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Qin J, Kurt E, LBassi T, Sa L, Xie D. Biotechnological production of omega-3 fatty acids: current status and future perspectives. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1280296. [PMID: 38029217 PMCID: PMC10662050 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1280296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids, including alpha-linolenic acids (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have shown major health benefits, but the human body's inability to synthesize them has led to the necessity of dietary intake of the products. The omega-3 fatty acid market has grown significantly, with a global market from an estimated USD 2.10 billion in 2020 to a predicted nearly USD 3.61 billion in 2028. However, obtaining a sufficient supply of high-quality and stable omega-3 fatty acids can be challenging. Currently, fish oil serves as the primary source of omega-3 fatty acids in the market, but it has several drawbacks, including high cost, inconsistent product quality, and major uncertainties in its sustainability and ecological impact. Other significant sources of omega-3 fatty acids include plants and microalgae fermentation, but they face similar challenges in reducing manufacturing costs and improving product quality and sustainability. With the advances in synthetic biology, biotechnological production of omega-3 fatty acids via engineered microbial cell factories still offers the best solution to provide a more stable, sustainable, and affordable source of omega-3 fatty acids by overcoming the major issues associated with conventional sources. This review summarizes the current status, key challenges, and future perspectives for the biotechnological production of major omega-3 fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dongming Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States
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2
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Neekhra S, Pandith JA, Mir NA, Manzoor A, Ahmad S, Ahmad R, Sheikh RA. Innovative approaches for microencapsulating bioactive compounds and probiotics: An updated review. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Somya Neekhra
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Institute of Engineering and Technology Bundelkhand University Jhansi India
| | - Junaid Ahmad Pandith
- Department of Post‐Harvest Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh India
| | - Nisar A. Mir
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, University Institute of Engineering Chandigarh University Mohali Punjab India
| | - Arshied Manzoor
- Department of Post‐Harvest Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh India
| | - Saghir Ahmad
- Department of Post‐Harvest Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh India
| | - Rizwan Ahmad
- Department of Post‐Harvest Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh India
| | - Rayees Ahmad Sheikh
- Department of Chemistry government Degree College Pulwama Jammu and Kashmir India
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Berzins K, Muiznieks R, Baumanis MR, Strazdina I, Shvirksts K, Prikule S, Galvanauskas V, Pleissner D, Pentjuss A, Grube M, Kalnenieks U, Stalidzans E. Kinetic and Stoichiometric Modeling-Based Analysis of Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Production Potential by C. cohnii from Glycerol, Glucose and Ethanol. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20020115. [PMID: 35200644 PMCID: PMC8879253 DOI: 10.3390/md20020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is one of the most important long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), with numerous health benefits. Crypthecodinium cohnii, a marine heterotrophic dinoflagellate, is successfully used for the industrial production of DHA because it can accumulate DHA at high concentrations within the cells. Glycerol is an interesting renewable substrate for DHA production since it is a by-product of biodiesel production and other industries, and is globally generated in large quantities. The DHA production potential from glycerol, ethanol and glucose is compared by combining fermentation experiments with the pathway-scale kinetic modeling and constraint-based stoichiometric modeling of C. cohnii metabolism. Glycerol has the slowest biomass growth rate among the tested substrates. This is partially compensated by the highest PUFAs fraction, where DHA is dominant. Mathematical modeling reveals that glycerol has the best experimentally observed carbon transformation rate into biomass, reaching the closest values to the theoretical upper limit. In addition to our observations, the published experimental evidence indicates that crude glycerol is readily consumed by C. cohnii, making glycerol an attractive substrate for DHA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristaps Berzins
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (K.B.); (R.M.); (M.R.B.); (I.S.); (K.S.); (S.P.); (A.P.); (M.G.); (U.K.)
| | - Reinis Muiznieks
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (K.B.); (R.M.); (M.R.B.); (I.S.); (K.S.); (S.P.); (A.P.); (M.G.); (U.K.)
| | - Matiss R. Baumanis
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (K.B.); (R.M.); (M.R.B.); (I.S.); (K.S.); (S.P.); (A.P.); (M.G.); (U.K.)
| | - Inese Strazdina
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (K.B.); (R.M.); (M.R.B.); (I.S.); (K.S.); (S.P.); (A.P.); (M.G.); (U.K.)
| | - Karlis Shvirksts
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (K.B.); (R.M.); (M.R.B.); (I.S.); (K.S.); (S.P.); (A.P.); (M.G.); (U.K.)
| | - Santa Prikule
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (K.B.); (R.M.); (M.R.B.); (I.S.); (K.S.); (S.P.); (A.P.); (M.G.); (U.K.)
| | - Vytautas Galvanauskas
- Biotehniskais Centrs AS, Dzerbenes Street 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia;
- Department of Automation, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-51367 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Daniel Pleissner
- Sustainable Chemistry (Resource Efciency), Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, C13.203, 21335 Luneburg, Germany;
- Institute for Food and Environmental Research (ILU), Papendorfer Weg 3, 14806 Bad Belzig, Germany
| | - Agris Pentjuss
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (K.B.); (R.M.); (M.R.B.); (I.S.); (K.S.); (S.P.); (A.P.); (M.G.); (U.K.)
| | - Mara Grube
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (K.B.); (R.M.); (M.R.B.); (I.S.); (K.S.); (S.P.); (A.P.); (M.G.); (U.K.)
| | - Uldis Kalnenieks
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (K.B.); (R.M.); (M.R.B.); (I.S.); (K.S.); (S.P.); (A.P.); (M.G.); (U.K.)
| | - Egils Stalidzans
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (K.B.); (R.M.); (M.R.B.); (I.S.); (K.S.); (S.P.); (A.P.); (M.G.); (U.K.)
- Biotehniskais Centrs AS, Dzerbenes Street 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +371-29575510
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Didrihsone E, Dubencovs K, Grube M, Shvirksts K, Suleiko A, Suleiko A, Vanags J. Crypthecodinium cohnii Growth and Omega Fatty Acid Production in Mediums Supplemented with Extract from Recycled Biomass. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:68. [PMID: 35049923 PMCID: PMC8779103 DOI: 10.3390/md20010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Crypthecodinium cohnii is a marine heterotrophic dinoflagellate that can accumulate high amounts of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and thus has the potential to replace conventional PUFAs production with eco-friendlier technology. So far, C. cohnii cultivation has been mainly carried out with the use of yeast extract (YE) as a nitrogen source. In the present study, alternative carbon and nitrogen sources were studied: the extraction ethanol (EE), remaining after lipid extraction, as a carbon source, and dinoflagellate extract (DE) from recycled algae biomass C. cohnii as a source of carbon, nitrogen, and vitamins. In mediums with glucose and DE, the highest specific biomass growth rate reached a maximum of 1.012 h-1, while the biomass yield from substrate reached 0.601 g·g-1. EE as the carbon source, in comparison to pure ethanol, showed good results in terms of stimulating the biomass growth rate (an 18.5% increase in specific biomass growth rate was observed). DE supplement to the EE-based mediums promoted both the biomass growth (the specific growth rate reached 0.701 h-1) and yield from the substrate (0.234 g·g-1). The FTIR spectroscopy data showed that mediums supplemented with EE or DE promoted the accumulation of PUFAs/docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), when compared to mediums containing glucose and commercial YE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Didrihsone
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, LV1006 Riga, Latvia; (K.D.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (J.V.)
| | - Konstantins Dubencovs
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, LV1006 Riga, Latvia; (K.D.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (J.V.)
- A/S Biotehniskais Centrs, LV1006 Riga, Latvia
- Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, LV1048 Riga, Latvia
| | - Mara Grube
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Latvia, LV1004 Riga, Latvia; (M.G.); (K.S.)
| | - Karlis Shvirksts
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Latvia, LV1004 Riga, Latvia; (M.G.); (K.S.)
| | - Anastasija Suleiko
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, LV1006 Riga, Latvia; (K.D.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (J.V.)
| | - Arturs Suleiko
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, LV1006 Riga, Latvia; (K.D.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (J.V.)
