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Bieringer E, García Vázquez U, Klein L, Moretó Bravo N, Tobler M, Weuster-Botz D. Bioproduction and applications of aldobionic acids with a focus on maltobionic and cellobionic acid. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2023:10.1007/s00449-023-02872-7. [PMID: 37058246 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-023-02872-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Aldobionic acids are sugar acids which consist of a disaccharide with an anomeric acid group. The most famous is lactobionic acid (LBA). LBA is used in many applications such as food and beverages, pharmaceuticals and medicine, cosmetics or chemical processes. During the last decade, all these industries are observing a shift of consumer preferences towards plant-based options. Thus, the biotechnological industry is trying to replace the animal-derived LBA. Maltobionic acid (MBA) and cellobionic acid (CBA) are two stereoisomers of LBA which have emerged as vegan alternatives. However, MBA and CBA face different obstacles related to their industrial production. While traditionally used electrochemical or chemical catalysis often rely on cost intensive and/or hazardous catalysts, novel production methods with microorganisms are still poorly studied. In the first part, this paper discusses both alternatives in terms of their characteristics and applications. In the second part, it reviews the long-studied chemical production and the novel bioproduction methods, which are based on enzymatic and microbial systems. This review concludes with a discussion of future work needed to bring their production to the industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmeran Bieringer
- TUM School of Engineering and Design, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Chair of Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Uxía García Vázquez
- TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 15, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Luisa Klein
- TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 15, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Núria Moretó Bravo
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Matthias Tobler
- TUM Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Petersgasse 5, 94315, Straubing, Germany
| | - Dirk Weuster-Botz
- TUM School of Engineering and Design, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Chair of Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748, Garching, Germany.
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2
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Eloffy MG, Elgarahy AM, Saber AN, Hammad A, El-Sherif DM, Shehata M, Mohsen A, Elwakeel KZ. Biomass-to-sustainable biohydrogen: insights into the production routes, and technical challenges. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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3
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Rollin JA, Bomble YJ, St. John PC, Stark AK. Biochemical Production with Purified Cell-Free Systems. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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4
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Sasaki K, Furusawa H, Nagamine K, Tokito S. Constructive Optimization of a Multienzymatic Film Based on a Cascade Reaction for Electrochemical Biosensors. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:32844-32851. [PMID: 33376922 PMCID: PMC7758940 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The application of a multienzyme cascade reaction in electrochemical biosensors has the advantage of expanding the target substrates in addition to selectivity combining multiple enzymes on an electrode. However, the multienzyme system has the drawback of inefficient substance conversion because of the time-consuming passing of intermediates between the enzymes and/or diffusional loss of the intermediates. In this study, the optimal construction of a multienzymatic film in an ammonia detection sensor was investigated using a cascade reaction of l-glutamate oxidase and l-glutamate dehydrogenase as a model sensor. Three enzymatic films were prepared: (1) a mixed film designed to have a short diffusional distance between closely located enzymes, (2) a normal-sequential layered film arranged for the correct reaction pathway, and (3) a reverse-sequential layered film as a negative control. This was followed by comparison of the conversion efficiency of ammonia to hydrogen peroxide using time-dependent potentiometric measurements of a Prussian blue electrode determining the hydrogen peroxide amount. The results indicate that the conversion efficiency of the normal-sequential layered film was the highest among the three enzymatic films. The quantitative evaluation of the intermediate conversion efficiency of the cascade reaction showed that compared to the mixed film (34%), a higher conversion efficiency of 92% was obtained in the first enzymatic reaction step. These findings will promote the use of multienzymatic cascade reaction systems not only in biosensors and bioreactors but also in various industrial fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sasaki
- Graduate
School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata
University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
- Innovative
Flex Course for Frontier Organic Material Systems (iFront), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furusawa
- Innovative
Flex Course for Frontier Organic Material Systems (iFront), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
- Institute
for the Promotion of General Graduate Education (IPGE), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
- Research
Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata
University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Nagamine
- Graduate
School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata
University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
- Research
Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata
University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Shizuo Tokito
- Graduate
School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata
University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
- Research
Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata
University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
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Efficient production of the anti-aging drug Cycloastragenol: insight from two Glycosidases by enzyme mining. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:9991-10004. [PMID: 33119795 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10966-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The telomerase activator cycloastragenol (CA) is regarded as a potential anti-aging drug with promising applications in the food and medical industry. However, one remaining challenge is the low efficiency of CA production. Herein, we developed an enzyme-based approach by applying two enzymes (β-xylosidase: Xyl-T; β-glucosidase: Bgcm) for efficient CA production. Both key glycosidases, mined by activity tracking or homology sequence screening, were successfully over-expressed and showed prominent enzymatic activity profiles, including widely pH stability (Xyl-T: pH 3.0-8.0; Bgcm: pH 4.0-10.0), high catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km: 0.096 mM-1s-1 (Xyl-T) and 3.08 mM-1s-1 (Bgcm)), and mesophilic optimum catalytic temperature (50 °C). Besides, the putative catalytic residues (Xyl-T: Asp311/Glu 521; Bgcm: Asp311/Glu 521) and the potential substrate-binding mechanism of Xyl-T and Bgcm were predicted by comprehensive computational analysis, providing valuable insight into the hydrolysis of substrates at the molecular level. Notably, a rationally designed two-step reaction process was introduced to improve the CA yield and increased up to 96.5% in the gram-scale production, providing a potential alternative for the industrial CA bio-production. In essence, the explored enzymes, the developed enzyme-based approach, and the obtained knowledge from catalytic mechanisms empower researchers to further engineer the CA production and might be applied for other chemicals synthesis. KEY POINTS: • A β-xylosidase and a β-glucosidase were mined to hydrolyze ASI into CA. • The two recombinant glycosidases showed prominent catalytic profiles. • Two-step enzymatic catalysis for CA production from ASI was developed. Graphical abstract.
