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Jeong Y, Shaw J. Examining influences of personal factors on the first- and third-person evaluations of public health issues among young adults. Health Mark Q 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38836584 DOI: 10.1080/07359683.2024.2362476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Both health and the environment are critical public health issues that have a considerable impact on young adults. However, they have different characteristics that influence how messaging is received. In our study, we examine the influence of three personal factors (issue involvement, behavioral change intention, and product use) on young adults' perception of messages for these two public health issues from both first- and third-person perspectives. We found various patterns when comparing the two public health issues, first-person and third-person measures, and the perceived threat and likelihood of contributing to the issues. We also discuss practical implications and suggestions based on our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongick Jeong
- Manship School of Mass Communication, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Jessica Shaw
- Hussman School of Journalism and Media, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Ceylan H, Yangöz ŞT, Özer Z. Coping strategies and its relationship with sexual dysfunction in adults receiving haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis: A cross-sectional study. J Clin Nurs 2024; 33:1421-1431. [PMID: 38062567 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.16930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
AIM To explore relationship coping strategies and sexual dysfunction, and the predictive factors of sexual dysfunction in adults receiving haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. BACKGROUND Sexual dysfunction is a common problem in adults receiving haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. This problem may be related to psychological and physiological conditions. However, the association between psychological conditions such as coping strategies and sexual dysfunction is not clearly understood. DESIGN This study is a cross-sectional study. METHODS The data were collected from November 2021 to July 2022 using the General Information Form, Arizona Sexual Experiences Scale: Female and Male Versions, and the Ways of Coping Inventory. Correlation and multiple regression analyses were conducted to investigate the relationship between coping strategies and sexual dysfunction. REPORTING METHOD STROBE checklist. RESULTS A total of 110 adults, 67 on haemodialysis and 43 on peritoneal dialysis, who met the eligibility criteria were included in this study. The optimistic, helpless and submissive approach sub-dimensions of coping strategies had positive correlation with sexual dysfunction in adults receiving haemodialysis. Among the sub-dimensions of the ways of coping inventory, helpless approach was positive predictor and seeking social support was negative predictor of sexual dysfunction in adults receiving haemodialysis. The coping strategies were not predictors of sexual dysfunction for adults receiving peritoneal dialysis. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that helpless coping strategy increases sexual dysfunction, and seeking social support decreases sexual dysfunction in haemodialysis. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROFESSION AND/OR PATIENT CARE According to this study, social support is effective coping strategy for reducing sexual dysfunction. Education and support for effective coping strategies should be provided to dialysis patients by healthcare professionals at the start of dialysis treatment. Effective coping strategies should be integrated into routine care standards and nursing or hospital policies. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION Adults receiving haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis were involved in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Ceylan
- Department of Nursing, Bucak School of Health, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Şefika Tuğba Yangöz
- Department of Internal Medicine Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Özer
- Department of Internal Medicine Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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3
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Prati A, Saucet C. The causal effect of a health treatment on beliefs, stated preferences and memories. JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS 2024; 94:102864. [PMID: 38359587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2024.102864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The paper estimates the causal effect of a health treatment on patients' beliefs, preferences and memories about the treatment. It exploits a natural experiment which occurred in the United Kingdom during the COVID-19 vaccination campaign. UK residents could choose to opt into the vaccination program, but not which vaccine they received. The assignment to a vaccine offered little objective information for learning about its qualities, but triggered strong psychological demand for reassuring beliefs. We surveyed a sample of UK residents about their beliefs on the different COVID-19 vaccines before and after receiving their jab. Before vaccination, individuals exhibit similar prior beliefs and stated preferences about the different vaccines. After vaccination, however, they update their beliefs overly optimistically about the safety and effectiveness of the vaccine they received, state that they would have chosen it if they could, and have distorted memories about their past beliefs. These results cannot be explained by conventional experience effects. At the aggregated level, they show that random assignment to a health treatment predicts a polarization of opinions about its quality. At the individual level, these findings provide evidence in line with the predictions of motivated beliefs and over-inference from weak signals in a real-world health setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Prati
- University College London, United Kingdom; University of Oxford, United Kingdom; London School of Economics, United Kingdom.
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Simonetti JA, Holliday R, Mignogna J, Thomas S, Smith A, Betz M, Brenner LA, Sayre G. Patients' Perspectives on Medication-Related Suicide Prevention Interventions Delivered in Emergency Settings. Psychiatr Serv 2024; 75:275-282. [PMID: 37933134 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.20230178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Encouraging patients at risk for suicide to reduce access to potentially lethal medications and drugs is a key component of evidence-based suicide prevention. However, little research has been done to inform interventions for reducing intentional self-harm. METHODS Semistructured interviews were conducted with 28 U.S. veterans who sought emergency care from the Veterans Health Administration between 2021 and 2023 to explore veterans' perspectives on medication-related interventions, including opinions on intervention components (e.g., medication return envelopes). Matrix analysis was used to aggregate data into categories, which were predefined by using constructs from the health belief model (e.g., perceived benefits). RESULTS The participating veterans generally endorsed interventions as acceptable and were particularly supportive of distributing medication return envelopes. However, they often conceptualized these efforts as steps to prevent unintentional overdose or theft-not necessarily to prevent suicide-and rarely indicated that such interventions were appropriate for themselves. Across the interviews, participants identified important facilitators to care, such as ensuring that interventions were convenient and accounted for the perceived cost of disposing medications. Perspectives on engaging family or friends in interventions were mixed. The importance of the interventions was more readily acknowledged among participants with previous opioid use exposure-perspectives that appeared to stem from lived experiences. CONCLUSIONS This study contributes important foundational knowledge that can be used to inform research and clinical initiatives aimed at preventing medication- and drug-related suicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Simonetti
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC) for Suicide Prevention, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado (Simonetti, Holliday, Mignogna, Thomas, Smith, Brenner); Seattle-Denver Center of Innovation for Veteran-Centered and Value-Driven Care, Aurora, Colorado (Simonetti, Sayre); Departments of Psychiatry (Holliday), Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (Mignogna, Brenner), and Emergency Medicine (Betz), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; VA Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Aurora (Betz); Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle (Sayre)
| | - Ryan Holliday
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC) for Suicide Prevention, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado (Simonetti, Holliday, Mignogna, Thomas, Smith, Brenner); Seattle-Denver Center of Innovation for Veteran-Centered and Value-Driven Care, Aurora, Colorado (Simonetti, Sayre); Departments of Psychiatry (Holliday), Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (Mignogna, Brenner), and Emergency Medicine (Betz), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; VA Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Aurora (Betz); Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle (Sayre)
| | - Joseph Mignogna
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC) for Suicide Prevention, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado (Simonetti, Holliday, Mignogna, Thomas, Smith, Brenner); Seattle-Denver Center of Innovation for Veteran-Centered and Value-Driven Care, Aurora, Colorado (Simonetti, Sayre); Departments of Psychiatry (Holliday), Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (Mignogna, Brenner), and Emergency Medicine (Betz), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; VA Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Aurora (Betz); Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle (Sayre)
| | - Suzanne Thomas
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC) for Suicide Prevention, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado (Simonetti, Holliday, Mignogna, Thomas, Smith, Brenner); Seattle-Denver Center of Innovation for Veteran-Centered and Value-Driven Care, Aurora, Colorado (Simonetti, Sayre); Departments of Psychiatry (Holliday), Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (Mignogna, Brenner), and Emergency Medicine (Betz), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; VA Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Aurora (Betz); Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle (Sayre)
| | - Alexandra Smith
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC) for Suicide Prevention, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado (Simonetti, Holliday, Mignogna, Thomas, Smith, Brenner); Seattle-Denver Center of Innovation for Veteran-Centered and Value-Driven Care, Aurora, Colorado (Simonetti, Sayre); Departments of Psychiatry (Holliday), Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (Mignogna, Brenner), and Emergency Medicine (Betz), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; VA Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Aurora (Betz); Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle (Sayre)
| | - Marian Betz
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC) for Suicide Prevention, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado (Simonetti, Holliday, Mignogna, Thomas, Smith, Brenner); Seattle-Denver Center of Innovation for Veteran-Centered and Value-Driven Care, Aurora, Colorado (Simonetti, Sayre); Departments of Psychiatry (Holliday), Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (Mignogna, Brenner), and Emergency Medicine (Betz), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; VA Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Aurora (Betz); Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle (Sayre)
| | - Lisa A Brenner
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC) for Suicide Prevention, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado (Simonetti, Holliday, Mignogna, Thomas, Smith, Brenner); Seattle-Denver Center of Innovation for Veteran-Centered and Value-Driven Care, Aurora, Colorado (Simonetti, Sayre); Departments of Psychiatry (Holliday), Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (Mignogna, Brenner), and Emergency Medicine (Betz), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; VA Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Aurora (Betz); Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle (Sayre)
| | - George Sayre