- A/S Biotehniskais Centrs, LV1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Juris Vanags
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, LV1006 Riga, Latvia; (K.D.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (J.V.)
- A/S Biotehniskais Centrs, LV1006 Riga, Latvia
- Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, LV1048 Riga, Latvia
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5
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Formulation of New Media from Dairy and Brewery Wastes for a Sustainable Production of DHA-Rich Oil by Aurantiochytrium mangrovei. Mar Drugs 2021; 20:md20010039. [PMID: 35049894 PMCID: PMC8778784 DOI: 10.3390/md20010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mozzarella stretching water (MSW) is a dairy effluent generated from mozzarella cheese production that does not have a real use and is destined to disposal, causing environmental problems and representing a high disposal cost for dairy producers. Spent brewery yeast (SBY) is another promising food waste produced after brewery manufacturing that could be recycled in new biotechnological processes. Aurantiochytrium mangrovei is an aquatic protist known as producer of bioactive lipids such as omega 3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 LC-PUFA), in particular docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In this work MSW and SBY have been used to formulate new sustainable growth media for A. mangrovei cultivation and production of DHA in an attempt to valorize these effluents. MSW required an enzymatic hydrolysis to enhance the biomass production. The new media obtained from hydrolysed MSW was also optimized using response surface methodologies, obtaining 10.14 g L-1 of biomass in optimized medium, with a DHA content of 1.21 g L-1.
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6
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Production of Omega-3 Oil by Aurantiochytrium mangrovei Using Spent Osmotic Solution from Candied Fruit Industry as Sole Organic Carbon Source. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9101834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osmotic dehydration is an important phase in the production of dried products, including most fruits and vegetables, in the food industry. The drying process for candied fruit produces a liquid waste called “spent osmotic solution”, which is characterized by a high content of organic compounds, mostly dissolved sugars. The sugar content of this food by-product could be valorized through the growth of biomass with a high added value. In this study, the spent osmotic solution from the candied fruit industry was used as an organic carbon source for the growth and production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the cultivation of Aurantiochytrium mangrovei RCC893. The carbon content of the standard media was completely replaced by the sugars present in this food by-product. After that, the growth condition of this strain was optimized through response surface methodologies using a central composite design (CCD), and the optimal combination of the spent osmotic solution and nitrogen was established. Moreover, a scale-up trial was performed using the optimal conditions obtained after CCD to evaluate the scalability of the process.
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Połońska A, Jasieniecka-Gazarkiewicz K, You L, Hao X, Klińska S, Gong Y, Banaś A. Diatoms and Plants Acyl-CoA:lysophosphatidylcholine Acyltransferases (LPCATs) Exhibit Diverse Substrate Specificity and Biochemical Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169056. [PMID: 34445762 PMCID: PMC8396554 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The search of the Phaeodactylum tricornutum genome database revealed the existence of six genes potentially encoding lysophospholipid acyltransferases. One of these genes, Phatr3_J20460, after introduction to yeast ale1 mutant disrupted in the LPCAT gene, produced a very active acyl-CoA:lysophosphatidylcholine (LPCAT) enzyme. Using in vitro assays applying different radioactive and non-radioactive substrates and microsomal fractions from such yeast, we have characterized the biochemical properties and substrate specificities of this PtLPCAT1. We have found that the substrate specificity of this enzyme indicates that it can completely supply phosphatidylcholine (PC) with all fatty acids connected with a biosynthetic pathway of very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFAs) used further for the desaturation process. Additionally, we have shown that biochemical properties of the PtLPCAT1 in comparison to plant LPCATs are in some cases similar (such as the dependency of its activity on pH value), differ moderately (such as in response to temperature changes), or express completely different properties (such as in reaction to calcium and magnesium ions or toward some acyl-CoA with 20C polyunsaturated fatty acids). Moreover, the obtained results suggest that cloned “Phatr3_J20460” gene can be useful in oilseeds plant engineering toward efficient production of VLC-PUFA as LPCAT it encodes can (contrary to plant LPCATs) introduce 20:4-CoA (n-3) to PC for further desaturation to 20:5 (EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Połońska
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland; (K.J.-G.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Katarzyna Jasieniecka-Gazarkiewicz
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland; (K.J.-G.); (S.K.)
| | - Lingjie You
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; (L.Y.); (X.H.); (Y.G.)
| | - Xiahui Hao
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; (L.Y.); (X.H.); (Y.G.)
| | - Sylwia Klińska
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland; (K.J.-G.); (S.K.)
| | - Yangmin Gong
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China; (L.Y.); (X.H.); (Y.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Antoni Banaś
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland; (K.J.-G.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (A.B.)
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8
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Mwangi KD, Kitaka N, Otachi E. A Comparative Analysis of the Quantity and Quality of Oil Extracted from Five Commercially Important Freshwater Fish Species in Kenya. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2020.1856261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nzula Kitaka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya
| | - Elick Otachi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya
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9
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Ng I, Tan S, Kao P, Chang Y, Chang J. Recent Developments on Genetic Engineering of Microalgae for Biofuels and Bio‐Based Chemicals. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I‐Son Ng
- Department of Chemical EngineeringNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainan70101Taiwan
- Research Center for Energy Technology and StrategyNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainan70101Taiwan
| | - Shih‐I Tan
- Department of Chemical EngineeringNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainan70101Taiwan
| | - Pei‐Hsun Kao
- Department of Chemical EngineeringNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainan70101Taiwan
| | - Yu‐Kaung Chang
- Graduate School of Biochemical EngineeringMing Chi University of TechnologyNew Taipei City24301Taiwan
| | - Jo‐Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical EngineeringNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainan70101Taiwan
- Research Center for Energy Technology and StrategyNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainan70101Taiwan
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Song X, Ma Z, Tan Y, Zhang H, Cui Q. Wastewater recycling technology for fermentation in polyunsaturated fatty acid production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 235:79-86. [PMID: 28365352 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To reduce fermentation-associated wastewater discharge and the cost of wastewater treatment, which further reduces the total cost of DHA and ARA production, this study first analyzed the composition of wastewater from Aurantiochytrium (DHA) and Mortierella alpina (ARA) fermentation, after which wastewater recycling technology for these fermentation processes was developed. No negative effects of DHA and ARA production were observed when the two fermentation wastewater methods were cross-recycled. DHA and ARA yields were significantly inhibited when the wastewater from the fermentation process was directly reused. In 5-L fed-batch fermentation experiments, using this cross-recycle technology, the DHA and ARA yields were 30.4 and 5.13gL-1, respectively, with no significant changes (P>0.05) compared to the control group, and the water consumption was reduced by half compared to the traditional process. Therefore, this technology has great potential in industrial fermentation for polyunsaturated fatty acid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojin Song
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, Shandong, China; Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao 266101, Shandong, China
| | - Zengxin Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, Shandong, China; Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao 266101, Shandong, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanzhen Tan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, Shandong, China
| | - Huidan Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, Shandong, China; Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao 266101, Shandong, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiu Cui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, Shandong, China; Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, Shandong, China; Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Qingdao 266101, Shandong, China.