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Zhou Y, Ding Y, Gao W, Wang J, Liu X, Xian M, Feng X, Zhao G. Biosynthesis of acetylacetone inspired by its biodegradation. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:88. [PMID: 32454892 PMCID: PMC7226712 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01725-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetylacetone is a commercially bulk chemical with diverse applications. However, the traditional manufacturing methods suffer from many drawbacks such as multiple steps, harsh conditions, low yield, and environmental problems, which hamper further applications of petrochemical-based acetylacetone. Compared to conventional chemical methods, biosynthetic methods possess advantages such as being eco-friendly, and having mild conditions, high selectivity and low potential costs. It is urgent to develop biosynthetic route for acetylacetone to avoid the present problems. RESULTS The biosynthetic pathway of acetylacetone was constructed by reversing its biodegradation route, and the acetylacetone was successfully produced by engineered Escherichia coli (E. coli) by overexpression of acetylacetone-cleaving enzyme (Dke1) from Acinetobacter johnsonii. Several promising amino acid residues were selected for enzyme improvement based on sequence alignment and structure analysis, and the acetylacetone production was improved by site-directed mutagenesis of Dke1. The double-mutant (K15Q/A60D) strain presented the highest acetylacetone-producing capacity which is 3.6-fold higher than that of the wild-type protein. Finally, the strain accumulated 556.3 ± 15.2 mg/L acetylacetone in fed-batch fermentation under anaerobic conditions. CONCLUSIONS This study presents the first intuitive biosynthetic pathway for acetylacetone inspired by its biodegradation, and shows the potential for large-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yamei Ding
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071 China
| | - Wenjie Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 China
| | - Jichao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 China
| | - Xiutao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Mo Xian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 China
| | - Xinjun Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 China
| | - Guang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
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7
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Synthesizing Chiral Drug Intermediates by Biocatalysis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 192:146-179. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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8
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Huang R, Chen H, Upp DM, Lewis JC, Zhang YHPJ. A High-Throughput Method for Directed Evolution of NAD(P) +-Dependent Dehydrogenases for the Reduction of Biomimetic Nicotinamide Analogues. ACS Catal 2019; 9:11709-11719. [PMID: 34765284 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Engineering flavin-free NAD(P)+-dependent dehydrogenases to reduce biomimetic nicotinamide analogues (mNAD+s) is of importance for eliminating the need for costly NAD(P)+ in coenzyme regeneration systems. Current redox dye-based screening methods for engineering the mNAD+ specificity of dehydrogenases are frequently encumbered by a background signal from endogenous NAD(P) and intracellular reducing compounds, making the detection of low mNAD+-based activities a limiting factor for directed evolution. Here, we develop a high-throughput screening method, NAD(P)-eliminated solid-phase assay (NESPA), which can reliably identify mNAD+-active mutants of dehydrogenases with a minimal background signal. This method involves (1) heat lysis of colonies to permeabilize the cell membrane, (2) colony transfer onto filter paper, (3) washing to remove endogenous NAD(P) and reducing compounds, (4) enzyme-coupled assay for mNADH-dependent color production, and (5) digital imaging of colonies to identify mNAD+-active mutants. This method was used to improve the activity of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase on nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN+). The best mutant obtained after six rounds of directed evolution exhibits a 50-fold enhancement in catalytic efficiency (k cat/K M) and a specific activity of 17.7 U/mg on NMN+, which is comparable to the wild-type enzyme on its natural coenzyme, NADP+. The engineered dehydrogenase was then used to construct an NMNH regeneration system to drive an ene-reductase catalysis. A comparable level of turnover frequency and product yield was observed using the engineered system relative to NADPH regeneration by using the wild-type dehydrogenase. NESPA provides a simple and accurate readout of mNAD+-based activities and the screening at high-throughput levels (approximately tens of thousands per round), thus opening up an avenue for the evolution of dehydrogenases with specific activities on mNAD+s similar to the levels of natural enzyme/coenzyme pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Huang
- Biological Systems Engineering Department, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Hui Chen
- Biological Systems Engineering Department, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - David M. Upp
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jared C. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Yi-Heng P. Job Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
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Ajjolli Nagaraja A, Fontaine N, Delsaut M, Charton P, Damour C, Offmann B, Grondin-Perez B, Cadet F. Flux prediction using artificial neural network (ANN) for the upper part of glycolysis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216178. [PMID: 31067238 PMCID: PMC6505829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The selection of optimal enzyme concentration in multienzyme cascade reactions for the highest product yield in practice is very expensive and time-consuming process. The modelling of biological pathways is a difficult process because of the complexity of the system. The mathematical modelling of the system using an analytical approach depends on the many parameters of enzymes which rely on tedious and expensive experiments. The artificial neural network (ANN) method has been successively applied in different fields of science to perform complex functions. In this study, ANN models were trained to predict the flux for the upper part of glycolysis as inferred by NADH consumption, using four enzyme concentrations i.e., phosphoglucoisomerase, phosphofructokinase, fructose-bisphosphate-aldolase, triose-phosphate-isomerase. Out of three ANN algorithms, the neuralnet package with two activation functions, “logistic” and “tanh” were implemented. The prediction of the flux was very efficient: RMSE and R2 were 0.847, 0.93 and 0.804, 0.94 respectively for logistic and tanh functions using a cross validation procedure. This study showed that a systemic approach such as ANN could be used for accurate prediction of the flux through the metabolic pathway. This could help to save a lot of time and costs, particularly from an industrial perspective. The R-code is available at: https://github.com/DSIMB/ANN-Glycolysis-Flux-Prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamya Ajjolli Nagaraja
- LE2P, Laboratory of Energy, Electronics and Processes EA 4079, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of La Reunion, France
| | | | - Mathieu Delsaut
- LE2P, Laboratory of Energy, Electronics and Processes EA 4079, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of La Reunion, France
| | - Philippe Charton
- DSIMB, INSERM, UMR S-1134, Laboratory of ExcellenceLABEX GR, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of La Reunion & University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Cedric Damour
- LE2P, Laboratory of Energy, Electronics and Processes EA 4079, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of La Reunion, France
| | - Bernard Offmann
- Université de Nantes, Unité Fonctionnalité et Ingénierie des Protéines (UFIP), UMR 6286 CNRS, UFR Sciences et Techniques, chemin de la Houssinière, France
| | - Brigitte Grondin-Perez
- LE2P, Laboratory of Energy, Electronics and Processes EA 4079, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of La Reunion, France
| | - Frederic Cadet
- DSIMB, INSERM, UMR S-1134, Laboratory of ExcellenceLABEX GR, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of La Reunion & University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Ee Taek Hwang
- Center for Convergence Bioceramic Materials, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering & Technology, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonbyul Lee
- Center for Convergence Bioceramic Materials, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering & Technology, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28160, Republic of Korea
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Zhu Z, You C, Ma Y, Zhang YHPJ. In vitro synthetic enzymatic biosystems at the interface of the food-energy-water nexus: A conceptual framework and recent advances. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Huang R, Chen H, Zhou W, Ma C, Zhang YHP. Engineering a thermostable highly active glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and its application to hydrogen production in vitro. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:3203-3215. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8798-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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13
