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Sun M, Li M, Cui X, Yan L, Pei Y, Wang C, Guan C, Zhang X. Terpenoids derived from Semen Ziziphi Spinosae oil enhance sleep by modulating neurotransmitter signaling in mice. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26979. [PMID: 38463787 PMCID: PMC10923681 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Semen Ziziphi Spinosae oil (SZSO) is a natural vegetable oil extracted from Semen Ziziphi Spinosae, a traditional Chinese medicine renowned for its sleep-promoting properties, while the mechanisms are still unclear. Our findings revealed that the terpenoids present in SZSO (T-SZSO) were identified as the active components responsible for promoting sleep. Network pharmacological analysis suggested that T-SZSO targeted different sleep-aid pathways to varying degrees and exhibited potential for preventing central nervous system diseases. Notably, lupeol and betulinicaldehyde exhibited more pronounced effects. Additionally, T-SZSO significantly elevated serotonin levels, enhanced gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesis, promoted GABA A receptor expression, and decreased glutamate and norepinephrine expression levels. Moreover, T-SZSO was found to downregulate IL-1β expression while upregulating superoxide dismutase and inducible nitric oxide synthase levels. In conclusion, this study presents the first investigation into the pharmacological basis of SZSO in promoting sleep and highlights the potential of nature food in improving suboptimal health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhe Sun
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Health Foods R&D Office of Hebei Yiling Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Mengnan Li
- National Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of TCM (Cardio-Cerebral Vessel Collateral Disease), Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Xinwen Cui
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lin Yan
- Health Foods R&D Office of Hebei Yiling Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Yiqiao Pei
- College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Health Foods R&D Office of Hebei Yiling Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Chunbo Guan
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiuqing Zhang
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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2
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Dopp J, Ortega A, Davie K, Poovathingal S, Baz ES, Liu S. Single-cell transcriptomics reveals that glial cells integrate homeostatic and circadian processes to drive sleep-wake cycles. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:359-372. [PMID: 38263460 PMCID: PMC10849968 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01549-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The sleep-wake cycle is determined by circadian and sleep homeostatic processes. However, the molecular impact of these processes and their interaction in different brain cell populations are unknown. To fill this gap, we profiled the single-cell transcriptome of adult Drosophila brains across the sleep-wake cycle and four circadian times. We show cell type-specific transcriptomic changes, with glia displaying the largest variation. Glia are also among the few cell types whose gene expression correlates with both sleep homeostat and circadian clock. The sleep-wake cycle and sleep drive level affect the expression of clock gene regulators in glia, and disrupting clock genes specifically in glia impairs homeostatic sleep rebound after sleep deprivation. These findings provide a comprehensive view of the effects of sleep homeostatic and circadian processes on distinct cell types in an entire animal brain and reveal glia as an interaction site of these two processes to determine sleep-wake dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Dopp
- Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Antonio Ortega
- Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristofer Davie
- Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Suresh Poovathingal
- Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - El-Sayed Baz
- Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Sha Liu
- Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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3
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Tan BJW, Pang XL, Png S, Zhou ZD, Tan EK. Genetic Association Studies in Restless Legs Syndrome: Risk Variants & Ethnic Differences. Can J Neurol Sci 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38267254 DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2024.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic association studies have not produced consistent results in restless legs syndrome (RLS). OBJECTIVES To conduct a systematic review on genetic association studies in RLS to highlight the common gene variants and ethnic differences. METHODOLOGY We conducted Pubmed, Embase, and Cochrane search using terms "Genetic association studies" and "restless legs syndrome" for candidate gene-based studies. Out of the initial 43 studies, 18 case control studies (from 2012 to 2022) were included. Thirteen studies including 10794 Caucasian subjects (4984 RLS cases and 5810 controls) and five studies involving 2009 Asian subjects (796 RLS cases and 1213 controls) were tabulated and analyzed. In addition, three Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) in Asians and Europeans/Caucasians were included for comparisons. RESULTS In the Asian population, gene variants in BST1, SNCA Rep1, IL1B, BTBD9, and MAP2K5/SKOR1 increased the risk of RLS (odds ratio range 1.2-2.8). In Caucasian populations, examples of variants that were associated with an increased risk of RLS (odds ratio range 1.1-1.9) include those in GABRR3 TOX3, ADH1B, HMOX1, GLO1, DCDC2C, BTBD9, SKOR1, and SETBP1. Based on the meta-analysis of GWAS studies, the rs9390170 variant in UTRN gene was identified to be a novel genetic marker for RLS in Asian cohorts, whereas rs113851554 in MEIS1 gene was a strong genetic factor among the >20 identified gene variants for RLS in Caucasian populations. CONCLUSION Our systemic review demonstrates that multiple genetic variants modulate risk of RLS in Caucasians (such as MEIS1 BTBD9, MAP2K5) and in Asians (such as BTBD9, MAP2K5, and UTRN).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Jen-Wei Tan
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xin-Ler Pang
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sarah Png
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhi Dong Zhou
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- The Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng-King Tan
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- The Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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4
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Franken P, Dijk DJ. Sleep and circadian rhythmicity as entangled processes serving homeostasis. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:43-59. [PMID: 38040815 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00764-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is considered essential for the brain and body. A predominant concept is that sleep is regulated by circadian rhythmicity and sleep homeostasis, processes that were posited to be functionally and mechanistically separate. Here we review and re-evaluate this concept and its assumptions using findings from recent human and rodent studies. Alterations in genes that are central to circadian rhythmicity affect not only sleep timing but also putative markers of sleep homeostasis such as electroencephalogram slow-wave activity (SWA). Perturbations of sleep change the rhythmicity in the expression of core clock genes in tissues outside the central clock. The dynamics of recovery from sleep loss vary across sleep variables: SWA and immediate early genes show an early response, but the recovery of non-rapid eye movement and rapid eye movement sleep follows slower time courses. Changes in the expression of many genes in response to sleep perturbations outlast the effects on SWA and time spent asleep. These findings are difficult to reconcile with the notion that circadian- and sleep-wake-driven processes are mutually independent and that the dynamics of sleep homeostasis are reflected in a single variable. Further understanding of how both sleep and circadian rhythmicity contribute to the homeostasis of essential physiological variables may benefit from the assessment of multiple sleep and molecular variables over longer time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Franken
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Derk-Jan Dijk
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Care Research and Technology Centre, Imperial College London and the University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
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Lee SY, Choe G, Lee HS, Song YJ, Jang JH, Park MH. Sleep disturbance and dysregulation of circadian clock machinery in sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Acta Otolaryngol 2023; 143:692-698. [PMID: 37640054 DOI: 10.1080/00016489.2023.2244010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cochlea contains a robust biological clock associated with auditory function, exhibiting diurnal sensitivity to noise or ototoxicity. OBJECTIVES We examined the relationship between disrupted circadian rhythm and altered expression of circadian clock genes in patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) and explored whether the circadian clock genes serve as prognostic biomarkers. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twelve patients with SSNHL were enrolled study group. Twelve people with normal hearing were enrolled voluntarily for comparison. Audiological evaluation was performed to evaluate hearing thresholds. Korean version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Questionnaire was performed to evaluate sleep quality and patterns. Circadian clock genes including for PERI, PER2, PER3, CRYI, CRY2, CLOCK, ARNTL, CSNKIE, and TIMELESS expression in blood were evaluated using real-time quantitative PCR method. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls without hearing loss, most of the circadian clock genes were markedly downregulated, coupled with low sleep quality and disturbing patterns, in patients with SSNHL. Intriguingly, a weak correlation between hearing improvement following steroid treatment and altered levels of circadian clock genes was observed. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE This study provides an additional basis for the relevance of disrupted circadian rhythm to SSNHL and suggests a possible prognostic biomarker for SSNHL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yeon Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Goun Choe
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Boramae Medical Center, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Sun Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Boramae Medical Center, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Jae Song
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Jang
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Min-Hyun Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Boramae Medical Center, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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6
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Wu A. Updates and confounding factors in delayed sleep-wake phase disorder. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2023; 21:279-287. [PMID: 37363638 PMCID: PMC9979143 DOI: 10.1007/s41105-023-00454-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder (DSWPD) is a circadian rhythm sleep disorder characterised by a delay in the main sleep period, with patients experiencing difficulty getting to sleep and waking up at socially appropriate times. This often causes insomnia and compromised sleep, results in impairment to daytime function and is associated with a range of comorbidities. Besides interventions aimed at ameliorating symptoms, there is good evidence supporting successful phase advancement with bright light therapy or melatonin administration. However, no treatment to date addresses the tendency to phase delay, which is a common factor amongst the various contributing causes of DSWPD. Circadian phase markers such as core body temperature and circulating melatonin typically correlate well with sleep timing in healthy patients, but numerous variations exist in DSWPD patients that can make these unpredictable for use in diagnostics. There is also increasing evidence that, on top of problems with the circadian cycle, sleep homeostatic processes actually differ in DSWPD patients compared to controls. This naturally has ramifications for management but also for the current approach to the pathogenesis itself in which DSWPD is considered a purely circadian disorder. This review collates what is known on the causes and treatments of DSWPD, addresses the pitfalls in diagnosis and discusses the implications of current data on modified sleep homeostasis, making clinical recommendations and directing future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Wu
- Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
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Wendrich KS, Azimi H, Ripperger JA, Ravussin Y, Rainer G, Albrecht U. Deletion of the Circadian Clock Gene Per2 in the Whole Body, but Not in Neurons or Astroglia, Affects Sleep in Response to Sleep Deprivation. Clocks Sleep 2023; 5:204-225. [PMID: 37092429 PMCID: PMC10123656 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep5020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The sleep-wake cycle is a highly regulated behavior in which a circadian clock times sleep and waking, whereas a homeostatic process controls sleep need. Both the clock and the sleep homeostat interact, but to what extent they influence each other is not understood. There is evidence that clock genes, in particular Period2 (Per2), might be implicated in the sleep homeostatic process. Sleep regulation depends also on the proper functioning of neurons and astroglial cells, two cell-types in the brain that are metabolically dependent on each other. In order to investigate clock-driven contributions to sleep regulation we non-invasively measured sleep of mice that lack the Per2 gene either in astroglia, neurons, or all body cells. We observed that mice lacking Per2 in all body cells (Per2Brdm and TPer2 animals) display earlier onset of sleep after sleep deprivation (SD), whereas neuronal and astroglial Per2 knock-out animals (NPer2 and GPer2, respectively) were normal in that respect. It appears that systemic (whole body) Per2 expression is important for physiological sleep architecture expressed by number and length of sleep bouts, whereas neuronal and astroglial Per2 weakly impacts night-time sleep amount. Our results suggest that Per2 contributes to the timing of the regulatory homeostatic sleep response by delaying sleep onset after SD and attenuating the early night rebound response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin S Wendrich
