasticity in Parkinson's disease models. Accordingly, by combining electrophysiological, optogenetic, immunofluorescence, molecular and behavioural analyses, here we report that α-synuclein reduces N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated synaptic currents and impairs corticostriatal long-term potentiation of striatal spiny projection neurons, of both direct (D1-positive) and indirect (putative D2-positive) pathways. Intrastriatal injections of α-synuclein produce deficits in visuospatial learning associated with reduced function of GluN2A NMDA receptor subunit indicating that this protein selectively targets this subunit both in vitro and ex vivo. Interestingly, this effect is observed in spiny projection neurons activated by optical stimulation of either cortical or thalamic glutamatergic afferents. We also found that treatment of striatal slices with antibodies targeting α-synuclein prevents the α-synuclein-induced loss of long-term potentiation and the reduced synaptic localization of GluN2A NMDA receptor subunit suggesting that this strategy might counteract synaptic dysfunction occurring in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Durante
- Neurological Clinic, Department of Medicine, Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio de Iure
- Neurological Clinic, Department of Medicine, Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Laboratory of Experimental Neurophysiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Vittorio Loffredo
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Monterotondo (Rome), Italy.,PhD Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Nishant Vaikath
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maria De Risi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Telethon Foundation, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Silvia Paciotti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ana Quiroga-Varela
- Neurological Clinic, Department of Medicine, Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Davide Chiasserini
- Neurological Clinic, Department of Medicine, Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Manuela Mellone
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Petra Mazzocchetti
- Neurological Clinic, Department of Medicine, Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Valeria Calabrese
- Neurological Clinic, Department of Medicine, Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Laboratory of Experimental Neurophysiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Campanelli
- Neurological Clinic, Department of Medicine, Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mechelli
- Neurological Clinic, Department of Medicine, Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Di Filippo
- Neurological Clinic, Department of Medicine, Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Veronica Ghiglieri
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Philosophy, Human, Social and Educational Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Barbara Picconi
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurophysiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.,University of San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
| | - Omar M El-Agnaf
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Elvira De Leonibus
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Monterotondo (Rome), Italy.,Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Telethon Foundation, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gardoni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tozzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Neurological Clinic, Department of Medicine, Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Santa Lucia Foundation, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Darbin O, Hatanaka N, Takara S, Kaneko M, Chiken S, Naritoku D, Martino A, Nambu A. Local field potential dynamics in the primate cortex in relation to parkinsonism reveled by machine learning: A comparison between the primary motor cortex and the supplementary area. Neurosci Res 2020; 156:66-79. [PMID: 31991205 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study compares the cortical local field potentials (LFPs) in the primary motor cortex (M1) and the supplementary motor area (SMA) of non-human primates rendered Parkinsonian with administration of dopaminergic neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. The dynamic of the LFPs was investigated under several mathematical frameworks and machine learning was used to discriminate the recordings based on these features between healthy, parkinsonian with off-medication and parkinsonian with on-medication states. The importance of each feature in the discrimination process was further investigated. The dynamic of the LFPs in M1 and SMA was affected regarding its variability (time domain analysis), oscillatory activities (frequency domain analysis) and complex patterns (non-linear domain analysis). Machine learning algorithms achieved accuracy near 0.90 for comparisons between conditions. The TreeBagger algorithm provided best accuracy. The relative importance of these features differed with the cortical location, condition and treatment. Overall, the most important features included beta oscillation, fractal dimension, gamma oscillation, entropy and asymmetry of amplitude fluctuation. The importance of features in discriminating between normal and pathological states, and on- or off-medication states depends on the pair-comparison and it is region-specific. These findings are discussed regarding the refinement of current models for movement disorders and the development of on-demand therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Darbin
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Department of Neurology, University South Alabama, 307 University Blvd, Mobile, AL 36688, USA.