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC) for Suicide Prevention, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado (Simonetti, Holliday, Mignogna, Thomas, Smith, Brenner); Seattle-Denver Center of Innovation for Veteran-Centered and Value-Driven Care, Aurora, Colorado (Simonetti, Sayre); Departments of Psychiatry (Holliday), Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (Mignogna, Brenner), and Emergency Medicine (Betz), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora; VA Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Aurora (Betz); Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle (Sayre)
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Dixon LJ, Hornsey MJ, Hartley N. "The Secret" to Success? The Psychology of Belief in Manifestation. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2023:1461672231181162. [PMID: 37421301 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231181162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
We explored the psychology of those who believe in manifestation: the ability to cosmically attract success in life through positive self-talk, visualization, and symbolic actions (e.g., acting as if something is true). In three studies (collective N = 1,023), we developed a reliable and valid measure-the Manifestation Scale-and found over one third of participants endorsed manifestation beliefs. Those who scored higher on the scale perceived themselves as more successful, had stronger aspirations for success, and believed they were more likely to achieve future success. They were also more likely to be drawn to risky investments, have experienced bankruptcy, and to believe they could achieve an unlikely level of success more quickly. We discuss the potential positives and negatives of this belief system in the context of growing public desire for success and an industry that capitalizes on these desires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Dixon
- The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Australia
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Defeudis G, Mazzilli R, Scandurra C, Di Tommaso AM, Cimadomo D, Strollo R, Faggiano A, Migliaccio S, Napoli N. Diabetes and erectile dysfunction: The relationships with health literacy, treatment adherence, unrealistic optimism, and glycaemic control. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2023:e3629. [PMID: 36823962 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationships between health literacy, unrealistic optimism, and adherence to glycometabolic disease management related to erectile dysfunction (ED) in male patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) or preDM. MATERIALS AND METHODS This prospective observational study enroled 167 consecutive patients with T2D and ED. All patients underwent the following examinations: (a) medical history collection; (b) Body Mass Index (BMI) determination; (c) hormonal and biochemical assessment; (d) duration of T2D, complications and treatment; (e) International Index of Erectile Function-5 questionnaire to assess ED; and (f) validated questionnaire to evaluate health literacy, unrealistic optimism, and treatment adherence. RESULTS Overall, mean age was 62.5 ± 9.4 years (range: 20-75) and mean BMI was 28.4 ± 4.8 kg/m2 (range: 18.4-46.6). The mean IIEF-5 score was 15.4 ± 5.2 (range: 5-25). The majority of patients showed high health literacy. However, low health literacy was found in patients with higher IIEF-5 scores and high BMI. Unrealistic optimism was low in most patients. Higher adherence to treatment was found in patients who reported regular physical activity, who followed a diet, and in patients with a family history of T2D. Regarding anti-diabetic treatment, patients treated with insulin showed higher health literacy than patients not treated with other medications, whereas higher adherence was found in patients using SGLT2-i. CONCLUSIONS This study highlighted the close relationship between metabolic compensation, BMI, ED, and psychological attitudes, including health literacy and unrealistic optimism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Defeudis
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University Foro Italico of Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Mazzilli
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiano Scandurra
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alfonso Maria Di Tommaso
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Rocky Strollo
- Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Antongiulio Faggiano
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Migliaccio
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University Foro Italico of Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Napoli
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
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Kam C. Psychoanalytic contributions in distinguishing willful ignorance and rational knowledge avoidance. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1025507. [PMID: 36865360 PMCID: PMC9970993 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1025507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
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Er E, Durieux N, Vander Haegen M, Flahault C, Etienne AM. Patients' perceptions of the mechanisms underlying alcohol use problems after bariatric surgery: A qualitative systematic review. Clin Obes 2023; 13:e12551. [PMID: 36096544 DOI: 10.1111/cob.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol-related problems increase after bariatric surgery. The objective of this review was to synthesize findings of qualitative studies on patients' perceptions of the mechanisms leading to problematic alcohol consumption after bariatric surgery. This review followed the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for systematic review of qualitative evidence. A comprehensive search strategy was performed in MEDLINE, PsycInfo, Scopus and Google Scholar. Study selection, data extraction and critical appraisal of included studies were undertaken by two independent reviewers. Confidence in review findings was assessed using the ConQual approach. Four studies were included in this review and led to the development of four synthesized results: (1) persistence or reappearance of psychological problems after bariatric surgery; (2) using alcohol as a coping strategy, sometimes as a replacement for food; (3) changes in the physiological response to alcohol; and (4) importance of increased information about alcohol-related risks and long-term counselling. Confidence in the synthesized results ranged from moderate to low. The results indicated postoperative problematic alcohol consumption is a complex issue, involving psychological and physiological mechanisms. Several recommendations are formulated based on the results obtained. More qualitative and quantitative studies are needed to better understand this phenomenon given the few existing qualitative studies on this topic and some divergent results found between qualitative and previous quantitative research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esin Er
- Research Unit for a Life-Course Perspective on Health & Education-RUCHE, Faculty of Psychology, Speech and Language Therapy and Educational Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Nancy Durieux
- Research Unit for a Life-Course Perspective on Health & Education-RUCHE, Faculty of Psychology, Speech and Language Therapy and Educational Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Belgian Interuniversity Collaboration for Evidence-based Practice (BICEP): A JBI Affiliated Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marie Vander Haegen
- Research Unit for a Life-Course Perspective on Health & Education-RUCHE, Faculty of Psychology, Speech and Language Therapy and Educational Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Cécile Flahault
- Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et Processus de la santé, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Marie Etienne
- Research Unit for a Life-Course Perspective on Health & Education-RUCHE, Faculty of Psychology, Speech and Language Therapy and Educational Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Weber P. Unrealistic Optimism Regarding Artificial Intelligence Opportunities in Human Resource Management. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT 2023. [DOI: 10.4018/ijkm.317217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) has many uses in domains like automotive and finance or business divisions like human resource management (HRM). This study presents a survey that was conducted among a German national sample (n = 79) of HRM personnel from small- and medium-sized enterprises regarding the expected impact of AI on their own and other companies. Indications for unrealistic optimism, i.e., assuming negative impacts are more likely for others than oneself, were identified. AI will play an increasingly important role, with cost reductions and efficiency gains serving as the highest motives and a lack of AI specialists representing the highest inhibitor. Participants assume that AI will reduce the number of employees in other companies, while it let the one in their own grow. They expect AI to take over more tasks in other companies and believe AI will more impact other companies' HRM, especially in administrative processing. Future research should include (repeated) investigations into other business divisions.
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Börsch-Supan A, Bucher-Koenen T, Hurd MD, Rohwedder S. Saving Regret and Procrastination. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 94:102577. [PMID: 36875736 PMCID: PMC9979859 DOI: 10.1016/j.joep.2022.102577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In countries, where a substantial proportion of retirement income rests on savings, there is much concern that a sizeable fraction of the population reaches retirement with insufficient financial resources. We define saving regret as the wish in hindsight to have saved more earlier in life. We measured saving regret and possible determinants in a survey of U.S. households in which respondents were aged 60-79. We find high levels of saving regret, affirmed by some 58%. Saving regret exhibits significant and plausible correlations with personal characteristics and wealth: Married, older, healthier and wealthier respondents are less likely to report saving regret, suggesting the measure's validity. We find only weak evidence for correlations between saving regret and measures of procrastination: persons with traits associated with procrastination express saving regret about as often as those without those traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Börsch-Supan
- Munich Center for the Economics of Aging at the Max Planck
Institute for Social Law and Social Policy, Munich, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, Germany
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass.,
USA
| | - Tabea Bucher-Koenen
- Munich Center for the Economics of Aging at the Max Planck
Institute for Social Law and Social Policy, Munich, Germany
- Leibniz-Zentrum für Europäische
Wirtschaftsforschung, Mannheim, Germany
- University of Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael D. Hurd
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass.,
USA
- RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, USA
- NETSPAR, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Susann Rohwedder
- RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, USA
- NETSPAR, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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REMBISCHEVSKI P, CALDAS ED. How do the interview environment, sociodemographic aspects and risk perception impact attitudes related to food? A survey in the Midwest of Brazil. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.78622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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Sedikides C. Self-enhancement and physical health: A meta-analysis. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 62:583-599. [PMID: 36068661 PMCID: PMC10087604 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A prior meta-analysis yielded a positive relation between self-enhancement and psychological health. This article presents the first meta-analysis of the association between self-enhancement and physical health (k = 87; N = 22,415). The meta-analysis relied predominantly on social desirability as an operationalization of self-enhancement and secondarily on comparative judgement and narcissism. Further, the meta-analysis operationalized physical health in terms of self-rated health, symptoms and biomarkers. Overall, self-enhancement yielded a near-zero association with physical health, r = .01. However, this association was more pronounced for comparative judgement (r = .18, k = 6) than social desirability (r = .03, k = 41) or narcissism (r = -.0001, k = 8), and for self-rated health (r = .09, k = 9) than symptoms (r = .01, k = 29) or biomarkers (r = -.13, k = 17). The association between self-enhancement and physical health fluctuates across measures of both constructs calling for more focussed and nuanced investigations.