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Hamid Azimi
- Section of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen A Ripperger
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yann Ravussin
- Section of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular System, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Rainer
- Section of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Urs Albrecht
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Wang SJ, Yang JN, Zhao ZM, Liu XJ. Molecular targets and mechanisms involved in the action of Banxia Shumi decoction in insomnia treatment. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33229. [PMID: 36897671 PMCID: PMC9997805 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Insomnia is a common sleep-wake rhythm disorder, which is closely associated with the occurrence of many serious diseases. Recent researches suggest that circadian rhythms play an important role in regulating sleep duration and sleep quality. Banxia Shumi decoction (BSXM) is a well-known Chinese formula used to treat insomnia in China. However, the overall molecular mechanism behind this therapeutic effect has not yet been fully elucidated. This study aimed to identify the molecular targets and mechanisms involved in the action of BSXM during the treatment of insomnia. Using network pharmacology and molecular docking methods, we investigated the molecular targets and underlying mechanisms of action of BSXM in insomnia therapy. We identified 8 active compounds from Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform and the traditional Chinese medicine integrative database that corresponded to 26 target genes involved in insomnia treatment. The compound-differentially expressed genes of the BXSM network indicated that cavidine and gondoic acid could potentially become key components of drugs used for insomnia treatment. Further analysis revealed that GSK3B, MAPK14, IGF1R, CCL5, and BCL2L11 were core targets significantly associated with the circadian clock. Pathway enrichment analysis of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes revealed that epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance was the most prominently enriched pathway for BSXM in the insomnia treatment. The forkhead box O signaling pathway was also found to be significantly enriched. These targets were validated using the Gene Expression Omnibus dataset. Molecular docking studies were performed to confirm the binding of cavidine and gondoic acid to the identified core targets. To our knowledge, our study confirmed for the first time that the multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway characteristics of BXSM may be the potential mechanism for treating insomnia with respect to the circadian clock gene. The results of this study provided theoretical guidance for researchers to further explore its mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Shu-Jun Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jin-Ni Yang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Zhong-Mi Zhao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xi-Jian Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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9
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Srinivasan M, Walker C. Circadian Clock, Glucocorticoids and NF-κB Signaling in Neuroinflammation- Implicating Glucocorticoid Induced Leucine Zipper as a Molecular Link. ASN Neuro 2022; 14:17590914221120190. [PMID: 36317290 PMCID: PMC9629546 DOI: 10.1177/17590914221120190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation including neuroinflammation is considered a protective response and is directed to repair, regenerate, and restore damaged tissues in the central nervous system. Persistent inflammation due to chronic stress, age related accrual of free radicals, subclinical infections or other factors lead to reduced survival and increased neuronal death. Circadian abnormalities secondary to altered sleep/wake cycles is one of the earliest signs of neurodegenerative diseases. Brain specific or global deficiency of core circadian trans-activator brain and muscle ARNT (Arylhydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator)-like protein 1 (BMAL1) or that of the transrepressor REV-ERBα, impaired neural function and cognitive performance in rodents. Consistently, transcripts of inflammatory cytokines and host immune responses have been shown to exhibit diurnal variation, in parallel with the disruption of the circadian rhythm. Glucocorticoids that exhibit both a circadian rhythm similar to that of the core clock transactivator BMAL1 and tissue specific ultradian rhythm are critical in the control of neuroinflammation and re-establishment of homeostasis. It is widely accepted that the glucocorticoids suppress nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) mediated transactivation and suppress inflammation. Recent mechanistic elucidations suggest that the core clock components also modulate NF-κB mediated transactivation in the brain and peripheral tissues. In this review we discuss evidence for interactions between the circadian clock components, glucocorticoids and NF-κB signaling responses in the brain and propose glucocorticoid induced leucine zipper (GILZ) encoded by Tsc22d3, as a molecular link that connect all three pathways in the maintenance of CNS homeostasis as well as in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation-neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mythily Srinivasan
- Department of Oral Pathology, Medicine and Radiology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indiana University Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indiana, USA,Provaidya LLC, Indiana Center for Biomedical Innovation, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA,Mythily Srinivasan, Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States; Provaidya LLC, Indiana Center for Biomedical Innovation, 1800 North Capitol Av, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States.
;
| | - Chandler Walker
- Department of Oral Pathology, Medicine and Radiology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indiana University Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indiana, USA,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Comprehensive Care, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indiana University Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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10
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Mauri S, Favaro M, Bernardo G, Mazzotta GM, Ziviani E. Mitochondrial autophagy in the sleeping brain. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:956394. [PMID: 36092697 PMCID: PMC9449320 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.956394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant percentage of the mitochondrial mass is replaced on a daily basis via mechanisms of mitochondrial quality control. Through mitophagy (a selective type of autophagy that promotes mitochondrial proteostasis) cells keep a healthy pool of mitochondria, and prevent oxidative stress and inflammation. Furthermore, mitophagy helps adapting to the metabolic demand of the cells, which changes on a daily basis.Core components of the mitophagy process are PINK1 and Parkin, which mutations are linked to Parkinson’s Disease. The crucial role of PINK1/Parkin pathway during stress-induced mitophagy has been extensively studied in vitro in different cell types. However, recent advances in the field allowed discovering that mitophagy seems to be only slightly affected in PINK1 KO mice and flies, putting into question the physiological relevance of this pathway in vivo in the whole organism. Indeed, several cell-specific PINK1/Parkin-independent mitophagy pathways have been recently discovered, which appear to be activated under physiological conditions such as those that promote mitochondrial proteome remodeling during differentiation or in response to specific physiological stimuli.In this Mini Review we want to summarize the recent advances in the field, and add another level of complexity by focusing attention on a potentially important aspect of mitophagy regulation: the implication of the circadian clock. Recent works showed that the circadian clock controls many aspects of mitochondrial physiology, including mitochondrial morphology and dynamic, respiratory activity, and ATP synthesis. Furthermore, one of the essential functions of sleep, which is controlled by the clock, is the clearance of toxic metabolic compounds from the brain, including ROS, via mechanisms of proteostasis. Very little is known about a potential role of the clock in the quality control mechanisms that maintain the mitochondrial repertoire healthy during sleep/wake cycles. More importantly, it remains completely unexplored whether (dys)function of mitochondrial proteostasis feedbacks to the circadian clockwork.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Elena Ziviani
- *Correspondence: Gabriella M. Mazzotta, Elena Ziviani,
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11
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Gall AJ, Shuboni-Mulligan DD. Keep Your Mask On: The Benefits of Masking for Behavior and the Contributions of Aging and Disease on Dysfunctional Masking Pathways. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:911153. [PMID: 36017187 PMCID: PMC9395722 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.911153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental cues (e.g., light-dark cycle) have an immediate and direct effect on behavior, but these cues are also capable of “masking” the expression of the circadian pacemaker, depending on the type of cue presented, the time-of-day when they are presented, and the temporal niche of the organism. Masking is capable of complementing entrainment, the process by which an organism is synchronized to environmental cues, if the cues are presented at an expected or predictable time-of-day, but masking can also disrupt entrainment if the cues are presented at an inappropriate time-of-day. Therefore, masking is independent of but complementary to the biological circadian pacemaker that resides within the brain (i.e., suprachiasmatic nucleus) when exogenous stimuli are presented at predictable times of day. Importantly, environmental cues are capable of either inducing sleep or wakefulness depending on the organism’s temporal niche; therefore, the same presentation of a stimulus can affect behavior quite differently in diurnal vs. nocturnal organisms. There is a growing literature examining the neural mechanisms underlying masking behavior based on the temporal niche of the organism. However, the importance of these mechanisms in governing the daily behaviors of mammals and the possible implications on human health have been gravely overlooked even as modern society enables the manipulation of these environmental cues. Recent publications have demonstrated that the effects of masking weakens significantly with old age resulting in deleterious effects on many behaviors, including sleep and wakefulness. This review will clearly outline the history, definition, and importance of masking, the environmental cues that induce the behavior, the neural mechanisms that drive them, and the possible implications for human health and medicine. New insights about how masking is affected by intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, temporal niche, and age will be discussed as each relates to human health. The overarching goals of this review include highlighting the importance of masking in the expression of daily rhythms, elucidating the impact of aging, discussing the relationship between dysfunctional masking behavior and the development of sleep-related disorders, and considering the use of masking as a non-invasive treatment to help treat humans suffering from sleep-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Gall
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Hope College, Holland, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Andrew J. Gall,
| | - Dorela D. Shuboni-Mulligan
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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12
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Sahu M, Tripathi R, Jha NK, Jha SK, Ambasta RK, Kumar P. Cross talk mechanism of disturbed sleep patterns in neurological and psychological disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 140:104767. [PMID: 35811007 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The incidence and prevalence of sleep disorders continue to increase in the elderly populace, particularly those suffering from neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. This not only affects the quality of life but also accelerates the progression of the disease. There are many reasons behind sleep disturbances in such patients, for instance, medication use, nocturia, obesity, environmental factors, nocturnal motor disturbances and depressive symptoms. This review focuses on the mechanism and effects of sleep dysfunction in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Wherein we discuss disturbed circadian rhythm, signaling cascade and regulation of genes during sleep deprivation. Moreover, we explain the perturbation in brainwaves during disturbed sleep and the ocular perspective of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric manifestations in sleep disorders. Further, as the pharmacological approach is often futile and carries side effects, therefore, the non-pharmacological approach opens newer possibilities to treat these disorders and widens the landscape of treatment options for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehar Sahu
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Delhi, India
| | - Rahul Tripathi
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Delhi, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET) Sharda University, UP, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET) Sharda University, UP, India.