| | - Nobuhiko Hatanaka
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Sayuki Takara
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masaya Kaneko
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Satomi Chiken
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Dean Naritoku
- Department of Neurology, University South Alabama, 307 University Blvd, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Anthony Martino
- Department of Neurosurgery, University South Alabama, 307 University Blvd., Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Atsushi Nambu
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
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40
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Pal P, Mailankody P, George L, Naduthota R, Saini J, Thennarasu K, Yadav R. Re-emergent tremor in patients with Parkinson’s disease: an imaging study. ANNALS OF MOVEMENT DISORDERS 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/aomd.aomd_36_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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41
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Maruyama S, Fukunaga M, Fautz HP, Heidemann R, Sadato N. Comparison of 3T and 7T MRI for the visualization of globus pallidus sub-segments. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18357. [PMID: 31797993 PMCID: PMC6892946 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54880-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of deep brain stimulation (DBS) targeting the internal globus pallidus (GPi) depends on the accuracy of electrode localization inside the GPi. In this study, we sought to compare visualization of the medial medullary lamina (MML) and accessory medullary lamina (AML) between proton density-weighted (PDW) and T2-weighted (T2W) sequences on 3T and 7T MRI scanners. Eleven healthy participants (five men and six women; age, 19–28 years; mean, 21.5) and one 61-year-old man were scanned using two-dimensional turbo spin-echo PDW and T2W sequences on 3T and 7T MRI scanners with a 32-channel receiver head coil and a single-channel transmission coil. Profiles of signal intensity were obtained from the pixel values of straight lines over the GP regions crossing the MML and AML. Contrast ratios (CRs) for GPe/MML, GPie/MML, GPie/AML, and GPii/AML were calculated. Qualitatively, 7T visualized both the MML and AML, whereas 3T visualized the MML less clearly and hardly depicted the AML. The T2W sequence at 7T yielded significantly higher CRs for GPie/MML, GPie/AML, and GPii/AML than the PDW sequence at 7T or 3T. The T2W sequence at 7T allows visualization of the internal structures of GPi segments with high signal intensity and contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuki Maruyama
- Department of System Neuroscience, Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa, 240-0193, Japan
| | - Masaki Fukunaga
- Department of System Neuroscience, Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa, 240-0193, Japan
| | - Hans-Peter Fautz
- Siemens Healthineers, Allee am Roethelheimpark 2, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robin Heidemann
- Siemens Healthineers, Allee am Roethelheimpark 2, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Norihiro Sadato
- Department of System Neuroscience, Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan. .,Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Shonan Village, Hayama, Kanagawa, 240-0193, Japan.
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42
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Karube F, Takahashi S, Kobayashi K, Fujiyama F. Motor cortex can directly drive the globus pallidus neurons in a projection neuron type-dependent manner in the rat. eLife 2019; 8:49511. [PMID: 31711567 PMCID: PMC6863630 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia are critical for the control of motor behaviors and for reinforcement learning. Here, we demonstrate in rats that primary and secondary motor areas (M1 and M2) make functional synaptic connections in the globus pallidus (GP), not usually thought of as an input site of the basal ganglia. Morphological observation revealed that the density of axonal boutons from motor cortices in the GP was 47% and 78% of that in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) from M1 and M2, respectively. Cortical excitation of GP neurons was comparable to that of STN neurons in slice preparations. FoxP2-expressing arkypallidal neurons were preferentially innervated by the motor cortex. The connection probability of cortico-pallidal innervation was higher for M2 than M1. These results suggest that cortico-pallidal innervation is an additional excitatory input to the basal ganglia, and that it can affect behaviors via the cortex-basal ganglia-thalamus motor loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyuki Karube
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
| | - Susumu Takahashi
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan.,Laboratory of Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
| | - Kenta Kobayashi
- Section of Viral Vector Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Fumino Fujiyama
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
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43
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Wolmarans DW, Stein DJ, Harvey BH. A Psycho-Behavioral Perspective on Modelling Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) in Animals: The Role of Context. Curr Med Chem 2019; 25:5662-5689. [PMID: 28545371 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170523125256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a heterogeneous and debilitating condition, characterized by intrusive thoughts and compulsive repetition. Animal models of OCD are important tools that have the potential to contribute significantly to our understanding of the condition. Although there is consensus that pre-clinical models are valuable in elucidating the underlying neurobiology in psychiatric disorders, the current paper attempts to prompt ideas on how interpretation of animal behavior can be expanded upon to more effectively converge with the human disorder. Successful outcomes in psychopharmacology involve rational design and synthesis of novel compounds and their testing in well-designed animal models. As part of a special journal issue on OCD, this paper will 1) review the psychobehavioral aspects of OCD that are of importance on how the above ideas can be articulated, 2) briefly elaborate on general issues that are important for the development of animal models of OCD, with a particular focus on the role and importance of context, 3) propose why translational progress may often be less than ideal, 4) highlight some of the significant contributions afforded by animal models to advance understanding, and 5) conclude by identifying novel behavioral constructs for future investigations that may contribute to the face, predictive and construct validity of OCD animal models. We base these targets on an integrative approach to face and construct validity, and note that the issue of treatment-resistance in the clinical context should receive attention in current animal models of OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Wet Wolmarans