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11
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Park H, Weier S, Razvi F, Peña PA, Sims NA, Lowell J, Hungate C, Kissinger K, Key G, Fraser P, Napier JA, Cahoon EB, Clemente TE. Towards the development of a sustainable soya bean-based feedstock for aquaculture. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2017; 15:227-236. [PMID: 27496594 PMCID: PMC5258864 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Soya bean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is sought after for both its oil and protein components. Genetic approaches to add value to either component are ongoing efforts in soya bean breeding and molecular biology programmes. The former is the primary vegetable oil consumed in the world. Hence, its primary usage is in direct human consumption. As a means to increase its utility in feed applications, thereby expanding the market of soya bean coproducts, we investigated the simultaneous displacement of marine ingredients in aquafeeds with soya bean-based protein and a high Omega-3 fatty acid soya bean oil, enriched with alpha-linolenic and stearidonic acids, in both steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Kampachi (Seriola rivoliana). Communicated herein are aquafeed formulations with major reduction in marine ingredients that translates to more total Omega-3 fatty acids in harvested flesh. Building off of these findings, subsequent efforts were directed towards a genetic strategy that would translate to a prototype design of an optimal identity-preserved soya bean-based feedstock for aquaculture, whereby a multigene stack approach for the targeted synthesis of two value-added output traits, eicosapentaenoic acid and the ketocarotenoid, astaxanthin, were introduced into the crop. To this end, the systematic introduction of seven transgenic cassettes into soya bean, and the molecular and phenotypic evaluation of the derived novel events are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwoo Park
- Department of Agronomy & HorticultureUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
- Center for Plant Science InnovationUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
| | - Steven Weier
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyThe Food Processing CenterUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
| | - Fareha Razvi
- Center for Plant Science InnovationUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
| | - Pamela A. Peña
- Department of Agronomy & HorticultureUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
- Center for Plant Science InnovationUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul Fraser
- Centre for Systems and Synthetic BiologySchool of Biological SciencesRoyal Holloway, University of LondonEghamSurreyUK
| | | | - Edgar B. Cahoon
- Center for Plant Science InnovationUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
| | - Tom E. Clemente
- Department of Agronomy & HorticultureUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
- Center for Plant Science InnovationUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNEUSA
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12
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Meesapyodsuk D, Qiu X. Biosynthetic mechanism of very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in Thraustochytrium sp. 26185. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:1854-1864. [PMID: 27527703 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m070136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytrium, a unicellular marine protist, has been used as a commercial source of very long chain PUFAs (VLCPUFAs) such as DHA (22:6n-3). Our recent work indicates coexistence of a Δ4-desaturation-dependent pathway (aerobic) and a polyketide synthase-like PUFA synthase pathway (anaerobic) to synthesize the fatty acids in Thraustochytrium sp. 26185. Heterologous expression of the Thraustochytrium PUFA synthase along with a phosphopantetheinyl transferase in Escherichia coli showed the anaerobic pathway was highly active in the biosynthesis of VLCPUFAs. The amount of Δ4 desaturated VLCPUFAs produced reached about 18% of the total fatty acids in the transformant cells at day 6 in a time course of the induced expression. In Thraustochytrium, the expression level of the PUFA synthase gene was much higher than that of the Δ4 desaturase gene, and also highly correlated with the production of VLCPUFAs. On the other hand, Δ9 and Δ12 desaturations in the aerobic pathway were either ineffective or absent in the species, as evidenced by the genomic survey, heterologous expression of candidate genes, and in vivo feeding experiments. These results indicate that the anaerobic pathway is solely responsible for the biosynthesis for VLCPUFAs in Thraustochytrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dauenpen Meesapyodsuk
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada; and National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Xiao Qiu
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada; and National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada.
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Kumar A, Sharma A, Upadhyaya KC. Vegetable Oil: Nutritional and Industrial Perspective. Curr Genomics 2016; 17:230-40. [PMID: 27252590 PMCID: PMC4869010 DOI: 10.2174/1389202917666160202220107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Oils of plant origin have been predominantly used for food-based applications. Plant oils not only represent a non-polluting renewable resource but also provide a wide diversity in fatty acids (FAs) composition with diverse applications. Besides being edible, they are now increasingly being used in industrial applications such as paints, lubricants, soaps, biofuels etc. In addition, plants can be engineered to produce fatty acids which are nutritionally beneficial to human health. Thus these oils have potential to 1) substitute ever increasing demand of non –renewable petroleum sources for industrial application and 2) also spare the marine life by providing an alternative source to nutritionally and medically important long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids or ‘Fish oil’. The biochemical pathways producing storage oils in plants have been extensively characterized, but the factors regulating fatty acid synthesis and controlling total oil content in oilseed crops are still poorly understood. Thus understanding of plant lipid metabolism is fundamental to its manipulation and increased production. This review on oils discusses fatty acids of nutritional and industrial importance, and approaches for achieving future designer vegetable oil for both edible and non-edible uses. The review will discuss the success and bottlenecks in efficient production of novel FAs in non-native plants using genetic engineering as a tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Aarti Sharma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Kailash C Upadhyaya
- Amity Institute of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
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Ye C, Qiao W, Yu X, Ji X, Huang H, Collier JL, Liu L. Reconstruction and analysis of the genome-scale metabolic model of schizochytrium limacinum SR21 for docosahexaenoic acid production. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:799. [PMID: 26475325 PMCID: PMC4609125 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2042-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schizochytrium limacinum SR21 is a potential industrial strain for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production that contains more than 30–40 % DHA among its total fatty acids. Methods To resolve the DHA biosynthesis mechanism and improve DHA production at a systematic level, a genomescale metabolic model (GSMM), named iCY1170_DHA, which contains 1769 reactions, 1659 metabolites, and 1170 genes, was reconstructed. Results Based on genome annotation results and literature reports, a new DHA synthesis pathway based on a polyketide synthase (PKS) system was detected in S. limacinum. Similarly to conventional fatty acid synthesis, the biosynthesis of DHA via PKS requires abundant acetyl-CoA and NADPH. The in silico addition of malate and citrate led to increases of 24.5 % and 37.1 % in DHA production, respectively. Moreover, based on the results predicted by the model, six amino acids were shown to improve DHA production by experiment. Finally, 30 genes were identified as potential targets for DHA over-production using a Minimization of Metabolic Adjustment algorithm. Conclusions The reconstructed GSMM, iCY1170_DHA, could be used to elucidate the mechanism by which DHA is synthesized in S. limacinum and predict the requirements of abundant acetyl-CoA and NADPH for DHA production as well as the enhanced yields achieved via supplementation with six amino acids, malate, and citrate. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2042-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
| | - Weihua Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
| | - Xiaobin Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
| | - Xiaojun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - He Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Jackie L Collier
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
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15
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Kim SH, Roh KH, Park JS, Kim KS, Kim HU, Lee KR, Kang HC, Kim JB. Heterologous Reconstitution of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Arabidopsis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:768478. [PMID: 26339641 PMCID: PMC4538586 DOI: 10.1155/2015/768478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Reconstitution of nonnative, very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (VLC-PUFA) biosynthetic pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana was undertaken. The introduction of three primary biosynthetic activities to cells requires the stable coexpression of multiple proteins within the same cell. Herein, we report that C22 VLC-PUFAs were synthesized from C18 precursors by reactions catalyzed by Δ(6)-desaturase, an ELOVL5-like enzyme involved in VLC-PUFA elongation, and Δ(5)-desaturase. Coexpression of the corresponding genes (McD6DES, AsELOVL5, and PtD5DES) under the control of the seed-specific vicilin promoter resulted in production of docosapentaenoic acid (22:5 n-3) and docosatetraenoic acid (22:4 n-6) as well as eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n-3) and arachidonic acid (20:4 n-6) in Arabidopsis seeds. The contributions of the transgenic enzymes and endogenous fatty acid metabolism were determined. Specifically, the reasonable synthesis of omega-3 stearidonic acid (18:4 n-3) could be a useful tool to obtain a sustainable system for the production of omega-3 fatty acids in seeds of a transgenic T3 line 63-1. The results indicated that coexpression of the three proteins was stable. Therefore, this study suggests that metabolic engineering of oilseed crops to produce VLC-PUFAs is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hee Kim