| | - Rashmi K Ambasta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Delhi, India
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Delhi, India.
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13
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Borbély A. The two-process model of sleep regulation: Beginnings and outlook. J Sleep Res 2022; 31:e13598. [PMID: 35502706 PMCID: PMC9540767 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The two-process model serves as a major conceptual framework in sleep science. Although dating back more than four decades, it has not lost its relevance for research today. Retracing its origins, I describe how animal experiments aimed at exploring the oscillators driving the circadian sleep-wake rhythm led to the recognition of gradients of sleep states within the daily sleep period. Advances in signal analysis revealed that the level of slow-wave activity in non-rapid eye movement sleep electroencephalogram is high at the beginning of the 12-light period and then declines. After sleep deprivation, the level of slow-wave activity is enhanced. By scheduling recovery sleep to the animal's activity period, the conflict between the sleep-wake-dependent and the circadian influence resulted in a two-stage recovery pattern. These experiments provided the basis for the first version of the two-process model. Sleep deprivation experiments in humans showed that the decline of slow-wave activity during sleep is exponential. The two-process model posits that a sleep-wake-dependent homeostatic process (Process S) interacts with a process controlled by the circadian pacemaker (Process C). At present, homeostatic and circadian facets of sleep regulation are being investigated at the synaptic level as well as in the transcriptome and proteome domains. The notion of sleep has been extended from a global phenomenon to local representations, while the master circadian pacemaker has been supplemented by multiple peripheral oscillators. The original interpretation that the emergence of sleep may be viewed as an escape from the rigid control imposed by the circadian pacemaker is still upheld.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Borbély
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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14
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Grandner MA. Sleep, Health, and Society. Sleep Med Clin 2022; 17:117-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Roh HW, Choi SJ, Jo H, Kim D, Choi JG, Son SJ, Joo EY. Associations of actigraphy derived rest activity patterns and circadian phase with clinical symptoms and polysomnographic parameters in chronic insomnia disorders. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4895. [PMID: 35318367 PMCID: PMC8941088 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08899-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored the associations of actigraphy-derived rest-activity patterns and circadian phase parameters with clinical symptoms and level 1 polysomnography (PSG) results in patients with chronic insomnia to evaluate the clinical implications of actigraphy-derived parameters for PSG interpretation. Seventy-five participants underwent actigraphy assessments and level 1 PSG. Exploratory correlation analyses between parameters derived from actigraphy, PSG, and clinical assessments were performed. First, participants were classified into two groups based on rest-activity pattern variables; group differences were investigated following covariate adjustment. Participants with poorer rest-activity patterns on actigraphy (low inter-day stability and high intra-daily variability) exhibited higher insomnia severity index scores than participants with better rest-activity patterns. No between-group differences in PSG parameters were observed. Second, participants were classified into two groups based on circadian phase variables. Late-phase participants (least active 5-h and most active 10-h onset times) exhibited higher insomnia severity scores, longer sleep and rapid eye movement latency, and lower apnea-hypopnea index than early-phase participants. These associations remained significant even after adjusting for potential covariates. Some actigraphy-derived rest-activity patterns and circadian phase parameters were significantly associated with clinical symptoms and PSG results, suggesting their possible adjunctive role in deriving plans for PSG lights-off time and assessing the possible insomnia pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Woong Roh
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jung Choi
- Graduate School of Clinical Nursing Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Jo
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongyeop Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Gu Choi
- Yonsei Graduate Program in Cognitive Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Joon Son
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Yeon Joo
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Đukanović N, La Spada F, Emmenegger Y, Niederhäuser G, Preitner F, Franken P. Depriving Mice of Sleep also Deprives of Food. Clocks Sleep 2022; 4:37-51. [PMID: 35225952 PMCID: PMC8884003 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep4010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Both sleep-wake behavior and circadian rhythms are tightly coupled to energy metabolism and food intake. Altered feeding times in mice are known to entrain clock gene rhythms in the brain and liver, and sleep-deprived humans tend to eat more and gain weight. Previous observations in mice showing that sleep deprivation (SD) changes clock gene expression might thus relate to altered food intake, and not to the loss of sleep per se. Whether SD affects food intake in the mouse and how this might affect clock gene expression is, however, unknown. We therefore quantified (i) the cortical expression of the clock genes Per1, Per2, Dbp, and Cry1 in mice that had access to food or not during a 6 h SD, and (ii) food intake during baseline, SD, and recovery sleep. We found that food deprivation did not modify the SD-incurred clock gene changes in the cortex. Moreover, we discovered that although food intake during SD did not differ from the baseline, mice lost weight and increased food intake during subsequent recovery. We conclude that SD is associated with food deprivation and that the resulting energy deficit might contribute to the effects of SD that are commonly interpreted as a response to sleep loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Đukanović
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (N.Đ.); (F.L.S.); (Y.E.)
| | - Francesco La Spada
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (N.Đ.); (F.L.S.); (Y.E.)
| | - Yann Emmenegger
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (N.Đ.); (F.L.S.); (Y.E.)
| | - Guy Niederhäuser
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (N.Đ.); (F.L.S.); (Y.E.)
- Mouse Metabolic Evaluation Facility, Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (G.N.); (F.P.)
| | - Frédéric Preitner
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (N.Đ.); (F.L.S.); (Y.E.)
- Mouse Metabolic Evaluation Facility, Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (G.N.); (F.P.)
| | - Paul Franken
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (N.Đ.); (F.L.S.); (Y.E.)