- Division of Pharmacology, Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North West-University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Dan J Stein
- MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Brian H Harvey
- Division of Pharmacology, Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North West-University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.,MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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44
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Isaacs BR, Trutti AC, Pelzer E, Tittgemeyer M, Temel Y, Forstmann BU, Keuken MC. Cortico-basal white matter alterations occurring in Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214343. [PMID: 31425517 PMCID: PMC6699705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging studies typically use standard anatomical atlases for identification and analyses of (patho-)physiological effects on specific brain areas; these atlases often fail to incorporate neuroanatomical alterations that may occur with both age and disease. The present study utilizes Parkinson's disease and age-specific anatomical atlases of the subthalamic nucleus for diffusion tractography, assessing tracts that run between the subthalamic nucleus and a-priori defined cortical areas known to be affected by Parkinson's disease. The results show that the strength of white matter fiber tracts appear to remain structurally unaffected by disease. Contrary to that, Fractional Anisotropy values were shown to decrease in Parkinson's disease patients for connections between the subthalamic nucleus and the pars opercularis of the inferior frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate cortex, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the pre-supplementary motor, collectively involved in preparatory motor control, decision making and task monitoring. While the biological underpinnings of fractional anisotropy alterations remain elusive, they may nonetheless be used as an index of Parkinson's disease. Moreover, we find that failing to account for structural changes occurring in the subthalamic nucleus with age and disease reduce the accuracy and influence the results of tractography, highlighting the importance of using appropriate atlases for tractography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany. R. Isaacs
- Integrative Model-based Cognitive Neuroscience research unit, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Anne. C. Trutti
- Integrative Model-based Cognitive Neuroscience research unit, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Cognitive Psychology, University of Leiden, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Pelzer
- Translational Neurocircuitry, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Clinics, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marc Tittgemeyer
- Translational Neurocircuitry, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Clinics, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yasin Temel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Birte. U. Forstmann
- Integrative Model-based Cognitive Neuroscience research unit, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Max. C. Keuken
- Integrative Model-based Cognitive Neuroscience research unit, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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45
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Amita H, Hikosaka O. Indirect pathway from caudate tail mediates rejection of bad objects in periphery. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw9297. [PMID: 31457095 PMCID: PMC6685718 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw9297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The essential everyday task of making appropriate choices is a process controlled mainly by the basal ganglia. To this end, subjects need not only to find "good" objects in their environment but also to reject "bad" objects. To reveal this rejection mechanism, we created a sequential saccade choice task for monkeys and studied the role of the indirect pathway from the CDt (tail of the caudate nucleus) mediated by cvGPe (caudal-ventral globus pallidus externus). Neurons in cvGPe were typically inhibited by the appearance of bad objects; however, this inhibition was reduced on trials when the monkeys made undesired saccades to the bad objects. Moreover, disrupting the inhibitory influence of CDt on cvGPe by local injection of bicuculline (GABAA receptor antagonist) impaired the monkeys' ability to suppress saccades to bad objects. Thus, the indirect pathway mediates the rejection of bad choices, a crucial component of goal-directed behavior.
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46
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Nigrostriatal and mesolimbic control of sleep-wake behavior in rat. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:2525-2535. [PMID: 31324969 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01921-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The midbrain dopamine system via the dorsal and ventral striatum regulates a wide range of behaviors. To dissect the role of dopaminergic projections to the dorsal striatum (nigrostriatal projection) and ventral striatum (mesolimbic projection) in sleep-wake behavior, we selectively chemogenetically stimulated nigrostriatal or mesolimbic projections and examined the resulting effects on sleep in rats. Stimulation of nigrostriatal pathways increased sleep and EEG delta power, while stimulation of mesolimbic pathways decreased sleep and reduced cortical EEG power. These results indicate that midbrain dopamine signaling in the dorsal or ventral striatum promotes sleep or wake, respectively.