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Kim JE, Kim EJ, Chen H, Wu CH, Adams MW, Zhang YHP. Advanced water splitting for green hydrogen gas production through complete oxidation of starch by in vitro metabolic engineering. Metab Eng 2017; 44:246-252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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14
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Nowak C, Pick A, Csepei LI, Sieber V. Characterization of Biomimetic Cofactors According to Stability, Redox Potentials, and Enzymatic Conversion by NADH Oxidase from Lactobacillus pentosus. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1944-1949. [PMID: 28752634 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Oxidoreductases are attractive biocatalysts that convert achiral substrates into products of higher value, but they are also for the most part dependent on nicotinamide cofactors. Recently, biomimetic nicotinamide derivatives have received attention as less costly alternatives to natural cofactors. However, recycling of biomimetics is still challenging because there are only limited opportunities. Here, we have characterized various biomimetic cofactors with regard to stability and redox potentials to find the best alternative to natural cofactors. Further, the cofactor spectrum of NADH oxidase from Lactobacillus pentosus (LpNox) could be expanded, and the enzymatic activity was also compared to activities with different small-molecule catalysts. As a result, we succeeded in identifying several strategies for regeneration of oxidized biomimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Nowak
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Life Science Engineering, Straubing Center of Science, Schulgasse 16, 94315, Straubing, Germany
| | - André Pick
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Life Science Engineering, Straubing Center of Science, Schulgasse 16, 94315, Straubing, Germany
| | - Lénárd-István Csepei
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Bio, Electro and Chemocatalysis BioCat, Straubing Branch, Schulgasse 11a, 94315, Straubing, Germany
| | - Volker Sieber
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Life Science Engineering, Straubing Center of Science, Schulgasse 16, 94315, Straubing, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Bio, Electro and Chemocatalysis BioCat, Straubing Branch, Schulgasse 11a, 94315, Straubing, Germany.,Technical University of Munich, Catalysis Research Center, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany.,The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, 68 Cooper Road, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia
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Taniguchi H, Okano K, Honda K. Modules for in vitro metabolic engineering: Pathway assembly for bio-based production of value-added chemicals. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2017; 2:65-74. [PMID: 29062963 PMCID: PMC5636945 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-based chemical production has drawn attention regarding the realization of a sustainable society. In vitro metabolic engineering is one of the methods used for the bio-based production of value-added chemicals. This method involves the reconstitution of natural or artificial metabolic pathways by assembling purified/semi-purified enzymes in vitro. Enzymes from distinct sources can be combined to construct desired reaction cascades with fewer biological constraints in one vessel, enabling easier pathway design with high modularity. Multiple modules have been designed, built, tested, and improved by different groups for different purpose. In this review, we focus on these in vitro metabolic engineering modules, especially focusing on the carbon metabolism, and present an overview of input modules, output modules, and other modules related to cofactor management.
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Zhang YHP, Sun J, Ma Y. Biomanufacturing: history and perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 44:773-784. [PMID: 27837351 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1863-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Biomanufacturing is a type of manufacturing that utilizes biological systems (e.g., living microorganisms, resting cells, animal cells, plant cells, tissues, enzymes, or in vitro synthetic (enzymatic) systems) to produce commercially important biomolecules for use in the agricultural, food, material, energy, and pharmaceutical industries. History of biomanufacturing could be classified into the three revolutions in terms of respective product types (mainly), production platforms, and research technologies. Biomanufacturing 1.0 focuses on the production of primary metabolites (e.g., butanol, acetone, ethanol, citric acid) by using mono-culture fermentation; biomanufacturing 2.0 focuses on the production of secondary metabolites (e.g., penicillin, streptomycin) by using a dedicated mutant and aerobic submerged liquid fermentation; and biomanufacturing 3.0 focuses on the production of large-size biomolecules—proteins and enzymes (e.g., erythropoietin, insulin, growth hormone, amylase, DNA polymerase) by using recombinant DNA technology and advanced cell culture. Biomanufacturing 4.0 could focus on new products, for example, human tissues or cells made by regenerative medicine, artificial starch made by in vitro synthetic biosystems, isobutanol fermented by metabolic engineering, and synthetic biology-driven microorganisms, as well as exiting products produced by far better approaches. Biomanufacturing 4.0 would help address some of the most important challenges of humankind, such as food security, energy security and sustainability, water crisis, climate change, health issues, and conflict related to the energy, food, and water nexus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Heng Percival Zhang
- 0000000119573309 grid.9227.e Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Science 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area 300308 Tianjin China
- 0000 0001 0694 4940 grid.438526.e Biological Systems Engineering Department Virginia Tech 304 Seitz Hall 24061 Blacksburg VA USA
| | - Jibin Sun
- 0000000119573309 grid.9227.e Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Science 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area 300308 Tianjin China
| | - Yanhe Ma
- 0000000119573309 grid.9227.e Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Science 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area 300308 Tianjin China
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18
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Zhang X, Wu H, Huang B, Li Z, Ye Q. One-pot synthesis of glutathione by a two-enzyme cascade using a thermophilic ATP regeneration system. J Biotechnol 2016; 241:163-169. [PMID: 27919691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In vitro cascade catalysis using enzyme-based system is becoming a promising biomanufacturing platform for biofuels and biochemicals production. Glutathione is a pivotal non-protein thiol compound and widely applied in food and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, glutathione was synthesized by a bifunctional glutathione synthetase together with a thermophilic ATP regeneration system through a two-enzyme cascade in vitro. Four bifunctional glutathione synthetases from Streptococcus sanguinis, S. gordonii, S. uberis and Bacillus cereus were applied for glutathione synthesis. The bifunctional glutathione synthetase from S. sanguinis was selected and coupled with the polyphosphate kinase from Thermosynechococcus elongatus BP-1 for regenerating ATP to produce glutathione in one pot. In the optimized system, 28.5mM glutathione was produced within 5h due to efficient ATP regeneration from low-cost polyphosphate. The yield based on added l-cysteine reached 81.4% and the productivity of glutathione achieved 5.7mM/h. The one-pot system indicated a potential biotransformation platform for industrial production of glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Bing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Qin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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19
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Forward design of a complex enzyme cascade reaction. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12971. [PMID: 27677244 PMCID: PMC5052792 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic reaction networks are unique in that one can operate a large number of reactions under the same set of conditions concomitantly in one pot, but the nonlinear kinetics of the enzymes and the resulting system complexity have so far defeated rational design processes for the construction of such complex cascade reactions. Here we demonstrate the forward design of an in vitro 10-membered system using enzymes from highly regulated biological processes such as glycolysis. For this, we adapt the characterization of the biochemical system to the needs of classical engineering systems theory: we combine online mass spectrometry and continuous system operation to apply standard system theory input functions and to use the detailed dynamic system responses to parameterize a model of sufficient quality for forward design. This allows the facile optimization of a 10-enzyme cascade reaction for fine chemical production purposes. Building multi-component enzymatic processes in one pot is challenged by the inherent complexity of each biochemical system. Here, the authors use online mass spectroscopy and engineering systems theory to achieve forward design of a ten-membered reaction cascade.