- Correspondence:
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17
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Duncan M, Guerriero L, Kohler K, Beechem L, Gillis B, Salisbury F, Wessel C, Wang J, Sunderam S, Bachstetter A, O’Hara B, Murphy M. Chronic Fragmentation of the Daily Sleep-Wake Rhythm Increases Amyloid-beta Levels and Neuroinflammation in the 3xTg-AD Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Neuroscience 2022; 481:111-122. [PMID: 34856352 PMCID: PMC8941625 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Fragmentation of the daily sleep-wake rhythm with increased nighttime awakenings and more daytime naps is correlated with the risk of development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). To explore whether a causal relationship underlies this correlation, the present study tested the hypothesis that chronic fragmentation of the daily sleep-wake rhythm stimulates brain amyloid-beta (Aβ) levels and neuroinflammation in the 3xTg-AD mouse model of AD. Female 3xTg-AD mice were allowed to sleep undisturbed or were subjected to chronic sleep fragmentation consisting of four daily sessions of enforced wakefulness (one hour each) evenly distributed during the light phase, five days a week for four weeks. Piezoelectric sleep recording revealed that sleep fragmentation altered the daily sleep-wake rhythm to resemble the pattern observed in AD. Levels of amyloid-beta (Aβ40 and Aβ42) determined by ELISA were higher in hippocampal tissue collected from sleep-fragmented mice than from undisturbed controls. In contrast, hippocampal levels of tau and phospho-tau differed minimally between sleep fragmented and undisturbed control mice. Sleep fragmentation also stimulated neuroinflammation as shown by increased expression of markers of microglial activation and proinflammatory cytokines measured by q-RT-PCR analysis of hippocampal samples. No significant effects of sleep fragmentation on Aβ, tau, or neuroinflammation were observed in the cerebral cortex. These studies support the concept that improving sleep consolidation in individuals at risk for AD may be beneficial for slowing the onset or progression of this devastating neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.J. Duncan
- Dept. of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536,Co-senior authors, address correspondence to M.J. Duncan at
| | - L.E. Guerriero
- Dept. of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506
| | - K. Kohler
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536,Sanders-Brown Center on Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - L.E. Beechem
- Dept. of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - B.D. Gillis
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - F. Salisbury
- Dept. of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506
| | - C. Wessel
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - J. Wang
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506
| | - S. Sunderam
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506
| | - A.D. Bachstetter
- Dept. of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536,Sanders-Brown Center on Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536,Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - B.F. O’Hara
- Dept. of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506
| | - M.P. Murphy
- Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536,Sanders-Brown Center on Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536,Co-senior authors, address correspondence to M.J. Duncan at
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18
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Sleep Disturbances Linked to Genetic Disorders. Sleep Med Clin 2022; 17:77-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Hoekstra MM, Jan M, Katsioudi G, Emmenegger Y, Franken P. The sleep-wake distribution contributes to the peripheral rhythms in PERIOD-2. eLife 2021; 10:69773. [PMID: 34895464 PMCID: PMC8798053 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mouse, Period-2 (Per2) expression in tissues peripheral to the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) increases during sleep deprivation and at times of the day when animals are predominantly awake spontaneously, suggesting that the circadian sleep-wake distribution directly contributes to the daily rhythms in Per2. We found support for this hypothesis by recording sleep-wake state alongside PER2 bioluminescence in freely behaving mice, demonstrating that PER2 bioluminescence increases during spontaneous waking and decreases during sleep. The temporary reinstatement of PER2-bioluminescence rhythmicity in behaviorally arrhythmic SCN-lesioned mice submitted to daily recurring sleep deprivations substantiates our hypothesis. Mathematical modeling revealed that PER2 dynamics can be described by a damped harmonic oscillator driven by two forces: a sleep-wake-dependent force and an SCN-independent circadian force. Our work underscores the notion that in peripheral tissues the clock gene circuitry integrates sleep-wake information and could thereby contribute to behavioral adaptability to respond to homeostatic requirements. Circadian rhythms are daily cycles in behavior and physiology which repeat approximately every 24 hours. The master regulator of these rhythms is located in a small part of the brain called the supra-chiasmatic nucleus. This brain structure regulates the timing of sleep and wakefulness and is also thought to control the daily rhythms of cells throughout the body on a molecular level. It does this by synchronizing the activity of a set of genes called clock genes. Under normal conditions, the levels of proteins coded for by clock genes change throughout the day following a rhythm that matches sleep-wake patterns. However, keeping animals and humans awake at their preferred sleeping times affects the protein levels of clock genes in many tissues of the body. This suggests that, in addition to the supra-chiasmatic nucleus, sleep-wake cycles may also influence clock-gene rhythms throughout the body. To test this theory, Hoekstra, Jan et al. measured the levels of PERIOD-2, a protein coded for by the clock gene Period-2, while tracking sleep-wake states in mice. They did this by imaging a bioluminescent version of the PERIOD-2 protein in the brain and the kidneys, at the same time as they recorded the brain activity, movement and muscle response of animals. Results showed that PERIOD-2 increased on waking and decreased when mice fell asleep. Additionally, in mice lacking a circadian rhythm in sleep-wake behavior – whose changes in PERIOD-2 levels with respect to time were greatly reduced – imposing a regular sleep-wake cycle restored normal PERIOD-2 rhythmicity. Next, Hoekstra, Jan et al. developed a mathematical model to understand how sleep-wake cycles together with circadian rhythms affect clock-gene activity in the brain and kidneys. Computer simulations suggested that sleep-wake cycles and circadian factors act as forces of comparable strength driving clock-gene dynamics. Both need to act in concert to keep clock-genes rhythmic. The model also predicted the large and immediate effects of sleep deprivation on PERIOD-2 levels, giving further credence to the idea that waking accelerated clock-gene rhythms while sleeping slowed them down. Modelling also suggested that having regular clock-gene rhythms protects against sleep disturbances. In summary, this work shows how sleep patterns contribute to the daily rhythms in clock genes in the brain and body. The findings support the idea that well-timed sleep-wake schedules could help people to adjust to new time zones. It might also be useful to inform other strategies to reduce the health impacts of shift work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Mb Hoekstra
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maxime Jan
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Georgia Katsioudi
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yann Emmenegger
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Franken
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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20
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Brain Clocks, Sleep, and Mood. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34773227 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-81147-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The suprachiasmatic nucleus houses the master clock, but the genes which encode the circadian clock components are also expressed throughout the brain. Here, we review how circadian clock transcription factors regulate neuromodulator systems such as histamine, dopamine, and orexin that promote arousal. These circadian transcription factors all lead to repression of the histamine, dopamine, and orexin systems during the sleep period, so ensuring integration with the ecology of the animal. If these transcription factors are deleted or mutated, in addition to the global disturbances in circadian rhythms, this causes a chronic up-regulation of neuromodulators leading to hyperactivity, elevated mood, and reduced sleep, which have been suggested to be states resembling mania.
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21
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Abstract
Sleep is entwined across many physiologic processes in the brain and periphery, thereby exerting tremendous influence on our well-being. Yet sleep exists in a social-environmental context. Contextualizing sleep health with respect to its determinants—from individual- to societal-level factors—would enable neuroscientists to more effectively translate sleep health into clinical practice. Key challenges and opportunities pertain to (i) recognizing and exploring sleep’s functional roles, (ii) clarifying causal mechanisms in relation to key outcomes, (iii) developing richer model systems, (iv) linking models to known contextual factors, and (v) leveraging advances in multisensory technology. Meeting these challenges and opportunities would help transcend disciplinary boundaries such that social-environmental considerations related to sleep would become an ever-greater presence in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Grandner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, 1501 N. Campbell Ave., Suite AHSC 7326, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Fabian-Xosé Fernandez
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona College of Science, 1503 E. University Blvd., Room 507, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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22
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Yu X, Ba W, Zhao G, Ma Y, Harding EC, Yin L, Wang D, Li H, Zhang P, Shi Y, Yustos R, Vyssotski AL, Dong H, Franks NP, Wisden W. Dysfunction of ventral tegmental area GABA neurons causes mania-like behavior. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:5213-5228. [PMID: 32555422 PMCID: PMC8589652 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0810-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The ventral tegmental area (VTA), an important source of dopamine, regulates goal- and reward-directed and social behaviors, wakefulness, and sleep. Hyperactivation of dopamine neurons generates behavioral pathologies. But any roles of non-dopamine VTA neurons in psychiatric illness have been little explored. Lesioning or chemogenetically inhibiting VTA GABAergic (VTAVgat) neurons generated persistent wakefulness with mania-like qualities: locomotor activity was increased; sensitivity to D-amphetamine was heightened; immobility times decreased on the tail suspension and forced swim tests; and sucrose preference increased. Furthermore, after sleep deprivation, mice with lesioned VTAVgat neurons did not catch up on lost sleep, even though they were starting from a sleep-deprived baseline, suggesting that sleep homeostasis was bypassed. The mania-like behaviors, including the sleep loss, were reversed by valproate, and re-emerged when treatment was stopped. Lithium salts and lamotrigine, however, had no effect. Low doses of diazepam partially reduced the hyperlocomotion and fully recovered the immobility time during tail suspension. The mania like-behaviors mostly depended on dopamine, because giving D1/D2/D3 receptor antagonists reduced these behaviors, but also partially on VTAVgat projections to the lateral hypothalamus (LH). Optically or chemogenetically inhibiting VTAVgat terminals in the LH elevated locomotion and decreased immobility time during the tail suspension and forced swimming tests. VTAVgat neurons help set an animal's (and perhaps human's) mental and physical activity levels. Inputs inhibiting VTAVgat neurons intensify wakefulness (increased activity, enhanced alertness and motivation), qualities useful for acute survival. In the extreme, however, decreased or failed inhibition from VTAVgat neurons produces mania-like qualities (hyperactivity, hedonia, decreased sleep).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yu
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Wei Ba
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Guangchao Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an, Shanxi, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Edward C Harding
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lu Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an, Shanxi, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an, Shanxi, China
| | - Huiming Li
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an, Shanxi, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an, Shanxi, China
| | - Youran Shi
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Raquel Yustos
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alexei L Vyssotski
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zürich/ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hailong Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an, Shanxi, China
| | - Nicholas P Franks
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - William Wisden
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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23
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Taillard J, Gronfier C, Bioulac S, Philip P, Sagaspe P. Sleep in Normal Aging, Homeostatic and Circadian Regulation and Vulnerability to Sleep Deprivation. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1003. [PMID: 34439622 PMCID: PMC8392749 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11081003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of geriatric research, a growing body of evidence links normal age-related changes in sleep with many adverse health outcomes, especially a decline in cognition in older adults. The most important sleep alterations that continue to worsen after 60 years involve sleep timing, (especially early wake time, phase advance), sleep maintenance (continuity of sleep interrupted by numerous awakenings) and reduced amount of sigma activity (during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep) associated with modifications of sleep spindle characteristics (density, amplitude, frequency) and spindle-Slow Wave coupling. After 60 years, there is a very clear gender-dependent deterioration in sleep. Even if there are degradations of sleep after 60 years, daytime wake level and especially daytime sleepiness is not modified with age. On the other hand, under sleep deprivation condition, older adults show smaller cognitive impairments than younger adults, suggesting an age-related lower vulnerability to extended wakefulness. These sleep and cognitive age-related modifications would be due to a reduced homeostatic drive and consequently a reduced sleep need, an attenuation of circadian drive (reduction of sleep forbidden zone in late afternoon and wake forbidden zone in early morning), a modification of the interaction of the circadian and homeostatic processes and/or an alteration of subcortical structures involved in generation of circadian and homeostatic drive, or connections to the cerebral cortex with age. The modifications and interactions of these two processes with age are still uncertain, and still require further investigation. The understanding of the respective contribution of circadian and homeostatic processes in the regulation of neurobehavioral function with aging present a challenge for improving health, management of cognitive decline and potential early chronobiological or sleep-wake interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Taillard
- Sommeil, Addiction et Neuropsychiatrie, Université de Bordeaux, SANPSY, USR 3413, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (S.B.); (P.P.); (P.S.)