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Cheng K, Liao J. Coping with Coronavirus Pandemic: Risk Perception Predicts Life Optimism. JOURNAL OF HAPPINESS STUDIES 2022; 24:351-371. [PMID: 36406048 PMCID: PMC9647752 DOI: 10.1007/s10902-022-00583-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Given that the coronavirus pandemic has become a severe concern worldwide, how can optimism be maintained during an outbreak of a collective pandemic? We propose that perceived control and negative affect could be potential explanatory factors for optimism in the face of a pandemic. In Study 1 (N = 599), through a large-scale cross-sectional design, we showed the indirect effect of risk perception on optimism through perceived control and negative affect with structural equation modeling. In Study 2 (N = 191), we manipulated perceived risk of the pandemic and determined that experiencing a high-risk pandemic psychologically led to decreased optimism. Finally, through Study 3 (N = 186) and Study 4 (N = 217), we revealed that the effect of risk perception on optimism can be extended to overall subjective well-being and confirmed the indirect effects via perceived control and negative affect. These findings indicate that risk perception can make a difference in one's life optimism during a high-risk pandemic. Moreover, perceived control and negative affect are notable intermediary variables. Measures that strengthen publicity and transparency regarding recovery rates should be taken to help reduce public perceptions of risk and promote an optimistic life attitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailin Cheng
- Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Jiangqun Liao
- Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
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Bottemanne H, Morlaas O, Claret A, Sharot T, Fossati P, Schmidt L. Evaluation of Early Ketamine Effects on Belief-Updating Biases in Patients With Treatment-Resistant Depression. JAMA Psychiatry 2022; 79:1124-1132. [PMID: 36169969 PMCID: PMC9520441 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Clinical research has shown that persistent negative beliefs maintain depression and that subanesthetic ketamine infusions induce rapid antidepressant responses. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether ketamine alters belief updating and how such cognitive effects are associated with the clinical effects of ketamine. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This study used an observational case-control protocol with a mixed-effects design that nested 2 groups by 2 testing time points. Observers were not blinded. Patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) and healthy volunteer participants aged 34 to 68 years were included. Patients with TRD were diagnosed with major depressive disorder or bipolar depression, had a Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale score greater than 20, a Maudsley Staging Method score greater than 7, and failed to respond to at least 2 prior antidepressant trials. Exclusion criteria were any other psychiatric, neurological, or neurosurgical comorbidities, substance use or addictive disorders, and recreational ketamine consumption. Data were collected from January to February 2019 and from May to December 2019, and data were analyzed from January 2020 to July 2021. EXPOSURES Patients with TRD were observed 24 hours before single ketamine infusion, 4 hours after the infusion, and 4 hours after the third infusion, which was 1 week after the first infusion. Healthy control participants were observed twice 1 week apart without ketamine exposure. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale score and belief updating after belief updating when patients received good news and bad news measured by a cognitive belief-updating task and mathematically formalized by a computational reinforcement learning model. RESULTS Of 56 included participants, 29 (52%) were male, and the mean (SEM) age was 52.3 (1.2) years. A total of 26 patients with TRD and 30 control participants were included. A significant group × testing time point × news valence interaction showed that patients with TRD updated their beliefs more after good than bad news following a single ketamine infusion (controlled for age and education: β = -0.91; 95% CI, -1.58 to -0.24; t216 = -2.67; P = .008) than controls. Computational modeling showed that this effect was associated with asymmetrical learning rates (LRs) after ketamine treatment (good news LRs after ketamine, 0.51 [SEM, 0.04]; bad news LRs after ketamine 0.36 [SEM, 0.03], t25 = 3.8; P < .001) and partially mediated early antidepressant responses (path a*b: β = -1.00 [SEM, 0.66]; t26 = -1.53; z = -1.98; P = .04). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings provide novel insights into the cognitive mechanisms of the action of ketamine in patients with TRD, with promising perspectives for augmented psychotherapy for individuals with mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Bottemanne
- Control-Interoception Attention Team, Paris Brain Institute, Sorbonne University, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, French National Centre for Scientific Research, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, DMU Neuroscience, Paris, France,Department of Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, DMU Neuroscience, Sorbonne University, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France,Department of Philosophy, Sorbonne University, SND Research Unit, UMR 8011, Paris, France
| | - Orphee Morlaas
- Control-Interoception Attention Team, Paris Brain Institute, Sorbonne University, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, French National Centre for Scientific Research, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, DMU Neuroscience, Paris, France
| | - Anne Claret
- Department of Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, DMU Neuroscience, Sorbonne University, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Tali Sharot
- Affective Brain Lab, Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom,Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, United Kingdom,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
| | - Philippe Fossati
- Control-Interoception Attention Team, Paris Brain Institute, Sorbonne University, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, French National Centre for Scientific Research, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, DMU Neuroscience, Paris, France,Department of Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, DMU Neuroscience, Sorbonne University, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Liane Schmidt
- Control-Interoception Attention Team, Paris Brain Institute, Sorbonne University, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, French National Centre for Scientific Research, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, DMU Neuroscience, Paris, France
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15
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Okuzono SS, Shiba K, Lee HH, Shirai K, Koga HK, Kondo N, Fujiwara T, Kondo K, Grodstein F, Kubzansky LD, Trudel-Fitzgerald C. Optimism and Longevity Among Japanese Older Adults. JOURNAL OF HAPPINESS STUDIES 2022; 23:2581-2595. [PMID: 36919080 PMCID: PMC10010677 DOI: 10.1007/s10902-022-00511-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimism has been linked to better physical health across various outcomes, including greater longevity. However, most evidence is from Western populations, leaving it unclear whether these relationships may generalize to other cultural backgrounds. Using secondary data analysis, we evaluated the associations of optimism among older Japanese adults. METHODS Data were from a nationwide cohort study of Japanese older adults aged ≥65 years (Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study; n = 10,472). In 2010, optimism and relevant covariates (i.e., sociodemographic factors, physical health conditions, depressive symptoms, and health behaviors) were self-reported. Optimism was measured using the Japanese version of the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R). Lifespan was determined using mortality information from the public long-term care insurance database through 2017 (7-year follow-up). Accelerated failure time models examined optimism (quintiles or standardized continuous scores) in relation to percent differences in lifespan. Potential effect modification by gender, income, and education was also investigated. RESULTS Overall, 733 individuals (7%) died during the follow-up period. Neither continuous nor categorical levels of optimism were associated with lifespan after progressive adjustment for covariates (e.g., in fully-adjusted models: percent differences in lifespan per 1-SD increase in continuous optimism scores= -1.2%, 95%CI: -3.4, 1.1 higher versus lower optimism quintiles= -4.1%, 95%CI: -11.2, 3.6). The association between optimism and lifespan was null across all sociodemographic strata as well. CONCLUSION Contrary to the existing evidence from Western populations, optimism was unrelated to longevity among Japanese older adults. The association between optimism, as evaluated by the LOT-R, and longevity may differ across cultural contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakurako S. Okuzono
- Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, MA, USA
- Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
| | - Koichiro Shiba
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, MA, USA
- Human Flourishing Program, Harvard Institute for Quantitative Social Science, MA, USA
| | - Harold H. Lee
- Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, MA, USA
- Lee Kum Sheung Center for Health and Happiness, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, MA, USA
| | - Kokoro Shirai
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Hayami K. Koga
- Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, MA, USA
| | - Naoki Kondo
- Department of Social Epidemiology, Kyoto University School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeo Fujiwara
- Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
| | - Katsunori Kondo
- Department of Gerontological Evaluation, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Social Preventive Medical Sciences, Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Fran Grodstein
- Lee Kum Sheung Center for Health and Happiness, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, MA, USA
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Laura D. Kubzansky
- Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, MA, USA
- Lee Kum Sheung Center for Health and Happiness, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, MA, USA
| | - Claudia Trudel-Fitzgerald
- Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, MA, USA
- Lee Kum Sheung Center for Health and Happiness, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, MA, USA
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16
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Hennefield L, Markson L. The development of optimistic expectations in young children. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2022.101201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Eshel Y, Kimhi S, Marciano H, Adini B. Conspiracy claims and secret intentions as predictors of psychological coping and vaccine uptake during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 151:311-318. [PMID: 35526447 PMCID: PMC9057981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 vaccination campaign led to hesitancy, deferment and un-resolving resistance of certain groups or individuals worldwide. Reasons for these reactions include distrust in the COVID-19 vaccine that was developed rapidly, lack of trust in governing entities and unrealistic optimism (UO). Each of these reasons may involve claims of secret intentions or conspiracy theories. The present study examined the role of three different explanations for vaccine hesitancy and rejection, in predicting psychological coping, distress, and level of vaccine uptake, throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Blaming the vaccine and its producers, blaming the state's authorities, and expressing criticism in UO terms, which may hint of some secret intention that underlies the vaccination request. The research was conducted on a sample of 2002 Israeli adults who responded to an anonymous questionnaire about vaccine hesitancy and psychological coping. We assumed that conspiracy theories aimed at the medical and the governing authorities, and the UO insinuations of covert intentions of these authorities, represent two different psychological processes. UO responses to adversity are aimed at reducing anxiety attributing covert intentions to the authorities and the pharmaceutical companies is an expression of anxiety. Three major hypotheses are examined. First, stronger criticism of the vaccine will be associated with a lower level of vaccination. Second, more extreme criticism of the political and the medical authorities for requesting vaccination, raised as a reason for vaccine hesitation will positively predict a higher level of anxiety and negatively predict the extent of good psychological coping. A stronger opposition to the vaccine in terms of UO will be positively associated with a greater scope of resilience and coping and will be negatively linked to indicators of distress. Results supported these hypotheses and enhanced the ongoing discussion on the contribution of UO to psychological adjustment, by illustrating its beneficial effects on this adjustment. Conspiracy Theories and Secret Intentions as Predictors of Psychological Coping and Vaccine Uptake throughout the COVID-19 Pandemic in Israel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohanan Eshel
- Stress and Resilience Research Center, Tel Hai and University of Haifa, Israel.