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20
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Gao H, Kim TS, Mardina P, Zhou P, Wen F, Lee JK. Rare sugar production by coupling of NADH oxidase and l-arabinitol dehydrogenase. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra11614k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient biocatalytic cell-free system containing l-arabinitol dehydrogenase (LAD) for l-arabinitol oxidation and NADH oxidase (Nox) for cofactor regeneration was successfully constructed and used for l-rare sugar production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Gao
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Konkuk University
- Seoul 05029
- Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering
| | - Tae-Su Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Konkuk University
- Seoul 05029
- Republic of Korea
| | - Primata Mardina
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Konkuk University
- Seoul 05029
- Republic of Korea
| | - Pengji Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Michigan
- Ann Arbor
- USA
| | - Fei Wen
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Michigan
- Ann Arbor
- USA
| | - Jung-Kul Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Konkuk University
- Seoul 05029
- Republic of Korea
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21
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Morgado G, Gerngross D, Roberts TM, Panke S. Synthetic Biology for Cell-Free Biosynthesis: Fundamentals of Designing Novel In Vitro Multi-Enzyme Reaction Networks. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 162:117-146. [PMID: 27757475 DOI: 10.1007/10_2016_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell-free biosynthesis in the form of in vitro multi-enzyme reaction networks or enzyme cascade reactions emerges as a promising tool to carry out complex catalysis in one-step, one-vessel settings. It combines the advantages of well-established in vitro biocatalysis with the power of multi-step in vivo pathways. Such cascades have been successfully applied to the synthesis of fine and bulk chemicals, monomers and complex polymers of chemical importance, and energy molecules from renewable resources as well as electricity. The scale of these initial attempts remains small, suggesting that more robust control of such systems and more efficient optimization are currently major bottlenecks. To this end, the very nature of enzyme cascade reactions as multi-membered systems requires novel approaches for implementation and optimization, some of which can be obtained from in vivo disciplines (such as pathway refactoring and DNA assembly), and some of which can be built on the unique, cell-free properties of cascade reactions (such as easy analytical access to all system intermediates to facilitate modeling).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaspar Morgado
- Bioprocess Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Gerngross
- Bioprocess Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tania M Roberts
- Bioprocess Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sven Panke
- Bioprocess Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058, Basel, Switzerland.
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22
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Grimaldi J, Collins CH, Belfort G. Towards cell-free isobutanol production: Development of a novel immobilized enzyme system. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 32:66-73. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Grimaldi
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy NY 12180-3590
| | - Cynthia H. Collins
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy NY 12180-3590
| | - Georges Belfort
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy NY 12180-3590
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23
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Fessner WD. Systems Biocatalysis: Development and engineering of cell-free “artificial metabolisms” for preparative multi-enzymatic synthesis. N Biotechnol 2015; 32:658-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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24
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Zhang YHP. Production of biofuels and biochemicals by in vitro synthetic biosystems: Opportunities and challenges. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1467-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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25
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Willrodt C, Hoschek A, Bühler B, Schmid A, Julsing MK. Coupling limonene formation and oxyfunctionalization by mixed-culture resting cell fermentation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:1738-50. [PMID: 25786991 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic engineering strategies mark a milestone for the fermentative production of bulk and fine chemicals. Yet, toxic products and volatile reaction intermediates with low solubilities remain challenging. Prominent examples are artificial multistep pathways like the production of perillyl acetate (POHAc) from glucose via limonene. For POHAc, these limitations can be overcome by mixed-culture fermentations. A limonene biosynthesis pathway and cytochrome P450 153A6 (CYP153A6) as regioselective hydroxylase are used in two distinct recombinant E. coli. POHAc formation from glucose in one recombinant cell was hindered by ineffective coupling of limonene synthesis and low rates of oxyfunctionalization. The optimization of P450 gene expression led to the formation of 6.20 ± 0.06 mg gcdw (-1) POHAc in a biphasic batch cultivation with glucose as sole carbon and energy source. Increasing the spatial proximity between limonene synthase and CYP153A6 by a genetic fusion of both enzymes changed the molar limonene/POHAc ratio from 3.2 to 1.6. Spatial separation of limonene biosynthesis from its oxyfunctionalization improved POHAc concentration 3.3-fold to 21.7 mg L(-1) as compared to a biphasic fermentation. Mixed-cultures of E. coli BL21 (DE3) containing the limonene biosynthesis pathway and E. coli MG1655 harboring either CYP153A6, or alternatively a cymene monooxygenase, showed POHAc formation rates of 0.06 or 0.11 U gcdw (-1) , respectively. This concept provides a novel framework for fermentative syntheses involving toxic, volatile, or barely soluble compounds or pathway intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Willrodt