- CNRS, SANPSY, USR 3413, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Claude Gronfier
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Integrative Physiology of the Brain Arousal Systems (Waking) Team, Inserm UMRS 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France;
| | - Stéphanie Bioulac
- Sommeil, Addiction et Neuropsychiatrie, Université de Bordeaux, SANPSY, USR 3413, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (S.B.); (P.P.); (P.S.)
- CNRS, SANPSY, USR 3413, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Pôle Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre Philip
- Sommeil, Addiction et Neuropsychiatrie, Université de Bordeaux, SANPSY, USR 3413, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (S.B.); (P.P.); (P.S.)
- CNRS, SANPSY, USR 3413, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Pôle Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Patricia Sagaspe
- Sommeil, Addiction et Neuropsychiatrie, Université de Bordeaux, SANPSY, USR 3413, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (S.B.); (P.P.); (P.S.)
- CNRS, SANPSY, USR 3413, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Pôle Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
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24
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Rojas M, Chávez-Castillo M, Pírela D, Ortega Á, Salazar J, Cano C, Chacín M, Riaño M, Batista MJ, Díaz EA, Rojas-Quintero J, Bermúdez V. Chronobiology and Chronotherapy in Depression: Current Knowledge and Chronotherapeutic Promises. CURRENT PSYCHIATRY RESEARCH AND REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/2666082216999201124152432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Depression is a heavily prevalent mental disorder. Symptoms of depression
extend beyond mood, cognition, and behavior to include a spectrum of somatic manifestations in all
organic systems. Changes in sleep and neuroendocrine rhythms are especially prominent, and disruptions
of circadian rhythms have been closely related to the neurobiology of depression. With the
advent of increased research in chronobiology, various pathophysiologic mechanisms have been
proposed, including anomalies of sleep architecture, the effects of clock gene polymorphisms in
monoamine metabolism, and the deleterious impact of social zeitgebers. The identification of these
chronodisruptions has propelled the emergence of several chronotherapeutic strategies, both pharmacological
and non-pharmacological, with varying degrees of clinical evidence.
Methods:
The fundamental objective of this review is to integrate current knowledge about the role
of chronobiology and depression and to summarize the interventions developed to resynchronize
biorhythms both within an individual and with geophysical time.
Results:
We have found that among the non-pharmacological alternatives, triple chronotherapywhich
encompasses bright light therapy, sleep deprivation therapy, and consecutive sleep phase
advance therapy-has garnered the most considerable scientific interest. On the other hand,
agomelatine appears to be the most promising pharmacological option, given its unique melatonergic
pharmacodynamics.
Conclusions:
Research in chronotherapy as a treatment for depression is currently booming. Novel
interventions could play a significant role in adopting new options for the treatment of depression,
with Tripe Cronotherapy standing out as the most promising treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milagros Rojas
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Mervin Chávez-Castillo
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Daniela Pírela
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Ángel Ortega
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Juan Salazar
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Clímaco Cano
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Maricarmen Chacín
- Universidad Simon Bolivar, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Manuel Riaño
- Universidad Simon Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias Juridicas y Sociales, Cucuta, Colombia
| | - María Judith Batista
- Universidad Simon Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias Juridicas y Sociales, Cucuta, Colombia
| | - Edgar Alexis Díaz
- Universidad Simon Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias Juridicas y Sociales, Cucuta, Colombia
| | - Joselyn Rojas-Quintero
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Department, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Valmore Bermúdez
- Universidad Simon Bolivar, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Barranquilla, Colombia
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Jha PK, Bouâouda H, Kalsbeek A, Challet E. Distinct feedback actions of behavioural arousal to the master circadian clock in nocturnal and diurnal mammals. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 123:48-60. [PMID: 33440199 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The master clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus provides a temporal pattern of sleep and wake that - like many other behavioural and physiological rhythms - is oppositely phased in nocturnal and diurnal animals. The SCN primarily uses environmental light, perceived through the retina, to synchronize its endogenous circadian rhythms with the exact 24 h light/dark cycle of the outside world. The light responsiveness of the SCN is maximal during the night in both nocturnal and diurnal species. Behavioural arousal during the resting period not only perturbs sleep homeostasis, but also acts as a potent non-photic synchronizing cue. The feedback action of arousal on the SCN is mediated by processes involving several brain nuclei and neurotransmitters, which ultimately change the molecular functions of SCN pacemaker cells. Arousing stimuli during the sleeping period differentially affect the circadian system of nocturnal and diurnal species, as evidenced by the different circadian windows of sensitivity to behavioural arousal. In addition, arousing stimuli reduce and increase light resetting in nocturnal and diurnal species, respectively. It is important to address further question of circadian impairments associated with shift work and trans-meridian travel not only in the standard nocturnal laboratory animals but also in diurnal animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar Jha
- Circadian Clocks and Metabolism Team, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Strasbourg, France; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Hanan Bouâouda
- Circadian Clocks and Metabolism Team, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Strasbourg, France
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Etienne Challet
- Circadian Clocks and Metabolism Team, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Strasbourg, France
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Brancaccio M, Wolfes AC, Ness N. Astrocyte Circadian Timekeeping in Brain Health and Neurodegeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1344:87-110. [PMID: 34773228 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-81147-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Brancaccio
- Department of Brain Sciences, Division of Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Anne C Wolfes
- Department of Brain Sciences, Division of Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Natalie Ness
- Department of Brain Sciences, Division of Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK
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Jarmasz JS, Jin Y, Vakili H, Cattini PA. Sleep deprivation and diet affect human GH gene expression in transgenic mice in vivo. Endocr Connect 2020; 9:1135-1147. [PMID: 33112821 PMCID: PMC7774756 DOI: 10.1530/ec-20-0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human (h) growth hormone (GH) production studies are largely limited to effects on secretion. How pituitary hGH gene (hGH-N/GH1) expression is regulated is important in our understanding of the role hGH plays in physiology and disease. Here we assess for the first time the effect of sleep deprivation (SD) and high-fat diet (HFD) on hGH-N expression in vivo using partially humanized 171hGH/CS transgenic (TG) mice, and attempted to elucidate a role for DNA methylation. Activation of hGH-N expression requires interactions between promoter and upstream locus control region (LCR) sequences including pituitary-specific hypersensitive site (HS) I/II. Both SD and diet affect hGH secretion, but the effect of SD on hGH-N expression is unknown. Mice fed a HFD or regular chow diet for 3 days underwent SD (or no SD) for 6 h at Zeitgeber time (ZT) 3. Serum and pituitaries were assessed over 24 h at 6-h intervals beginning at ZT 14. SD and HFD caused significant changes in serum corticosterone and insulin, as well as hGH and circadian clock-related gene RNA levels. No clear association between DNA methylation and the negative effects of SD or diet on hGH RNA levels was observed. However, a correlation with increased methylation at a CpG (cytosine paired with a guanine) in a putative E-box within the hGH LCR HS II was suggested in situ. Methylation at this site also increased BMAL1/CLOCK-related nuclear protein binding in vitro. These observations support an effect of SD on hGH synthesis at the level of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Jarmasz
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Correspondence should be addressed to J S Jarmasz:
| | - Yan Jin
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Hana Vakili
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Peter A Cattini
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Bjorness TE, Kulkarni A, Rybalchenko V, Suzuki A, Bridges C, Harrington AJ, Cowan CW, Takahashi JS, Konopka G, Greene RW. An essential role for MEF2C in the cortical response to loss of sleep in mice. eLife 2020; 9:e58331. [PMID: 32851972 PMCID: PMC7490011 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal activity and gene expression in response to the loss of sleep can provide a window into the enigma of sleep function. Sleep loss is associated with brain differential gene expression, an increase in pyramidal cell mEPSC frequency and amplitude, and a characteristic rebound and resolution of slow wave sleep-slow wave activity (SWS-SWA). However, the molecular mechanism(s) mediating the sleep-loss response are not well understood. We show that sleep-loss regulates MEF2C phosphorylation, a key mechanism regulating MEF2C transcriptional activity, and that MEF2C function in postnatal excitatory forebrain neurons is required for the biological events in response to sleep loss in C57BL/6J mice. These include altered gene expression, the increase and recovery of synaptic strength, and the rebound and resolution of SWS-SWA, which implicate MEF2C as an essential regulator of sleep function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa E Bjorness
- Department of Psychiatry, Peter O’Donnell Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Research Service, North Texas VA Health Care SystemDallasUnited States
| | - Ashwinikumar Kulkarni
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O’Donnell Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Volodymyr Rybalchenko
- Department of Psychiatry, Peter O’Donnell Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Ayako Suzuki
- Department of Psychiatry, Peter O’Donnell Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Catherine Bridges
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South CarolinaCharlestonUnited States
| | - Adam J Harrington
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South CarolinaCharlestonUnited States
| | - Christopher W Cowan
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South CarolinaCharlestonUnited States
| | - Joseph S Takahashi
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O’Donnell Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Genevieve Konopka
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O’Donnell Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Robert W Greene
- Department of Psychiatry, Peter O’Donnell Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O’Donnell Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- International Institute of Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
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Lu R, Dong Y, Li JD. Necdin regulates BMAL1 stability and circadian clock through SGT1-HSP90 chaperone machinery. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:7944-7957. [PMID: 32667666 PMCID: PMC7430654 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks are endogenous oscillators that control ∼24-hour physiology and behaviors in virtually all organisms. The circadian oscillator comprises interconnected transcriptional and translational feedback loops, but also requires finely coordinated protein homeostasis including protein degradation and maturation. However, the mechanisms underlying the mammalian clock protein maturation is largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that necdin, one of the Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS)-causative genes, is highly expressed in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the pacemaker of circadian clocks in mammals. Mice deficient in necdin show abnormal behaviors during an 8-hour advance jet-lag paradigm and disrupted clock gene expression in the liver. By using yeast two hybrid screening, we identified BMAL1, the core component of the circadian clock, and co-chaperone SGT1 as two necdin-interactive proteins. BMAL1 and SGT1 associated with the N-terminal and C-terminal fragments of necdin, respectively. Mechanistically, necdin enables SGT1-HSP90 chaperone machinery to stabilize BMAL1. Depletion of necdin or SGT1/HSP90 leads to degradation of BMAL1 through the ubiquitin-proteasome system, resulting in alterations in both clock gene expression and circadian rhythms. Taken together, our data identify the PWS-associated protein necdin as a novel regulator of the circadian clock, and further emphasize the critical roles of chaperone machinery in circadian clock regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renbin Lu