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, 370 Nongsaengnyeong-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-500, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Roh
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, 370 Nongsaengnyeong-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-500, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Sug Park
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, 370 Nongsaengnyeong-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-500, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Soo Kim
- National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Seodun-dong, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Uk Kim
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, 370 Nongsaengnyeong-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-500, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Ryeol Lee
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, 370 Nongsaengnyeong-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-500, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Chul Kang
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, 370 Nongsaengnyeong-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-500, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Bum Kim
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, 370 Nongsaengnyeong-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-500, Republic of Korea
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16
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Gong Y, Liu J, Jiang M, Liang Z, Jin H, Hu X, Wan X, Hu C. Improvement of Omega-3 Docosahexaenoic Acid Production by Marine Dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii Using Rapeseed Meal Hydrolysate and Waste Molasses as Feedstock. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125368. [PMID: 25942565 PMCID: PMC4420278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapeseed meal and waste molasses are two important agro-industrial by-products which are produced in large quantities. In this study, solid state fermentation and fungal autolysis were performed to produce rapeseed meal hydrolysate (RMH) using fungal strains of Aspergillus oryzae, Penicillium oxalicum and Neurospora crassa. The hydrolysate was used as fermentation feedstock for heterotrophic growth of microalga Crypthecodinium cohnii that produce docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The addition of waste molasses as a supplementary carbon source greatly increased the biomass and DHA yield. In the batch fermentations using media composed of diluted RMH (7%) and 1-9% waste molasses, the highest biomass concentration and DHA yield reached 3.43 g/L and 8.72 mg/L, respectively. The algal biomass produced from RMH and molasses medium also had a high percentage of DHA (22-34%) in total fatty acids similar to that of commercial algal biomass. RMH was shown to be rich in nitrogen supply comparable to the commercial nitrogen feedstock like yeast extract. Using RMH as sole nitrogen source, waste molasses excelled other carbon sources and produced the highest concentration of biomass. This study suggests that DHA production of the marine dinoflagellate C. cohnii could be greatly improved by concomitantly using the cheap by-products rapeseed meal hydrolysate and molasses as alternative feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangmin Gong
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Mulan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo Liang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Hu Jin
- Hubei Key laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojia Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xia Wan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (XW); (CH)
| | - Chuanjiong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (XW); (CH)
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17
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Song X, Zang X, Zhang X. Production of high docosahexaenoic acid by Schizochytrium sp. using low-cost raw materials from food industry. J Oleo Sci 2015; 64:197-204. [PMID: 25748379 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess14164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The low-cost substrates from food industry, including maize starch hydrolysate and soybean meal hydrolysate, were used to produce docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by Schizochytrium limacinum OUC88. Glucose derived from maize starch hydrolysate was used as the carbon source and soybean meal hydrolysate as the nitrogen sources. In 10L bioreactor fermentation, by using the soybean meal hydrolysate as the main nitrogen source, the biomass of Schizochytrium limacinum OUC88 reached 85.27 g L(-1), and the yields of DHA was 20.7g L(-1). As a comparison, when yeast extract was used as the main nitrogen source, the yields of biomass and DHA were 68.93 g L(-1) and 13.3 g L(-1), respectively. From the results of this study, these hydrolysates can provide all the nutrients required for high-density cultivation of S. limacinum OUC88 and DHA production, that will improve the economical and competitive efficiency of commercial DHA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojin Song
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China
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18
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Bellou S, Baeshen MN, Elazzazy AM, Aggeli D, Sayegh F, Aggelis G. Microalgal lipids biochemistry and biotechnological perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:1476-93. [PMID: 25449285 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the last few years, there has been an intense interest in using microalgal lipids in food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries and cosmetology, while a noteworthy research has been performed focusing on all aspects of microalgal lipid production. This includes basic research on the pathways of solar energy conversion and on lipid biosynthesis and catabolism, and applied research dealing with the various biological and technical bottlenecks of the lipid production process. In here, we review the current knowledge in microalgal lipids with respect to their metabolism and various biotechnological applications, and we discuss potential future perspectives. The committing step in fatty acid biosynthesis is the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to form malonyl-CoA that is then introduced in the fatty acid synthesis cycle leading to the formation of palmitic and stearic acids. Oleic acid may also be synthesized after stearic acid desaturation while further conversions of the fatty acids (i.e. desaturations, elongations) occur after their esterification with structural lipids of both plastids and the endoplasmic reticulum. The aliphatic chains are also used as building blocks for structuring storage acylglycerols via the Kennedy pathway. Current research, aiming to enhance lipogenesis in the microalgal cell, is focusing on over-expressing key-enzymes involved in the earlier steps of the pathway of fatty acid synthesis. A complementary plan would be the repression of lipid catabolism by down-regulating acylglycerol hydrolysis and/or β-oxidation. The tendency of oleaginous microalgae to synthesize, apart from lipids, significant amounts of other energy-rich compounds such as sugars, in processes competitive to lipogenesis, deserves attention since the lipid yield may be considerably increased by blocking competitive metabolic pathways. The majority of microalgal production occurs in outdoor cultivation and for this reason biotechnological applications face some difficulties. Therefore, algal production systems need to be improved and harvesting systems need to be more effective in order for their industrial applications to become more competitive and economically viable. Besides, a reduction of the production cost of microalgal lipids can be achieved by combining lipid production with other commercial applications. The combined production of bioactive products and lipids, when possible, can support the commercial viability of both processes. Hydrophobic compounds can be extracted simultaneously with lipids and then purified, while hydrophilic compounds such as proteins and sugars may be extracted from the defatted biomass. The microalgae also have applications in environmental biotechnology since they can be used for bioremediation of wastewater and to monitor environmental toxicants. Algal biomass produced during wastewater treatment may be further valorized in the biofuel manufacture. It is anticipated that the high microalgal lipid potential will force research towards finding effective ways to manipulate biochemical pathways involved in lipid biosynthesis and towards cost effective algal cultivation and harvesting systems, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stamatia Bellou
- Division of Genetics, Cell & Development Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Mohammed N Baeshen
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Elazzazy
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, National Research Centre, Dokki 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Dimitra Aggeli
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Fotoon Sayegh
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - George Aggelis
- Division of Genetics, Cell & Development Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece; Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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19
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Marchive C, Nikovics K, To A, Lepiniec L, Baud S. Transcriptional regulation of fatty acid production in higher plants: Molecular bases and biotechnological outcomes. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Marchive
- INRA, UMR1318; Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin; Saclay Plant Sciences F-78000 Versailles France
- AgroParisTech, UMR1318; Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin; Saclay Plant Sciences F-78000 Versailles France
| | - Krisztina Nikovics
- INRA, UMR1318; Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin; Saclay Plant Sciences F-78000 Versailles France
- AgroParisTech, UMR1318; Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin; Saclay Plant Sciences F-78000 Versailles France
| | - Alexandra To
- INRA, UMR1318; Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin; Saclay Plant Sciences F-78000 Versailles France
- AgroParisTech, UMR1318; Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin; Saclay Plant Sciences F-78000 Versailles France
| | - Loïc Lepiniec
- INRA, UMR1318; Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin; Saclay Plant Sciences F-78000 Versailles France
- AgroParisTech, UMR1318; Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin; Saclay Plant Sciences F-78000 Versailles France
| | - Sébastien Baud
- INRA, UMR1318; Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin; Saclay Plant Sciences F-78000 Versailles France
- AgroParisTech, UMR1318; Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin; Saclay Plant Sciences F-78000 Versailles France
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20