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany.,Department Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anna Hoschek
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Bruno Bühler
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Department Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Mattijs K Julsing
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
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26
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Yan J, Liu Y, Wang C, Han B, Li S. Assembly of lipase and P450 fatty acid decarboxylase to constitute a novel biosynthetic pathway for production of 1-alkenes from renewable triacylglycerols and oils. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:34. [PMID: 25763106 PMCID: PMC4355466 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biogenic hydrocarbons (biohydrocarbons) are broadly accepted to be the ideal 'drop-in' biofuel alternative to petroleum-based fuels due to their highly similar chemical composition and physical characteristics. The biological production of aliphatic hydrocarbons is largely dependent on engineering of the complicated enzymatic network surrounding fatty acid biosynthesis. RESULT In this work, we developed a novel system for bioproduction of terminal fatty alkenes (1-alkenes) from renewable and low-cost triacylglycerols (TAGs) based on the lipase hydrolysis coupled to the P450 catalyzed decarboxylation. This artificial biosynthetic pathway was constituted using both cell-free systems including purified enzymes or cell-free extracts, and cell-based systems including mixed resting cells or growing cells. The issues of high cost of fatty acid feedstock and complicated biosynthesis network were addressed by replacement of the de novo biosynthesized fatty acids with the fed cheap TAGs. This recombinant tandem enzymatic pathway consisting of the Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (Tll) and the P450 fatty acid decarboxylase OleTJE resulted in the production of 1-alkenes from purified TAGs or natural oils with 6.7 to 46.0% yields. CONCLUSION Since this novel hydrocarbon-producing pathway only requires two catalytically efficient enzymatic steps, it may hold great potential for industrial application by fulfilling the large-scale and cost-effective conversion of renewable TAGs into biohydrocarbons. This work highlights the power of designing and implementing an artificial pathway for production of advanced biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyong Yan
- />Key Laboratory of Biofuels, and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, 266101 Qingdao, Shandong China
| | - Yi Liu
- />Key Laboratory of Biofuels, and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, 266101 Qingdao, Shandong China
- />University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Cong Wang
- />Key Laboratory of Biofuels, and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, 266101 Qingdao, Shandong China
| | - Bingnan Han
- />Key Laboratory for Marine Drugs, Department of Pharmacy, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 145 Shandongzhong Road, 200127 Shanghai, China
| | - Shengying Li
- />Key Laboratory of Biofuels, and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, 266101 Qingdao, Shandong China
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27
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Lewis DD, Villarreal FD, Wu F, Tan C. Synthetic biology outside the cell: linking computational tools to cell-free systems. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2014; 2:66. [PMID: 25538941 PMCID: PMC4260521 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2014.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As mathematical models become more commonly integrated into the study of biology, a common language for describing biological processes is manifesting. Many tools have emerged for the simulation of in vivo synthetic biological systems, with only a few examples of prominent work done on predicting the dynamics of cell-free synthetic systems. At the same time, experimental biologists have begun to study dynamics of in vitro systems encapsulated by amphiphilic molecules, opening the door for the development of a new generation of biomimetic systems. In this review, we explore both in vivo and in vitro models of biochemical networks with a special focus on tools that could be applied to the construction of cell-free expression systems. We believe that quantitative studies of complex cellular mechanisms and pathways in synthetic systems can yield important insights into what makes cells different from conventional chemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D. Lewis
- Integrative Genetics and Genomics, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Fan Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Cheemeng Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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28
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Building carbon-carbon bonds using a biocatalytic methanol condensation cycle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:15928-33. [PMID: 25355907 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1413470111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Methanol is an important intermediate in the utilization of natural gas for synthesizing other feedstock chemicals. Typically, chemical approaches for building C-C bonds from methanol require high temperature and pressure. Biological conversion of methanol to longer carbon chain compounds is feasible; however, the natural biological pathways for methanol utilization involve carbon dioxide loss or ATP expenditure. Here we demonstrated a biocatalytic pathway, termed the methanol condensation cycle (MCC), by combining the nonoxidative glycolysis with the ribulose monophosphate pathway to convert methanol to higher-chain alcohols or other acetyl-CoA derivatives using enzymatic reactions in a carbon-conserved and ATP-independent system. We investigated the robustness of MCC and identified operational regions. We confirmed that the pathway forms a catalytic cycle through (13)C-carbon labeling. With a cell-free system, we demonstrated the conversion of methanol to ethanol or n-butanol. The high carbon efficiency and low operating temperature are attractive for transforming natural gas-derived methanol to longer-chain liquid fuels and other chemical derivatives.