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, P. R. China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changsha 410078, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Yufan Dong
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Da Li
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, P. R. China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changsha 410078, Hunan, P. R. China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha 410078, Hunan, P. R. China
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Northeast RC, Huang Y, McKillop LE, Bechtold DA, Peirson SN, Piggins HD, Vyazovskiy VV. Sleep homeostasis during daytime food entrainment in mice. Sleep 2020; 42:5536856. [PMID: 31329251 PMCID: PMC6802571 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Twenty-four hour rhythms of physiology and behavior are driven by the environment and an internal endogenous timing system. Daily restricted feeding (RF) in nocturnal rodents during their inactive phase initiates food anticipatory activity (FAA) and a reorganization of the typical 24-hour sleep-wake structure. Here, we investigate the effects of daytime feeding, where food access was restricted to 4 hours during the light period ZT4-8 (Zeitgeber time; ZT0 is lights on), on sleep-wake architecture and sleep homeostasis in mice. Following 10 days of RF, mice were returned to ad libitum feeding. To mimic the spontaneous wakefulness associated with FAA and daytime feeding, mice were then sleep deprived between ZT3-6. Although the amount of wake increased during FAA and subsequent feeding, total wake time over 24 hours remained stable as the loss of sleep in the light phase was compensated for by an increase in sleep in the dark phase. Interestingly, sleep that followed spontaneous wake episodes during the dark period and the extended period of wake associated with FAA, exhibited lower levels of slow-wave activity (SWA) when compared to baseline or after sleep deprivation, despite a similar duration of waking. This suggests an evolutionary mechanism of reducing sleep drive during negative energy balance to enable greater arousal for food-seeking behaviors. However, the total amount of sleep and SWA accumulated during the 24 hours was similar between baseline and RF. In summary, our study suggests that despite substantial changes in the daily distribution and quality of wake induced by RF, sleep homeostasis is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Northeast
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester
| | - Yige Huang
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford
| | - Laura E McKillop
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford
| | - David A Bechtold
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester
| | - Stuart N Peirson
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh D Piggins
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester
| | - Vladyslav V Vyazovskiy
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford.,Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford, United Kingdom
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McGaugh SE, Passow CN, Jaggard JB, Stahl BA, Keene AC. Unique transcriptional signatures of sleep loss across independently evolved cavefish populations. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2020; 334:497-510. [PMID: 32351033 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Animals respond to sleep loss with compensatory rebound sleep, and this is thought to be critical for the maintenance of physiological homeostasis. Sleep duration varies dramatically across animal species, but it is not known whether evolutionary differences in sleep duration are associated with differences in sleep homeostasis. The Mexican cavefish, Astyanax mexicanus, has emerged as a powerful model for studying the evolution of sleep. While eyed surface populations of A. mexicanus sleep approximately 8 hr each day, multiple blind cavefish populations have converged on sleep patterns that total as little as 2 hr each day, providing the opportunity to examine whether the evolution of sleep loss is accompanied by changes in sleep homeostasis. Here, we examine the behavioral and molecular response to sleep deprivation across four independent populations of A. mexicanus. Our behavioral analysis indicates that surface fish and all three cavefish populations display robust recovery sleep during the day following nighttime sleep deprivation, suggesting sleep homeostasis remains intact in cavefish. We profiled transcriptome-wide changes associated with sleep deprivation in surface fish and cavefish. While the total number of differentially expressed genes was not greater for the surface population, the surface population exhibited the highest number of uniquely differentially expressed genes than any other population. Strikingly, a majority of the differentially expressed genes are unique to individual cave populations, suggesting unique expression responses are exhibited across independently evolved cavefish populations. Together, these findings suggest sleep homeostasis is intact in cavefish despite a dramatic reduction in overall sleep duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E McGaugh
- Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota
| | - Courtney N Passow
- Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota
| | - James Brian Jaggard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Bethany A Stahl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Alex C Keene
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida
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33
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Abstract
Sleep is a ubiquitous and complex behavior in both its manifestation and regulation. Despite its essential role in maintaining optimal performance, health, and well-being, the genetic mechanisms underlying sleep remain poorly understood. Here, we review the forward genetic approaches undertaken in the last four years to elucidate the genes and gene pathways affecting sleep and its regulation. Despite an increasing number of studies and mining large databases, a coherent picture on “sleep” genes has yet to emerge. We highlight the results achieved by using unbiased genetic screens mainly in humans, mice, and fruit flies with an emphasis on normal sleep and make reference to lessons learned from the circadian field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Jan
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Bruce F O'Hara
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40515, USA
| | - Paul Franken
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
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34
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Hill VM, O’Connor RM, Shirasu-Hiza M. Tired and stressed: Examining the need for sleep. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 51:494-508. [PMID: 30295966 PMCID: PMC6453762 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A key feature of circadian rhythms is the sleep/wake cycle. Sleep causes reduced responsiveness to the environment, which puts animals in a particularly vulnerable state; yet sleep has been conserved throughout evolution, indicating that it fulfils a vital purpose. A core function of sleep across species has not been identified, but substantial advances in sleep research have been made in recent years using the genetically tractable model organism, Drosophila melanogaster. This review describes the universality of sleep, the regulation of sleep, and current theories on the function of sleep, highlighting a historical and often overlooked theory called the Free Radical Flux Theory of Sleep. Additionally, we summarize our recent work with short-sleeping Drosophila mutants and other genetic and pharmacological tools for manipulating sleep which supports an antioxidant theory of sleep and demonstrates a bi-directional relationship between sleep and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M. Hill
- Department of Genetics and Development; Columbia University Medical Center; NY, NY, 10032; USA
| | - Reed M. O’Connor
- Department of Genetics and Development; Columbia University Medical Center; NY, NY, 10032; USA
| | - Mimi Shirasu-Hiza
- Department of Genetics and Development; Columbia University Medical Center; NY, NY, 10032; USA
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36
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Hor CN, Yeung J, Jan M, Emmenegger Y, Hubbard J, Xenarios I, Naef F, Franken P. Sleep-wake-driven and circadian contributions to daily rhythms in gene expression and chromatin accessibility in the murine cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:25773-25783. [PMID: 31776259 PMCID: PMC6925978 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1910590116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The timing and duration of sleep results from the interaction between a homeostatic sleep-wake-driven process and a periodic circadian process, and involves changes in gene regulation and expression. Unraveling the contributions of both processes and their interaction to transcriptional and epigenomic regulatory dynamics requires sampling over time under conditions of unperturbed and perturbed sleep. We profiled mRNA expression and chromatin accessibility in the cerebral cortex of mice over a 3-d period, including a 6-h sleep deprivation (SD) on day 2. We used mathematical modeling to integrate time series of mRNA expression data with sleep-wake history, which established that a large proportion of rhythmic genes are governed by the homeostatic process with varying degrees of interaction with the circadian process, sometimes working in opposition. Remarkably, SD caused long-term effects on gene-expression dynamics, outlasting phenotypic recovery, most strikingly illustrated by a damped oscillation of most core clock genes, including Arntl/Bmal1, suggesting that enforced wakefulness directly impacts the molecular clock machinery. Chromatin accessibility proved highly plastic and dynamically affected by SD. Dynamics in distal regions, rather than promoters, correlated with mRNA expression, implying that changes in expression result from constitutively accessible promoters under the influence of enhancers or repressors. Serum response factor (SRF) was predicted as a transcriptional regulator driving immediate response, suggesting that SRF activity mirrors the build-up and release of sleep pressure. Our results demonstrate that a single, short SD has long-term aftereffects at the genomic regulatory level and highlights the importance of the sleep-wake distribution to diurnal rhythmicity and circadian processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte N Hor
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jake Yeung
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maxime Jan
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Vital-IT Systems Biology Division, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yann Emmenegger
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey Hubbard
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ioannis Xenarios
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Felix Naef
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Franken
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
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Abstract
Humans, like all mammals, partition their daily behaviour into activity (wakefulness) and rest (sleep) phases that differ largely in their metabolic requirements. The circadian clock evolved as an autonomous timekeeping system that aligns behavioural patterns with the solar day and supports the body functions by anticipating and coordinating the required metabolic programmes. The key component of this synchronization is a master clock in the brain, which responds to light-darkness cues from the environment. However, to achieve circadian control of the entire organism, each cell of the body is equipped with its own circadian oscillator that is controlled by the master clock and confers rhythmicity to individual cells and organs through the control of rate-limiting steps of metabolic programmes. Importantly, metabolic regulation is not a mere output function of the circadian system, but nutrient, energy and redox levels signal back to cellular clocks in order to reinforce circadian rhythmicity and to adapt physiology to temporal tissue-specific needs. Thus, multiple systemic and molecular mechanisms exist that connect the circadian clock with metabolism at all levels, from cellular organelles to the whole organism, and deregulation of this circadian-metabolic crosstalk can lead to various pathologies.