| | - Shaul Kimhi
- ResWell - Multinational Resilience & Well-being Research Collaboration, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
| | - Hadas Marciano
- Stress and Resilience Research Center, Tel-Hai College, The Institute of Information Processing and Decision Making (IIPDM), University of Haifa, Israel. https://
| | - Bruria Adini
- Head of the Department of Emergency and Disaster Management, ResWell -Multinational Resilience & Well-being Research Collaboration, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
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18
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Basten-Günther J, Peters ML, Lautenbacher S. The Effect of Induced Optimism on Situational Pain Catastrophizing. Front Psychol 2022; 13:900290. [PMID: 35814132 PMCID: PMC9260170 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.900290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is broad evidence that optimism is associated with less pain, while pain catastrophizing leads to increased pain. The aim of this study was to examine whether experimentally induced optimism can reduce situational pain catastrophizing and whether this relation is moderated by dispositional optimism and/or dispositional pain catastrophizing. Methods Situational pain catastrophizing during two thermal stimulations was measured in 40 healthy participants with the Situational Catastrophizing Questionnaire (SCQ). Between the two stimulations, the Best Possible Self (BPS) imagery and writing task was performed to induce situational optimism in the experimental group while the control group wrote about their typical day. Questionnaires were administered to assess dispositional optimism [Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R)] and dispositional pain catastrophizing [Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS)]. Results There was a significant interaction between the optimism induction and trait pain catastrophizing: the association of trait pain catastrophizing with state pain catastrophizing was weakened after the optimism induction. No overall effect of induced optimism on situational pain catastrophizing and no significant moderating influence of trait optimism were found. Conclusion The state optimism induction apparently counteracted the manifestation of dispositional pain catastrophizing as situational pain catastrophizing. This implies that high trait pain catastrophizers may have especially benefitted from the optimism induction, which is in line with resilience models stressing the buffering role of optimism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Basten-Günther
- Department of Physiological Psychology, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Johanna Basten-Günther,
| | - Madelon L. Peters
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Stefan Lautenbacher
- Department of Physiological Psychology, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
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19
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Niewiadomska I, Bień A, Rzońca E, Jurek K. The Mediating Role of Dispositional Optimism in the Relationship between Health Locus of Control and Self-Efficacy in Pregnant Women at Risk of Preterm Delivery. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19106075. [PMID: 35627612 PMCID: PMC9141194 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19106075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Difficult situations during pregnancy, such as threatened preterm labor, trigger negative experiences in women. The levels of stress experienced and the way individuals cope with it depend on their personal resources, such as optimism, internal health locus of control, and self-efficacy, among other factors. The purpose of this paper was to determine the role of dispositional optimism in the relationship between health locus of control and self-efficacy in pregnant women with threatened preterm labor. Dispositional optimism plays the role of mediator in relationships between: (1) internal health control and self-efficacy; and (2) impact of random events on one's health and self-efficacy. Dispositional optimism does not mediate the relationship between the perceived impact of others on one's health and self-efficacy. For women with a high-risk pregnancy, dispositional optimism is a significant resource for coping with the problems they encounter. It changes the direction (from negative to positive) of the association between experiencing the impact of external factors (random events) on one's health and perceived self-efficacy. It prevents the cycle of loss caused by the interpretation of random events as having an impact on one's health, and acts as a mediator to initiate a cycle of gains that leads to greater perceived self-efficacy. Optimistic pregnant women maintain a positive outlook, even when confronted with difficult, negative experiences such as threatened preterm labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Niewiadomska
- Department of Social Psychoprevention, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Bień
- Chair of Obstetrics Development, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, 4/6 Staszica St., 20-081 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Ewa Rzońca
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Didactics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 14/16 Litewska St., 00-575 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Jurek
- Institute of Sociological Sciences, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence:
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20
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Rembischevski P, Lauria VBDM, da Silva Mota LI, Caldas ED. Risk perception of food chemicals and technologies in the Midwest of Brazil: A population-based cross-sectional survey. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.108808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Procesos cognitivos implicados en conductas de protección ante COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2). REVISTA IBEROAMERICANA DE PSICOLOGÍA 2022. [DOI: 10.33881/2027-1786.rip.15101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Las conductas de riesgo o protección ante enfermedades virales pueden verse influenciadas por la forma como la población construye cogniciones sobre esta realidad, tales cogniciones resultan clave para comprender cómo actúan las personas respecto a situaciones que representan riesgos para su salud. Este estudio evalúa el papel de procesos cognitivos como los sesgos o falsas creencias, la intención conductual y las creencias de eficacia, en relación con la enfermedad COVID-19, procurando determinar su influencia en los comportamientos de protección incluida la probabilidad de vacunarse. A través de un estudio transversal predictivo se evaluó a 794 personas en Colombia durante el primer pico pandémico de 2020, empleando cuestionarios en línea y se construyeron modelos de regresión para pronosticar las conductas de protección recomendadas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (lavado de manos, aislamiento social, uso de mascarillas). Los hallazgos señalan alta frecuencia en el sesgo de control y el optimismo ilusorio, al igual que altas expectativas de efectividad del cuidado, los cuales pronostican las conductas de protección y la intención de vacunarse. A partir de los resultados se discute que los sesgos relativos al optimismo no necesariamente implican asumir conductas de exposición a la enfermedad, de hecho, parecen tener un papel funcional en el cuidado.
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22
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De Giorgio A, Kuvačić G, Maleš D, Vecchio I, Tornali C, Ishac W, Ramaci T, Barattucci M, Milavić B. Willingness to Receive COVID-19 Booster Vaccine: Associations between Green-Pass, Social Media Information, Anti-Vax Beliefs, and Emotional Balance. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10030481. [PMID: 35335113 PMCID: PMC8952598 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10030481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of the present investigation were (i) to determine psychological relapses of COVID-19 booster vaccine; (ii) to identify the determining factors affecting willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccine; and (iii) to study the relationship among emotional characteristics (anxiety, stress, depression, optimism), social media information, and the mandatory political choices (i.e., green-pass) in Croatian people. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted for 1003 participants (median age: 40 years) from Croatia during December 2021. Results showed a significant association between vaccinated and unvaccinated participants in all sociodemographic variables, except for gender (p = 0.905). For psychological variables, significant differences were found only for levels of optimism (p < 0.001). People with a postgraduate degree (OR: 2.25, [1.14−4.46], p = 0.020) and PhD (OR: 1.97, [95% CI: 1.01−3.52], p = 0.021) had higher odds of being vaccinated than participants with high school diplomas. Additionally, participants seeking information on TV and radio (OR: 2.35, [1.71−3.23], p < 0.001) or from general practitioner (OR: 2.53, [1.78−3.61], p < 0.001) had higher odds of being vaccinated. Conversely, participants seeking information on social networks (OR: 0.36, [0.27−0.49], p < 0.001), general internet/blogs forums (OR: 0.34, [0.22−0.52], p < 0.001), and from friends or acquaintances (OR: 0.66, [0.48−0.91], p = 0.011) had lower odds of being vaccinated. Additionally, results showed that information policies have failed to fully convince the population to vaccinate and that depression (p = 0.491), anxiety (p = 0.220), and stress (p = 0.521) were not determining factors leading to the decision to receive COVID-19 vaccine. Most of the vaccinated participants perceived the green-pass as potentially useful. In contrast, most unvaccinated participants believed that the green-pass is a form of discrimination and not useful (88%). Further and broader research into possible reasons for continuing or undertaking vaccination is needed. It is recommended to introduce a measure of conformism that represents a change of attitude, belief, or behavior in a narrower sense.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Goran Kuvačić
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Dražen Maleš
- Faculty of Croatian Studies, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Ignazio Vecchio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy;
| | | | - Wadih Ishac
- Physical Education Department (PE), College of Education, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
| | - Tiziana Ramaci
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, University of Enna “Kore”, 94100 Enna, Italy;
| | | | - Boris Milavić
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
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23
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Kramer M, Juckel G, Mavrogiorgou P. [Psychopathology and Theory of Perceptual Disturbances]. FORTSCHRITTE DER NEUROLOGIE-PSYCHIATRIE 2022; 90:280-287. [PMID: 35196716 DOI: 10.1055/a-1720-1298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Current classification systems for psychiatric disorders are primarly based on categorial typologies and describe these as distinct nosological entities. A dimensional perspective allows descriptions of a gradual transition between pathologies as well as between normality and pathologies of psychiatric symptoms. Using acoustic hallucinations as most common form of perception disturbances as example, psychiatric-psychopathological and theoretical pros and cons for a dimensional classification of psychiatric symptomatology are sketched in this article. Although doubts concerning the similarity of real perceptions and acoustic hallucinations which underlie such mental events are controversially discussed, many hints could be found for a continuum of hallucinatoric symptoms from the mentally healthy population up to the group of patients with schizophrenia. Studies which investigate the neurophysiological mechanisms of acoustic hallucinations such as hearing voices in healthy persons in comparison to those in patients with schizophrenia could contribute to further differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Kramer
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Psychiatrie, Bochum, Germany
| | - Georg Juckel
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Psychiatrie, Bochum, Germany
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24
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Nejat H, Ziaee A, Akbari Amarghan H, Fariborzi E. Hope and Irrational Beliefs Among Male Prisoners: The Comparative Effectiveness of Existential Therapy (ET) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF GENERAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.29333/ejgm/11548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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McColl K, Debin M, Souty C, Guerrisi C, Turbelin C, Falchi A, Bonmarin I, Paolotti D, Obi C, Duggan J, Moreno Y, Wisniak A, Flahault A, Blanchon T, Colizza V, Raude J. Are People Optimistically Biased about the Risk of COVID-19 Infection? Lessons from the First Wave of the Pandemic in Europe. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:436. [PMID: 35010707 PMCID: PMC8744599 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Unrealistic optimism, the underestimation of one's risk of experiencing harm, has been investigated extensively to understand better and predict behavioural responses to health threats. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, a relative dearth of research existed in this domain regarding epidemics, which is surprising considering that this optimistic bias has been associated with a lack of engagement in protective behaviours critical in fighting twenty-first-century, emergent, infectious diseases. The current study addresses this gap in the literature by investigating whether people demonstrated optimism bias during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe, how this changed over time, and whether unrealistic optimism was negatively associated with protective measures. Taking advantage of a pre-existing international participative influenza surveillance network (n = 12,378), absolute and comparative unrealistic optimism were measured at three epidemic stages (pre-, early, peak), and across four countries-France, Italy, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Despite differences in culture and health response, similar patterns were observed across all four countries. The prevalence of unrealistic optimism appears to be influenced by the particular epidemic context. Paradoxically, whereas absolute unrealistic optimism decreased over time, comparative unrealistic optimism increased, suggesting that whilst people became increasingly accurate in assessing their personal risk, they nonetheless overestimated that for others. Comparative unrealistic optimism was negatively associated with the adoption of protective behaviours, which is worrying, given that these preventive measures are critical in tackling the spread and health burden of COVID-19. It is hoped these findings will inspire further research into sociocognitive mechanisms involved in risk appraisal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen McColl
- Unite des Virus Emergents, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement 190, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) 1207, Health, Aix-Marseille University, 13009 Marseille, France;
- École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique (EHESP) French School of Public Health, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Marion Debin
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (M.D.); (C.S.); (C.G.); (C.T.); (T.B.); (V.C.)