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29
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Myung S, Rollin J, You C, Sun F, Chandrayan S, Adams MW, Zhang YHP. In vitro metabolic engineering of hydrogen production at theoretical yield from sucrose. Metab Eng 2014; 24:70-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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30
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Catherine C, Lee KH, Oh SJ, Kim DM. Cell-free platforms for flexible expression and screening of enzymes. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:797-803. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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31
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Rupp S. New bioproduction systems: from molecular circuits to novel reactor concepts in cell-free biotechnology. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 137:103-23. [PMID: 23873094 DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
: The last decades witnessed a strong growth in several areas of biotechnology, especially in fields related to health, as well as in industrial biotechnology. Advances in molecular engineering now enable biotechnologists to design more efficient pathways in order to convert a larger spectrum of renewable resources into industrially used biofuels and chemicals as well as into new pharmaceuticals and therapeutic proteins. In addition material sciences advanced significantly making it more and more possible to integrate biology and engineering. One of the key questions currently is how to develop new ways of engineering biological systems to cope with the complexity and limitations given by the cell. The options to integrate biology with classical engineering advanced cell free technologies in the recent years significantly. Cell free protein production using cellular extracts is now a well-established universal technology for production of proteins derived from many organisms even at the milligram scale. Among other applications it has the potential to supply the demand for a multitude of enzymes and enzyme variants facilitating in vitro metabolic engineering. This review will briefly address the recent achievements and limitations of cell free conversions. Especially, the requirements for reactor systems in cell free biotechnology, a currently underdeveloped field, are reviewed and some perspectives are given on how material sciences and biotechnology might be able to advance these new developments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Rupp
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Fraunhofer IGB, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany,
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32
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You C, Chen H, Myung S, Sathitsuksanoh N, Ma H, Zhang XZ, Li J, Zhang YHP. Enzymatic transformation of nonfood biomass to starch. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:7182-7. [PMID: 23589840 PMCID: PMC3645547 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1302420110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The global demand for food could double in another 40 y owing to growth in the population and food consumption per capita. To meet the world's future food and sustainability needs for biofuels and renewable materials, the production of starch-rich cereals and cellulose-rich bioenergy plants must grow substantially while minimizing agriculture's environmental footprint and conserving biodiversity. Here we demonstrate one-pot enzymatic conversion of pretreated biomass to starch through a nonnatural synthetic enzymatic pathway composed of endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolyase, cellobiose phosphorylase, and alpha-glucan phosphorylase originating from bacterial, fungal, and plant sources. A special polypeptide cap in potato alpha-glucan phosphorylase was essential to push a partially hydrolyzed intermediate of cellulose forward to the synthesis of amylose. Up to 30% of the anhydroglucose units in cellulose were converted to starch; the remaining cellulose was hydrolyzed to glucose suitable for ethanol production by yeast in the same bioreactor. Next-generation biorefineries based on simultaneous enzymatic biotransformation and microbial fermentation could address the food, biofuels, and environment trilemma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun You
- Biological Systems Engineering Department
| | - Hongge Chen
- Biological Systems Engineering Department
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Suwan Myung
- Biological Systems Engineering Department
- Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science, and
| | - Noppadon Sathitsuksanoh
- Biological Systems Engineering Department
- Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science, and
| | - Hui Ma
- Gate Fuels, Inc., Blacksburg, VA 24060
| | - Xiao-Zhou Zhang
- Biological Systems Engineering Department
- Gate Fuels, Inc., Blacksburg, VA 24060
| | - Jianyong Li
- Biochemistry Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Y.-H. Percival Zhang
- Biological Systems Engineering Department
- Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science, and
- Gate Fuels, Inc., Blacksburg, VA 24060
- BioEnergy Science Center, Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN 37831; and
- Cell Free Bioinnovations, Inc., Blacksburg, VA 24060
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33
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Myung S, Zhang YHP. Non-complexed four cascade enzyme mixture: simple purification and synergetic co-stabilization. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61500. [PMID: 23585905 PMCID: PMC3621832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-free biosystems comprised of synthetic enzymatic pathways would be a promising biomanufacturing platform due to several advantages, such as high product yield, fast reaction rate, easy control and access, and so on. However, it was essential to produce (purified) enzymes at low costs and stabilize them for a long time so to decrease biocatalyst costs. We studied the stability of the four recombinant enzyme mixtures, all of which originated from thermophilic microorganisms: triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) from Thermus thermophiles, fructose bisphosphate aldolase (ALD) from Thermotoga maritima, fructose bisphosphatase (FBP) from T. maritima, and phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) from Clostridium thermocellum. It was found that TIM and ALD were very stable at evaluated temperature so that they were purified by heat precipitation followed by gradient ammonia sulfate precipitation. In contrast, PGI was not stable enough for heat treatment. In addition, the stability of a low concentration PGI was enhanced by more than 25 times in the presence of 20 mg/L bovine serum albumin or the other three enzymes. At a practical enzyme loading of 1000 U/L for each enzyme, the half-life time of free PGI was prolong to 433 h in the presence of the other three enzymes, resulting in a great increase in the total turn-over number of PGI to 6.2×109 mole of product per mole of enzyme. This study clearly suggested that the presence of other proteins had a strong synergetic effect on the stabilization of the thermolabile enzyme PGI due to in vitro macromolecular crowding effect. Also, this result could be used to explain why not all enzymes isolated from thermophilic microorganisms are stable in vitro because of a lack of the macromolecular crowding environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwan Myung
- Biological Systems Engineering Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science (ICTAS), Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Y-H Percival Zhang
- Biological Systems Engineering Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science (ICTAS), Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Cell Free Bioinnovations Inc., Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Gate Fuels Inc., Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Oroz-Guinea I, García-Junceda E. Enzyme catalysed tandem reactions. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2013; 17:236-49. [PMID: 23490810 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To transfer to the laboratory, the excellent efficiency shown by enzymes in Nature, biocatalysis, had to mimic several synthetic strategies used by the living organisms. Biosynthetic pathways are examples of tandem catalysis and may be assimilated in the biocatalysis field for the use of isolated multi-enzyme systems in the homogeneous phase. The concurrent action of several enzymes that work sequentially presents extraordinary advantages from the synthetic point of view, since it permits a reversible process to become irreversible, to shift the equilibrium reaction in such a way that enantiopure compounds can be obtained from prochiral or racemic substrates, reduce or eliminate problems due to product inhibition or prevent the shortage of substrates by dilution or degradation in the bulk media, etc. In this review we want to illustrate the developments of recent studies involving in vitro multi-enzyme reactions for the synthesis of different classes of organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Oroz-Guinea
- Departamento de Química Bio-Orgánica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General, CSIC, Juan de Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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35
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Rupp S. Next-generation bioproduction systems: Cell-free conversion concepts for industrial biotechnology. Eng Life Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201100237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Rupp
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology; Fraunhofer IGB; Stuttgart; Germany
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36
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Cell-free Biosystems in the Production of Electricity and Bioenergy. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 137:125-52. [PMID: 23748347 DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
: Increasing needs of green energy and concerns of climate change are motivating intensive R&D efforts toward the low-cost production of electricity and bioenergy, such as hydrogen, alcohols, and jet fuel, from renewable sugars. Cell-free biosystems for biomanufacturing (CFB2) have been suggested as an emerging platform to replace mainstream microbial fermentation for the cost-effective production of some biocommodities. As compared to whole-cell factories, cell-free biosystems comprised of synthetic enzymatic pathways have numerous advantages, such as high product yield, fast reaction rate, broad reaction condition, easy process control and regulation, tolerance of toxic compound/product, and an unmatched capability of performing unnatural reactions. However, issues pertaining to high costs and low stabilities of enzymes and cofactors as well as compromised optimal conditions for different source enzymes need to be solved before cell-free biosystems are scaled up for biomanufacturing. Here, we review the current status of cell-free technology, update recent advances, and focus on its applications in the production of electricity and bioenergy.