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38
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Molecular mechanisms and physiological importance of circadian rhythms. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2019; 21:67-84. [PMID: 31768006 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-019-0179-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 543] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To accommodate daily recurring environmental changes, animals show cyclic variations in behaviour and physiology, which include prominent behavioural states such as sleep-wake cycles but also a host of less conspicuous oscillations in neurological, metabolic, endocrine, cardiovascular and immune functions. Circadian rhythmicity is created endogenously by genetically encoded molecular clocks, whose components cooperate to generate cyclic changes in their own abundance and activity, with a periodicity of about a day. Throughout the body, such molecular clocks convey temporal control to the function of organs and tissues by regulating pertinent downstream programmes. Synchrony between the different circadian oscillators and resonance with the solar day is largely enabled by a neural pacemaker, which is directly responsive to certain environmental cues and able to transmit internal time-of-day representations to the entire body. In this Review, we discuss aspects of the circadian clock in Drosophila melanogaster and mammals, including the components of these molecular oscillators, the function and mechanisms of action of central and peripheral clocks, their synchronization and their relevance to human health.
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Ma Y, Miracca G, Yu X, Harding EC, Miao A, Yustos R, Vyssotski AL, Franks NP, Wisden W. Galanin Neurons Unite Sleep Homeostasis and α2-Adrenergic Sedation. Curr Biol 2019; 29:3315-3322.e3. [PMID: 31543455 PMCID: PMC6868514 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Our urge to sleep increases with time spent awake, until sleep becomes inescapable. The sleep following sleep deprivation is longer and deeper, with an increased power of delta (0.5–4 Hz) oscillations, a phenomenon termed sleep homeostasis [1, 2, 3, 4]. Although widely expressed genes regulate sleep homeostasis [1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10] and the process is tracked by somnogens and phosphorylation [1, 3, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14], at the circuit level sleep homeostasis has remained mysterious. Previously, we found that sedation induced with α2-adrenergic agonists (e.g., dexmedetomidine) and sleep homeostasis both depend on the preoptic (PO) hypothalamus [15, 16]. Dexmedetomidine, increasingly used for long-term sedation in intensive care units [17], induces a non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM)-like sleep but with undesirable hypothermia [18, 19]. Within the PO, various neuronal subtypes (e.g., GABA/galanin and glutamate/NOS1) induce NREM sleep [20, 21, 22] and concomitant body cooling [21, 22]. This could be because NREM sleep’s restorative effects depend on lower body temperature [23, 24]. Here, we show that mice with lesioned PO galanin neurons have reduced sleep homeostasis: in the recovery sleep following sleep deprivation there is a diminished increase in delta power, and the mice catch up little on lost sleep. Furthermore, dexmedetomidine cannot induce high-power delta oscillations or sustained hypothermia. Some hours after dexmedetomidine administration to wild-type mice there is a rebound in delta power when they enter normal NREM sleep, reminiscent of emergence from torpor. This delta rebound is reduced in mice lacking PO galanin neurons. Thus, sleep homeostasis and dexmedetomidine-induced sedation require PO galanin neurons and likely share common mechanisms. This is the first identification of a cell type underlying sleep homeostasis Preoptic galanin neurons are essential for sleep homeostasis Galanin neurons mediate the sedative and hypothermic actions of dexmedetomidine Dexmedetomidine causes an EEG delta power rebound dependent on galanin neurons
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ma
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Giulia Miracca
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Edward C Harding
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Andawei Miao
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Raquel Yustos
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Alexei L Vyssotski
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas P Franks
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - William Wisden
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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40
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Chowdhury D, Wang C, Lu AP, Zhu HL. Understanding Quantitative Circadian Regulations Are Crucial Towards Advancing Chronotherapy. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080883. [PMID: 31412622 PMCID: PMC6721722 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms have a deep impact on most aspects of physiology. In most organisms, especially mammals, the biological rhythms are maintained by the indigenous circadian clockwork around geophysical time (~24-h). These rhythms originate inside cells. Several core components are interconnected through transcriptional/translational feedback loops to generate molecular oscillations. They are tightly controlled over time. Also, they exert temporal controls over many fundamental physiological activities. This helps in coordinating the body’s internal time with the external environments. The mammalian circadian clockwork is composed of a hierarchy of oscillators, which play roles at molecular, cellular, and higher levels. The master oscillation has been found to be developed at the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus in the brain. It acts as the core pacemaker and drives the transmission of the oscillation signals. These signals are distributed across different peripheral tissues through humoral and neural connections. The synchronization among the master oscillator and tissue-specific oscillators offer overall temporal stability to mammals. Recent technological advancements help us to study the circadian rhythms at dynamic scale and systems level. Here, we outline the current understanding of circadian clockwork in terms of molecular mechanisms and interdisciplinary concepts. We have also focused on the importance of the integrative approach to decode several crucial intricacies. This review indicates the emergence of such a comprehensive approach. It will essentially accelerate the circadian research with more innovative strategies, such as developing evidence-based chronotherapeutics to restore de-synchronized circadian rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debajyoti Chowdhury
- HKBU Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Chao Wang
- HKBU Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ai-Ping Lu
- HKBU Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen 518057, China.
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Hai-Long Zhu
- HKBU Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen 518057, China.
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
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41
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Lazarus M, Oishi Y, Bjorness TE, Greene RW. Gating and the Need for Sleep: Dissociable Effects of Adenosine A 1 and A 2A Receptors. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:740. [PMID: 31379490 PMCID: PMC6650574 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Roughly one-third of the human lifetime is spent in sleep, yet the reason for sleep remains unclear. Understanding the physiologic function of sleep is crucial toward establishing optimal health. Several proposed concepts address different aspects of sleep physiology, including humoral and circuit-based theories of sleep-wake regulation, the homeostatic two-process model of sleep regulation, the theory of sleep as a state of adaptive inactivity, and observations that arousal state and sleep homeostasis can be dissociated in pathologic disorders. Currently, there is no model that places the regulation of arousal and sleep homeostasis in a unified conceptual framework. Adenosine is well known as a somnogenic substance that affects normal sleep-wake patterns through several mechanisms in various brain locations via A1 or A2A receptors (A1Rs or A2ARs). Many cells and processes appear to play a role in modulating the extracellular concentration of adenosine at neuronal A1R or A2AR sites. Emerging evidence suggests that A1Rs and A2ARs have different roles in the regulation of sleep. In this review, we propose a model in which A2ARs allow the brain to sleep, i.e., these receptors provide sleep gating, whereas A1Rs modulate the function of sleep, i.e., these receptors are essential for the expression and resolution of sleep need. In this model, sleep is considered a brain state established in the absence of arousing inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lazarus
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yo Oishi
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Theresa E Bjorness
- Research and Development, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Robert W Greene
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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42
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Ingiosi AM, Schoch H, Wintler T, Singletary KG, Righelli D, Roser LG, Medina E, Risso D, Frank MG, Peixoto L. Shank3 modulates sleep and expression of circadian transcription factors. eLife 2019; 8:e42819. [PMID: 30973326 PMCID: PMC6488297 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder in the United States and often co-presents with sleep problems. Sleep problems in ASD predict the severity of ASD core diagnostic symptoms and have a considerable impact on the quality of life of caregivers. Little is known, however, about the underlying molecular mechanisms of sleep problems in ASD. We investigated the role of Shank3, a high confidence ASD gene candidate, in sleep architecture and regulation. We show that mice lacking exon 21 of Shank3 have problems falling asleep even when sleepy. Using RNA-seq we show that sleep deprivation increases the differences in prefrontal cortex gene expression between mutants and wild types, downregulating circadian transcription factors Per3, Bhlhe41, Hlf, Tef, and Nr1d1. Shank3 mutants also have trouble regulating wheel-running activity in constant darkness. Overall, our study shows that Shank3 is an important modulator of sleep and clock gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Ingiosi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of MedicineWashington State UniversitySpokaneUnited States
| | - Hannah Schoch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of MedicineWashington State UniversitySpokaneUnited States
| | - Taylor Wintler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of MedicineWashington State UniversitySpokaneUnited States
| | - Kristan G Singletary
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of MedicineWashington State UniversitySpokaneUnited States
| | - Dario Righelli
- Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo “M. Picone”Consiglio Nazionale della RicercheNapoliItaly
- Dipartimento di Scienze Aziendali Management & Innovation SystemsUniversity of FuscianoFiscianoItaly
| | - Leandro G Roser
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of MedicineWashington State UniversitySpokaneUnited States
| | - Elizabeth Medina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of MedicineWashington State UniversitySpokaneUnited States
| | - Davide Risso
- Department of Statistical SciencesUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Healthcare Policy and ResearchWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Marcos G Frank
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of MedicineWashington State UniversitySpokaneUnited States
| | - Lucia Peixoto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of MedicineWashington State UniversitySpokaneUnited States
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43
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Parkinson's Disease is Associated with Dysregulations of a Dopamine-Modulated Gene Network Relevant to Sleep and Affective Neurobehaviors in the Striatum. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4808. [PMID: 30886221 PMCID: PMC6423036 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41248-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the characteristic motor symptoms, Parkinson’s disease (PD) often involves a constellation of sleep and mood symptoms. However, the mechanisms underlying these comorbidities are largely unknown. We have previously reconstructed gene networks in the striatum of a population of (C57BL/6J x A/J) F2 mice and associated the networks to sleep and affective phenotypes, providing a resource for integrated analyses to investigate perturbed sleep and affective functions at the gene network level. Combining this resource with PD-relevant transcriptomic datasets from humans and mice, we identified four networks that showed elevated gene expression in PD patients, including a circadian clock and mitotic network that was altered similarly in mouse models of PD. We then utilized multiple types of omics data from public databases and linked this gene network to postsynaptic dopamine signaling in the striatum, CDK1-modulated transcriptional regulation, and the genetic susceptibility of PD. These findings suggest that dopamine deficiency, a key aspect of PD pathology, perturbs a circadian/mitotic gene network in striatal neurons. Since the normal functions of this network were relevant to sleep and affective behaviors, these findings implicate that dysregulation of functional gene networks may be involved in the emergence of non-motor symptoms in PD. Our analyses present a framework for integrating multi-omics data from diverse sources in mice and humans to reveal insights into comorbid symptoms of complex diseases.