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Mohamed ME, Lazarus CM. Production of prostaglandins in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2014; 102:74-79. [PMID: 24629803 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants do not naturally produce the very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids that are the precursors of prostaglandins, but in previous studies Arabidopsis thaliana had been transformed sequentially with genes encoding a Δ(9)-elongase and a Δ(8)-desaturase to produce dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) and eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA), and subsequently with a gene encoding a Δ(5)-desaturase to produce arachidonic acid (AA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Transformation of A. thaliana with the first two genes consolidated on a single binary vector yielded transformants producing high levels of DGLA, and these plants were further transformed with mouse prostaglandin H synthase (PGH) genes to produce prostaglandins. Mouse PGHS-1 and PGHS-2 cDNAs were amplified for expression as three isoforms: PGHS-1 (complete coding sequence with signal peptide), PGHS-1-Ma (mature PGHS-1 sequence, without signal peptide) and PGHS-2 (complete coding sequence with signal peptide). PGHS-1 transformants showed the highest activity, followed by PGHS-2 transformants, whereas removal of the signal peptide resulted in almost complete loss of PGHS-1 activity. In order to produce a physiologically active prostaglandin, the Trypanosoma brucei prostaglandin F synthase gene was combined with the mouse PGHS-1 gene and the Mortierella alpina Δ(5)-desaturase on a binary vector. Transformation of DGLA-producing A. thaliana with this construct yielded transformants that successfully produced prostaglandin F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged E Mohamed
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, United Kingdom; College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, P.O. 380, Ahsaa 31982, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Colin M Lazarus
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, United Kingdom
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21
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Huerlimann R, Steinig EJ, Loxton H, Zenger KR, Jerry DR, Heimann K. The effect of nitrogen limitation on acetyl-CoA carboxylase expression and fatty acid content in Chromera velia and Isochrysis aff. galbana (TISO). Gene 2014; 543:204-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Coexpression of multiple genes reconstitutes two pathways of very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in Pichia pastoris. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 36:1843-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1550-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Chen Y, Meesapyodsuk D, Qiu X. Transgenic production of omega-3 very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in plants: Accomplishment and challenge. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Mühlroth A, Li K, Røkke G, Winge P, Olsen Y, Hohmann-Marriott MF, Vadstein O, Bones AM. Pathways of lipid metabolism in marine algae, co-expression network, bottlenecks and candidate genes for enhanced production of EPA and DHA in species of Chromista. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:4662-97. [PMID: 24284429 PMCID: PMC3853752 DOI: 10.3390/md11114662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) for human health has received more focus the last decades, and the global consumption of n-3 LC-PUFA has increased. Seafood, the natural n-3 LC-PUFA source, is harvested beyond a sustainable capacity, and it is therefore imperative to develop alternative n-3 LC-PUFA sources for both eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3). Genera of algae such as Nannochloropsis, Schizochytrium, Isochrysis and Phaedactylum within the kingdom Chromista have received attention due to their ability to produce n-3 LC-PUFAs. Knowledge of LC-PUFA synthesis and its regulation in algae at the molecular level is fragmentary and represents a bottleneck for attempts to enhance the n-3 LC-PUFA levels for industrial production. In the present review, Phaeodactylum tricornutum has been used to exemplify the synthesis and compartmentalization of n-3 LC-PUFAs. Based on recent transcriptome data a co-expression network of 106 genes involved in lipid metabolism has been created. Together with recent molecular biological and metabolic studies, a model pathway for n-3 LC-PUFA synthesis in P. tricornutum has been proposed, and is compared to industrialized species of Chromista. Limitations of the n-3 LC-PUFA synthesis by enzymes such as thioesterases, elongases, acyl-CoA synthetases and acyltransferases are discussed and metabolic bottlenecks are hypothesized such as the supply of the acetyl-CoA and NADPH. A future industrialization will depend on optimization of chemical compositions and increased biomass production, which can be achieved by exploitation of the physiological potential, by selective breeding and by genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Mühlroth
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway; E-Mails: (A.M.); (K.L.); (P.W.); (Y.O.)
| | - Keshuai Li
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway; E-Mails: (A.M.); (K.L.); (P.W.); (Y.O.)
| | - Gunvor Røkke
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway; E-Mails: (G.R.); (M.F.H.-M.); (O.V.)
| | - Per Winge
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway; E-Mails: (A.M.); (K.L.); (P.W.); (Y.O.)
| | - Yngvar Olsen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway; E-Mails: (A.M.); (K.L.); (P.W.); (Y.O.)
| | - Martin F. Hohmann-Marriott
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway; E-Mails: (G.R.); (M.F.H.-M.); (O.V.)
| | - Olav Vadstein
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway; E-Mails: (G.R.); (M.F.H.-M.); (O.V.)
| | - Atle M. Bones
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway; E-Mails: (A.M.); (K.L.); (P.W.); (Y.O.)
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Song X, Tan Y, Liu Y, Zhang J, Liu G, Feng Y, Cui Q. Different impacts of short-chain fatty acids on saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in Aurantiochytrium sp. SD116. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:9876-81. [PMID: 24053543 DOI: 10.1021/jf403153p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Aurantiochytrium is an important docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) producer containing two kinds of fatty acid synthesis pathways, that is, the fatty acid synthase pathway (FAS) for saturated fatty acid synthesis and the polyketide synthase pathway (PKS) for polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis. To understand the regulation mechanism between the two pathways, the impacts of six short-chain fatty acids on the fatty acid synthesis of Aurantiochytrium sp. SD116 were studied. All short-chain fatty acids showed little effect on the cell growth, but some of them significantly affected lipid accumulation and fatty acid composition. Pentanoic acid and isovaleric acid greatly inhibited the synthesis of saturated fatty acids, whereas the polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis was not affected. Analysis of malic enzyme activity, which supplied NADPH for saturated fatty acids biosynthesis, indicated that the two fatty acid synthesis pathways can utilize different substrates and possess independent sources of NADPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojin Song
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics and ‡Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266101, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Ruiz-Lopez N, Haslam RP, Usher SL, Napier JA, Sayanova O. Reconstitution of EPA and DHA biosynthesis in arabidopsis: iterative metabolic engineering for the synthesis of n-3 LC-PUFAs in transgenic plants. Metab Eng 2013; 17:30-41. [PMID: 23500000 PMCID: PMC3650579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An iterative approach to optimising the accumulation of non-native long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in transgenic plants was undertaken in Arabidopsis thaliana. The contribution of a number of different transgene enzyme activities was systematically determined, as was the contribution of endogenous fatty acid metabolism. Successive iterations were informed by lipidomic analysis of neutral, polar and acyl-CoA pools. This approach allowed for a four-fold improvement on levels previously reported for the accumulation of eicosapentaenoic acid in Arabidopsis seeds and also facilitated the successful engineering of the high value polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid to 10-fold higher levels. Our studies identify the minimal gene set required to direct the efficient synthesis of these fatty acids in transgenic seed oil.
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Key Words
- ala, α-linolenic acid
- ara, arachidonic acid
- dag, diacylglycerol
- dha, docosahexaenoic acid
- dpa, docosapentaenoic acid
- epa, eicosapentaenoic acid
- gla, γ-linolenic acid
- la, linoleic acid
- lc-pufa, long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid
- pc, phosphatidylcholine
- pe, phosphatidylethanolamine
- pi, phosphatidylinositol
- ps, phosphatidylserine
- sda, stearidonic acid
- tag, triacylglycerol
- desaturase
- elongase
- nutritional enhancement
- omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids
- transgenic plants
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Johnathan A. Napier
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK
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Cytochrome b₅ coexpression increases Tetrahymena thermophila Δ6 fatty acid desaturase activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2013; 12:923-31. [PMID: 23584993 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00332-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids, are important to the physiology of many microorganisms and metazoans and are vital to human development and health. The production of these and related fatty acids depends on Δ6 desaturases, the final components of an electron transfer chain that introduces double bonds into 18-carbon fatty acid chains. When a Δ6 desaturase identified from the ciliated protist Tetrahymena thermophila was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultures supplemented with the 18:2(Δ9,12) substrate, only 4% of the incorporated substrate was desaturated. Cytochrome b₅ protein sequences identified from the genome of T. thermophila included one sequence with two conserved cytochrome b₅ domains. Desaturation by the Δ6 enzyme increased as much as 10-fold when T. thermophila cytochrome b₅s were coexpressed with the desaturase. Coexpression of a cytochrome b₅ from Arabidopsis thaliana with the Δ6 enzyme also increased desaturation. A split ubiquitin growth assay indicated that the strength of interaction between cytochrome b₅ proteins and the desaturase plays a vital role in fatty acid desaturase activity, illustrating the importance of protein-protein interactions in this enzyme activity.