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37
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Ye X, Honda K, Morimoto Y, Okano K, Ohtake H. Direct conversion of glucose to malate by synthetic metabolic engineering. J Biotechnol 2012; 164:34-40. [PMID: 23246984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic metabolic engineering enables us to construct an in vitro artificial synthetic pathways specialized for chemical manufacturing through the simple heat-treatment of the recombinant mesophiles having thermophilic enzymes, followed by rational combination of those biocatalytic modules. In this work, we constructed a synthetic pathway capable of direct conversion of glucose to malate. The reversible carboxylation of pyruvate catalyzed by a malic enzyme derived from Thermococcus kodakarensis (TkME) (ΔG°'=+7.3kJmol(-1)) was coupled with a thermodynamically favorable non-ATP-forming Embden-Meyerhof pathway to balance the consumption and regeneration of redox cofactors and to shift the overall equilibrium toward malate production (glucose+2HCO3(-)+2H→2 malate+2H2O; ΔG°'=-121.4kJmol(-1)). TkME exhibited both pyruvate carboxylation (malate-forming) and pyruvate reduction (lactate-forming) activities. By increasing HCO3(-) concentration, the reaction specificity could be redirected to malate production. As a result, the direct conversion of glucose to malate was achieved with a molar yield of 60%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Ye
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Guterl JK, Garbe D, Carsten J, Steffler F, Sommer B, Reiße S, Philipp A, Haack M, Rühmann B, Koltermann A, Kettling U, Brück T, Sieber V. Cell-free metabolic engineering: production of chemicals by minimized reaction cascades. CHEMSUSCHEM 2012; 5:2165-2172. [PMID: 23086730 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201200365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The limited supply of fossil resources demands the development of renewable alternatives to petroleum-based products. Here, biobased higher alcohols such as isobutanol are versatile platform molecules for the synthesis of chemical commodities and fuels. Currently, their fermentation-based production is limited by the low tolerance of microbial production systems to the end products and also by the low substrate flux into cell metabolism. We developed an innovative cell-free approach, utilizing an artificial minimized glycolytic reaction cascade that only requires one single coenzyme. Using this toolbox the cell-free production of ethanol and isobutanol from glucose was achieved. We also confirmed that these streamlined cascades functioned under conditions at which microbial production would have ceased. Our system can be extended to an array of industrially-relevant molecules. Application of solvent-tolerant biocatalysts potentially allows for high product yields, which significantly simplifies downstream product recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Karl Guterl
- Lehrstuhl für Chemie Biogener Rohstoffe, Technische Universität München, Schulgasse 16, 94315 Straubing, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Karl Guterl
- Lehrstuhl für Chemie Biogener Rohstoffe; Technische Universität München; Straubing; Germany
| | - Volker Sieber
- Lehrstuhl für Chemie Biogener Rohstoffe; Technische Universität München; Straubing; Germany
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You C, Zhang YHP. Cell-free biosystems for biomanufacturing. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 131:89-119. [PMID: 23111502 DOI: 10.1007/10_2012_159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although cell-free biosystems have been used as a tool for investigating fundamental aspects of biological systems for more than 100 years, they are becoming an emerging biomanufacturing platform in the production of low-value biocommodities (e.g., H(2), ethanol, and isobutanol), fine chemicals, and high-value protein and carbohydrate drugs and their precursors. Here we would like to define the cell-free biosystems containing more than three catalytic components in a single reaction vessel, which although different from one-, two-, or three-enzyme biocatalysis can be regarded as a straightforward extension of multienzymatic biocatalysis. In this chapter, we compare the advantages and disadvantages of cell-free biosystems versus living organisms, briefly review the history of cell-free biosystems, highlight a few examples, analyze any remaining obstacles to the scale-up of cell-free biosystems, and suggest potential solutions. Cell-free biosystems could become a disruptive technology to microbial fermentation, especially in the production of high-impact low-value biocommodities mainly due to the very high product yields and potentially low production costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun You
- Biological Systems Engineering Department, Virginia Tech, 304 Seitz Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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Zhang YHP, You C, Chen H, Feng R. Surpassing Photosynthesis: High-Efficiency and Scalable CO 2Utilization through Artificial Photosynthesis. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2012-1097.ch015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Chandrayan SK, McTernan PM, Hopkins RC, Sun J, Jenney FE, Adams MWW. Engineering hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus to overproduce its cytoplasmic [NiFe]-hydrogenase. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:3257-64. [PMID: 22157005 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.290916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoplasmic hydrogenase (SHI) of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus is an NADP(H)-dependent heterotetrameric enzyme that contains a nickel-iron catalytic site, flavin, and six iron-sulfur clusters. It has potential utility in a range of bioenergy systems in vitro, but a major obstacle in its use is generating sufficient amounts. We have engineered P. furiosus to overproduce SHI utilizing a recently developed genetic system. In the overexpression (OE-SHI) strain, transcription of the four-gene SHI operon was under the control of a strong constitutive promoter, and a Strep-tag II was added to the N terminus of one subunit. OE-SHI and wild-type P. furiosus strains had similar rates of growth and H(2) production on maltose. Strain OE-SHI had a 20-fold higher transcription of the polycistronic hydrogenase mRNA encoding SHI, and the specific activity of the cytoplasmic hydrogenase was ∼10-fold higher when compared with the wild-type strain, although the expression levels of genes encoding processing and maturation of SHI were the same in both strains. Overexpressed SHI was purified by a single affinity chromatography step using the Strep-tag II, and it and the native form had comparable activities and physical properties. Based on protein yield per gram of cells (wet weight), the OE-SHI strain yields a 100-fold higher amount of hydrogenase when compared with the highest homologous [NiFe]-hydrogenase system previously reported (from Synechocystis). This new P. furiosus system will allow further engineering of SHI and provide hydrogenase for efficient in vitro biohydrogen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev K Chandrayan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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A thermostable recombinant transaldolase with high activity over a broad pH range. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 93:2403-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3578-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Zhang YHP. Simpler Is Better: High-Yield and Potential Low-Cost Biofuels Production through Cell-Free Synthetic Pathway Biotransformation (SyPaB). ACS Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/cs200218f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y.-H. Percival Zhang