| | - Cecile Souty
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (M.D.); (C.S.); (C.G.); (C.T.); (T.B.); (V.C.)
| | - Caroline Guerrisi
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (M.D.); (C.S.); (C.G.); (C.T.); (T.B.); (V.C.)
| | - Clement Turbelin
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (M.D.); (C.S.); (C.G.); (C.T.); (T.B.); (V.C.)
| | - Alessandra Falchi
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Unité de Recherche 7310, Université de Corse, 20250 Corte, France;
| | | | - Daniela Paolotti
- Istituto per l’Interscambio Scientifico, ISI Foundation, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | | | - Jim Duggan
- School of Computer Science, National University of Ireland, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland;
| | - Yamir Moreno
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics and Complex Systems, University of Zaragoza, 50001 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Ania Wisniak
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Global Health, University of Geneva, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland; (A.W.); (A.F.)
| | - Antoine Flahault
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Global Health, University of Geneva, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland; (A.W.); (A.F.)
| | - Thierry Blanchon
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (M.D.); (C.S.); (C.G.); (C.T.); (T.B.); (V.C.)
| | - Vittoria Colizza
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Pierre Louis d’Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), Sorbonne Université, F-75012 Paris, France; (M.D.); (C.S.); (C.G.); (C.T.); (T.B.); (V.C.)
| | - Jocelyn Raude
- Unite des Virus Emergents, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement 190, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) 1207, Health, Aix-Marseille University, 13009 Marseille, France;
- École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique (EHESP) French School of Public Health, 35043 Rennes, France
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Arfini S, Magnani L. Embodied Irrationality? Knowledge Avoidance, Willful Ignorance, and the Paradox of Autonomy. Front Psychol 2021; 12:769591. [PMID: 34899518 PMCID: PMC8661121 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.769591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current philosophical and psychological literature, knowledge avoidance and willful ignorance seem to be almost identical conditions involved in irrational patterns of reasoning. In this paper, we will argue that not only these two phenomena should be distinguished, but that they also fall into different parts of the epistemic rationality-irrationality spectrum. We will adopt an epistemological and embodied perspective to propose a definition for both terms. Then, we will maintain that, while willful ignorance is involved in irrational patterns of reasoning and beliefs, knowledge avoidance should be considered epistemically rational under particular circumstances. We will begin our analysis by considering which of the two phenomena is involved in patterns of reasoning that are still amply recognized as irrational—as wishful thinking, self-deception, and akrasia. We will then discuss the impact of epistemic feelings—which are emotional events that depend on epistemic states—on agents' decision-making. Then, we will consider the impact of willful ignorance and knowledge avoidance on agents' autonomy. By considering these issues, we will argue that when agents are aware that they are avoiding certain information (and aware of what kind of feelings acquiring the information would trigger), knowledge avoidance should be considered a rational, autonomy-increasing, hope-depended selection of information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene Arfini
- Computational Philosophy Laboratory, Philosophy Section, Department of Humanities, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Magnani
- Computational Philosophy Laboratory, Philosophy Section, Department of Humanities, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Eshel Y, Kimhi S, Marciano H, Adini B. Components of Unrealistic Optimism of College Students: The Case of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychol 2021; 12:763581. [PMID: 34966325 PMCID: PMC8711557 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.763581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
College students are among the most strongly affected populations by the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic because of uncertainty regarding academic success, future careers, and social life during their study period. Their mental health and behavior may dramatically be impacted. The study examined an unrealistic optimism of Israeli college students in assessing the health, security, and economic risks during the pandemic, and the contributions of these perceived risks to the prediction of psychological coping responses, such as well-being, and coping suppressing response of anxiety, expressed during this pandemic. Using social networks, a questionnaire was disseminated to students during the third lockdown that was implemented in Israel because of the pandemic. Depressive and anxiety symptoms, perceived threats, resilience, well-being, hope, and morale were measured using a structured quantitative questionnaire. First, we hypothesized that the three perceived risks would be inversely rated, so perceived health risk would be rated lowest, and perceived economic risk would be rated highest. The second and third hypotheses claimed that psychological coping responses articulated along this pandemic would be predicted by all these perceived risks, as well as the observance of pandemic precaution rules. The fourth hypothesis suggested that the three investigated perceived risks will positively and significantly correlate with each other. The results generally supported the hypotheses and indicated that the unrealistic optimism process was employed quite consistently by the participating students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohanan Eshel
- Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Stress and Resilience Research Center, Tel-Hai College, Tel-Hai, Israel
| | - Shaul Kimhi
- Stress and Resilience Research Center, Tel-Hai College, Tel-Hai, Israel
| | - Hadas Marciano
- Stress and Resilience Research Center, Tel-Hai College, Tel-Hai, Israel
- The Institute of Information Processing and Decision Making (IIPDM), The Ergonomics and Human Factors Unit, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Bruria Adini
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Management, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Ziaee A, Nejat H, Amarghan HA, Fariborzi E. Existential therapy versus acceptance and commitment therapy for feelings of loneliness and irrational beliefs in male prisoners. Eur J Transl Myol 2021; 32. [PMID: 34818880 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2022.10271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Today's people live in a society with many dangers to their peace and security. The effectiveness of different therapies in psychological variables needs to be evaluated to reach the most precise therapies based on research evidence. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of existential therapy (ET) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) in alleviating the loneliness and irrational beliefs of male prisoners. In the present quasi-experimental study, the statistical population consisted of all married male prisoners aged between 25 to 45 years in Mashhad Central Prison in the first half of 2017. Among the statistical population, 36 people were selected and then randomly placed in three research groups. The two experimental groups underwent eight separate intervention sessions, ET, and ACT. At the beginning and end of the study, all of the three groups were evaluated by a research questionnaire, including the loneliness scale. The results of data analysis showed that, in comparison with the control group, the changes in the other two groups under ET and ACT were significant as to the feeling of loneliness and irrational beliefs of prisoners. However, there was no significant difference between the effects of these two treatments. The present research was limited in the case of examining the follow-up stage due to lack of access and cooperation of the subjects, incorporating some control variables (such as the history of substance use and psychiatry), and employing other evaluation methods (e.g., interview). It is highly suggested that future research should address these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Ziaee
- Department of Educational Sciences, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Hamid Nejat
- Department of Educational Sciences, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran.
| | | | - Elham Fariborzi
- Department of Educational Sciences, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran.