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47
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Kwak S, Jung MW. Distinct roles of striatal direct and indirect pathways in value-based decision making. eLife 2019; 8:46050. [PMID: 31310237 PMCID: PMC6658164 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The striatum is critically involved in value-based decision making. However, it is unclear how striatal direct and indirect pathways work together to make optimal choices in a dynamic and uncertain environment. Here, we examined the effects of selectively inactivating D1 receptor (D1R)- or D2 receptor (D2R)-expressing dorsal striatal neurons (corresponding to direct- and indirect-pathway neurons, respectively) on mouse choice behavior in a reversal task with progressively increasing reversal frequency and a dynamic two-armed bandit task. Inactivation of either D1R- or D2R-expressing striatal neurons impaired performance in both tasks, but the pattern of altered choice behavior differed between the two animal groups. A reinforcement learning model-based analysis indicated that inactivation of D1R- and D2R-expressing striatal neurons selectively impairs value-dependent action selection and value learning, respectively. Our results suggest differential contributions of striatal direct and indirect pathways to two distinct steps in value-based decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinae Kwak
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Whan Jung
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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48
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Spay C, Albares M, Lio G, Thobois S, Broussolle E, Lau B, Ballanger B, Boulinguez P. Clonidine modulates the activity of the subthalamic-supplementary motor loop: evidence from a pharmacological study combining deep brain stimulation and electroencephalography recordings in Parkinsonian patients. J Neurochem 2019; 146:333-347. [PMID: 29675956 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Clonidine is an anti-hypertensive medication which acts as an alpha-adrenergic receptor agonist. As the noradrenergic system is likely to support cognitive functions including attention and executive control, other clinical uses of clonidine have recently gained popularity for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders like attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder or Tourette syndrome, but the mechanism of action is still unclear. Here, we test the hypothesis that the noradrenergic system regulates the activity of subthalamo-motor cortical loops, and that this influence can be modulated by clonidine. We used pharmacological manipulation of clonidine in a placebo-controlled study in combination with subthalamic nucleus-deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) in 16 Parkinson's disease patients performing a reaction time task requiring to refrain from reacting (proactive inhibition). We recorded electroencephalographical activity of the whole cortex, and applied spectral analyses directly at the source level after advanced blind source separation. We found only one cortical source localized to the supplementary motor area (SMA) that supported an interaction of pharmacological and subthalamic stimulation. Under placebo, STN-DBS reduced proactive alpha power in the SMA, a marker of local inhibitory activity. This effect was associated with the speeding-up of movement initiation. Clonidine substantially increased proactive alpha power from the SMA source, and canceled out the benefits of STN-DBS on movement initiation. These results provide the first direct neural evidence in humans that the tonic inhibitory activity of the subthalamocortical loops underlying the control of movement initiation is coupled to the noradrenergic system, and that this activity can be targeted by pharmacological agents acting on alpha-adrenergic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Spay
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.,INSERM, U 1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Lyon, France
| | - Marion Albares
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.,CNRS, UMR 5229, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, Bron, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, UMR 7225, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 1127, Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Lio
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.,CNRS, UMR 5229, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, Bron, France
| | - Stephane Thobois
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.,CNRS, UMR 5229, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, Bron, France.,Hospices civils de Lyon, hôpital neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron, France
| | - Emmanuel Broussolle
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.,CNRS, UMR 5229, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, Bron, France.,Hospices civils de Lyon, hôpital neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Bron, France
| | - Brian Lau
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, UMR 7225, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 1127, Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Benedicte Ballanger
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.,INSERM, U 1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Lyon, France
| | - Philippe Boulinguez
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.,INSERM, U 1028, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Lyon, France.,CNRS, UMR 5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Lyon, France
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Chagraoui A, Whitestone S, Baassiri L, Manem J, Di Giovanni G, De Deurwaerdère P. Neurochemical impact of the 5-HT2C receptor agonist WAY-163909 on monoamine tissue content in the rat brain. Neurochem Int 2019; 124:245-255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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50
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Coe BC, Trappenberg T, Munoz DP. Modeling Saccadic Action Selection: Cortical and Basal Ganglia Signals Coalesce in the Superior Colliculus. Front Syst Neurosci 2019; 13:3. [PMID: 30814938 PMCID: PMC6381059 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2019.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The distributed nature of information processing in the brain creates a complex variety of decision making behavior. Likewise, computational models of saccadic decision making behavior are numerous and diverse. Here we present a generative model of saccadic action selection in the context of competitive decision making in the superior colliculus (SC) in order to investigate how independent neural signals may converge to interact and guide saccade selection, and to test if systematic variations can better replicate the variability in responses that are part of normal human behavior. The model was tasked with performing pro- and anti-saccades in order to replicate specific attributes of healthy human saccade behavior. Participants (ages 18-39) were instructed to either look toward (pro-saccade, well-practiced automated response) or away from (anti-saccade, combination of inhibitory and voluntary responses) a peripheral visual stimulus. They generated express and regular latency saccades in the pro-saccade task. In the anti-saccade task, correct reaction times were longer and participants occasionally looked at the stimulus (direction error) at either express or regular latencies. To gain a better understanding of the underlying neural processes that lead to saccadic action selection and response inhibition, we implemented 8 inputs inspired by systems neuroscience. These inputs reflected known sensory, automated, voluntary, and inhibitory components of cortical and basal ganglia activity that coalesces in the intermediate layers of the SC (SCi). The model produced bimodal reaction time distributions, where express and regular latency saccades had distinct modes, for both correct pro-saccades and direction errors in the anti-saccade task. Importantly, express and regular latency direction errors resulted from interactions of different inputs in the model. Express latency direction errors were due to a lack of pre-emptive fixation and inhibitory activity, which aloud sensory and automated inputs to initiate a stimulus-driven saccade. Regular latency errors occurred when the automated motor signals were stronger than the voluntary motor signals. While previous models have emulated fewer aspects of these behavioral findings, the focus of the simulations here is on the interaction of a wide variety of physiologically-based information integration producing a richer set of natural behavioral variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C. Coe
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | - Douglas P. Munoz
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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