- Biological Systems Engineering Department, Virginia Tech, 210-A Seitz Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science (ICTAS), Virginia Tech, Virginia 24061, United States
- DOE Bioenergy Science Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Gate Fuels Inc., 3107 Alice Dr., Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
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One-step purification and immobilization of thermophilic polyphosphate glucokinase from Thermobifida fusca YX: glucose-6-phosphate generation without ATP. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 93:1109-17. [PMID: 21766194 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3458-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of stable and active polyphosphate glucokinase (PPGK, EC 2.7.1.63) would be vital to cascade enzyme biocatalysis that does not require a costly ATP input. An open reading frame Tfu_1811 from Thermobifida fusca YX encoding a putative PPGK was cloned and the recombinant protein fused with a family 3 cellulose-binding module (CBM-PPGK) was overexpressed in Escherichia coli. Mg²⁺ was an indispensible activator. This enzyme exhibited the highest activity in the presence of 4 mM Mg²⁺ at 55°C and pH 9.0. Under its suboptimal conditions (pH 7.5), the k (cat) and K(m) values of CBM-PPGK on glucose were 96.9 and 39.7 s⁻¹ as well as 0.77 and 0.45 mM at 37°C and 50°C respectively. The thermoinactivation of CBM-PPGK was independent of its mass concentration. Through one-step enzyme purification and immobilization on a high-capacity regenerated amorphous cellulose, immobilized CBM-PPGK had an approximately eightfold half lifetime enhancement (i.e., t(1/2) = 120 min) as compared to free enzyme at 50°C. To our limited knowledge, this enzyme was the first thermostable PPGK reported. Free PPGK and immobilized CBM-PPGK had total turnover number values of 126,000 and 961,000 mol product per mol enzyme, respectively, suggesting their great potential in glucose-6-phosphate generation based on low-cost polyphosphate.
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Biohydrogenation from biomass sugar mediated by in vitro synthetic enzymatic pathways. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 18:372-80. [PMID: 21439482 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2010.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Different from NAD(P)H regeneration approaches mediated by a single enzyme or a whole-cell microorganism, we demonstrate high-yield generation of NAD(P)H from a renewable biomass sugar--cellobiose through in vitro synthetic enzymatic pathways consisting of 12 purified enzymes and coenzymes. When the NAD(P)H generation system was coupled with its consumption reaction mediated by xylose reductase, the NADPH yield was as high as 11.4 mol NADPH per cellobiose (i.e., 95% of theoretical yield--12 NADPH per glucose unit) in a batch reaction. Consolidation of endothermic reactions and exothermic reactions in one pot results in a very high energy-retaining efficiency of 99.6% from xylose and cellobiose to xylitol. The combination of this high-yield and projected low-cost biohydrogenation and aqueous phase reforming may be important for the production of sulfur-free liquid jet fuel in the future.
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Energy efficiency analysis: biomass-to-wheel efficiency related with biofuels production, fuel distribution, and powertrain systems. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22113. [PMID: 21765941 PMCID: PMC3135615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Energy efficiency analysis for different biomass-utilization scenarios would help make more informed decisions for developing future biomass-based transportation systems. Diverse biofuels produced from biomass include cellulosic ethanol, butanol, fatty acid ethyl esters, methane, hydrogen, methanol, dimethyether, Fischer-Tropsch diesel, and bioelectricity; the respective powertrain systems include internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles based on gasoline or diesel ICEs, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, sugar fuel cell vehicles (SFCV), and battery electric vehicles (BEV). Methodology/Principal Findings We conducted a simple, straightforward, and transparent biomass-to-wheel (BTW) analysis including three separate conversion elements -- biomass-to-fuel conversion, fuel transport and distribution, and respective powertrain systems. BTW efficiency is a ratio of the kinetic energy of an automobile's wheels to the chemical energy of delivered biomass just before entering biorefineries. Up to 13 scenarios were analyzed and compared to a base line case – corn ethanol/ICE. This analysis suggests that BEV, whose electricity is generated from stationary fuel cells, and SFCV, based on a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle with an on-board sugar-to-hydrogen bioreformer, would have the highest BTW efficiencies, nearly four times that of ethanol-ICE. Significance In the long term, a small fraction of the annual US biomass (e.g., 7.1%, or 700 million tons of biomass) would be sufficient to meet 100% of light-duty passenger vehicle fuel needs (i.e., 150 billion gallons of gasoline/ethanol per year), through up to four-fold enhanced BTW efficiencies by using SFCV or BEV. SFCV would have several advantages over BEV: much higher energy storage densities, faster refilling rates, better safety, and less environmental burdens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y.-H. Percival Zhang
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, 210-A Seitz Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science (ICTAS), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- DOE BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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Zhang YHP. Substrate channeling and enzyme complexes for biotechnological applications. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 29:715-25. [PMID: 21672618 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Substrate channeling is a process of transferring the product of one enzyme to an adjacent cascade enzyme or cell without complete mixing with the bulk phase. Such phenomena can occur in vivo, in vitro, or ex vivo. Enzyme-enzyme or enzyme-cell complexes may be static or transient. In addition to enhanced reaction rates through substrate channeling in complexes, numerous potential benefits of such complexes are protection of unstable substrates, circumvention of unfavorable equilibrium and kinetics imposed, forestallment of substrate competition among different pathways, regulation of metabolic fluxes, mitigation of toxic metabolite inhibition, and so on. Here we review numerous examples of natural and synthetic complexes featuring substrate channeling. Constructing synthetic in vivo, in vitro or ex vivo complexes for substrate channeling would have great biotechnological potentials in metabolic engineering, multi-enzyme-mediated biocatalysis, and cell-free synthetic pathway biotransformation (SyPaB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-H Percival Zhang
- Biological Systems Engineering Department, 210-A Seitz Hall, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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