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Abstract
Sleep and circadian rhythms are regulated across multiple functional, spatial and temporal levels: from genes to networks of coupled neurons and glial cells, to large scale brain dynamics and behaviour. The dynamics at each of these levels are complex and the interaction between the levels is even more so, so research have mostly focused on interactions within the levels to understand the underlying mechanisms—the so-called reductionist approach. Mathematical models were developed to test theories of sleep regulation and guide new experiments at each of these levels and have become an integral part of the field. The advantage of modelling, however, is that it allows us to simulate and test the dynamics of complex biological systems and thus provides a tool to investigate the connections between the different levels and study the system as a whole. In this paper I review key models of sleep developed at different physiological levels and discuss the potential for an integrated systems biology approach for sleep regulation across these levels. I also highlight the necessity of building mechanistic connections between models of sleep and circadian rhythms across these levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Postnova
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia;
- Center of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Center, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia
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45
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Hoekstra MM, Emmenegger Y, Hubbard J, Franken P. Cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRBP) adjusts clock-gene expression and REM-sleep recovery following sleep deprivation. eLife 2019; 8:43400. [PMID: 30720431 PMCID: PMC6379088 DOI: 10.7554/elife.43400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep depriving mice affects clock-gene expression, suggesting that these genes contribute to sleep homeostasis. The mechanisms linking extended wakefulness to clock-gene expression are, however, not well understood. We propose CIRBP to play a role because its rhythmic expression is i) sleep-wake driven and ii) necessary for high-amplitude clock-gene expression in vitro. We therefore expect Cirbp knock-out (KO) mice to exhibit attenuated sleep-deprivation-induced changes in clock-gene expression, and consequently to differ in their sleep homeostatic regulation. Lack of CIRBP indeed blunted the sleep-deprivation incurred changes in cortical expression of Nr1d1, whereas it amplified the changes in Per2 and Clock. Concerning sleep homeostasis, KO mice accrued only half the extra REM sleep wild-type (WT) littermates obtained during recovery. Unexpectedly, KO mice were more active during lights-off which was accompanied with faster theta oscillations compared to WT mice. Thus, CIRBP adjusts cortical clock-gene expression after sleep deprivation and expedites REM-sleep recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Mb Hoekstra
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yann Emmenegger
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey Hubbard
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Franken
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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46
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Leocadio-Miguel MA, Carneiro BT, Ximenes-da-Silva A, Caumo W, Grassi-Kassisse D, Pedrazzoli M. PER3 gene regulation of sleep-wake behavior as a function of latitude. Sleep Health 2018; 4:572-578. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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47
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Geoffroy PA. Clock Genes and Light Signaling Alterations in Bipolar Disorder: When the Biological Clock Is Off. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:775-777. [PMID: 30409265 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre A Geoffroy
- INSERM, U1144, Paris; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S 1144, Paris; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, GH Saint-Louis, Lariboisière, F. Widal, Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Paris; and the Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.
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48
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Hasan S, Foster RG, Vyazovskiy VV, Peirson SN. Effects of circadian misalignment on sleep in mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15343. [PMID: 30367119 PMCID: PMC6203841 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33480-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms and sleep-wake history determine sleep duration and intensity, and influence subsequent waking. Previous studies have shown that T cycles - light-dark (LD) cycles differing from 24 h - lead to acute changes in the daily amount and distribution of waking and sleep. However, little is known about the long-term effects of T cycles. Here we performed continuous 10 day recording of electroencephalography (EEG), locomotor activity and core body temperature in C57BL/6 mice under a T20 cycle, to investigate spontaneous sleep and waking at baseline compared with when the circadian clock was misaligned and then re-aligned with respect to the external LD cycle. We found that the rhythmic distribution of sleep was abolished during misalignment, while the time course of EEG slow wave activity (1–4 Hz) was inverted compared to baseline. Although the typical light-dark distribution of NREM sleep was re-instated when animals were re-aligned, slow wave activity during NREM sleep showed an atypical increase in the dark phase, suggesting a long-term effect of T cycles on sleep intensity. Our data show that circadian misalignment results in previously uncharacterised long-term effects on sleep, which may have important consequences for behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibah Hasan
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX13RE, United Kingdom
| | - Russell G Foster
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX13RE, United Kingdom
| | - Vladyslav V Vyazovskiy
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, United Kingdom.
| | - Stuart N Peirson
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX13RE, United Kingdom.
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49
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Archer SN, Schmidt C, Vandewalle G, Dijk DJ. Phenotyping of PER3 variants reveals widespread effects on circadian preference, sleep regulation, and health. Sleep Med Rev 2018; 40:109-126. [PMID: 29248294 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Period3 (Per3) is one of the most robustly rhythmic genes in humans and animals. It plays a significant role in temporal organisation in peripheral tissues. The effects of PER3 variants on many phenotypes have been investigated in targeted and genome-wide studies. PER3 variants, especially the human variable number tandem repeat (VNTR), associate with diurnal preference, mental disorders, non-visual responses to light, brain and cognitive responses to sleep loss/circadian misalignment. Introducing the VNTR into mice alters responses to sleep loss and expression of sleep homeostasis-related genes. Several studies were limited in size and some findings were not replicated. Nevertheless, the data indicate a significant contribution of PER3 to sleep and circadian phenotypes and diseases, which may be connected by common pathways. Thus, PER3-dependent altered light sensitivity could relate to high retinal PER3 expression and may contribute to altered brain response to light, diurnal preference and seasonal mood. Altered cognitive responses during sleep loss/circadian misalignment and changes to slow wave sleep may relate to changes in wake/activity-dependent patterns of hypothalamic gene expression involved in sleep homeostasis and neural network plasticity. Comprehensive characterisation of effects of clock gene variants may provide new insights into the role of circadian processes in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon N Archer
- Sleep Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XP, UK.
| | - Christina Schmidt
- GIGA-Research, Cyclotron Research Centre-In Vivo Imaging Unit, University of Liège, Belgium; Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit (PsyNCog), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Gilles Vandewalle
- GIGA-Research, Cyclotron Research Centre-In Vivo Imaging Unit, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Derk-Jan Dijk
- Sleep Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XP, UK
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50
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Scarpa JR, Jiang P, Gao VD, Fitzpatrick K, Millstein J, Olker C, Gotter A, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ, Kasarskis A, Turek FW, Vitaterna MH. Cross-species systems analysis identifies gene networks differentially altered by sleep loss and depression. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaat1294. [PMID: 30050989 PMCID: PMC6059761 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat1294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To understand the transcriptomic organization underlying sleep and affective function, we studied a population of (C57BL/6J × 129S1/SvImJ) F2 mice by measuring 283 affective and sleep phenotypes and profiling gene expression across four brain regions. We identified converging molecular bases for sleep and affective phenotypes at both the single-gene and gene-network levels. Using publicly available transcriptomic datasets collected from sleep-deprived mice and patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), we identified three cortical gene networks altered by the sleep/wake state and depression. The network-level actions of sleep loss and depression were opposite to each other, providing a mechanistic basis for the sleep disruptions commonly observed in depression, as well as the reported acute antidepressant effects of sleep deprivation. We highlight one particular network composed of circadian rhythm regulators and neuronal activity-dependent immediate-early genes. The key upstream driver of this network, Arc, may act as a nexus linking sleep and depression. Our data provide mechanistic insights into the role of sleep in affective function and MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R. Scarpa
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Peng Jiang
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Vance D. Gao
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Karrie Fitzpatrick
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | | | - Christopher Olker
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Anthony Gotter
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | | | - John J. Renger
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Andrew Kasarskis
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Fred W. Turek
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Martha H. Vitaterna
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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