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Lages NC, Debbeler LJ, Blumenschein M, Kollmann J, Szymczak H, Keim DA, Schupp HT, Renner B. Dynamic Risk Perceptions in Times of Avian and Seasonal Influenza Epidemics: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Design. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2021; 41:2016-2030. [PMID: 33580509 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases pose a serious threat to humans. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how accurately people perceive these risks. However, accuracy can be operationalized differently depending on the standard of comparison. The present study investigated accuracy in risk perceptions for three infectious diseases (avian influenza, seasonal influenza, common cold) using three different standards for accuracy: Social comparison (self vs. others' risk perceptions), general problem level (risk perceptions for diseases with varying threat levels), and dynamic problem level (risk perceptions during epidemics/seasons vs. nonepidemic/off-season times). Four online surveys were conducted using a repeated cross-sectional design. Two surveys were conducted during epidemics/seasons of avian influenza, seasonal influenza, and common cold in 2006 (n = 387) and 2016 (n = 370) and two surveys during nonepidemic/off-season times for the three diseases in 2009 (n = 792) during a swine flu outbreak and in 2018 (n = 422) during no outbreak of zoonotic influenza. While on average participants felt less at risk than others, indicating an optimistic bias, risk perceptions matched the magnitude of risk associated with the three infectious diseases. Importantly, a significant three-way interaction indicated dynamic accuracy in risk perceptions: Participants felt more at risk for seasonal influenza and common cold during influenza and cold seasons, compared with off-season times. However, these dynamic increases were more pronounced in the perceived risk for others than for oneself (optimistic bias). The results emphasize the importance of using multiple approaches to assess accuracy of risk perception as they provided different information on how accurately people gauge their risk when facing infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine C Lages
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Luka J Debbeler
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Michael Blumenschein
- Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Josianne Kollmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Hermann Szymczak
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Daniel A Keim
- Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Harald T Schupp
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Britta Renner
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
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Kuper-Smith BJ, Doppelhofer LM, Oganian Y, Rosenblau G, Korn CW. Risk perception and optimism during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:210904. [PMID: 34804569 PMCID: PMC8580423 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Slowing the spread of COVID-19 requires people to actively change their lives by following protective practices, such as physical distancing and disinfecting their hands. Perceptions about the personal risk of COVID-19 may affect compliance with these practices. In this study, we assessed risk perception and optimism about COVID-19 in a multinational (UK, USA and Germany), longitudinal design during the early stages of the pandemic (16 March 2020; 1 April 2020; 20 May 2020). Our main findings are that (i) people showed a comparative optimism bias about getting infected and infecting others, but not for getting severe symptoms, (ii) this optimism bias did not change over time, (iii) optimism bias seemed to relate to perceived level of control over the action, (iv) risk perception was linked to publicly available information about the disorder, (v) people reported adhering closely to protective measures but these measures did not seem to be related to risk perception, and (vi) risk perception was related to questions about stress and anxiety. In additional cross-sectional samples, we replicated our most important findings. Our open and partly preregistered results provide detailed descriptions of risk perceptions and optimistic beliefs during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in three Western countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Kuper-Smith
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Section Social Neuroscience, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lisa M. Doppelhofer
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Section Social Neuroscience, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yulia Oganian
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Rosenblau
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
- Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Christoph W. Korn
- Institute for Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Section Social Neuroscience, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Dolinski D, Kulesza W, Muniak P, Dolinska B, Węgrzyn R, Izydorczak K. Media intervention program for reducing unrealistic optimism bias: The link between unrealistic optimism, well-being, and health. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2021; 14:499-518. [PMID: 34693650 PMCID: PMC9298214 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Unrealistic optimism is the tendency to perceive oneself as safer than others in situations that equally threaten everybody. By reducing fear, this bias boosts one's well-being; however, it is also a deterrent to one's health. Three experiments were run in a mixed-design on 1831 participants to eliminate unrealistic optimism (measured by two items-probability of COVID-19 infection for oneself and for others; within-subjects) toward the probability of COVID-19 infection via articles/videos. A between-subject factor was created by manipulation. Ostensibly, daily newspaper articles describing other people diligently following medical recommendations (experiment 1) and videos showing people who did not follow these recommendations (experiment 2) reduced unrealistic optimism. The third experiment, which included both articles and videos, replicated these results. These results can be applied to strategies for written and video communications that can be used by governments and public health agencies as best practices concerning not only COVID-19 but also any subsequent public health threat while promoting proactive, optimal, and healthy functioning of the individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Dolinski
- Faculty of Psychology in Wroclaw, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kulesza
- Warsaw Faculty, Centre for Research on Social Relations, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Muniak
- Warsaw Faculty, Centre for Research on Social Relations, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Rafał Węgrzyn
- Faculty of Psychology in Wroclaw, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Izydorczak
- Faculty of Psychology in Wroclaw, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Wroclaw, Poland
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"It Won't Happen to Us": Unrealistic Optimism Affects COVID-19 Risk Assessments and Attitudes Regarding Protective Behaviour. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2021; 10:368-380. [PMID: 34307004 PMCID: PMC8292110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
People generally believe that their own future will be better than the one of comparable others. Robust evidence documents such unrealistic optimism in many domains of life. Here, we examine how unrealistic optimism may affect people's risk assessments of COVID-19 infection as well as their attitudes regarding behaviours intended to protect against contagion. In two studies conducted in the USA (N = 160) and UK (N = 161), at different times during the pandemic, we show that participants considered the likelihood of contracting and carrying the infection lower for themselves and their close other compared to an acquaintance, while they considered the likelihood of engaging in protective behaviours higher for themselves and their close other than an acquaintance. The findings document unrealistic optimism in relation to COVID-19. Such biases are particularly critical in relation to infectious diseases, where underestimating the risk for both oneself and close others may reduce precautions and increase virus spreading.
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Ritunnano R, Bortolotti L. Do delusions have and give meaning? PHENOMENOLOGY AND THE COGNITIVE SCIENCES 2021; 21:949-968. [PMID: 36034162 PMCID: PMC9399029 DOI: 10.1007/s11097-021-09764-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Delusions are often portrayed as paradigmatic instances of incomprehensibility and meaninglessness. Here we investigate the relationship between delusions and meaning from a philosophical perspective, integrating arguments and evidence from cognitive psychology and phenomenological psychopathology. We review some of the empirical and philosophical literature relevant to two claims about delusions and meaning: (1) delusions are meaningful, despite being described as irrational and implausible beliefs; (2) some delusions can also enhance the sense that one's life is meaningful, supporting agency and creativity in some circumstances. Delusions are not incomprehensible representations of reality. Rather, they can help make sense of one's unusual experiences and in some circumstances even support one's endeavours, albeit temporarily and imperfectly. Acknowledging that delusions have meaning and can also give meaning to people's lives has implications for our understanding of psychotic symptoms and for addressing the stigma associated with psychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Ritunnano
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Lisa Bortolotti
- Philosophy Department and Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
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Ekwonye AU, Truong N. Searching and Making Meaning of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Perspectives of African Immigrants in the United States. JOURNAL OF HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/00221678211022442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
African immigrants continue to be disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. It is unclear how they are searching for and finding meaning in the face of this adversity. This study sought to understand how African immigrants in the United States are searching for and making meaning of the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted in-depth interviews remotely with 20 immigrants from West Africa (Nigeria and Ghana), East Africa (Somali and Rwanda), and Central Africa (Democratic Republic of Congo). The meaning-making model was used as a framework to understand the processes of coping during a significant, adverse life event. The study found that some participants attempted to reduce the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on their global meaning by seeking answers as to why the pandemic occurred and creating positive illusions. Some redefined their priorities and reframed the pandemic in a positive light. Participants found meaning in the form of accepting the pandemic as a reality of life, appreciating events previously taken for granted, and making positive changes in their lives. This study’s findings can inform health care providers of the meaning-making processes of African immigrants and the need to assist them in their search for meaning.