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28
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Chen Y, Chi HY, Meesapyodsuk D, Qiu X. Phytophthora infestans cholinephosphotransferase with substrate specificity for very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:1573-9. [PMID: 23275500 PMCID: PMC3591934 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03250-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effective flux between phospholipids and neutral lipids is critical for a high level of biosynthesis and accumulation of very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFAs), such as arachidonic acid (ARA; 20:4n-6), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). Here we describe a cDNA (PiCPT1) from Phytophthora infestans, a VLCPUFA-producing oomycete, that may have a role in acyl trafficking between diacylglycerol (DAG) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) during the biosynthesis of VLCPUFAs. The cDNA encodes a polypeptide of 393 amino acids with a conserved CDP-alcohol phosphotransferase motif and approximately 27% amino acid identity to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cholinephosphotransferase (ScCPT1). In vitro assays indicate that PiCPT1 has high cholinephosphotransferase (CPT) activity but no ethanolaminephosphotransferase (EPT) activity. Substrate specificity assays show that it prefers VLCPUFA-containing DAGs, such as ARA DAG and DHA DAG, as substrates. Real-time PCR analysis reveals that expression of PiCPT1 was upregulated in P. infestans organisms fed with exogenous VLCPUFAs. These results lead us to conclude that PiCPT1 is a VLCPUFA-specific CPT which may play an important role in shuffling VLCPUFAs from DAG to PC in the biosynthesis of VLCPUFAs in P. infestans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of Food & Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Hsiang-yun Chi
- Department of Food & Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | - Xiao Qiu
- Department of Food & Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- National Research Council of Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Xue Z, He H, Hollerbach D, Macool DJ, Yadav NS, Zhang H, Szostek B, Zhu Q. Identification and characterization of new Δ-17 fatty acid desaturases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:1973-85. [PMID: 22639141 PMCID: PMC3570762 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
ω-3 fatty acid desaturase is a key enzyme for the biosynthesis of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids via the oxidative desaturase/elongase pathways. Here we report the identification of three ω-3 desaturases from oomycetes, Pythium aphanidermatum, Phytophthora sojae, and Phytophthora ramorum. These new ω-3 desaturases share 55 % identity at the amino acid level with the known Δ-17 desaturase of Saprolegnia diclina, and about 31 % identity with the bifunctional Δ-12/Δ-15 desaturase of Fusarium monoliforme. The three enzymes were expressed in either wild-type or codon optimized form in an engineered arachidonic acid producing strain of Yarrowia lipolytica to study their activity and substrate specificity. All three were able to convert the ω-6 arachidonic acid to the ω-3 eicosapentanoic acid, with a substrate conversion efficiency of 54-65 %. These enzymes have a broad ω-6 fatty acid substrate spectrum, including both C18 and C20 ω-6 fatty acids although they prefer the C20 substrates, and have strong Δ-17 desaturase activity but weaker Δ-15 desaturase activity. Thus, they belong to the Δ-17 desaturase class. Unlike the previously identified bifunctional Δ-12/Δ-15 desaturase from F. monoliforme, they lack Δ-12 desaturase activity. The newly identified Δ-17 desaturases could use fatty acids in both acyl-CoA and phospholipid fraction as substrates. The identification of these Δ-17 desaturases provides a set of powerful new tools for genetic engineering of microbes and plants to produce ω-3 fatty acids, such as eicosapentanoic acid and docosahexanoic acid, at high levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Xue
- Biochemical Science and Engineering, Central Research and Development, E. I. DuPont de Nemours, Experimental Station, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA.
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30
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Jiao J, Zhang Y. Transgenic Biosynthesis of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A Sustainable Biochemical Engineering Approach for Making Essential Fatty Acids in Plants and Animals. Chem Rev 2013; 113:3799-814. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300007p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Jiao
- Chronic Disease Research Institute,
Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Food Science and
Nutrition, School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang
University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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31
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Trigueros L, Peña S, Ugidos AV, Sayas-Barberá E, Pérez-Álvarez JA, Sendra E. Food ingredients as anti-obesity agents: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 53:929-42. [PMID: 23768185 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.574215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity have a major impact on global health; their prevalence has rapidly increased in all industrialized countries in the past few decades and diabetes and hypertension are their direct consequences. Pharmacotherapy provides reinforcement for obesity treatment, but should be an adjunctive support to diet, exercise, and lifestyle modification. At present, only orlistat and sibutramine have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for long-term use, but sibutramine was withdrawn for sale by the European Medicines Agency. The development of functional foods for the prevention and/or treatment of obesity suppose an opportunity for the food market and involve the knowledge of the mechanisms of appetite and energy expenditure as well as the metabolic sensation of satiety. Strategies for weight control management affect gut hormones as potential targets for the appetite metabolic regulation, stimulation of energy expenditure (thermogenesis), and modifications in the metabolic activity of the gut microbiota. Functional foods for obesity may also include bioactive fatty acids, phenolic compounds, soybean, plant sterols, dietary calcium, and dietary fiber. This review intends to offer an overview of the present situation of the anti-obesity agents currently used in dietary therapy as well as some functional food ingredients with potentially anti-obesity effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Trigueros
- IPOA Research Group UMH-1 and REVIV_ Generalitat Valenciana, Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Ctra. de Beniel km 3.2, 03312, Orihuela, Alicante, Spain
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32
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Gao M, Song X, Feng Y, Li W, Cui Q. Isolation and characterization of Aurantiochytrium species: high docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production by the newly isolated microalga, Aurantiochytrium sp. SD116. J Oleo Sci 2013; 62:143-51. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.62.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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33
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Cao Y, Cao Y, Zhao M. Biotechnological production of eicosapentaenoic acid: From a metabolic engineering point of view. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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34
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Yoshimatsu K, Kawano N, Kawahara N, Akiyama H, Teshima R, Nishijima M. [Current status in the commercialization and application of genetically modified plants and their effects on human and livestock health and phytoremediation]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2012; 132:629-74. [PMID: 22687699 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.132.629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Developments in the use of genetically modified plants for human and livestock health and phytoremediation were surveyed using information retrieved from Entrez PubMed, Chemical Abstracts Service, Google, congress abstracts and proceedings of related scientific societies, scientific journals, etc. Information obtained was classified into 8 categories according to the research objective and the usage of the transgenic plants as 1: nutraceuticals (functional foods), 2: oral vaccines, 3: edible curatives, 4: vaccine antigens, 5: therapeutic antibodies, 6: curatives, 7: diagnostic agents and reagents, and 8: phytoremediation. In total, 405 cases were collected from 2006 to 2010. The numbers of cases were 120 for nutraceuticals, 65 for oral vaccines, 25 for edible curatives, 36 for vaccine antigens, 36 for therapeutic antibodies, 76 for curatives, 15 for diagnostic agents and reagents, and 40 for phytoremediation (sum of each cases was 413 because some reports were related to several categories). Nutraceuticals, oral vaccines and curatives were predominant. The most frequently used edible crop was rice (51 cases), and tomato (28 cases), lettuce (22 cases), potato (18 cases), corn (15 cases) followed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayo Yoshimatsu
- Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Japan.
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35
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Ruiz-López N, Haslam RP, Venegas-Calerón M, Li T, Bauer J, Napier JA, Sayanova O. Enhancing the accumulation of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana via iterative metabolic engineering and genetic crossing. Transgenic Res 2012; 21:1233-43. [PMID: 22350763 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-012-9596-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and accumulation of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid has previously been demonstrated in the seeds of transgenic plants. However, the obtained levels are relatively low, indicating the need for further studies and the better definition of the interplay between endogenous lipid synthesis and the non-native transgene-encoded activities. In this study we have systematically compared three different transgenic configurations of the biosynthetic pathway for eicosapentaenoic acid, using lipidomic profiling to identify metabolic bottlenecks. We have also used genetic crossing to stack up to ten transgenes in Arabidopsis. These studies indicate several potential approaches to optimize the accumulation of target fatty acids in transgenic plants. Our data show the unexpected channeling of heterologous C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids into minor phospholipid species, and also the apparent negative metabolic regulation of phospholipid-dependent Δ6-desaturases. Collectively, this study confirms the benefits of iterative approaches to metabolic engineering of plant lipid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Ruiz-López
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK
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36
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The front-end desaturase: structure, function, evolution and biotechnological use. Lipids 2011; 47:227-37. [PMID: 22009657 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-011-3617-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) are essential components of cell membranes, and are precursors for a group of hormone-like bioactive compounds (eicosanoids and docosanoids) involved in regulation of various physiological activities in animals and humans. The biosynthesis of these fatty acids involves an alternating process of fatty acid desaturation and elongation. The desaturation is catalyzed by a unique class of oxygenases called front-end desaturases that introduce double bonds between the pre-existing double bond and the carboxyl end of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The first gene encoding a front-end desaturase was cloned in 1993 from cyanobacteria. Since then, front-end desaturases have been identified and characterized from a wide range of eukaryotic species including algae, protozoa, fungi, plants and animals including humans. Unlike front-end desaturases from bacteria, those from eukaryotes are structurally characterized by the presence of an N-terminal cytochrome b₅-like domain fused to the main desaturation domain. Understanding the structure, function and evolution of front-end desaturases, as well as their roles in the biosynthesis of very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids offers the opportunity to engineer production of these fatty acids in transgenic oilseed plants for nutraceutical markets.