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Qiao S, Tam CC, Li X. Risk Exposures, Risk Perceptions, Negative Attitudes Toward General Vaccination, and COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance Among College Students in south Carolina. Am J Health Promot 2021; 36:175-179. [PMID: 34164998 DOI: 10.1177/08901171211028407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The current study investigated how risk exposures, risk perceptions of COVID-19, and negative attitudes toward general vaccination were related to COVID vaccine acceptance among college students. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Data was collected by online survey using RedCap among college students in South Carolina between September 2020 and October 2020. SAMPLE 1062 college students in South Carolina. MEASURES risk exposures to COVID-19, perceived severity of COVID-19, perceived susceptibility of COVID-19, negative attitude toward general vaccination, vaccine acceptance of COVID-19. ANALYSIS Hierarchical linear regression was used to examine the association of these factors with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance controlling for key demographics. RESULTS Perceived severity of COVID-19 was positively associated with vaccine acceptance (ß = 0.19, p < 0.001). Higher level of risk exposures (ß = -0.08, p = 0.007) and negative attitude toward general vaccination (ß = -0.38, p < 0.001) were associated with low vaccine acceptance. CONCLUSION We need tailored education messages for college students to emphasize the severity of COVID-19, address the concerns of side effects of general vaccines by dispelling the misconception, and target the most vulnerable subgroups who reported high level of risk exposures while showed low intention to take the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Qiao
- Department of Health Promotion Education and Behavior, 2629University of South Carolina, SC SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Cheuk Chi Tam
- Department of Health Promotion Education and Behavior, 2629University of South Carolina, SC SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Department of Health Promotion Education and Behavior, 2629University of South Carolina, SC SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, Columbia, SC, USA
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Gassen J, Nowak TJ, Henderson AD, Weaver SP, Baker EJ, Muehlenbein MP. Unrealistic Optimism and Risk for COVID-19 Disease. Front Psychol 2021; 12:647461. [PMID: 34149531 PMCID: PMC8212979 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.647461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk perception and consequently engagement in behaviors to avoid illness often do not match actual risk of infection, morbidity, and mortality. Unrealistic optimism occurs when individuals falsely believe that their personal outcomes will be more favorable than others' in the same risk category. Natural selection could favor overconfidence if its benefits, such as psychological resilience, outweigh its costs. However, just because optimism biases may have offered fitness advantages in our evolutionary past does not mean that they are always optimal. The current project examined relationships among personal risk for severe COVID-19, risk perceptions, and preventative behaviors. We predicted that those with higher risk of severe COVID-19 would exhibit unrealistic optimism and behave in ways inconsistent with their elevated risk of morbidity and mortality. Clinical risk scores for severe COVID-19 were calculated and compared with COVID-19 threat appraisal, compliance with shelter-in-place orders (March 13–May 22, 2020) and travel restrictions, compliance with public health recommendations, and potential covariates like self-rated knowledge about COVID-19 in a robust dataset including 492 participants from McLennan County, TX, USA. While those with high clinical risk acknowledged their greater likelihood of experiencing severe illness if infected, they actually reported lower perceived likelihood of becoming infected in the first place. While it is possible that those with higher clinical risk scores truly are less likely to become infected, the pattern and significance of these results held after controlling for possible occupational exposure, household size, and other factors related to infection probability. Higher clinical risk also predicted more recent travel within Texas and lower distress during the pandemic (i.e., feeling less stressed, depressed, and helpless). Additional behavioral data suggested that those with higher clinical risk scores did not generally behave differently than those with lower scores during the shelter-in-place order. While unrealistic optimism may provide some short-term psychological benefits, it could be dangerous due to improper assessment of hazardous situations; inferring that optimism bias has evolutionary origins does not mean that unrealistic optimism is “optimal” in every situation. This may be especially true when individuals face novel sources (or scales) of risk, such as a global pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Gassen
- Department of Anthropology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
| | - Tomasz J Nowak
- Department of Anthropology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
| | | | | | - Erich J Baker
- Department of Computer Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
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Kulesza W, Dolinski D, Muniak P, Derakhshan A, Rizulla A, Banach M. We are infected with the new, mutated virus UO-COVID-19. Arch Med Sci 2021; 17:1706-1715. [PMID: 34900052 PMCID: PMC8641513 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2020.99592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Optimism is boosted by leaders hoping for job creation, increased business spending, and a high consumption rate. In this research, we assessed the hazardous side effect for global health policies stemming from this optimism: unrealistic optimism (being unrealistically optimistic about future negative events), which may be responsible for new infections and may prevent the eradication of COVID-19. The goal of the research was not only to assess whether this effect exists and to find out whether such an effect is global but also to evaluate whether there are groups resistant to this effect (presenting a potential toolkit for reducing this effect). MATERIAL AND METHODS In May and April of 2020, online surveys were administered among students in Iran, Kazakhstan, and Poland respectively to assess the unrealistic optimism/pessimism. In study 1/objective 1, the survey was conducted twice (in a period of about 3 weeks) to assess the potential change (due to the anonymous codes delivered by the participants, we were able to make follow-ups between the same participants) in time in the 3 countries. In the first wave, 1611 participants took the survey. In the second wave, there were 1426 respondents. In study 2, the survey was conducted among 207 Polish healthcare workers of the frontline hospital. RESULTS In study 1 across the 3 cultures (the first wave for unmatched data by the code of the specific participant F(1, 1608) = 419.2; p < 0.001, and for matched data F(1, 372) = 167.195; p < 0.001; ηp² = 0.31; ηp² = 0.21; the second wave for unmatched data F(1, 1423) = 359.61; p < 0.001; ηp² = 0.2, and for matched F(1, 372) = 166.84; p < 0.001; ηp² = 0.31), unrealistic optimism is present, and importantly it is constant in time. In study 2, unrealistic optimism was not found among healthcare professionals, who we hypothesized due to the medical knowledge are not inclined to be unrealistically optimistic t(206) = 1.06; p = 0.290, d = 0.07. CONCLUSION Medical education of COVID-19 severity might reduce unrealistic optimism, which may be the reason why pandemic restrictions are not being respected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Kulesza
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw Faculty, Centre for Research on Social Relations, Poland
| | - Dariusz Dolinski
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Faculty of Psychology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Muniak
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw Faculty, Centre for Research on Social Relations, Poland
| | - Ali Derakhshan
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Golestan University, Iran
| | | | - Maciej Banach
- Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
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Thériault G, Breault P, Dickinson JA, Grad R, Bell NR, Singh H, Szafran O. Preventive health care and the media. CANADIAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN MEDECIN DE FAMILLE CANADIEN 2020; 66:811-816. [PMID: 33208420 PMCID: PMC8302440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guylène Thériault
- Academic Lead for the Physicianship Component and the Director of Pedagogy at the Outaouais Medical Campus of McGill University's Faculty of Medicine in Gatineau, Que.
| | - Pascale Breault
- Clinical Lecturer in the Department of Family Medicine at Laval University in Quebec city, Que
| | - James A Dickinson
- Professor in the Department of Family Medicine and the Department of Community Health Sciences at the University of Calgary in Alberta
| | - Roland Grad
- Associate Professor in the Department of Family Medicine at McGill University
| | - Neil R Bell
- Professor in the Department of Family Medicine at the University of Alberta in Edmonton
| | - Harminder Singh
- Associate Professor in the Department of Internal Medicine and the Department of Community Health Sciences at the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg and in the Department of Hematology and Oncology of CancerCare Manitoba
| | - Olga Szafran
- Associate Director of Research in the Department of Family Medicine at the University of Alberta
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Thériault G, Breault P, Dickinson JA, Grad R, Bell NR, Singh H, Szafran O. [Not Available]. CANADIAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN MEDECIN DE FAMILLE CANADIEN 2020; 66:e287-e292. [PMID: 33208439 PMCID: PMC8302437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guylène Thériault
- Directrice du volet Rôle du médecin et directrice de la Pédagogie au Campus médical de l'Outaouais de la Faculté de médecine de l'Université McGill (Gatineau, Québec).
| | - Pascale Breault
- Chargée de cours cliniques au Département de médecine familiale de l'Université Laval à Québec (Québec)
| | - James A Dickinson
- Professeur au Département de médecine familiale et au Département des sciences de la santé communautaire à l'Université de Calgary (Alberta)
| | - Roland Grad
- Professeur agrégé au Département de médecine de famille de l'Université McGill
| | - Neil R Bell
- Professeur au Département de médecine familiale de l'Université de l'Alberta à Edmonton
| | - Harminder Singh
- Professeur agrégé au Département de médecine interne et au Département des sciences de la santé communautaire de l'Université du Manitoba à Winnipeg, et au Département d'hématologie et d'oncologie de CancerCare Manitoba
| | - Olga Szafran
- Directrice associée de recherche au Département de médecine familiale de l'Université de l'Alberta
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Miron-Shatz T, Holzer H, Revel A, Weissman A, Tarashandegan D, Hurwitz A, Gal M, Ben-Chetrit A, Weintraub A, Ravhon A, Tsafrir A. 'Luckily, I don't believe in statistics': survey of women's understanding of chance of success with futile fertility treatments. Reprod Biomed Online 2020; 42:463-470. [PMID: 33250411 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION Why are women who face poor prognoses for success in assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment choosing to pursue procedures using their own eggs, despite receiving information that their chances of success are very low. DESIGN Cross-sectional study based on an anonymous questionnaire distributed to women aged between 43 and 45 years, undergoing ART using their own oocytes, at six public outpatient fertility clinics and three public in-hospital IVF units in Israel between 2015 and 2016. The main outcome measure was personal estimation of chance to achieve a live birth after the current ART treatment cycle and the cumulative estimated rate after all the treatment cycles the patient intended to undergo. RESULTS Response rate was 70.0%, with 91 participants of mean age 43.8 ± 0.7 years. Participants estimated their delivery rates after the next ART treatment cycle at 49.0 ± 31.8% (response rate 93.4%) and their cumulative delivery rates after all the ART treatments they would undergo at 57.7 ± 36.3% (response rate 90.1%). This is significantly higher than the predicted success rates of 5% and 15%, respectively (both P < 0.001), which are based on national register data. Nearly one-half of patients rated themselves as having a better than average chance of conception (47.3%). CONCLUSION Women do not pursue futile treatments because they lack information. Despite being informed of the low success rates of conception using ART treatments, many patients of advanced maternal age have unrealistically high expectations from ART, essentially ignoring their estimated prognosis when deciding on treatment continuation. Future work should examine the psychological reasons behind continuing futile fertility treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talya Miron-Shatz
- Ono Academic College, Center for Medical Decision Making, Tzahal St 104, Kiryat Ono, Israel; Winton Centre for Risk and Evidence Communication, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
| | - Hananel Holzer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah Medical Center Ein Kerem POB 12000 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ariel Revel
- Reproductive Medicine and In Vitro fertilization Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yitzhak Shamir Medical Center (formerly Assaf Harofeh Medical Center), affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Ariel Weissman
- IVF Unit- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Ha-Lokhamim St 62, Holon, 5822012, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Danit Tarashandegan
- Ono Academic College, Center for Medical Decision Making, Tzahal St 104, Kiryat Ono, Israel
| | - Arye Hurwitz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah Medical Center Ein Kerem POB 12000 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael Gal
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, IVF unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Shmu'el Bait St 12 Jerusalem 9103102, Israel
| | - Avraham Ben-Chetrit
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, IVF unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Shmu'el Bait St 12 Jerusalem 9103102, Israel
| | - Amir Weintraub
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, IVF unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Shmu'el Bait St 12 Jerusalem 9103102, Israel
| | - Amir Ravhon
- IVF Unit- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Ha-Lokhamim St 62, Holon, 5822012, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Avi Tsafrir
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, IVF unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Shmu'el Bait St 12 Jerusalem 9103102, Israel.
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Bottemanne H, Morlaàs O, Fossati P, Schmidt L. Does the Coronavirus Epidemic Take Advantage of Human Optimism Bias? Front Psychol 2020; 11:2001. [PMID: 32982839 PMCID: PMC7479219 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Bottemanne
- Control-Interoception-Attention team, Institut du Cerveau (Paris Brain Institute, ICM), UMR 7225/UMR_S 1127, Sorbonne University/CNRS/INSERM, Paris, France
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Orphée Morlaàs
- Control-Interoception-Attention team, Institut du Cerveau (Paris Brain Institute, ICM), UMR 7225/UMR_S 1127, Sorbonne University/CNRS/INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Fossati
- Control-Interoception-Attention team, Institut du Cerveau (Paris Brain Institute, ICM), UMR 7225/UMR_S 1127, Sorbonne University/CNRS/INSERM, Paris, France
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Liane Schmidt
- Control-Interoception-Attention team, Institut du Cerveau (Paris Brain Institute, ICM), UMR 7225/UMR_S 1127, Sorbonne University/CNRS/INSERM, Paris, France
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Kennedy GD, Tevis S. Strategies to prevent burnout: Are grit and optimism the answer? Am J Surg 2020; 220:8-9. [PMID: 32389330 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D Kennedy
- University of Alabama at Birmingham Department of Surgery, USA; Professor and Director of GI Surgery Department of Surgery University of Alabama at Birmingham, KB 428, 1720 2nd Ave S, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | - Sarah Tevis
- University of Colorado Department of Surgery, USA; Assistant Professor of Surgery Department of Surgery University of Colorado, 12631 E. 17 th Avenue C-313Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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Park S, Kwak K, Kim Y. Psychological variables related to grit among adolescents in South Korea: A longitudinal study from age 4 to 14. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-018-9947-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Rodrigues KL, Eves A, das Neves CP, Souto BK, Dos Anjos SJG. The role of Optimistic Bias in safe food handling behaviours in the food service sector. Food Res Int 2020; 130:108732. [PMID: 32156339 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates the influences on food handlers' intention to conduct safe handling behaviours in food service settings in Brazil and the United Kingdom, focusing on Optimistic bias (OB). Although OB has been identified in food handlers in other studies, this is the first study evaluating the role of OB in determining behavioural intention. Three hundred participants, from the United Kingdom (n = 150) and Brazil (n = 150), completed a Theory of Planned Behaviour - based questionnaire, including additional questions about OB. For Brazilian food handlers, Attitude had a significant influence on Behavioural Intention followed by Subjective Norm, while Perceived Behavioural Control and OB did not significantly influence Behavioural Intention. For the United Kingdom, Perceived Behavioural Control had the largest influence, followed by Attitude, and then OB. Results suggest that cultural differences may influence predictors of behavioural intention, and that OB can contribute to predicting engagement in safe handling behaviours. Results contribute to a better understanding of the influences on food safety related behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Lameiro Rodrigues
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Food, School of Nutrition, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil; School of Nutrition, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
| | - Anita Eves
- School of Hospitality and Tourism Management, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Pereira das Neves
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Food, School of Nutrition, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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Finnish Students’ Knowledge of Climate Change Mitigation and Its Connection to Hope. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12062181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Climate change is a global concern, and the need to address it is urgent. Therefore, climate change education has been developed in recent years. Meaning making, coping strategies, and solution-oriented climate education tasks enable and maintain hope for positive results with regard to climate change. However, there is still uncertainty as to how students’ knowledge of climate change mitigation measures affects their attitudes. In the present study, elementary and secondary students in Finland (n = 950) responded to an online questionnaire. A principal component analysis, a hierarchical regression analysis, a correlation coefficients, a t-test, and a Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance were used for the analysis to understand what kind of hope students had towards climate change and how their knowledge and optimism regarding climate change affected their hope. The data revealed that the students had a relatively high constructive hope rather than denial hope when it comes to climate change. Additionally, this hope was not built on a minimisation of climate change. The results indicated that the significant predictors for climate change mitigation were gender, climate change knowledge, and constructive hope. A typology of student positions with regard to climate change is introduced as conclusions.
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Abstract
This paper traverses the domains of leadership and decision-making within various types of systems with different levels of complexity. The article presents some background about both leadership and decision-making, and then explores the concept of leadership decision-making and some of the factors involved. The paper then reviews complex systems and provides examples to differentiate complex systems from other systems. Finally, these strands are brought together with a consideration of leadership decision-making in complex systems and presentation of a framework to assist managers faced with decision-making in complexity, based on data collected in a survey. The aim and practical contribution of this paper is to improve the outcomes of leadership decision-making within complex systems, based upon the findings and on a decision aid model derived from them. The paper, therefore, should help people in real life and leaders within organizational settings to improve their decision-making effectiveness within the ever-increasing range of complex situations which are now widely encountered.
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Jefferson A, Bortolotti L. Why (Some) Unrealistic Optimism is Permissible in Patient Decision Making. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2018; 18:27-29. [PMID: 30265602 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2018.1498940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
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Development and validation of the openness to the future scale: a prospective protective factor. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2018; 16:72. [PMID: 29688854 PMCID: PMC5914035 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-018-0889-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most of the research on psychopathology has provided an incomplete picture of mental health by focusing on vulnerability factors and omitting the transversal processes that may explain human adapted functioning. Moreover, research has not sufficiently addressed prospective protective factors for mental health. New theoretical and empirical endeavors aim to incorporate this perspective, particularly in the realm of emotional disorders. A positive view of the future is an indispensable process in attaining desired goals and wellbeing. Openness to the Future is a construct characterized by positive affectivity towards the future, which can be a protective factor for mental health. Although some scales assess future orientations, the complexity of this concept has not yet been captured; therefore, there is a need for new instruments. This study presents the development and validation of a scale for measuring Openness to the Future in clinical (n = 412) and community (n = 890) samples. Methods Psychometric properties of the OFS were analyzed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Item Response Theory (IRT) analyses, establishing cut-off points to better classify these two groups. Moreover, convergent and discriminant validity were examined by correlating the OFS with theoretically related constructs. Results Results support a unidimensional structure and indicate that the items function similarly across clinical and community samples. Moreover, the Openness to the Future scale shows good convergent and discriminant validity. Conclusions These findings suggest that the Openness to the Future scale is a valid and brief measure of openness to the future for use with clinical and community samples, and it could help to fill a gap in the literature regarding attitudes towards the future and their implications. Openness to the Future is presented as an empirically feasible and theoretically consistent construct that includes both prospective and protective factors in the psychopathological chart. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12955-018-0889-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Noser E, Fischer S, Ruppen J, Ehlert U. Psychobiological stress in vital exhaustion. Findings from the Men Stress 40+ study. J Psychosom Res 2018; 105:14-20. [PMID: 29332629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the increased risk for cardiovascular morbidity associated with vital exhaustion (VE), the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain unclear. Allostatic load may constitute the missing link between VE and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether men with different degrees of VE would differ in terms of allostatic load, chronic stress, and social support. METHODS The Men Stress 40+ study sample consisted of N=121 apparently healthy men aged 40 to 75years. The following allostatic load markers were aggregated to create a cumulative index of biological stress: salivary cortisol, salivary dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), waist-to-hip-ratio, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Long-term cortisol and DHEA were additionally measured in hair. Chronic stress and social support were assessed via validated questionnaires. Groups of mildly, substantially, and severely exhausted men were compared using one-way ANOVAs with appropriate post-hoc tests. RESULTS Men who reported mild or severe levels of vital exhaustion had the highest scores on the cumulative index of biological stress. Hair cortisol was unrelated to vital exhaustion; hair DHEA was highest in men with substantial levels of exhaustion. Men with mild exhaustion reported the lowest levels of chronic stress, while men with severe exhaustion reported the lowest levels of social support. CONCLUSIONS Signs of allostatic load are detectable in vitally exhausted men at a stage where no major cardiovascular consequences have yet ensued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilou Noser
- University of Zurich, Institute of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Switzerland; University of Zurich, University Research Priority Program (URPP) Dynamics of Healthy Aging, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Fischer
- University of Zurich, Institute of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Ruppen
- University of Zurich, Institute of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Switzerland; University of Zurich, University Research Priority Program (URPP) Dynamics of Healthy Aging, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Ehlert
- University of Zurich, Institute of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Switzerland; University of Zurich, University Research Priority Program (URPP) Dynamics of Healthy Aging, Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneli Jefferson
- Department of Philosophy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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