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37
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Analysis of expressed sequence tags from the marine microalga Pseudochattonella farcimen (Dictyochophyceae). Protist 2011; 163:143-61. [PMID: 21820956 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Pseudochattonella farcimen (Eikrem, Edvardsen, et Throndsen) is a unicellular alga belonging to the Dictyochophyceae (Heterokonta). It forms recurring blooms in Scandinavian coastal waters, and has been associated to fish mortality. Here we report the sequencing and analysis of 10,368 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) corresponding to 8,149 unique gene models from this species. Compared to EST libraries from other heterokonts, P. farcimen contains a high number of genes with functions related to cell communication and signaling. We found several genes encoding proteins related to fatty acid metabolism, including eight fatty acid desaturases and two phospholipase A2 genes. Three desaturases are highly similar to Δ4-desaturases from haptophytes. P. farcimen also possesses three putative polyketide synthases (PKSs), belonging to two different families. Some of these genes may have been acquired via horizontal gene transfer by a common ancestor of brown algae and dictyochophytes, together with genes involved in mannitol metabolism, which are also present in P. farcimen. Our findings may explain the unusual fatty acid profile previously observed in P. farcimen, and are discussed from an evolutionary perspective and in relation to the ichthyotoxicity of this alga.
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38
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Rogalski M, Carrer H. Engineering plastid fatty acid biosynthesis to improve food quality and biofuel production in higher plants. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2011; 9:554-64. [PMID: 21535359 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2011.00621.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The ability to manipulate plant fatty acid biosynthesis by using new biotechnological approaches has allowed the production of transgenic plants with unusual fatty acid profile and increased oil content. This review focuses on the production of very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFAs) and the increase in oil content in plants using molecular biology tools. Evidences suggest that regular consumption of food rich in VLCPUFAs has multiple positive health benefits. Alternative sources of these nutritional fatty acids are found in cold-water fishes. However, fish stocks are in severe decline because of decades of overfishing, and also fish oils can be contaminated by the accumulation of toxic compounds. Recently, there is also an increase in oilseed use for the production of biofuels. This tendency is partly associated with the rapidly rising costs of petroleum, increased concern about the environmental impact of fossil oil and the attractive need to develop renewable sources of fuel. In contrast to this scenario, oil derived from crop plants is normally contaminant free and less environmentally aggressive. Genetic engineering of the plastid genome (plastome) offers a number of attractive advantages, including high-level foreign protein expression, marker-gene excision and transgene containment because of maternal inheritance of plastid genome in most crops. Here, we describe the possibility to improve fatty acid biosynthesis in plastids, production of new fatty acids and increase their content in plants by genetic engineering of plastid fatty acid biosynthesis via plastid transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Rogalski
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba-SP. 13418-900, Brazil
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Usydus Z, Szlinder-Richert J, Adamczyk M, Szatkowska U. Marine and farmed fish in the Polish market: Comparison of the nutritional value. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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40
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Carlsson AS, Yilmaz JL, Green AG, Stymne S, Hofvander P. Replacing fossil oil with fresh oil - with what and for what? EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2011; 113:812-831. [PMID: 22102794 PMCID: PMC3210827 DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201100032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Industrial chemicals and materials are currently derived mainly from fossil-based raw materials, which are declining in availability, increasing in price and are a major source of undesirable greenhouse gas emissions. Plant oils have the potential to provide functionally equivalent, renewable and environmentally friendly replacements for these finite fossil-based raw materials, provided that their composition can be matched to end-use requirements, and that they can be produced on sufficient scale to meet current and growing industrial demands. Replacement of 40% of the fossil oil used in the chemical industry with renewable plant oils, whilst ensuring that growing demand for food oils is also met, will require a trebling of global plant oil production from current levels of around 139 MT to over 400 MT annually. Realisation of this potential will rely on application of plant biotechnology to (i) tailor plant oils to have high purity (preferably >90%) of single desirable fatty acids, (ii) introduce unusual fatty acids that have specialty end-use functionalities and (iii) increase plant oil production capacity by increased oil content in current oil crops, and conversion of other high biomass crops into oil accumulating crops. This review outlines recent progress and future challenges in each of these areas. Practical applications: The research reviewed in this paper aims to develop metabolic engineering technologies to radically increase the yield and alter the fatty acid composition of plant oils and enable the development of new and more productive oil crops that can serve as renewable sources of industrial feedstocks currently provided by non-renewable and polluting fossil-based resources. As a result of recent and anticipated research developments we can expect to see significant enhancements in quality and productivity of oil crops over the coming decades. This should generate the technologies needed to support increasing plant oil production into the future, hopefully of sufficient magnitude to provide a major supply of renewable plant oils for the industrial economy without encroaching on the higher priority demand for food oils. Achievement of this goal will make a significant contribution to moving to a sustainable carbon-neutral industrial society with lower emissions of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and reduced environmental impact as a result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders S Carlsson
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Alnarp, Sweden
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41
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Increase of eicosapentaenoic acid in thraustochytrids through thraustochytrid ubiquitin promoter-driven expression of a fatty acid {delta}5 desaturase gene. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:3870-6. [PMID: 21478316 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02664-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytrids, marine protists known to accumulate polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in lipid droplets, are considered an alternative to fish oils as a source of PUFAs. The major fatty acids produced in thraustochytrids are palmitic acid (C(16:0)), n - 6 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) (C(22:5)(n) (- 6)), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (C(22:6)(n) (- 3)), with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (C(20:5)(n) (- 3)) and arachidonic acid (AA) (C(20:4)(n) (- 6)) as minor constituents. We attempted here to alter the fatty acid composition of thraustochytrids through the expression of a fatty acid Δ5 desaturase gene driven by the thraustochytrid ubiquitin promoter. The gene was functionally expressed in Aurantiochytrium limacinum mh0186, increasing the amount of EPA converted from eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA) (C(20:4)(n) (- 3)) by the Δ5 desaturase. The levels of EPA and AA were also increased by 4.6- and 13.2-fold in the transgenic thraustochytrids compared to levels in the mock transfectants when ETA and dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) (C(20:3)(n) (- 6)) were added to the culture at 0.1 mM. Interestingly, the amount of EPA in the transgenic thraustochytrids increased in proportion to the amount of ETA added to the culture up to 0.4 mM. The rates of conversion and accumulation of EPA were much higher in the thraustochytrids than in baker's yeasts when the desaturase gene was expressed with the respective promoters. This report describes for the first time the finding that an increase of EPA could be accomplished by introducing the Δ5 desaturase gene into thraustochytrids and indicates that molecular breeding of thraustochytrids is a promising strategy for generating beneficial PUFAs.
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Yurchenko OP, Weselake RJ. Involvement of low molecular mass soluble acyl-CoA-binding protein in seed oil biosynthesis. N Biotechnol 2010; 28:97-109. [PMID: 20933624 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2010.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2010] [Revised: 09/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACBP), a low molecular mass (m) (∼ 10 kDa) soluble protein ubiquitous in eukaryotes, plays an important housekeeping role in lipid metabolism by maintaining the intracellular acyl-CoA pool. ACBP is involved in lipid biosynthesis and transport, gene expression, and membrane biogenesis. In plants, low m ACBP and high m ACBPs participate in response mechanisms to biotic and abiotic factors, acyl-CoA transport in phloem, and biosynthesis of structural and storage lipids. In light of current research on the modification of seed oil, insight into mechanisms of substrate trafficking within lipid biosynthetic pathways is crucial for developing rational strategies for the production of specialty oils with the desired alterations in fatty acid composition. In this review, we summarize our knowledge of plant ACBPs with emphasis on the role of low m ACBP in seed oil biosynthesis, based on in vitro studies and analyses of transgenic plants. Future prospects and possible applications of low m ACBP in seed oil modification are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga P Yurchenko
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 4-10 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Szlinder-Richert J, Usydus Z, Wyszyński M, Adamczyk M. Variation in fat content and fatty-acid composition of the Baltic herring Clupea harengus membras. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2010; 77:585-599. [PMID: 20701642 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The fat content and fatty-acid profiles of herring, Clupea harengus membras, from the southern Baltic Sea varied depending on when (fishing season) and where (fishing grounds) the fish were caught as well as on their size and sex. The fat, protein and dry matter content and the fatty-acid profiles were assayed in C. h. membras muscle tissue. The changes observed in fatty-acid profiles were determined by factors such as specimen mass and fat content, which, in turn, depended on fishing season. This is explained by dietary differences between juvenile and older fish. Gonad maturation and spawning in the latter are also factors. The study results provide confirmation of the hypothesis that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), in particular docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), play vital roles in the sexual maturation of C. h. membras.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Szlinder-Richert
- Sea Fisheries Institute in Gdynia, Department of Food and Environment Chemistry, 1 Kołłataja Str., 81-332 Gdynia, Poland.
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Cheng RB, Lin XZ, Wang ZK, Yang SJ, Rong H, Ma Y. Establishment of a transgene expression system for the marine microalga Schizochytrium by 18S rDNA-targeted homologous recombination. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-010-0510-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ruiz-López N, Haslam RP, Venegas-Calerón M, Larson TR, Graham IA, Napier JA, Sayanova O. The synthesis and accumulation of stearidonic acid in transgenic plants: a novel source of 'heart-healthy' omega-3 fatty acids. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2009; 7:704-16. [PMID: 19702757 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2009.00436.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have a proven role in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease and precursor disease states such as metabolic syndrome. Although most studies have focussed on the predominant omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oils (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid), recent evidence suggests similar health benefits from their common precursor, stearidonic acid. Stearidonic acid is a Delta6-unsaturated C18 omega-3 fatty acid present in a few plant species (mainly the Boraginaceae and Primulaceae) reflecting the general absence of Delta6-desaturation from higher plants. Using a Delta6-desaturase from Primula vialii, we generated transgenic Arabidopsis and linseed lines accumulating stearidonic acid in their seed lipids. Significantly, the P. vialiiDelta6-desaturase specifically only utilises alpha-linolenic acid as a substrate, resulting in the accumulation of stearidonic acid but not omega-6 gamma-linolenic acid. Detailed lipid analysis revealed the accumulation of stearidonic acid in neutral lipids such as triacylglycerol but an absence from the acyl-CoA pool. In the case of linseed, the achieved levels of stearidonic acid (13.4% of triacylglycerols) are very similar to those found in the sole natural commercial plant source (Echium spp.) or transgenic soybean oil. However, both those latter oils contain gamma-linolenic acid, which is not normally present in fish oils and considered undesirable for heart-healthy applications. By contrast, the stearidonic acid-enriched linseed oil is essentially devoid of this fatty acid. Moreover, the overall omega-3/omega-6 ratio for this modified linseed oil is also significantly higher. Thus, this nutritionally enhanced linseed oil may have superior health-beneficial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Ruiz-López
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, UK
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Yurchenko OP, Nykiforuk CL, Moloney MM, Ståhl U, Banaś A, Stymne S, Weselake RJ. A 10-kDa acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACBP) from Brassica napus enhances acyl exchange between acyl-CoA and phosphatidylcholine. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2009; 7:602-10. [PMID: 19702754 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2009.00427.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The gene encoding a 10-kDa acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACBP) from Brassica napus was over-expressed in developing seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochemical analysis of T(2) and T(3) A. thaliana seeds revealed a significant increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids (FAs) (18:2(cisDelta9,12) and 18:3(cisDelta9,12,15)) at the expense of very long monounsaturated FA (20:1(cisDelta11)) and saturated FAs. In vitro assays demonstrated that recombinant B. napus ACBP (rBnACBP) strongly increases the formation of phosphatidylcholine (PC) in the absence of added lysophosphatidylcholine in microsomes from DeltaYOR175c yeast expressing A. thaliana lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (AthLPCAT) cDNA or in microsomes from microspore-derived cell suspension cultures of B. napus L. cv. Jet Neuf. rBnACBP or bovine serum albumin (BSA) were also shown to be crucial for AthLPCAT to catalyse the transfer of acyl group from PC into acyl-CoA in vitro. These data suggest that the cytosolic 10-kDa ACBP has an effect on the equilibrium between metabolically active acyl pools (acyl-CoA and phospholipid pools) involved in FA modifications and triacylglycerol bioassembly in plants. Over-expression of ACBP during seed development may represent a useful biotechnological approach for altering the FA composition of seed oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga P Yurchenko
- Agricultural Lipid Biotechnology Program, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can be biosynthesized via aerobic pathways that rely on combinations of desaturases and elongases to convert saturated fatty acids to PUFAs or anaerobic pathways that exploit polyketide synthase (PKS)-like enzymes known as PUFA synthases for de novo synthesis from acyl CoA precursors. In contrast to most fatty acid synthases (FASs) and PKSs that contain a single acyl carrier protein (ACP) domain for each cycle of fatty acid or polyketide chain elongation, all PUFA synthases known to date contain tandem ACPs (ranging from five to nine). The roles and engineering potential of such tandem ACPs in PUFA synthases remain largely unknown, although the growing demand for PUFAs and decline of current sources dictate that a greater understanding of these PUFA synthases is not only warranted, but urgently needed. This chapter describes methods and protocols developed to dissect the role and underlying biochemistry of each of the PfaA-ACPs in the Shewanella japonica PUFA synthase for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) biosynthesis. These studies have set the stage to interrogate the roles of the other domains and subunits of the Pfa PUFA synthase in EPA and DPA biosynthesis. Applications of the methods and protocols described here to other PUFA synthases are therefore envisioned to help close the knowledge gap currently limiting microbial production of PUFAs via PUFA synthase engineering and heterologous expression.
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Robert SS, Petrie JR, Zhou XR, Mansour MP, Blackburn SI, Green AG, Singh SP, Nichols PD. Isolation and characterisation of a delta5-fatty acid elongase from the marine microalga Pavlova salina. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2009; 11:410-418. [PMID: 18987913 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-008-9157-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The marine microalga Pavlova salina (Haptophyta, Pavlovophyceae) produces lipids containing approximately 50% n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). A full-length cDNA sequence, designated PsElo5, was isolated from P. salina. Sequence alignment showed that the gene was homologous to corresponding ELO-type elongases from other microalgae. Heterologous expression of PsElo5 in yeast and in higher plants confirmed that it encodes a specific Delta5-elongase activity as predicted and, furthermore, within the n-3 pathway, the elongation activity was confined exclusively to EPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley S Robert
- Food Futures National Research Flagship, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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Shockey J. Engineering Industrial Oil Biosynthesis. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420077070.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Sahena F, Zaidul I, Jinap S, Saari N, Jahurul H, Abbas K, Norulaini N. PUFAs in Fish: Extraction, Fractionation, Importance in Health. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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